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Sanches BDA, Teófilo FBS, Brunet MY, Villapun VM, Man K, Rocha LC, Neto JP, Matsumoto MR, Maldarine JS, Ciena AP, Cox SC, Carvalho HF. Telocytes: current methods of research, challenges and future perspectives. Cell Tissue Res 2024; 396:141-155. [PMID: 38539007 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-024-03888-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) are CD34-positive interstitial cells that have long cytoplasmic projections, called telopodes; they have been identified in several organs and in various species. These cells establish a complex communication network between different stromal and epithelial cell types, and there is growing evidence that they play a key role in physiology and pathology. In many tissues, TC network impairment has been implicated in the onset and progression of pathological conditions, which makes the study of TCs of great interest for the development of novel therapies. In this review, we summarise the main methods involved in the characterisation of these cells as well as their inherent difficulties and then discuss the functional assays that are used to uncover the role of TCs in normal and pathological conditions, from the most traditional to the most recent. Furthermore, we provide future perspectives in the study of TCs, especially regarding the establishment of more precise markers, commercial lineages and means for drug delivery and genetic editing that directly target TCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno D A Sanches
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Carl von Linnaeus St. Bldg G1, Bertrand Russel Ave., Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco B S Teófilo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Carl von Linnaeus St. Bldg G1, Bertrand Russel Ave., Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mathieu Y Brunet
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Victor M Villapun
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kenny Man
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery & Special Dental Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3508 GA, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Lara C Rocha
- Laboratory of Morphology and Physical Activity (LAMAF), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 1515 24 A Ave., Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jurandyr Pimentel Neto
- Laboratory of Morphology and Physical Activity (LAMAF), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 1515 24 A Ave., Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marta R Matsumoto
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Carl von Linnaeus St. Bldg G1, Bertrand Russel Ave., Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana S Maldarine
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Carl von Linnaeus St. Bldg G1, Bertrand Russel Ave., Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano P Ciena
- Laboratory of Morphology and Physical Activity (LAMAF), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), 1515 24 A Ave., Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sophie C Cox
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hernandes F Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Carl von Linnaeus St. Bldg G1, Bertrand Russel Ave., Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Zhang Y, Tian H. Telocytes and inflammation: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35983. [PMID: 37986278 PMCID: PMC10659634 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Telocytes are a new type of interstitial cell with a diverse morphology and important functions, such as mechanical support, signal transduction, immune regulation, and tissue repair. In this paper, the origin and physiological and pathological functions of telocytes as well as their role in inflammation will be discussed, and the functions and targets of telocytes in inflammation will be fully reviewed, which may contribute to a new therapeutic strategy for inflammatory diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hu Tian
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Gastrointestinal Tumor, Jinan, Shandong, China
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3
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Sanches BDA, Tamarindo GH, da Silva ADT, Amaro GM, Dos Santos Maldarine J, Dos Santos VA, Guerra LHA, Baraldi CMB, Góes RM, Taboga SR, Carvalho HF. Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) increases the number of telocytes in ex vivo and in vitro assays. Histochem Cell Biol 2023; 160:419-433. [PMID: 37474667 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Telocytes are interstitial cells that are present in various tissues, have long cytoplasmic projections known as telopodes, and are classified as CD34+ cells. Telopodes form extensive networks that permeate the stroma, and there is evidence that these networks connect several stromal cell types, giving them an important role in intercellular communication and the maintenance of tissue organisation. Data have also shown that these networks can be impaired and the number of telocytes reduced in association with many pathological conditions such as cancer and fibrosis. Thus, techniques that promote telocyte proliferation have become an important therapeutic target. In this study, ex vivo and in vitro assays were conducted to evaluate the impact on prostatic telocytes of SDF-1, a factor involved in the proliferation and migration of CD34+ cells. SDF-1 caused an increase in the number of telocytes in explants, as well as morphological changes that were possibly related to the proliferation of these cells. These changes involved the fusion of telopode segments, linked to an increase in cell body volume. In vitro assays also showed that SDF-1 enriched prostate stromal cells with telocytes. Altogether, the data indicate that SDF-1 may offer promising uses in therapies that aim to increase the number of telocytes. However, further studies are needed to confirm the efficiency of this factor in different tissues/pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Domingos Azevedo Sanches
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Bertrand Russel Av., Carl Von Linnaeus Street., Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Henrique Tamarindo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Bertrand Russel Av., Carl Von Linnaeus Street., Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alana Della Torre da Silva
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo St., São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Matheus Amaro
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo St., São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Juliana Dos Santos Maldarine
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Bertrand Russel Av., Carl Von Linnaeus Street., Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitória Alário Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo St., São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Alves Guerra
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo St., São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Carolina Marques Bedolo Baraldi
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo St., São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Rejane Maira Góes
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo St., São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Cristóvão Colombo St., São José Do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 2265, Brazil
| | - Hernandes F Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Bertrand Russel Av., Carl Von Linnaeus Street., Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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4
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Dama G, Hu X, Yan Y, Li Y, Li H, Yang F, Liu Y, Lin J. Identification and protective role of CD34 + stromal cells/telocytes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse spleen. Histochem Cell Biol 2023:10.1007/s00418-023-02186-5. [PMID: 37014442 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a classical animal model of human multiple sclerosis (MS) that is most commonly used to study the neuropathology and therapeutic effects of the disease. Telocytes (TCs) are a specialized type of interstitial or mesenchymal cell first identified by Popescu in various tissues and organs. However, the existence, distribution and role of CD34+ stromal cells (SCs)/TCs in the EAE-induced mouse spleen remain to be elucidated. We conducted immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence (double staining for CD34 and c-kit, vimentin, F4/80, CD163, Nanog, Sca-1, CD31 or tryptase) and transmission electron microscopy experiments to investigate the existence, distribution and role of CD34+ SCs/TCs in the EAE-induced mouse spleen. Interestingly, immunohistochemistry, double-immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy results revealed that CD34+ SCs/TCs were significantly upregulated in the EAE mouse spleen. Immunohistochemical or double-immunofluorescence staining of CD34+ SCs/TCs showed positive expression for CD34, c-kit, vimentin, CD34/vimentin, c-kit/vimentin and CD34/c-kit, and negative expression for CD31 and tryptase. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results demonstrated that CD34+ SCs/TCs established close connections with lymphocytes, reticular cells, macrophages, endothelial cells and erythrocytes. Furthermore, we also found that M1 (F4/80) or M2 (CD163) macrophages, and haematopoietic, pluripotent stem cells were markedly increased in EAE mice. Our results suggest that CD34+ SCs/TCs are abundant and may play a contributing role in modulating the immune response, recruiting macrophages and proliferation of haematopoietic and pluripotent stem cells following injury to promote tissue repair and regeneration in EAE mouse spleens. This suggests that their transplantation combined with stem cells might represent a promising therapeutic target for the treatment and prevention of multiple autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Dama
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Stem Cell Medicine, Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, East of JinSui Road #601, Xinxiang City, 453003, Henan Province, China
- Department of Community Health, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 13200, Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Xiaoxi Hu
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, East of JinSui Road # 601, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yushan Yan
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, East of JinSui Road # 601, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yonghai Li
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, East of JinSui Road # 601, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Han Li
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, East of JinSui Road # 601, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Fen Yang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Stem Cell Medicine, Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, East of JinSui Road #601, Xinxiang City, 453003, Henan Province, China
- College of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Stem Cell Medicine, Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, East of JinSui Road #601, Xinxiang City, 453003, Henan Province, China.
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, East of JinSui Road # 601, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
| | - Juntang Lin
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Stem Cell Medicine, Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, East of JinSui Road #601, Xinxiang City, 453003, Henan Province, China.
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Stem Cell and Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, East of JinSui Road # 601, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
- College of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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Pereira de Godoy JM, Pereira de Godoy AC, Guerreiro Godoy MDF, de Santi Neto D. Synthesis and Physiological Remodeling of CD34 Cells in the Skin following the Reversal of Fibrosis through Intensive Treatment for Lower Limb Lymphedema: A Case Report. Dermatopathology (Basel) 2023; 10:104-111. [PMID: 36975385 PMCID: PMC10047408 DOI: 10.3390/dermatopathology10010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel type of cell underwent identification between 2005 and 2008 and was denominated the “telocyte” in 2010. In 2012, transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of telocytes in the dermis. The aim of the present study was to report important changes in immunostained CD34 cells following the treatment of lower limb lymphedema using a specific lymphatic therapy technique. A clinical trial involving the evaluation of changes in immunostained CD34 cells in the epidermis and dermis (10 randomly selected histological fields) of a patient before and after intensive treatment for clinical stage II lymphedema was conducted using the Godoy Method, which was adapted to the treatment of skin fibrosis. The evaluation involved the use of the Weibel multi-point morphometric method. Comparisons were performed using the t-test with a 95% significance level. An important increase in CD34 cells was found with redistribution occurring following treatment. The treatment of primary lymphedema of the lower limbs resulted in the clinical reversal of fibrosis and an increase in the number of immunomarked CD34 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Maria Pereira de Godoy
- Department of the Medicine School, São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), CNPq (National Council for Research and Development), Sao Jose do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana Carolina Pereira de Godoy
- Research Group of the Clínica Godoy, Intensive Surgery Pediatric Cardiac, Hospital da Criança e Maternidade—HCM, Medicine School of Sao Jose do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Sao Jose do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil;
| | - Maria de Fatima Guerreiro Godoy
- Research Group in the Clínica Godoy, Medicine School of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Sao Jose do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil;
| | - Dalisio de Santi Neto
- Hospital de Base, Medicine School of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Sao Jose do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil;
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Browning JL, Bhawan J, Tseng A, Crossland N, Bujor AM, Akassoglou K, Assassi S, Skaug B, Ho J. Extensive and Persistent Extravascular Dermal Fibrin Deposition Characterizes Systemic Sclerosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.16.523256. [PMID: 36711912 PMCID: PMC9882194 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.16.523256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by progressive multiorgan fibrosis. While the cause of SSc remains unknown, a perturbed vasculature is considered a critical early step in the pathogenesis. Using fibrinogen as a marker of vascular leakage, we found extensive extravascular fibrinogen deposition in the dermis of both limited and diffuse systemic sclerosis disease, and it was present in both early and late-stage patients. Based on a timed series of excision wounds, retention on the fibrin deposit of the splice variant domain, fibrinogen αEC, indicated a recent event, while fibrin networks lacking the αEC domain were older. Application of this timing tool to SSc revealed considerable heterogeneity in αEC domain distribution providing unique insight into disease activity. Intriguingly, the fibrinogen-αEC domain also accumulated in macrophages. These observations indicate that systemic sclerosis is characterized by ongoing vascular leakage resulting in extensive interstitial fibrin deposition that is either continually replenished and/or there is impaired fibrin clearance. Unresolved fibrin deposition might then incite chronic tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Browning
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
- Department of Rheumatology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Jag Bhawan
- Department of Dermatopathology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Anna Tseng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Nicholas Crossland
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Andreea M Bujor
- Department of Rheumatology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Katerina Akassoglou
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease San Francisco California USA
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Shervin Assassi
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - Brian Skaug
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jonathan Ho
- Department of Dermatopathology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
- Section Dermatology University of the West Indies, Mona Jamaica
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Roberson ED, Carns M, Cao L, Aren K, Goldberg IA, Morales-Heil DJ, Korman BD, Atkinson JP, Varga J. Alterations of the Primary Cilia Gene SPAG17 and SOX9 Locus Noncoding RNAs Identified by RNA-Sequencing Analysis in Patients With Systemic Sclerosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:108-119. [PMID: 35762854 PMCID: PMC10445493 DOI: 10.1002/art.42281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is characterized by immune activation, vasculopathy, and unresolving fibrosis in the skin, lungs, and other organs. We performed RNA-sequencing analysis on skin biopsy samples and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from SSc patients and unaffected controls to better understand the pathogenesis of SSc. METHODS We analyzed these data 1) to test for case/control differences and 2) to identify genes whose expression levels correlate with SSc severity as measured by local skin score, modified Rodnan skin thickness score (MRSS), forced vital capacity (FVC), or diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLco). RESULTS We found that PBMCs from SSc patients showed a strong type I interferon signature. This signal was found to be replicated in the skin, with additional signals for increased extracellular matrix (ECM) genes, classical complement pathway activation, and the presence of B cells. Notably, we observed a marked decrease in the expression of SPAG17, a cilia component, in SSc skin. We identified genes that correlated with the MRSS, DLco, and FVC in SSc PBMCs and skin using weighted gene coexpression network analysis. These genes were largely distinct from the case/control differentially expressed genes. In PBMCs, type I interferon signatures negatively correlated with the DLco. In SSc skin, ECM gene expression positively correlated with the MRSS. Network analysis of SSc skin genes that correlated with clinical features identified the noncoding RNAs SOX9-AS1 and ROCR, both near the SOX9 locus, as highly connected, "hub-like" genes in the network. CONCLUSION These results identify noncoding RNAs and SPAG17 as novel factors potentially implicated in the pathogenesis of SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisha D.O. Roberson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mary Carns
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Scleroderma Program, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kathleen Aren
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Scleroderma Program, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Isaac A. Goldberg
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Scleroderma Program, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David J. Morales-Heil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Benjamin D. Korman
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Scleroderma Program, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John P. Atkinson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John Varga
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Scleroderma Program, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Showalter K, Magro C, Zhang Y, Spiera R, Orange DE, Gordon JK. Response to: 'Correspondence on 'Machine learning integration of scleroderma histology and gene expression identifies fibroblast polarisation as a hallmark of clinical severity and improvement'' by Manetti. Ann Rheum Dis 2023; 82:e22. [PMID: 33158883 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-219292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Showalter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cynthia Magro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yaxia Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert Spiera
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dana E Orange
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.,Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jessica K Gordon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
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Díaz-Flores L, Gutiérrez R, García MP, González-Gómez M, Díaz-Flores L, Carrasco JL, Madrid JF, Rodríguez Bello A. Comparison of the Behavior of Perivascular Cells (Pericytes and CD34+ Stromal Cell/Telocytes) in Sprouting and Intussusceptive Angiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169010. [PMID: 36012273 PMCID: PMC9409369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Perivascular cells in the pericytic microvasculature, pericytes and CD34+ stromal cells/telocytes (CD34+SCs/TCs), have an important role in angiogenesis. We compare the behavior of these cells depending on whether the growth of endothelial cells (ECs) from the pre-existing microvasculature is toward the interstitium with vascular bud and neovessel formation (sprouting angiogenesis) or toward the vascular lumen with intravascular pillar development and vessel division (intussusceptive angiogenesis). Detachment from the vascular wall, mobilization, proliferation, recruitment, and differentiation of pericytes and CD34+SCs/TCs, as well as associated changes in vessel permeability and functionality, and modifications of the extracellular matrix are more intense, longer lasting over time, and with a greater energy cost in sprouting angiogenesis than in intussusceptive angiogenesis, in which some of the aforementioned events do not occur or are compensated for by others (e.g., sparse EC and pericyte proliferation by cell elongation and thinning). The governing mechanisms involve cell-cell contacts (e.g., peg-and-socket junctions between pericytes and ECs), multiple autocrine and paracrine signaling molecules and pathways (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, angiopoietins, transforming growth factor B, ephrins, semaphorins, and metalloproteinases), and other factors (e.g., hypoxia, vascular patency, and blood flow). Pericytes participate in vessel development, stabilization, maturation and regression in sprouting angiogenesis, and in interstitial tissue structure formation of the pillar core in intussusceptive angiogenesis. In sprouting angiogenesis, proliferating perivascular CD34+SCs/TCs are an important source of stromal cells during repair through granulation tissue formation and of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in tumors. Conversely, CD34+SCs/TCs have less participation as precursor cells in intussusceptive angiogenesis. The dysfunction of these mechanisms is involved in several diseases, including neoplasms, with therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Díaz-Flores
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-922-319317; Fax: +34-922-319279
| | - Ricardo Gutiérrez
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Maria Pino García
- Department of Pathology, Eurofins Megalab–Hospiten Hospitals, 38100 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Miriam González-Gómez
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Lucio Díaz-Flores
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Carrasco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Madrid
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine, Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Aixa Rodríguez Bello
- Department of Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain
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10
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Cucu I, Nicolescu MI, Busnatu ȘS, Manole CG. Dynamic Involvement of Telocytes in Modulating Multiple Signaling Pathways in Cardiac Cytoarchitecture. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5769. [PMID: 35628576 PMCID: PMC9143034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac interstitium is a complex and dynamic environment, vital for normal cardiac structure and function. Telocytes are active cellular players in regulating main events that feature myocardial homeostasis and orchestrating its involvement in heart pathology. Despite the great amount of data suggesting (microscopically, proteomically, genetically, etc.) the implications of telocytes in the different physiological and reparatory/regenerative processes of the heart, understanding their involvement in realizing the heart's mature cytoarchitecture is still at its dawn. Our scrutiny of the recent literature gave clearer insights into the implications of telocytes in the WNT signaling pathway, but also TGFB and PI3K/AKT pathways that, inter alia, conduct cardiomyocytes differentiation, maturation and final integration into heart adult architecture. These data also strengthen evidence for telocytes as promising candidates for cellular therapies in various heart pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Cucu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Mihnea Ioan Nicolescu
- Division of Histology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, “Victor Babeș” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ștefan-Sebastian Busnatu
- Department of Cardiology-“Bagdasar Arseni” Emergency Clinical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 041915 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cătălin Gabriel Manole
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Pathology, “Victor Babeș” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
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11
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Aleksandrovych V, Bereza T, Ulatowska-Białas M, Pasternak A, Walocha JA, Pityński K, Gil K. Identification of PDGFRα+ cells in uterine fibroids - link between angiogenesis and uterine telocytes. Arch Med Sci 2022; 18:1329-1337. [PMID: 36160340 PMCID: PMC9479735 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.86795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Telocytes (TCs), also called interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICLC), CD34+ cells or PDGFRα+ cells (platelet-derived growth factor receptor α positive cells), a new type of cell of mesenchymal origin, were described over one decade ago. The unique nature of these cells still deserves attention from the scientific community. Telocytes make homo- and heterocellular contact with myocytes, immunocytes and nerves, have their own immunohistochemical and secretome profiles and thus might regulate local regenerative processes including angiogenesis and fibrosis. The aim of our study was to observe the missing link between angiogenesis and telocytes in leiomyoma, the most common benign tumors affecting women of reproductive age. MATERIAL AND METHODS We observed uterine tissue samples from leiomyoma, adjacent myometrium and unchanged tissue from patients with leiomyoma and control subjects using routine histology, histochemistry, immunofluorescence (CD117, CD31, CD34, PDGFRα, tryptase, sFlt-1) and image analysis methods. RESULTS The decline of the telocyte density in the foci of fibroids correlated with poor vascularization inside the leiomyoma. Moreover, the expression of sFlt-1 (anti-angiogenic-related factor) significantly increased inside a fibroid. In leiomyoma the decrease of telocyte and blood micro-vessel density was accompanied by prevalence of collagen deposits, unlike the unchanged myometrium. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate TCs in human uterine fibroids and highlight their possible involvement in the pathogenesis of myometrial pathology in the context of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomasz Bereza
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Artur Pasternak
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy A. Walocha
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Pityński
- Department of Gynecology and Oncology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gil
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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12
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Wei XJ, Chen TQ, Yang XJ. Telocytes in Fibrosis Diseases: From Current Findings to Future Clinical Perspectives. Cell Transplant 2022; 31:9636897221105252. [PMID: 35748420 PMCID: PMC9235300 DOI: 10.1177/09636897221105252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs), a distinct type of interstitial (stromal) cells, have been discovered in many organs of human and mammal animals. TCs, which have unique morphological characteristics and abundant paracrine substance, construct a three-dimensional (3D) interstitial network within the stromal compartment by homocellular and heterocellular communications which are important for tissue homeostasis and normal development. Fibrosis-related diseases remain a common but challenging problem in the field of medicine with unclear pathogenesis and limited therapeutic options. Recently, increasing evidences suggest that where TCs are morphologically or numerically destructed, many diseases continuously develop, finally lead to irreversible interstitial fibrosis. It is not difficult to find that TCs are associated with chronic inflammation and fibrosis. This review mainly discusses relationship between TCs and the occurrence of fibrosis in various diseases. We analyzed in detail the potential roles and speculated mechanisms of TCs in onset and progression of systemic fibrosis diseases, as well as providing the most up-to-date research on the current therapeutic roles of TCs and involved related pathways. Only through continuous research and exploration in the future can we uncover its magic veil and provide strategies for treatment of fibrosis-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-jiao Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R.
China
| | - Tian-quan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R.
China
| | - Xiao-jun Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R.
China
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Scleroderma-like Impairment in the Network of Telocytes/CD34 + Stromal Cells in the Experimental Mouse Model of Bleomycin-Induced Dermal Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212407. [PMID: 34830288 PMCID: PMC8620338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable evidence accumulated over the past decade supports that telocytes (TCs)/CD34+ stromal cells represent an exclusive type of interstitial cells identifiable by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or immunohistochemistry in various organs of the human body, including the skin. By means of their characteristic cellular extensions (telopodes), dermal TCs are arranged in networks intermingled with a multitude of neighboring cells and, hence, they are thought to contribute to skin homeostasis through both intercellular contacts and releasing extracellular vesicles. In this context, fibrotic skin lesions from patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma) appear to be characterized by a disruption of the dermal network of TCs, which has been ascribed to either cell degenerative processes or possible transformation into profibrotic myofibroblasts. In the present study, we utilized the well-established mouse model of bleomycin-induced scleroderma to gain further insights into the TC alterations found in cutaneous fibrosis. CD34 immunofluorescence revealed a severe impairment in the dermal network of TCs/CD34+ stromal cells in bleomycin-treated mice. CD31/CD34 double immunofluorescence confirmed that CD31-/CD34+ TC counts were greatly reduced in the skin of bleomycin-treated mice compared with control mice. Ultrastructural signs of TC injury were detected in the skin of bleomycin-treated mice by TEM. The analyses of skin samples from mice treated with bleomycin for different times by either TEM or double immunostaining and immunoblotting for the CD34/α-SMA antigens collectively suggested that, although a few TCs may transition to α-SMA+ myofibroblasts in the early disease stage, most of these cells rather undergo degeneration, and then are lost. Taken together, our data demonstrate that TC changes in the skin of bleomycin-treated mice mimic very closely those observed in human SSc skin, which makes this experimental model a suitable tool to (i) unravel the pathological mechanisms underlying TC damage and (ii) clarify the possible contribution of the TC loss to the development/progression of dermal fibrosis. In perspective, these findings may have important implications in the field of skin regenerative medicine.
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14
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Cardiac Telocytes 16 Years on-What Have We Learned So Far, and How Close Are We to Routine Application of the Knowledge in Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010942. [PMID: 34681601 PMCID: PMC8535888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of a diseased heart is one of the principal challenges of modern cardiovascular medicine. There has been ongoing research on stem-cell-based therapeutic approaches. A cell population called telocytes (TCs) described only 16 years ago largely contributed to the research area of cardiovascular regeneration. TCs are cells with small bodies and extremely long cytoplasmic projections called telopodes, described in all layers of the heart wall. Their functions include cell-to-cell signaling, stem-cell nursing, mechanical support, and immunoregulation, to name but a few. The functional derangement or quantitative loss of TCs has been implicated in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction, heart failure, arrhythmias, and many other conditions. The exact pathomechanisms are still unknown, but the loss of regulative, integrative, and nursing functions of TCs may provide important clues. Therefore, a viable avenue in the future modern management of these conditions is TC-based cell therapy. TCs have been previously transplanted into a mouse model of myocardial infarction with promising results. Tandem transplantation with stem cells may provide additional benefit; however, many underresearched areas need to be addressed in future research before routine application of TC-based cell therapy in human subjects. These include the standardization of protocols for isolation, cultivation, and transplantation, quantitative optimization of TC transplants, cost-effectivity analysis, and many others.
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15
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Sanches BDA, Maldarine JS, Vilamaior PSL, Felisbino SL, Carvalho HF, Taboga SR. Stromal cell interplay in prostate development, physiology, and pathological conditions. Prostate 2021; 81:926-937. [PMID: 34254335 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Advances in prostatic stroma studies over the past few decades have demonstrated that the stroma not only supports and nourishes the gland's secretory epithelium but also participates in key aspects of morphogenesis, in the prostate's hormonal metabolism, and in the functionality of the secretory epithelium. Furthermore, the stroma is implicated in the onset and progression of prostate cancer through the formation of the so-called reactive stroma, which corresponds to a tumorigenesis-permissive microenvironment. Prostatic stromal cells are interconnected and exchange paracrine signals among themselves in a gland that is highly sensitive to endocrine hormones. There is a growing body of evidence that telocytes, recently detected interstitial cells that are also present in the prostate, are involved in stromal organization, so that their processes form a network of interconnections with both the epithelium and the other stromal cells. The present review provides an update on the different types of prostate stromal cells, their interrelationships and implications for prostate development, physiology and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno D A Sanches
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Juliana S Maldarine
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Patricia S L Vilamaior
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, São Paulo State University-UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Sergio L Felisbino
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Hernandes F Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Sebastião R Taboga
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, São Paulo State University-UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
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Díaz-Flores L, Gutiérrez R, García MP, González-Gómez M, Rodríguez-Rodriguez R, Hernández-León N, Díaz-Flores L, Carrasco JL. Cd34+ Stromal Cells/Telocytes in Normal and Pathological Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147342. [PMID: 34298962 PMCID: PMC8307573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied CD34+ stromal cells/telocytes (CD34+SCs/TCs) in pathologic skin, after briefly examining them in normal conditions. We confirm previous studies by other authors in the normal dermis regarding CD34+SC/TC characteristics and distribution around vessels, nerves and cutaneous annexes, highlighting their practical absence in the papillary dermis and presence in the bulge region of perifollicular groups of very small CD34+ stromal cells. In non-tumoral skin pathology, we studied examples of the principal histologic patterns in which CD34+SCs/TCs have (1) a fundamental pathophysiological role, including (a) fibrosing/sclerosing diseases, such as systemic sclerosis, with loss of CD34+SCs/TCs and presence of stromal cells co-expressing CD34 and αSMA, and (b) metabolic degenerative processes, including basophilic degeneration of collagen, with stromal cells/telocytes in close association with degenerative fibrils, and cutaneous myxoid cysts with spindle-shaped, stellate and bulky vacuolated CD34+ stromal cells, and (2) a secondary reactive role, encompassing dermatitis—e.g., interface (erythema multiforme), acantholytic (pemphigus, Hailey–Hailey disease), lichenoid (lichen planus), subepidermal vesicular (bullous pemphigoid), psoriasiform (psoriasis), granulomatous (granuloma annulare)—vasculitis (leukocytoclastic and lymphocytic vasculitis), folliculitis, perifolliculitis and inflammation of the sweat and sebaceous glands (perifolliculitis and rosacea) and infectious dermatitis (verruca vulgaris). In skin tumor and tumor-like conditions, we studied examples of those in which CD34+ stromal cells are (1) the neoplastic component (dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, sclerotic fibroma and solitary fibrous tumor), (2) a neoplastic component with varying presentation (fibroepithelial polyp and superficial myxofibrosarcoma) and (3) a reactive component in other tumor/tumor-like cell lines, such as those deriving from vessel periendothelial cells (myopericytoma), epithelial cells (trichoepithelioma, nevus sebaceous of Jadassohn and seborrheic keratosis), Merkel cells (Merkel cell carcinoma), melanocytes (dermal melanocytic nevi) and Schwann cells (neurofibroma and granular cell tumor).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Díaz-Flores
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain; (R.G.); (M.G.-G.); (R.R.-R.); (N.H.-L.); (L.D.-F.J.); (J.L.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-922-319-317; Fax: +34-922-319-279
| | - Ricardo Gutiérrez
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain; (R.G.); (M.G.-G.); (R.R.-R.); (N.H.-L.); (L.D.-F.J.); (J.L.C.)
| | - Maria Pino García
- Department of Pathology, Eurofins Megalab–Hospiten Hospitals, 38100 Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Miriam González-Gómez
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain; (R.G.); (M.G.-G.); (R.R.-R.); (N.H.-L.); (L.D.-F.J.); (J.L.C.)
| | - Rosa Rodríguez-Rodriguez
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain; (R.G.); (M.G.-G.); (R.R.-R.); (N.H.-L.); (L.D.-F.J.); (J.L.C.)
| | - Nieves Hernández-León
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain; (R.G.); (M.G.-G.); (R.R.-R.); (N.H.-L.); (L.D.-F.J.); (J.L.C.)
| | - Lucio Díaz-Flores
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain; (R.G.); (M.G.-G.); (R.R.-R.); (N.H.-L.); (L.D.-F.J.); (J.L.C.)
| | - José Luís Carrasco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain; (R.G.); (M.G.-G.); (R.R.-R.); (N.H.-L.); (L.D.-F.J.); (J.L.C.)
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17
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Sukhacheva TV, Nizyaeva NV, Samsonova MV, Cherniaev AL, Burov AA, Iurova MV, Shchegolev AI, Serov RA, Sukhikh GT. Morpho-functional changes of cardiac telocytes in isolated atrial amyloidosis in patients with atrial fibrillation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3563. [PMID: 33574429 PMCID: PMC7878494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Telocytes are interstitial cells with long, thin processes by which they contact each other and form a network in the interstitium. Myocardial remodeling of adult patients with different forms of atrial fibrillation (AF) occurs with an increase in fibrosis, age-related isolated atrial amyloidosis (IAA), cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and myolysis. This study aimed to determine the ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features of cardiac telocytes in patients with AF and AF + IAA. IAA associated with accumulation of atrial natriuretic factor was detected in 4.3-25% biopsies of left (LAA) and 21.7-41.7% of right (RAA) atrial appendage myocardium. Telocytes were identified at ultrastructural level more often in AF + IAA, than in AF group and correlated with AF duration and mitral valve regurgitation. Telocytes had ultrastructural signs of synthetic, proliferative, and phagocytic activity. Telocytes corresponded to CD117+, vimentin+, CD34+, CD44+, CD68+, CD16+, S100-, CD105- immunophenotype. No significant differences in telocytes morphology and immunophenotype were found in patients with various forms of AF. CD68-positive cells were detected more often in AF + IAA than AF group. We assume that in aged AF + IAA patients remodeling of atrial myocardium provoked transformation of telocytes into "transitional forms" combining the morphological and immunohistochemical features with signs of fibroblast-, histiocyte- and endotheliocyte-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana V Sukhacheva
- A.N. Bakulev National Medical Research Center of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Natalia V Nizyaeva
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | - Maria V Samsonova
- Pulmonology Scientific Research Institute under Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russian Federation, Moscow, 115682, Russia
| | - Andrey L Cherniaev
- Pulmonology Scientific Research Institute under Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russian Federation, Moscow, 115682, Russia
| | - Artem A Burov
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | - Mariia V Iurova
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia, 117997
- First Moscow State Medical University Named After I.M. Sechenov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandr I Shchegolev
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | - Roman A Serov
- A.N. Bakulev National Medical Research Center of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennady T Sukhikh
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia, 117997
- First Moscow State Medical University Named After I.M. Sechenov, Moscow, Russia
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Abd-Elhafeez HH, Abdo W, Kamal BM, Soliman SA. Fish telocytes and their relation to rodlet cells in ruby-red-fin shark (rainbow shark) Epalzeorhynchos frenatum (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Sci Rep 2020; 10:18907. [PMID: 33144597 PMCID: PMC7641163 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75677-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Telocytes comprise the major constituents of the supportive interstitial framework within the various organs. They form a 3D network between different types of stromal and non-stromal cells, which makes them distinctively vital. We have previously explored the origin of the peculiar rodlet cells, especially on their differential stages in aquatic species. The current study aimed at highlighting the relation of telocytes with different rodlet stages. Samples of fish, olfactory organs, and gills were processed for semi thin sections, transmission electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. It was evident in the study that telocytes formed a 3D interstitial network, entrapping stem cells and differentiating rodlet cells, to establish direct contact with stem cells. Differentiated stem cells and rodlet progenitor cells, practically in the granular and transitional stages, also formed ultrastructure junctional modifications, by which nanostructures are formed to establish cell contact with telocytes. Telocytes in turn also connected with macrophage progenitor cells. Telocytes (TCs) expressed CD34, CD117, VEGF, and MMP-9. In conclusion, telocytes established direct contact with the stem and rodlet cells in various differential stages. Telocytes may vitally influence stem/progenitor cell differentiation, regulate rodlet cell function, and express MPP-9 that may regulate immune cells functions especially, including movement and migration ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan H Abd-Elhafeez
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
| | - Walied Abdo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr el-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Basma Mohamed Kamal
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, 32897, Egypt
| | - Soha A Soliman
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
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Sukhacheva TV, Nizyaeva NV, Samsonova MV, Chernyaev AL, Shchegolev AI, Serov RA. Telocytes in the Myocardium of Children with Congenital Heart Disease Tetralogy of Fallot. Bull Exp Biol Med 2020; 169:137-146. [PMID: 32488790 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-020-04840-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Telocytes, a new type of interstitial stem cells with long thin processes that form a three-dimensional network around cardiomyocytes, vessels, and nerve fibers were described in the myocardium of children with tetralogy of Fallot. Two types of morphologically different telocytes, spindle-shaped and rounded, were identified. Contacts of telocytes with stem cells and interstitial macrophages were found. Telocytes were more common in the immature myocardium, where the assembly of myofibrils in cardiomyocytes was not completed and small Ki-67+ cardiomyocyte progenitor cells were present. Telocytes expressed immunohistochemical markers CD117, vimentin, CD34, and CD44. Localization and ultrastructural characteristics of telocytes suggested their participation in stem cell differentiation, coordination of neoangiogenesis, and paracrine regulation of all components of the interstitium.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Sukhacheva
- A. N. Bakulev National Medical Research Center of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
| | - N V Nizyaeva
- V. I. Kulakov National Research Medical Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - M V Samsonova
- Research Institute of Pulmonology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - A L Chernyaev
- Research Institute of Pulmonology, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - A I Shchegolev
- V. I. Kulakov National Research Medical Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - R A Serov
- A. N. Bakulev National Medical Research Center of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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20
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The oral mucosa: Epithelial professional phagocytes, lymphatics, telocytes, and false telocytes. Ann Anat 2020; 229:151462. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Čolić J, Matucci Cerinic M, Guiducci S, Damjanov N. Microparticles in systemic sclerosis, targets or tools to control fibrosis: This is the question! JOURNAL OF SCLERODERMA AND RELATED DISORDERS 2020; 5:6-20. [PMID: 35382401 PMCID: PMC8922594 DOI: 10.1177/2397198319857356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis is the main systemic fibrotic disease with unknown etiology characterized by peripheral microvascular injury, activation of immune system, and wide-spread progressive fibrosis. Microparticles can be derived from any cell type during normal cellular differentiation, senescence, and apoptosis, and also upon cellular activation. Carrying along a broad range of surface cytoplasmic and nuclear molecules of originating cells, microparticles are closely implicated in inflammation, thrombosis, angiogenesis, and immunopathogenesis. Recently, microparticles have been proposed as biomarkers of endothelial injury, which is the primary event in the genesis of tissue fibrosis. Microparticles may have a role in fostering endothelial to mesenchymal transition, thus giving a significant contribution to the development of myofibroblasts, the most important final effectors responsible for tissue fibrosis and fibroproliferative vasculopathy. Thanks to potent profibrotic mediators, such as transforming growth factor beta, platelet-derived growth factor, high mobility group box 1 protein, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4, and antifibrotic agents, such as matrix metalloproteinases, microparticles may play an opposite role in fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Čolić
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of
Rheumatology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marco Matucci Cerinic
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of
Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi (AOUC)
and Denothe Centre, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Guiducci
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of
Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi (AOUC)
and Denothe Centre, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Nemanja Damjanov
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of
Rheumatology, Belgrade, Serbia
- School of Medicine, University of
Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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22
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Manetti M, Matucci-Cerinic M. In search for the ideal anatomical composition of vascularised human skin equivalents for systemic sclerosis translational research: should we recruit the telocytes? Ann Rheum Dis 2019; 80:e149. [PMID: 31582376 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-216371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Manetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Matucci-Cerinic
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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23
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Rusu MC, Hostiuc S, Fildan AP, Tofolean DE. Critical Review: What Cell Types Are the Lung Telocytes? Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1280-1292. [PMID: 31443120 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) are stromal cells defined by peculiar long, thin, moniliform prolongations known as telopodes. When isolated, their morphology often lacks the specificity for the proper definition of a particular cell type. Recent studies have linked TCs with different functions and different cell lineages. Although some authors have studied pulmonary TCs, their research has important limitations that we will attempt to summarize in this article. We will focus our analysis on the following: the culture methods used to study them, the lack of proper discrimination of TCs from lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), whose ultrastructures are very similar, and the immune phenotype of TCs, which may appear in other cell types such as those related to the endothelial lineage or stem/progenitor cells. In conclusion, the cellular diagnosis of lung TCs should be considered with caution until properly designed studies can positively identify these cells and differentiate them from other cell types such as LECs and stem/progenitor cells. Anat Rec, 303:1280-1292, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugurel C Rusu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorin Hostiuc
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ariadna P Fildan
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanţa, Constatnţa, Romania
| | - Doina E Tofolean
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ovidius University of Constanţa, Constatnţa, Romania
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An Immunohistochemical Study of Gastric Mucosa and Critical Review Indicate that the Subepithelial Telocytes are Prelymphatic Endothelial Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55070316. [PMID: 31252668 PMCID: PMC6680827 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55070316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: There are only a few studies regarding gut subepithelial telocytes (TCs). The telopodes, namely peculiar TCs’ prolongations described on two-dimensional cuts, are not enough to differentiate this specific cell type. Subepithelial TCs were associated with the intestinal stem niche but a proper differential diagnosis with lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) was not performed. In this study, we will also critically review studies suggesting that distinctive TCs could be positioned within the lamina propria. Materials and Methods: We performed an immunohistochemical study of human gastric mucosa to test the expression of D2-40, the lymphatic marker, as well as that of CD31, CD34, CD44, CD117/c-kit, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and vimentin in the gastric subepithelial niche. Results: The results support the poorly investigated anatomy of intramural gastric lymphatics, with circumferential collectors located on both sides of the muscularis mucosae (mucosal and then submucosal) and myenteric collectors in the muscularis propria. We also found superficial epithelial prelymphatic channels bordered by D2-40+ but CD31–TC-like cells. Deep epithelial lymphatic collectors drain in collectors within the lamina propria. Blood endothelial cells expressed CD31, CD34, CD44, and vimentin. Conclusions: Therefore, the positive diagnosis of TC for subepithelial CD34+ cells should be regarded with caution, as they could also be artefacts, resulting from the two-dimensional examination of three dimensional structures, or as LECs. Lymphatic markers should be routinely used to discriminate TCs from LECs.
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25
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Liang Y, Wang S, An T, Tarique I, Vistro WA, Liu Y, Wang Z, Zhang H, Shi Y, Haseeb A, Gandahi NS, Iqba A, Yang H, Chen Q, Yang P. Telocytes as a Novel Structural Component in the Muscle Layers of the Goat Rumen. Cell Transplant 2019; 28:955-966. [PMID: 31023066 PMCID: PMC6719488 DOI: 10.1177/0963689719842514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) have been identified as a distinct type of interstitial cells, but have not yet been reported in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of ruminants. In this study, we used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and double-labelling immunofluorescence (IF) (antibodies: CD34, vimentin and PGP9.5) to seek TCs and investigate their potential functions in the muscle layers of the goat rumen. TCs were distributed widely in the myenteric plexus (TC-MYs) between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers, within circular muscle layers (TC-CMs) as well as in longitudinal muscle layers (TC-LMs). Ultrastructurally, TCs displayed small cell bodies with several long prolongations—telopodes—harboring alternate thin segments (podomers) and dilated segments (podoms). The podoms contained mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and caveolae. Telopodes frequently established close physical interactions with near telopodes, collagen fibers (CFs), nerve fibers (NFs), smooth muscle cells (SMCs), nerve tracts, and smooth muscle bundles, as well as with blood vessels (BVs). Furthermore, both homo- and heterotypic connections were observed. In addition, telopodes were capable of releasing extracellular vesicles (EVs). IF analyses proved that TCs were reliably labeled as CD34+/vimentin+ cells, displaying spindle- or triangle-shaped bodies with long prolongations, consistent with TEM results. Specifically, podoms were visible as obvious bright spots. These positive cells covered entire muscular layers, surrounding ganglions, intermuscular BVs as well as entire smooth muscle bundles, forming a network. TC-MYs were distributed as clusters in the external ganglion, encompassing the entire ganglion and spreading to the muscle layers where TC-CMs and TC-LMs seemingly surround whole smooth muscle bundles. TC-MYs were also scattered within the interior of the ganglion, surrounding each ganglionic neuron, following the glial cells layer. We speculate that TCs support the muscle layer structure of the goat rumen and facilitate intercellular signaling directly or indirectly via the TC network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liang
- 1 MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Siyi Wang
- 1 MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianci An
- 1 MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Imran Tarique
- 1 MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Waseem Ail Vistro
- 1 MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yifei Liu
- 1 MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- 2 College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- 3 School of Biological Engineering, Wuhu Institute of Technology, Anhui, China
| | - YongHong Shi
- 1 MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, China.,4 Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Abdul Haseeb
- 1 MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Noor Samad Gandahi
- 1 MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Adeela Iqba
- 1 MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huan Yang
- 1 MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiusheng Chen
- 1 MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Yang
- 1 MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, China.,2 College of Animal Science & Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, China
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26
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Abstract
A great interest has developed over the last several years in research on interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICLCs), later renamed to telocytes (TCs). Such studies are restricted by diverse limitations. We aimed to critically review (sub)epicardial ICLCs/TCs and to bring forward supplemental immunohistochemical evidence on (sub)epicardial stromal niche inhabitants. We tested the epicardial expressions of CD117/c-kit, CD34, Cytokeratin 7 (CK7), Ki67, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor (PDGFR)-α and D2-40 in adult human cardiac samples. The mesothelial epicardial cells expressed D2-40, CK7, CD117/c-kit and PDGFR-α. Subepicardial D2-40-positive lymphatic vessels and isolated D2-40-positive and CK7-positive subepicardial cells were also found. Immediate submesothelial spindle-shaped cells expressed Ki-67. Submesothelial stromal cells and endothelial tubes were PDGFR-α-positive and CD34-positive. The expression of CD34 was pan-stromal, so a particular stromal cell type could not be distinguished. The stromal expression of CD117/c-kit was also noted. It seems that epicardial TCs could not be regarded as belonging to a unique cell type until (pre)lymphatic endothelial cells are inadequately excluded. Markers such as CD117/c-kit or CD34 seem to be improper for identifying TCs as a distinctive cell type. Care should be taken when using the immunohistochemical method and histological interpretations, as they may not produce accurate results.
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27
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Iancu CB, Rusu MC, Mogoantă L, Hostiuc S, Grigoriu M. Myocardial Telocyte-Like Cells: A Review Including New Evidence. Cells Tissues Organs 2019; 206:16-25. [PMID: 30879002 DOI: 10.1159/000497194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) are a controversial cell type characterized by the presence of a particular kind of prolongations, known as telopodes, which are long, thin, and moniliform. A number of attempts has been made to establish the molecular phenotype of cardiac TCs (i.e., expression of c-kit, CD34, vimentin, PDGRFα, PDGRFβ, etc.). We designed an immunohistochemical study involving cardiac tissue samples obtained from 10 cadavers with the aim of determining whether there are TC-like interstitial cells that populate the interstitial space other than the mural microvascular cells. We applied the markers for CD31, CD34, PDGRFα, CD117/c-kit, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). We found that, in relation to two-dimensional cuts, the endothelial tubes could be misidentified as TC-like cells, the difference being the positive identification of endothelial lumina. Moreover, we found that cardiac pericytes express PDGRFα, CD117/c-kit, and α-SMA, and that they could also be misidentified as TCs when using light microscopy. We reviewed the respective values of the previously identified markers for achieving a clear-cut identification of cardiac TCs, highlighting the critical lack of specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian B Iancu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mugurel C Rusu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania,
| | - Laurenţiu Mogoantă
- Department of Histology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Sorin Hostiuc
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Grigoriu
- Division of Surgery, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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Pawlicki P, Hejmej A, Milon A, Lustofin K, Płachno BJ, Tworzydlo W, Gorowska-Wojtowicz E, Pawlicka B, Kotula-Balak M, Bilinska B. Telocytes in the mouse testicular interstitium: implications of G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) and estrogen-related receptor (ERR) in the regulation of mouse testicular interstitial cells. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:393-408. [PMID: 30187340 PMCID: PMC6510843 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1305-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs), a novel type of interstitial cells, are involved in tissue homeostasis maintenance. This study aimed to investigate TC presence in the interstitium of mouse testis. Additionally, inactivation of the G-coupled membrane estrogen receptor (GPER) in the testis was performed to obtain insight into TC function, regulation, and interaction with other interstitial cells. Mice were injected with a GPER antagonist (G-15; 50 μg/kg bw), and the GPER-signaling effect on TC distribution, ultrastructure, and function, as well as the interstitial tissue interaction of GPER with estrogen-related receptors (ERRs), was examined. Microscopic observations of TC morphology were performed with the use of scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Telocyte functional markers (CD34; c-kit; platelet-derived growth factor receptors α and β, PDGFRα and β; vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF; and vimentin) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence and Western blot. mRNA expression of CD34 as well as ERR α, β, and γ was measured by qRT-PCR. Relaxin and Ca2+ concentrations were analyzed by immunoenzymatic and colorimetric assays, respectively. For the first time, we reveal the presence of TCs in the interstitium together with the peritubular area of mouse testis. Telocytes were characterized by specific features such as a small cell body and extremely long prolongations, constituting a three-dimensional network mainly around the interstitial cells. Expression of all TC protein markers was confirmed. Based on scanning electron microscopic observation in GPER-blocked testis, groups of TCs were frequently seen. No changes were found in TC ultrastructure in GPER-blocked testis when compared to the control. However, tendency to TC number change (increase) after the blockage was observed. Concomitantly, no changes in mRNA CD34 expression and increase in ERR expression were detected in GPER-blocked testes. In addition, Ca2+ was unchanged; however, an increase in relaxin concentration was observed. Telocytes are an important component of the mouse testicular interstitium, possibly taking part in maintaining its microenvironment as well as contractile and secretory functions (via themselves or via controlling of other interstitial cells). These cells should be considered a unique and useful target cell type for the prevention and treatment of testicular interstitial tissue disorders based on estrogen-signaling disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Pawlicki
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Hejmej
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Milon
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Lustofin
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartosz J Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Waclaw Tworzydlo
- Department of Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Gorowska-Wojtowicz
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bernadetta Pawlicka
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Kotula-Balak
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Barbara Bilinska
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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García-Martín A, Garrido-Rodríguez M, Navarrete C, Caprioglio D, Palomares B, DeMesa J, Rollland A, Appendino G, Muñoz E. Cannabinoid derivatives acting as dual PPARγ/CB2 agonists as therapeutic agents for systemic sclerosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 163:321-334. [PMID: 30825431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) may play a role in the pathophysiology of systemic sclerosis (SSc). Cannabinoids acting as dual PPARγ/CB2 agonists, such as VCE-004.8 and Ajulemic acid (AjA), have been shown to alleviate skin fibrosis and inflammation in SSc models. Since both compounds are being tested in humans, we compared their activities in the bleomycin (BLM) SSc model. Specifically, the pharmacotranscriptomic signature of the compounds was determined by RNA-Seq changes in the skin of BLM mice treated orally with AjA or EHP-101, a lipidic formulation of VCE-004.8. While both compounds down-regulated the expression of genes involved in the inflammatory and fibrotic components of the disease and the pharmacotranscriptomic signatures were similar for both compounds in some pathways, we found key differences between the compounds in vasculogenesis. Additionally, we found 28 specific genes with translation potential by comparing with a list of human scleroderma genes. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that both compounds prevented fibrosis, collagen accumulation and Tenascin C (TNC) expression. The endothelial CD31+/CD34+ cells and telocytes were reduced in BLM mice and restored only by EHP-101 treatment. Finally, differences were found in plasmatic biomarker analysis; EHP-101, but not AjA, enhanced the expression of some factors related to angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. Altogether the results indicate that dual PPARγ/CB2 agonists qualify as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of SSc and other fibrotic diseases. EHP-101 demonstrated unique mechanisms of action related to the pathophysiology of SSc that could be beneficial in the treatment of this complex disease without current therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Diego Caprioglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Belén Palomares
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba, Spain; Departament of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Spain; Universitary Hospital Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jim DeMesa
- Emerald Health Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Giovanni Appendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba, Spain; Departament of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Spain; Universitary Hospital Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain.
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30
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Varga I, Polák Š, Kyselovič J, Kachlík D, Danišovič Ľ, Klein M. Recently Discovered Interstitial Cell Population of Telocytes: Distinguishing Facts from Fiction Regarding Their Role in the Pathogenesis of Diverse Diseases Called "Telocytopathies". MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2019; 55:E56. [PMID: 30781716 PMCID: PMC6410178 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the interstitial cells telocytes, formerly known as interstitial Cajal-like cells, have been described in almost all organs of the human body. Although telocytes were previously thought to be localized predominantly in the organs of the digestive system, as of 2018 they have also been described in the lymphoid tissue, skin, respiratory system, urinary system, meninges and the organs of the male and female genital tracts. Since the time of eminent German pathologist Rudolf Virchow, we have known that many pathological processes originate directly from cellular changes. Even though telocytes are not widely accepted by all scientists as an individual and morphologically and functionally distinct cell population, several articles regarding telocytes have already been published in such prestigious journals as Nature and Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. The telocyte diversity extends beyond their morphology and functions, as they have a potential role in the etiopathogenesis of different diseases. The most commonly described telocyte-associated diseases (which may be best termed "telocytopathies" in the future) are summarized in this critical review. It is difficult to imagine that a single cell population could be involved in the pathogenesis of such a wide spectrum of pathological conditions as extragastrointestinal stromal tumors ("telocytomas"), liver fibrosis, preeclampsia during pregnancy, tubal infertility, heart failure and psoriasis. In any case, future functional studies of telocytes in vivo will help to understand the mechanism by which telocytes contribute to tissue homeostasis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Varga
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Štefan Polák
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Ján Kyselovič
- Fifth Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - David Kachlík
- Institute of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Ľuboš Danišovič
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Martin Klein
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Tang XL, Zhang FL, Jiang XJ, Yang XJ. Telocytes enhanced the proliferation, adhesion and motility of endometrial stromal cells as mediated by the ERK pathway in vitro. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:572-585. [PMID: 30899363 PMCID: PMC6413249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) is special interstitial cell that have recently been identified in the female reproductive system. Endometriosis (EMs) is a benign gynecological disease whose etiology is still not fully clear. Implantation and proliferation of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) out of the uterus are essential processes in the development of EMs. Herein, we investigate the in vitro changes of ESCs when cocultured with TCs, and the potential mechanisms involved. The current results demonstrated that, vimentin-positive/pan cytokeratin-negative ESCs, and TCs with a characteristic structure and immunophenotype (CD34/vimentin double-positive) were successfully isolated and harvested. Morphologically, direct cell-to-cell contacts were observed between TCs and ESCs. Quantitatively, TCs treatment clearly promotes the viability of ESCs, enhances cell cycle progression at G2/M phase and upregulates p-ERK1/2 and cyclin-D3 (all P < 0.05). Functionally, ESCs educated by TCs displayed significantly enhanced adhesion ability and accelerated invasion and migration capacity (all P < 0.05). However, no significant changes were found in the rate of apoptosis and in the expression of AKT signaling pathway proteins in TCs-educated ESCs (both P > 0.05). Therefore, TCs treatment obviously enhanced the in vitro motile and invasive capacity of ESCs, which were mediated by the ERK-cyclin-D3 signaling pathway, likely through direct intercellular contacts and/or juxta-paracrine effects; signaling through this axis therefore increased the likelihood of EMs. The enhanced functions of TCs-educated ESCs not only contribute to a deeper understanding of TCs, but also highlight a new concept regarding the physiopathology and therapy of EMs and associated impaired reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ling Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Fei-Lei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xiao-Juan Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Xiao-Jun Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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Maxia C, Murtas D, Isola M, Tamma R, Zucca I, Piras F, Ribatti D, Diana A, Perra MT. Immunophenotypic characterization of telocyte-like cells in pterygium. Mol Vis 2018; 24:853-866. [PMID: 30713424 PMCID: PMC6334986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Telocytes (TCs) are peculiar interstitial cells, characterized by their typical elongated and interconnected processes called telopodes. TCs are supposed to contribute to maintain tissue homeostasis but also to be involved in the pathophysiology of many disorders. The aim of the study was to identify TCs in pterygium, a chronic condition of bulbar conjunctiva, and to examine possible differences in TCs in terms of immunophenotype and/or localization between pterygium and normal conjunctiva, to evaluate the possible involvement of TCs in pathogenesis of pterygium. Methods The analysis of the immunophenotype of TCs was performed on a group of 40 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded primary pterygium and ten bulbar conjunctiva samples. We examined with immunohistochemistry the expression of 11 commercially available antibodies (PDGFRα, CD34, c-kit, nestin, vimentin, α-SMA, laminin, S100, VEGF, CD133, and CD31) and with double immunofluorescence the concomitant expression of PDGFRα and CD34, and PDGFRα and nestin. In addition, we performed an ultrastructural study with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on a group of five pterygium and three conjunctiva biopsy specimens. Results TCs, ultrastructurally identified according to their "moniliform" prolongations, were localized underneath the epithelium along the basement membrane, around the vessels, and near the nerves and scattered in the stroma. In contrast, TCs, as fibroblasts, were almost absent in the fibrotic areas. In pterygium and normal conjunctiva, the TCs shared the same distribution pattern, except a marked TC hyperplasia detected in pterygium. Moreover, in pterygium, the immunohistochemical analysis of TCs showed a strong immunoreactivity to PDGFRα, CD34, and nestin. This result was confirmed with double immunofluorescence labeling, revealing that in pterygium stromal TCs always showed a PDGFRα+/nestin+ and PDGFRα+/CD34+ immunophenotype. Furthermore, moderate staining to vimentin and VEGF was detected, but only a small number of cells were weakly immunoreactive to laminin and S100. Only adventitial TCs of the perivascular sheaths exhibited strong immunoreactivity to α-SMA. Conversely, despite showing mild immunoreactivity to PDGFRα and CD34, the TCs in normal conjunctiva did not show any immunoreactivity to nestin and VEGF. Moreover, in pterygium and conjunctiva, the TCs were always negative for c-kit. Conclusions Because of the distribution and immunophenotype, TCs in pterygium may represent a subpopulation of relatively immature cells with regenerative potential. In addition, the expression of nestin may suggest possible involvement of TCs as active players in the regeneration of ultraviolet-damaged stroma and vascular remodeling. The fibrotic transformation in the cicatricial area may stand for a breakdown of the regenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Maxia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Daniela Murtas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Michela Isola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberto Tamma
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Ignazio Zucca
- Department of Surgical Science, Eye Clinic, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Franca Piras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Diana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
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Marini M, Manetti M, Rosa I, Ibba-Manneschi L, Sgambati E. Telocytes in human fetal skeletal muscle interstitium during early myogenesis. Acta Histochem 2018; 120:397-404. [PMID: 29724455 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A new peculiar stromal cell type called telocyte (TC)/CD34-positive stromal cell (i.e. cell with distinctive prolongations named telopodes) has recently been described in various tissues and organs, including the adult skeletal muscle interstitium of mammals. By forming a resident stromal three-dimensional network, TCs have been suggested to participate in different physiological processes within the skeletal muscle tissue, including homeostasis maintenance, intercellular signaling, tissue regeneration/repair and angiogenesis. Since a continuous interplay between the stromal compartment and skeletal muscle fibers seems to take place from organogenesis to aging, the present study was undertaken to investigate for the first time the presence of TCs in the human skeletal muscle during early myogenesis. In particular, we describe the morphological distribution of TCs in human fetal lower limb skeletal muscle during early stages of myogenesis (9-12 weeks of gestation). TCs were studied on tissue sections subjected to immunoperoxidase-based immunohistochemistry for CD34. Double immunofluorescence was further performed to unequivocally differentiate TCs (CD34-positive/CD31-negative) from vascular endothelial cells (CD34-positive/CD31-positive). Our findings provide evidence that stromal cells with typical morphological features and immunophenotype of TCs are present in the human skeletal muscle during early myogenesis, revealing differences in either CD34 immunopositivity or TC numbers among different gestation ages. Specifically, few TCs weakly positive for CD34 were found between 9 and 9.5 weeks. From 10 to 11.5 weeks, TCs were more numerous and strongly reactive and their telopodes formed a reticular network in close relationship with blood vessels and primary and secondary myotubes undergoing separation. On the contrary, a strong reduction in the number and immunopositivity of TCs was observed in fetal muscle sections from 12 weeks of gestation, where mature myotubes were evident. The muscle stroma showed parallel changes in amount, density and organization from 9 to 12 weeks. Moreover, blood vessels appeared particularly numerous between 10 and 11.5 weeks. Taken together, our findings suggest that TCs might play a fundamental role in the early myogenetic period, possibly guiding tissue organization and compartmentalization, as well as angiogenesis and maturation of myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirca Marini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Mirko Manetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Rosa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Lidia Ibba-Manneschi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Eleonora Sgambati
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Isernia, Italy.
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Petrea C, Crăiţoiu Ş, Vrapciu A, Mănoiu V, Rusu M. The telopode- and filopode-projecting heterogeneous stromal cells of the human sclera niche. Ann Anat 2018; 218:129-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Jiang XJ, Cretoiu D, Shen ZJ, Yang XJ. An in vitro investigation of telocytes-educated macrophages: morphology, heterocellular junctions, apoptosis and invasion analysis. J Transl Med 2018; 16:85. [PMID: 29615057 PMCID: PMC5883889 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telocytes (TCs), a recently discovered novel type of interstitial cells, were also found in a wide variety of human and mammalian reproductive organs/tissues, including uterus, oviduct and placenta. Previously, we demonstrated that TCs-conditioned media was capable of activating peritoneal macrophages (pMACs) through paracrine effects. This study investigates the hypothesis that direct interaction of TCs with pMACs will also play a significant role in immunoregulation of pMACs. METHODS TCs and pMACs were derived from the uterus and intraperitoneal cavity of female BALB/c mice, respectively. TCs were identified by immunofluorescence and then co-cultured directly with pMACs for 24 h without added cytokines, to observe the in vitro biological behavior of pMACs. We used histochemical staining to study morphology and mitochondrial metabolism of pMACs, scanning electron microscopy to study heterocellular junctions, flow cytometry to investigate mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and apoptosis, and transwell chambers to study invasion ability. Student-t test was used accordingly. RESULTS Presently, TCs with typical structure and immunophenotype of double CD-34-positive/vimentin-positive were successfully isolated. pMACs co-cultured with TCs showed obviously morphological activation, with enhanced energy metabolism (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, direct physical cell-to-cell interaction promoted the development of heterocellular junctions between TCs and pMACs. Furthermore, TCs treatment markedly reduced the depletion of ΔΨm in co-cultured pMACs (all P < 0.05), and inhibited their apoptosis (P < 0.05). Functionally, pMACs co-cultured with TCs showed enhanced invasion ability (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Direct physical cell-to-cell interaction promoted the development of heterocellular junctions between TCs and pMACs, presumably responsible for the observed novel efficient way of pMACs activation via mitochondrial signaling pathway. TCs-educated pMACs might be a promising way to restore the defective immunosurveillance in endometriosis (EMs), led to the enhanced treatment efficacy of EMs in a simple and clinically feasible fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Juan Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dragos Cretoiu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.,Materno-Fetal Assistance Excellence Unit, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute of Mother and Child Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Zong-Ji Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jun Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Road, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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Nizyaeva NV, Sukhacheva TV, Serov RA, Kulikova GV, Nagovitsyna MN, Kan NE, Tyutyunnik VL, Pavlovich SV, Poltavtseva RA, Yarotskaya EL, Shchegolev AI, Sukhikh GT. Ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical Features of Telocytes in Placental Villi in Preeclampsia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3453. [PMID: 29472628 PMCID: PMC5823867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21492-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A new cell type, interstitial Cajal-like cell (ICLC), was recently described in different organs. The name was recently changed to telocytes (TCs), and their typical thin, long processes have been named telopodes (Tp). TCs regulate the contractile activity of smooth muscle cells and play a role in regulating vessel contractions. Although the placenta is not an innervated organ, we believe that TCs are present in the placenta. We studied placenta samples from physiological pregnancies and in different variants of preeclampsia (PE). We examined these samples using light microscopy of semi-thin sections, transmission electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemical examination was performed with primary antibodies to CD34, CD117, SMA, and vimentin, and TMEM16a (DOG-1), the latter was used for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) consisting of TCs. We have identified a heterogenetic population of ТСs in term placentas, as these cell types differed in their localization, immunophenotype and ultrastructural characteristics. We assume TMEM16a could be used as the marker for identification of TCs. In PE we have revealed telocyte-like cells with ultrastructural signs of fibrocytes (significant process thickening and the granular endoplasmic reticulum content was increased) and a loss of TMEM16a immunohistochemical staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Nizyaeva
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
| | - Tatiana V Sukhacheva
- A.N. Bakulev National Medical Research Center of Cardiovascular Surgery, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Roman A Serov
- A.N. Bakulev National Medical Research Center of Cardiovascular Surgery, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Galina V Kulikova
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Marina N Nagovitsyna
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Natalia E Kan
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Victor L Tyutyunnik
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Stanislav V Pavlovich
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 121552, Russia
| | - Rimma A Poltavtseva
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Ekaterina L Yarotskaya
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Aleksandr I Shchegolev
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Gennadiy T Sukhikh
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, 117997, Russia.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 121552, Russia
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Certainties and uncertainties concerning the contribution of pericytes to the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. JOURNAL OF SCLERODERMA AND RELATED DISORDERS 2017; 3:14-20. [DOI: 10.5301/jsrd.5000254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of pericytes in systemic sclerosis (SSc) is unclear because of the difficulty in phenotyping them. They are mainly distributed in the pre-capillary, capillary and post-capillary abluminal side of non-muscular micro-vessels, express platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs), and preside over vascular integrity and regeneration. By establishing close contact with many endothelial cells, a single pericyte can regulate ion influx, mechanical stress, leukocyte diapedesis, and platelet activation. Moreover, under pathological conditions such as SSc, pericytes may acquire a contractile phenotype and respond to various stimuli, including endothelin, angiotensin II and reactive oxygen species. The pericytes of SSc patients share some molecular patterns with myofibroblasts or fibroblasts, including A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 12 (ADAM-12), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), the extra domain A (ED-A) variant of fibronectin, and Thy-1. Following stimulation with PDGF-β or transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), pericytes may acquire a myofibroblast phenotype, and produce extracellular matrix or indirectly promote fibroblast activation. They may also contribute to fibrosis by means of epigenetic regulation. The pericyte plasmalemma is particularly rich in caveolae containing caveolin-1, a deficit of which has been associated with defective vessel tone control and lung fibrosis in mice. Consequently, dysfunctional pericytes may underlie the microangiopathy and fibrosis observed in SSc patients. However, given its variability in biological behaviour and the lack of a pan-pericyte marker, the exact role of these cells in SSc warrants further investigation.
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Marini M, Mencucci R, Rosa I, Favuzza E, Guasti D, Ibba-Manneschi L, Manetti M. Telocytes in normal and keratoconic human cornea: an immunohistochemical and transmission electron microscopy study. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:3602-3611. [PMID: 28714595 PMCID: PMC5706519 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Telocytes (TC) are typically defined as cells with telopodes by their ultrastructural features. Their presence was reported in the interstitium of various organs in vertebrates, including humans. However, no study has yet described the presence of TC in the human eye and in particular, within the stromal compartment of the cornea. To address this issue, samples of normal and pathologic (keratoconic) human corneas were tested by immunohistochemistry for CD34, platelet‐derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) and c‐kit/CD117 or examined by transmission electron microscopy. We found that TC coexpressing CD34 and PDGFRα were distributed throughout the whole normal corneal stroma with different TC subtypes being distinguishable on the basis of the expression of the stemness marker c‐kit (i.e. c‐kit‐positive and c‐kit‐negative TC subpopulations). Transmission electron microscopy examination confirmed the existence of spindle‐shaped and bipolar TC typically displaying two long and thin moniliform telopodes establishing intercellular contacts formed by gap junctions. Keratoconic corneas were characterized by ultrastructural damages and patchy loss of TC with an almost complete depletion of the c‐kit‐positive TC subpopulation. We propose that TC may contribute to the maintenance of corneal stromal homoeostasis and that, in particular, the c‐kit‐positive TC subtype might have stemness capacity participating in corneal regeneration and repair processes. Further studies are needed to clarify the differential roles of corneal TC subtypes as well as the possible therapeutic applications of TC in degenerative corneal disorders such as keratoconus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirca Marini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rita Mencucci
- Eye Clinic, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Rosa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Eleonora Favuzza
- Eye Clinic, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Guasti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lidia Ibba-Manneschi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mirko Manetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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A Tale of Two Cells: Telocyte and Stem Cell Unique Relationship. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 913:359-376. [PMID: 27796899 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-1061-3_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Telocytes have been identified as a distinctive type of interstitial cells and have been recognized in most tissues and organs. Telocytes are characterized by having extraordinary long cytoplasmic processes, telopodes, that extend to form three-dimensional networks and commonly constitute specialized forms of cell-to-cell junctions with other neighboring cells. Telocytes have been localized in the stem cell niche of different organs such as the heart, lung, skeletal muscle, and skin. Electron microscopy and electron tomography revealed a specialized link between telocytes and stem cells that postulates a potential role for telocytes during tissue regeneration and repair. In this review, the distribution of telocytes in different stem cell niches will be explored, highlighting the intimate relationship between the two types of cells and their possible functional relationship.
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Ibba-Manneschi L, Rosa I, Manetti M. Telocytes in Chronic Inflammatory and Fibrotic Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 913:51-76. [PMID: 27796880 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-1061-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Telocytes are a peculiar stromal (interstitial) cell type implicated in tissue homeostasis and development, as well as in the pathophysiology of several disorders. Severe damage and reduction of telocytes have been reported during fibrotic remodeling of multiple organs in various diseases, including scleroderma, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and liver fibrosis, as well as in chronic inflammatory lesions like those of primary Sjögren's syndrome and psoriasis. Owing to their close relationship with stem cells, telocytes are also supposed to contribute to tissue repair/regeneration. Indeed, telocytes are universally considered as "connecting cells" mostly oriented to intercellular signaling. On the basis of recent promising experimental findings, in the near future, telocyte transplantation might represent a novel therapeutic opportunity to control the evolution of chronic inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. Notably, there is evidence to support that telocytes could help in preventing abnormal activation of immune cells and fibroblasts, as well as in attenuating the altered matrix organization during the fibrotic process. By targeting telocytes alone or in tandem with stem cells, we might be able to promote regeneration and prevent the evolution to irreversible tissue injury. Besides exogenous transplantation, exploring pharmacological or non-pharmacological methods to enhance the growth and/or survival of telocytes could be an additional therapeutic strategy for many disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Ibba-Manneschi
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, Florence, 50134, Italy
| | - Irene Rosa
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, Florence, 50134, Italy
| | - Mirko Manetti
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, Florence, 50134, Italy.
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Kumar S, Singh J, Rattan S, DiMarino AJ, Cohen S, Jimenez SA. Review article: pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of gastrointestinal involvement in systemic sclerosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017; 45:883-898. [PMID: 28185291 PMCID: PMC5576448 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) involvement is a common cause of debilitating symptoms in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). There are no disease modifying therapies for this condition and the treatment remains symptomatic, largely owing to the lack of a clear understanding of its pathogenesis. AIMS To investigate novel aspects of the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal involvement in SSc. To summarise existing knowledge regarding the cardinal clinical gastrointestinal manifestations of SSc and its pathogenesis, emphasising recent investigations that may be valuable in identifying potentially novel therapeutic targets. METHODS Electronic (PubMed/Medline) and manual Google search. RESULTS The GIT is the most common internal organ involved in SSc. Any part of the GIT from the mouth to the anus can be affected. There is substantial variability in clinical manifestations and disease course and symptoms are nonspecific and overlapping for a particular anatomical site. Gastrointestinal involvement can occur in the absence of cutaneous disease. Up to 8% of SSc patients develop severe GIT symptoms. This subset of patients display increased mortality with only 15% survival at 9 years. Dysmotiity of the GIT causes the majority of symptoms. Recent investigations have identified a novel mechanism in the pathogenesis of GIT dysmotility mediated by functional anti-muscarinic receptor autoantibodies. CONCLUSIONS Despite extensive investigation, the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal involvement in systemic sclerosis remains elusive. Although treatment currently remains symptomatic, an improved understanding of novel pathogenic mechanisms may allow the development of potentially highly effective approaches including intravenous immunoglobulin and microRNA based therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jagmohan Singh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Satish Rattan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Anthony J DiMarino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sidney Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sergio A. Jimenez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine and Scleroderma Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA
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Galrinho RD, Manole CG, Vinereanu D. Telocytes - a Hope for Cardiac Repair after Myocardial Infarction. MAEDICA 2016; 11:325-329. [PMID: 28828051 PMCID: PMC5543526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, particularly myocardial infarction, remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, even though pharmacological and interventional therapies improved significantly in the last years. Moreover, despite encouraging results of cell - based therapies in experimental myocardial infarction models, clinical trials showed inconsistent and modest efficiency. Therefore the next step should be the revealing of a new cell type, capable of regenerating the damaged myocardium. Telocytes (TCs), a relatively new type of interstitial cells, were described few years ago and are credited with important roles in regenerative therapies. In this paper we review their most important characteristics and functions, showing the evidences of their potential role in cardiac repair and regeneration. Our research leads to the conclusion that TCs might be a novel target for therapeutic strategies in myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra Dragoi Galrinho
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania ; University and Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania ; "Victor Babes" National Institute of Research Development in the Pathology Domain and Biomedical Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Catalin Gabriel Manole
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania ; "Victor Babes" National Institute of Research Development in the Pathology Domain and Biomedical Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dragos Vinereanu
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania ; University and Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
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Szotek S, Dawidowicz J, Eyden B, Matysiak N, Czogalla A, Dudzik G, Leśniewicz A, Maksymowicz K. Morphological features of fascia lata in relation to fascia diseases. Ultrastruct Pathol 2016; 40:297-310. [PMID: 27762645 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2016.1239665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fascia lata is an important element of the fascial system, which forms the continuum of connective tissue throughout the body. This deep fascia envelops the entire thigh and hip area and its main function is to transmit mechanical forces generated by the musculoskeletal system of the lower extremities. Fascia lata is also known as a useful and easily harvested graft material. Despite its crucial role in lower extremity biomechanics and wide-ranging applications in plastic and reconstructive surgery, both the structure of fascia lata and particularly the cells populating this tissue are relatively unexplored and therefore poorly understood. The aim of this study was to characterize the main cell populations encountered within human fascia lata and to try to understand their role in health and diseases. Pathologically unchanged human fascia lata was obtained post mortem from adult males. The specimens were analyzed under light, electron, and confocal microscopy. On the basis of different visualization techniques, we were able to characterize in detail the cells populating human fascia lata. The main cells found were fibroblasts, fibrocytes, mast cells, cells showing myoid differentiation, nerve cells, and most interestingly, telocytes. Our results supplement the formerly inadequate information in the literature regarding the cellular components of deep fascial structure, may contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of fascial disorders and improve fascia lata application as a graft material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Szotek
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mechatronics and Theory of Mechanisms, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering , Wrocław University of Science and Technology , Wrocław , Poland
| | | | - Brian Eyden
- c Christie NHS Foundation Trust , Manchester , United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Matysiak
- d Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze , Medical University of Silesia , Zabrze , Poland
| | - Aleksander Czogalla
- e Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology , University of Wrocław , Wrocław , Poland
| | - Grzegorz Dudzik
- f Chair of EM Field Theory, Electronic Circuits and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics , Wrocław University of Science and Technology , Wrocław , Poland
| | - Anna Leśniewicz
- g Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy Division, Faculty of Chemistry , Wrocław University of Science and Technology , Wrocław , Poland
| | - Krzysztof Maksymowicz
- h Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Wroclaw Medical University , Wrocław , Poland
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Telocytes in gastric lamina propria of the Chinese giant salamander, Andrias davidianus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33554. [PMID: 27629815 PMCID: PMC5024317 DOI: 10.1038/srep33554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we attempt to identify gastric telocytes (TCs) of the Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus, by light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. Toluidine blue staining showed TCs with one to two very thin and long telopodes (Tps) that were located in gastric lamina propria. Tps had characteristic structures, including podoms, podomers and dichotomous branching. Immunohistochemistry showed the existence of CD34+/PDGFRα+ TCs with moniliform Tps in stroma and were close to gastric glands and blood vessels. TEM micrographs also demonstrated the presence of TCs in interstitium between gastric glands. TCs/Tps were located in close proximity to gastric glands, blood vessels, endocrine cells and stem cells. In particular, Tps frequently surrounded stem cells. TCs and Tps, Tps and stem cells established close contacts. Moreover, the exosomes were also found near TCs/Tps. Our data confirmed the presence of TCs in gastric lamina propria of the amphibian, and suggested that TCs cooperate with resident stem cells to regulate endocrine cells and gastric glands regeneration and homeostasis.
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Cretoiu D, Radu BM, Banciu A, Banciu DD, Cretoiu SM. Telocytes heterogeneity: From cellular morphology to functional evidence. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 64:26-39. [PMID: 27569187 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs), located ubiquitously in the internal organs of vertebrates, are a heterogeneous, recently described, cell population of the stromal space. Characterized by lengthy cytoplasmic extensions that can reach tens of microns and are called telopodes (Tps), TCs are difficult to see using conventional microscopes. It was the electron microscopy which led to their first identification and Popescu's team the first responsible for the reconstructions indicating TCs 'organization' in a three-dimensional (3D) network that is believed to be accountable for the complex roles of TCs. Gradually, it became increasingly evident that TCs are difficult to characterize in terms of immunophenotype and that their phenotype is different depending on the location and needs of the tissue at one time. This review discusses the growing body of evidence accumulated since TCs were discovered and highlights how the complex interplay between TCs and stem cells might be of importance for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragos Cretoiu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania; 'Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest 050096, Romania
| | - Beatrice Mihaela Radu
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy; Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest 050095, Romania
| | - Adela Banciu
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest 050095, Romania
| | - Daniel Dumitru Banciu
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest 050095, Romania
| | - Sanda Maria Cretoiu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania; 'Victor Babes' National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest 050096, Romania.
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Nazari B, Rice LM, Stifano G, Barron AMS, Wang YM, Korndorf T, Lee J, Bhawan J, Lafyatis R, Browning JL. Altered Dermal Fibroblasts in Systemic Sclerosis Display Podoplanin and CD90. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2650-64. [PMID: 27565038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue injury triggers the activation and differentiation of multiple cell types to minimize damage and initiate repair processes. In systemic sclerosis, these repair processes appear to run unchecked, leading to aberrant remodeling and fibrosis of the skin and multiple internal organs, yet the fundamental pathological defect remains unknown. We describe herein a transition wherein the abundant CD34(+) dermal fibroblasts present in healthy human skin disappear in the skin of systemic sclerosis patients, and CD34(-), podoplanin(+), and CD90(+) fibroblasts appear. This transition is limited to the upper dermis in several inflammatory skin diseases, yet in systemic sclerosis, it can occur in all regions of the dermis. In vitro, primary dermal fibroblasts readily express podoplanin in response to the inflammatory stimuli tumor necrosis factor and IL-1β. Furthermore, we show that on acute skin injury in both human and murine settings, this transition occurs quickly, consistent with a response to inflammatory signaling. Transitioned fibroblasts partially resemble the cells that form the reticular networks in organized lymphoid tissues, potentially linking two areas of fibroblast research. These results allow for the visualization and quantification of a basic stage of fibroblast differentiation in inflammatory and fibrotic diseases in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banafsheh Nazari
- Section of Rheumatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa M Rice
- Section of Rheumatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Giuseppina Stifano
- Section of Rheumatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexander M S Barron
- Section of Rheumatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yu Mei Wang
- Section of Rheumatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tess Korndorf
- Section of Rheumatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jungeun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jag Bhawan
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Lafyatis
- Section of Rheumatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey L Browning
- Section of Rheumatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Wollheim FA. Telocytes, communicators in healthy stroma and relation to inflammation and fibrosis. Joint Bone Spine 2016; 83:615-618. [PMID: 27452296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Wollheim
- Institution of clinical sciences Lund (IKVL) Rheumatology, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden.
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Othman ER, Elgamal DA, Refaiy AM, Abdelaal II, Abdel-Mola AF, Al-Hendy A. Identification and potential role of telocytes in human uterine leiomyoma. Contracept Reprod Med 2016; 1:12. [PMID: 29201401 PMCID: PMC5693520 DOI: 10.1186/s40834-016-0022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Telocytes are specialized interstitial tissue cell type. Our aim is to characterize telocytes in human uterine leiomyoma (ULM) and its adjacent myometrium (Myo-F) as well as normal myometrium (Myo-N). Methods ULMs and Myo-F tissues were taken from hysterectomy specimens done to treat symptomatic uterine fibroids (N = 20). Myo-N is isolated from hysterectomies done on ULM- free uteri for other benign indications (N = 15). Telocytes were detected using immunohistochemistry to detect c-Kit (CD-117), as a surface marker expressed on telocytes, and electron microscopic examination to identify telocytes characteristic ultrastructure. Cellular count and electron microscopic features of telocytes in each of the studied tissues were compared. Results Telocytes could be detected in ULMs, Myo-F and Myo-N using c-KIT immunostaining. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of telocytes in the three types of tissues identifying their characteristic features including small triangular or fusiform cell bodies with extensive cellular prolongations. ULM telocytes showed ultrastructural features suggestive of high cellular activities. Cell counts of ULM telocytes (3.35 ± 0.39) were significantly higher (P value = 0.00039) than that of Myo-F (1.39 ± 0.13). Myo-N (2.6 ± 0.36) contained higher telocyte numbers than Myo-F (1.39 ± 0.13), but the difference did not reach statistical significance (P value = 0.19). Conclusions Telocytes are detected in higher numbers and activity in ULMs than Myo-F or Myo-N. In ULMs, telocytes can work as a hormonal sensors for stem cells, provide scaffold for newly formed myocytes, or control important downstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam R Othman
- OB-GYN Department, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.,Center of Excellence of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71111 Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | - Ayman Al-Hendy
- OB-GYN Department, Medical College of Georgia MCG, Augusta Univerity, Augusta, GA USA
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Cretoiu D, Cretoiu SM. Telocytes in the reproductive organs: Current understanding and future challenges. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 55:40-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Arafat EA. Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical characteristics of telocytes in the skin and skeletal muscle of newborn rats. Acta Histochem 2016; 118:574-580. [PMID: 27344553 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) are newly described interstitial cells that might play a role in normal and pathological conditions. The aim of this study was designed to investigate its existence in the skin and skeletal muscle of one day old newborn rats and to study their ultrastructure and immunohistochemical characteristics. Ten rats (one day old newborn) were used in this study. Dorsal skin and femoral skeletal muscle samples were obtained and examined by CD117, CD34, semi-thin and ultrathin sections examination. Semi-thin sections examination revealed multiple spindle shape cells with cytoplasmic extension in the skin and in between muscle fibers. Telocytes showed positive reaction for both CD117 and CD34 immunostains. By electron microscopy these cells were spindle shaped with small cell bodies and long processes. Telocytes showed homo-cellular junctions between two adjacent telocytes and hetero-cellular junctions between telocytes and other cellular and non-cellular structures. Multiple vesicles were seen either intra-cellular or budding from the cell membrane or detached from the telocytes leaving caveolae. It could be concluded that telocytes are present in the skin and skeletal muscle of one day old newborn rats. They might play a role in pathologies and regenerative medicine due to their ability to release vesicles.
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