1
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Luciani L, Pedrelli M, Parini P. Modification of lipoprotein metabolism and function driving atherogenesis in diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2024:117545. [PMID: 38688749 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2024.117545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease, characterized by raised blood glucose levels and impaired lipid metabolism resulting from insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. In diabetes, the peculiar plasma lipoprotein phenotype, consisting in higher levels of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of HDL cholesterol, elevated number of small, dense LDL, and increased non-HDL cholesterol, results from an increased synthesis and impaired clearance of triglyceride rich lipoproteins. This condition accelerates the development of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), the most common cause of death in T2DM patients. Here, we review the alteration of structure, functions, and distribution of circulating lipoproteins and the pathophysiological mechanisms that induce these modifications in T2DM. The review analyzes the influence of diabetes-associated metabolic imbalances throughout the entire process of the atherosclerotic plaque formation, from lipoprotein synthesis to potential plaque destabilization. Addressing the different pathophysiological mechanisms, we suggest improved approaches for assessing the risk of adverse cardiovascular events and clinical strategies to reduce cardiovascular risk in T2DM and cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Luciani
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Department of Medicine at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Pedrelli
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Department of Medicine at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Medicine Unit of Endocrinology, Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Parini
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Department of Medicine at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Medicine Unit of Endocrinology, Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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2
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Yuan C, Xu Y, Lu G, Hu Y, Mao W, Ke L, Tong Z, Xia Y, Ma S, Dong X, Xian X, Wu X, Liu G, Li B, Li W. AAV-mediated hepatic LPL expression ameliorates severe hypertriglyceridemia and acute pancreatitis in Gpihbp1 deficient mice and rats. Mol Ther 2024; 32:59-73. [PMID: 37974401 PMCID: PMC10787151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
GPIHBP1 plays an important role in the hydrolysis of triglyceride (TG) lipoproteins by lipoprotein lipases (LPLs). However, Gpihbp1 knockout mice did not develop hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) during the suckling period but developed severe HTG after weaning on a chow diet. It has been postulated that LPL expression in the liver of suckling mice may be involved. To determine whether hepatic LPL expression could correct severe HTG in Gpihbp1 deficiency, liver-targeted LPL expression was achieved via intravenous administration of the adeno-associated virus (AAV)-human LPL gene, and the effects of AAV-LPL on HTG and HTG-related acute pancreatitis (HTG-AP) were observed. Suckling Gpihbp1-/- mice with high hepatic LPL expression did not develop HTG, whereas Gpihbp1-/- rat pups without hepatic LPL expression developed severe HTG. AAV-mediated liver-targeted LPL expression dose-dependently decreased plasma TG levels in Gpihbp1-/- mice and rats, increased post-heparin plasma LPL mass and activity, decreased mortality in Gpihbp1-/- rat pups, and reduced the susceptibility and severity of both Gpihbp1-/- animals to HTG-AP. However, the muscle expression of AAV-LPL had no significant effect on HTG. Targeted expression of LPL in the liver showed no obvious adverse reactions. Thus, liver-targeted LPL expression may be a new therapeutic approach for HTG-AP caused by GPIHBP1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Guotao Lu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yuepeng Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Wenjian Mao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Lu Ke
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhihui Tong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yan Xia
- GeneCradle Therapeutics Inc, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Sisi Ma
- GeneCradle Therapeutics Inc, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- GeneCradle Therapeutics Inc, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Xunde Xian
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaobing Wu
- GeneCradle Therapeutics Inc, Beijing 100176, China
| | - George Liu
- GeneCradle Therapeutics Inc, Beijing 100176, China.
| | - Baiqiang Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Weiqin Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.
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3
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Iso T, Kurabayashi M. Cardiac Metabolism and Contractile Function in Mice with Reduced Trans-Endothelial Fatty Acid Transport. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11120889. [PMID: 34940647 PMCID: PMC8706312 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart is a metabolic omnivore that combusts a considerable amount of energy substrates, mainly long-chain fatty acids (FAs) and others such as glucose, lactate, ketone bodies, and amino acids. There is emerging evidence that muscle-type continuous capillaries comprise the rate-limiting barrier that regulates FA uptake into cardiomyocytes. The transport of FAs across the capillary endothelium is composed of three major steps-the lipolysis of triglyceride on the luminal side of the endothelium, FA uptake by the plasma membrane, and intracellular FA transport by cytosolic proteins. In the heart, impaired trans-endothelial FA (TEFA) transport causes reduced FA uptake, with a compensatory increase in glucose use. In most cases, mice with reduced FA uptake exhibit preserved cardiac function under unstressed conditions. When the workload is increased, however, the total energy supply relative to its demand (estimated with pool size in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle) is significantly diminished, resulting in contractile dysfunction. The supplementation of alternative fuels, such as medium-chain FAs and ketone bodies, at least partially restores contractile dysfunction, indicating that energy insufficiency due to reduced FA supply is the predominant cause of cardiac dysfunction. Based on recent in vivo findings, this review provides the following information related to TEFA transport: (1) the mechanisms of FA uptake by the heart, including TEFA transport; (2) the molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of genes associated with TEFA transport; (3) in vivo cardiac metabolism and contractile function in mice with reduced TEFA transport under unstressed conditions; and (4) in vivo contractile dysfunction in mice with reduced TEFA transport under diseased conditions, including an increased afterload and streptozotocin-induced diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Iso
- Department of Medical Technology and Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Medical Technology and Clinical Engineering, Gunma University of Health and Welfare, 191-1 Kawamagari-Machi, Maebashi 371-0823, Gunma, Japan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan;
- Correspondence:
| | - Masahiko Kurabayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi 371-8511, Gunma, Japan;
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4
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Okazaki H, Gotoda T, Ogura M, Ishibashi S, Inagaki K, Daida H, Hayashi T, Hori M, Masuda D, Matsuki K, Yokoyama S, Harada-Shiba M. Current Diagnosis and Management of Primary Chylomicronemia. J Atheroscler Thromb 2021; 28:883-904. [PMID: 33980761 PMCID: PMC8532063 DOI: 10.5551/jat.rv17054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary chylomicronemia (PCM) is a rare and intractable disease characterized by marked accumulation of chylomicrons in plasma. The levels of plasma triglycerides (TGs) typically range from 1,000 - 15,000 mg/dL or higher.
PCM is caused by defects in the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) pathway due to genetic mutations, autoantibodies, or unidentified causes. The monogenic type is typically inherited as an autosomal recessive trait with loss-of-function mutations in LPL pathway genes (
LPL
,
LMF1
,
GPIHBP1
,
APOC2
, and
APOA5
). Secondary/environmental factors (diabetes, alcohol intake, pregnancy, etc.) often exacerbate hypertriglyceridemia (HTG).
The signs, symptoms, and complications of chylomicronemia include eruptive xanthomas, lipemia retinalis, hepatosplenomegaly, and acute pancreatitis with onset as early as in infancy. Acute pancreatitis can be fatal and recurrent episodes of abdominal pain may lead to dietary fat intolerance and failure to thrive. The main goal of treatment is to prevent acute pancreatitis by reducing plasma TG levels to at least less than 500-1,000 mg/dL. However, current TG-lowering medications are generally ineffective for PCM. The only other treatment options are modulation of secondary/environmental factors. Most patients need strict dietary fat restriction, which is often difficult to maintain and likely affects their quality of life. Timely diagnosis is critical for the best prognosis with currently available management, but PCM is often misdiagnosed and undertreated. The aim of this review is firstly to summarize the pathogenesis, signs, symptoms, diagnosis, and management of PCM, and secondly to propose simple diagnostic criteria that can be readily translated into general clinical practice to improve the diagnostic rate of PCM. In fact, these criteria are currently used to define eligibility to receive social support from the Japanese government for PCM as a rare and intractable disease. Nevertheless, further research to unravel the molecular pathogenesis and develop effective therapeutic modalities is warranted. Nationwide registry research on PCM is currently ongoing in Japan with the aim of better understanding the disease burden as well as the unmet needs of this life-threatening disease with poor therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Okazaki
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Takanari Gotoda
- Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kyorin University
| | - Masatsune Ogura
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University
| | - Kyoko Inagaki
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
| | - Hiroyuki Daida
- Faculty of Health Science, Juntendo University, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Toshio Hayashi
- School of Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Mika Hori
- Department of Endocrinology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University
| | - Daisaku Masuda
- Department of Cardiology, Health Care Center, Rinku Innovation Center for Wellness Care and Activities (RICWA), Rinku General Medical Center
| | - Kota Matsuki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Mariko Harada-Shiba
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute
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5
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Hu X, Matsumoto K, Jung RS, Weston TA, Heizer PJ, He C, Sandoval NP, Allan CM, Tu Y, Vinters HV, Liau LM, Ellison RM, Morales JE, Baufeld LJ, Bayley NA, He L, Betsholtz C, Beigneux AP, Nathanson DA, Gerhardt H, Young SG, Fong LG, Jiang H. GPIHBP1 expression in gliomas promotes utilization of lipoprotein-derived nutrients. eLife 2019; 8:e47178. [PMID: 31169500 PMCID: PMC6594755 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
GPIHBP1, a GPI-anchored protein of capillary endothelial cells, binds lipoprotein lipase (LPL) within the subendothelial spaces and shuttles it to the capillary lumen. GPIHBP1-bound LPL is essential for the margination of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) along capillaries, allowing the lipolytic processing of TRLs to proceed. In peripheral tissues, the intravascular processing of TRLs by the GPIHBP1-LPL complex is crucial for the generation of lipid nutrients for adjacent parenchymal cells. GPIHBP1 is absent from the capillaries of the brain, which uses glucose for fuel; however, GPIHBP1 is expressed in the capillaries of mouse and human gliomas. Importantly, the GPIHBP1 in glioma capillaries captures locally produced LPL. We use NanoSIMS imaging to show that TRLs marginate along glioma capillaries and that there is uptake of TRL-derived lipid nutrients by surrounding glioma cells. Thus, GPIHBP1 expression in gliomas facilitates TRL processing and provides a source of lipid nutrients for glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchen Hu
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Ken Matsumoto
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology (CCB)LeuvenBelgium
| | - Rachel S Jung
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Thomas A Weston
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Patrick J Heizer
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Cuiwen He
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Norma P Sandoval
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Christopher M Allan
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Yiping Tu
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Harry V Vinters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Linda M Liau
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Rochelle M Ellison
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Jazmin E Morales
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Lynn J Baufeld
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Nicholas A Bayley
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre (ICMC)Karolinska InstitutetHuddingeSweden
| | - Anne P Beigneux
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - David A Nathanson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology (CCB)LeuvenBelgium
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermany
| | - Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Loren G Fong
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- School of Molecular SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia
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6
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Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) plays a central role in triglyceride (TG) metabolism. By catalyzing the hydrolysis of TGs present in TG-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), LPL facilitates TG utilization and regulates circulating TG and TRL concentrations. Until very recently, structural information for LPL was limited to homology models, presumably due to the propensity of LPL to unfold and aggregate. By coexpressing LPL with a soluble variant of its accessory protein glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1) and with its chaperone protein lipase maturation factor 1 (LMF1), we obtained a stable and homogenous LPL/GPIHBP1 complex that was suitable for structure determination. We report here X-ray crystal structures of human LPL in complex with human GPIHBP1 at 2.5-3.0 Å resolution, including a structure with a novel inhibitor bound to LPL. Binding of the inhibitor resulted in ordering of the LPL lid and lipid-binding regions and thus enabled determination of the first crystal structure of LPL that includes these important regions of the protein. It was assumed for many years that LPL was only active as a homodimer. The structures and additional biochemical data reported here are consistent with a new report that LPL, in complex with GPIHBP1, can be active as a monomeric 1:1 complex. The crystal structures illuminate the structural basis for LPL-mediated TRL lipolysis as well as LPL stabilization and transport by GPIHBP1.
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7
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Yu B, Zhang M, Chen J, Wang L, Peng X, Zhang X, Wang H, Wang A, Zhao D, Pang D, OuYang H, Tang X. Abnormality of hepatic triglyceride metabolism in Apc Min/+ mice with colon cancer cachexia. Life Sci 2019; 227:201-211. [PMID: 31002917 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Colorectal cancer syndrome has been one of the greatest concerns in the world. Although several epidemiological studies have shown that hepatic low lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mRNA expression may be associated with dyslipidemia and tumor progression, it is still not known whether the liver plays an essential role in hyperlipidemia of ApcMin/+ mice. MAIN METHODS We measured the expression of metabolic enzymes that involved fatty acid uptake, de novo lipogenesis (DNL), β-oxidation and investigated hepatic triglyceride production in the liver of wild-type and ApcMin/+ mice. KEY FINDINGS We found that hepatic fatty acid uptake and DNL decreased, but there was no significant difference in fatty acid β-oxidation. Interestingly, the production of hepatic very low-density lipoprotein-triglyceride (VLDL-TG) decreased at 20 weeks of age, but marked steatosis was observed in the livers of the ApcMin/+ mouse. To further explore hypertriglyceridemia, we assessed the function of hepatic glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1) for the first time. GPIHBP1 is governed by the transcription factor octamer-binding transcription factor-1 (Oct-1) which are involved in the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway in the liver of ApcMin/+ mice. Importantly, it was also confirmed that sn50 (100 μg/mL, an inhibitor of the NF-κB) reversed the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced Oct-1 and GPIHBP1 reduction in HepG2 cells. SIGNIFICANCE Altogether, these findings highlighted a novel role of GPIHBP1 that might be responsible for hypertriglyceridemia in ApcMin/+ mice. Hypertriglyceridemia in these mice may be associated with their hepatic lipid metabolism development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jiahuan Chen
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lingyu Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaohuan Peng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - He Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Anbei Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Dazhong Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hongsheng OuYang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaochun Tang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, No.5333 Xi'an Road, Lvyuan District, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China.
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8
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Buonuomo PS, Rabacchi C, Macchiaiolo M, Trenti C, Fasano T, Tarugi P, Bartuli A, Bertolini S, Calandra S. Incidental finding of severe hypertriglyceridemia in children. Role of multiple rare variants in genes affecting plasma triglyceride. J Clin Lipidol 2017; 11:1329-1337.e3. [PMID: 28951076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidental finding of severe hypertriglyceridemia (HyperTG) in a child may suggest the diagnosis of familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS), a recessive disorder of the intravascular hydrolysis of triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins. FCS may be due to pathogenic variants in lipoprotein lipase (LPL), as well as in other proteins, such as apolipoprotein C-II and apolipoprotein A-V (activators of LPL), GPIHBP1 (the molecular platform required for LPL activity on endothelial surface) and LMF1 (a factor required for intracellular formation of active LPL). OBJECTIVE Molecular characterization of 5 subjects in whom HyperTG was an incidental finding during infancy/childhood. METHODS We performed the parallel sequencing of 20 plasma TG-related genes. RESULTS Three children with severe HyperTG were found to be compound heterozygous for rare pathogenic LPL variants (2 nonsense, 3 missense, and 1 splicing variant). Another child was found to be homozygous for a nonsense variant of APOA5, which was also found in homozygous state in his father with longstanding HyperTG. The fifth patient with a less severe HyperTG was found to be heterozygous for a frameshift variant in LIPC resulting in a truncated Hepatic Lipase. In addition, 1 of the patients with LPL deficiency and the patient with APOA-V deficiency were also heterozygous carriers of a pathogenic variant in LIPC and LPL gene, respectively, whereas the patient with LIPC variant was also a carrier of a rare APOB missense variant. CONCLUSIONS Targeted parallel sequencing of TG-related genes is recommended to define the molecular defect in children presenting with an incidental finding of HyperTG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudio Rabacchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marina Macchiaiolo
- Rare Diseases and Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Trenti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lipid Clinic, IRCCS-Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Fasano
- Clinical Chemistry and Endocrinology Laboratory, IRCCS-Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Patrizia Tarugi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Bartuli
- Rare Diseases and Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Bertolini
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
| | - Sebastiano Calandra
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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9
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Jung MK, Jin J, Kim HO, Kwon A, Chae HW, Kang SJ, Kim DH, Kim HS. A 1-month-old infant with chylomicronemia due to GPIHBP1 gene mutation treated by plasmapheresis. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2017; 22:68-71. [PMID: 28443263 PMCID: PMC5401827 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2017.22.1.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chylomicronemia is a severe type of hypertriglyceridemia characterized by chylomicron accumulation that arises from a genetic defect in intravascular lipolysis. It requires urgent and proper management, because serious cases can be accompanied by pancreatic necrosis or persistent multiple organ failure. We present the case of a 1-month-old infant with chylomicronemia treated by plasmapheresis. His chylomicronemia was discovered incidentally when lactescent plasma was noticed during routine blood sampling during a hospital admission for fever and irritability. Laboratory investigation revealed marked triglyceridemia (>5,000 mg/dL) with high chylomicron levels. We therefore decided to perform a therapeutic plasmapheresis to prevent acute pancreatitis. Sequence analysis revealed a homozygous novel mutation in exon 4 of GPIHBP1: c.476delG (p.Gly159Alafs). Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1) stabilizes the binding of chylomicrons near lipoprotein lipase and supports lipolysis. Mutations of GPIHBP1, the most recently discovered gene, can lead to severe hyperlipidemia and are known to make up only 2% of the monogenic mutations associated with chylomicronemia. The patient maintains mild hypertriglyceridemia without rebound after single plasmapheresis and maintenance fibrate medication so far. Here, we report an infant with chylomicronemia due to GPIHBP1 mutation, successfully treated by plasmapheresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Kyung Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juhyun Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Ok Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ahreum Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Jin Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Ho-Seong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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The application of transcriptomic data in the authentication of beef derived from contrasting production systems. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:746. [PMID: 27654331 PMCID: PMC5031250 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2851-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences between cattle production systems can influence the nutritional and sensory characteristics of beef, in particular its fatty acid (FA) composition. As beef products derived from pasture-based systems can demand a higher premium from consumers, there is a need to understand the biological characteristics of pasture produced meat and subsequently to develop methods of authentication for these products. Here, we describe an approach to authentication that focuses on differences in the transcriptomic profile of muscle from animals finished in different systems of production of practical relevance to the Irish beef industry. The objectives of this study were to identify a panel of differentially expressed (DE) genes/networks in the muscle of cattle raised outdoors on pasture compared to animals raised indoors on a concentrate based diet and to subsequently identify an optimum panel which can classify the meat based on a production system. RESULTS A comparison of the muscle transcriptome of outdoor/pasture-fed and Indoor/concentrate-fed cattle resulted in the identification of 26 DE genes. Functional analysis of these genes identified two significant networks (1: Energy Production, Lipid Metabolism, Small Molecule Biochemistry; and 2: Lipid Metabolism, Molecular Transport, Small Molecule Biochemistry), both of which are involved in FA metabolism. The expression of selected up-regulated genes in the outdoor/pasture-fed animals correlated positively with the total n-3 FA content of the muscle. The pathway and network analysis of the DE genes indicate that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) and FYN/AMPK could be implicit in the regulation of these alterations to the lipid profile. In terms of authentication, the expression profile of three DE genes (ALAD, EIF4EBP1 and NPNT) could almost completely separate the samples based on production system (95 % authentication for animals on pasture-based and 100 % for animals on concentrate- based diet) in this context. CONCLUSIONS The majority of DE genes between muscle of the outdoor/pasture-fed and concentrate-fed cattle were related to lipid metabolism and in particular β-oxidation. In this experiment the combined expression profiles of ALAD, EIF4EBP1 and NPNT were optimal in classifying the muscle transcriptome based on production system. Given the overall lack of comparable studies and variable concordance with those that do exist, the use of transcriptomic data in authenticating production systems requires more exploration across a range of contexts and breeds.
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Hegele RA. Multidimensional regulation of lipoprotein lipase: impact on biochemical and cardiovascular phenotypes. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1601-7. [PMID: 27412676 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.c070946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hegele
- Department of Medicine and Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Patni N, Brothers J, Xing C, Garg A. Type 1 hyperlipoproteinemia in a child with large homozygous deletion encompassing GPIHBP1. J Clin Lipidol 2016; 10:1035-1039.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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13
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Chen Y, Liu P, Qi R, Wang YH, Liu G, Wang C. Severe hypertriglyceridemia does not protect from ischemic brain injury in gene-modified hypertriglyceridemic mice. Brain Res 2016; 1639:161-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Cyr Y, Wassef H, Bissonnette S, Lamantia V, Davignon J, Faraj M. WAT apoC-I secretion: role in delayed chylomicron clearance in vivo and ex vivo in WAT in obese subjects. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1074-85. [PMID: 27040450 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p064170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced white adipose tissue (WAT) LPL activity delays plasma clearance of TG-rich lipoproteins (TRLs). We reported the secretion of apoC-I, an LPL inhibitor, from WAT ex vivo in women. Therefore we hypothesized that WAT-secreted apoC-I associates with reduced WAT LPL activity and TRL clearance. WAT apoC-I secretion averaged 86.9 ± 31.4 pmol/g/4 h and 74.1 ± 36.6 pmol/g/4 h in 28 women and 11 men with BMI ≥27 kg/m(2), respectively, with no sex differences. Following the ingestion of a (13)C-triolein-labeled high-fat meal, subjects with high WAT apoC-I secretion (above median) had delayed postprandial plasma clearance of dietary TRLs, assessed from plasma (13)C-triolein-labeled TGs and apoB48. They also had reduced hydrolysis and storage of synthetic (3)H-triolein-labeled ((3)H)-TRLs in WAT ex vivo (i.e., in situ LPL activity). Adjusting for WAT in situ LPL activity eliminated group differences in chylomicron clearance; while adjusting for plasma apoC-I, (3)H-NEFA uptake by WAT, or body composition did not. apoC-I inhibited in situ LPL activity in adipocytes in both a concentration- and time-dependent manner. There was no change in postprandial WAT apoC-I secretion. WAT apoC-I secretion may inhibit WAT LPL activity and promote delayed chylomicron clearance in overweight and obese subjects. We propose that reducing WAT apoC-I secretion ameliorates postprandial TRL clearance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Cyr
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada Montreal Diabetes Research Center (MDRC), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hanny Wassef
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada Montreal Diabetes Research Center (MDRC), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Simon Bissonnette
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada Montreal Diabetes Research Center (MDRC), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Valerie Lamantia
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada Montreal Diabetes Research Center (MDRC), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean Davignon
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - May Faraj
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada Montreal Diabetes Research Center (MDRC), Montréal, Québec, Canada
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15
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Clinical and genetic features of 3 patients with familial chylomicronemia due to mutations in GPIHBP1 gene. J Clin Lipidol 2016; 10:915-921.e4. [PMID: 27578123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial chylomicronemia is a recessive disorder that may be due to mutations in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and in other proteins such as apolipoprotein C-II and apolipoprotein A-V (activators of LPL), GPIHBP1 (the molecular platform required for LPL activity on endothelial surface), and LMF1 (a factor required for intracellular formation of active LPL). METHODS We sequenced the familial chylomicronemia candidate genes in 2 adult females presenting long-standing hypertriglyceridemia and a history of acute pancreatitis. RESULTS Both probands had plasma triglyceride >10 mmol/L but no mutations in the LPL gene. The sequence of the other candidate genes showed that one patient was homozygous for a novel missense mutation p.(Cys83Arg), and the other was homozygous for a previously reported nonsense mutation p.(Cys 89*), respectively, in GPIHBP1. Family screening showed that the hypertriglyceridemic brother of the p.(Cys83Arg) homozygote was also homozygous for this mutation. He had no history of pancreatitis. The p.(Cys83Arg) heterozygous carriers had normal triglyceride levels. The substitution of a cysteine residue in the Ly6 domain of GPIHBP1 is predicted to abolish one of the disulfide bridges required to maintain the structure of GPIHBP1. The p.(Cys89*) mutation results in a truncated protein devoid of function. CONCLUSIONS Both mutant GPIHBP1 proteins are expected to be incapable of transferring LPL from the subendothelial space to the endothelial surface.
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16
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Update on the molecular biology of dyslipidemias. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 454:143-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Chiu APL, Wan A, Lal N, Zhang D, Wang F, Vlodavsky I, Hussein B, Rodrigues B. Cardiomyocyte VEGF Regulates Endothelial Cell GPIHBP1 to Relocate Lipoprotein Lipase to the Coronary Lumen During Diabetes Mellitus. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:145-55. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)–mediated triglyceride hydrolysis is the major source of fatty acid for cardiac energy. LPL, synthesized in cardiomyocytes, is translocated across endothelial cells (EC) by its transporter glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein–binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1). Previously, we have reported an augmentation in coronary LPL, which was linked to an increased expression of GPIHBP1 following moderate diabetes mellitus. We examined the potential mechanism by which hyperglycemia amplifies GPIHBP1.
Approach and Results—
Exposure of rat aortic EC to high glucose induced GPIHBP1 expression and amplified LPL shuttling across these cells. This effect coincided with an elevated secretion of heparanase. Incubation of EC with high glucose or latent heparanase resulted in secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Primary cardiomyocytes, being a rich source of VEGF, when cocultured with EC, restored EC GPIHBP1 that is lost because of cell passaging. Furthermore, recombinant VEGF induced EC GPIHBP1 mRNA and protein expression within 24 hours, an effect that could be prevented by a VEGF neutralizing antibody. This VEGF-induced increase in GPIHBP1 was through Notch signaling that encompassed Delta-like ligand 4 augmentation and nuclear translocation of the Notch intracellular domain. Finally, cardiomyocytes from severely diabetic animals exhibiting attenuation of VEGF were unable to increase EC GPIHBP1 expression and had lower LPL activity at the vascular lumen in perfused hearts.
Conclusion—
EC, as the first responders to hyperglycemia, can release heparanase to liberate myocyte VEGF. This growth factor, by activating EC Notch signaling, is responsible for facilitating GPIHBP1-mediated translocation of LPL across EC and regulating LPL-derived fatty acid delivery to the cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Pei-Ling Chiu
- From the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.P.-L.C., A.W., N.L., D.Z., F.W., B.H., B.R.); and Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel (I.V.)
| | - Andrea Wan
- From the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.P.-L.C., A.W., N.L., D.Z., F.W., B.H., B.R.); and Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel (I.V.)
| | - Nathaniel Lal
- From the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.P.-L.C., A.W., N.L., D.Z., F.W., B.H., B.R.); and Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel (I.V.)
| | - Dahai Zhang
- From the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.P.-L.C., A.W., N.L., D.Z., F.W., B.H., B.R.); and Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel (I.V.)
| | - Fulong Wang
- From the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.P.-L.C., A.W., N.L., D.Z., F.W., B.H., B.R.); and Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel (I.V.)
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- From the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.P.-L.C., A.W., N.L., D.Z., F.W., B.H., B.R.); and Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel (I.V.)
| | - Bahira Hussein
- From the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.P.-L.C., A.W., N.L., D.Z., F.W., B.H., B.R.); and Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel (I.V.)
| | - Brian Rodrigues
- From the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (A.P.-L.C., A.W., N.L., D.Z., F.W., B.H., B.R.); and Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel (I.V.)
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Rodrigues R, Artieda M, Tejedor D, Martínez A, Konstantinova P, Petry H, Meyer C, Corzo D, Sundgreen C, Klor HU, Gouni-Berthold I, Westphal S, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Julius U, Winkler K, Stroes E, Vogt A, Hardt P, Prophet H, Otte B, Nordestgaard BG, Deeb SS, Brunzell JD. Pathogenic classification of LPL gene variants reported to be associated with LPL deficiency. J Clin Lipidol 2015; 10:394-409. [PMID: 27055971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) deficiency is a serious lipid disorder of severe hypertriglyceridemia (SHTG) with chylomicronemia. A large number of variants in the LPL gene have been reported but their influence on LPL activity and SHTG has not been completely analyzed. Gaining insight into the deleterious effect of the mutations is clinically essential. METHODS We used gene sequencing followed by in-vivo/in-vitro and in-silico tools for classification. We classified 125 rare LPL mutations in 33 subjects thought to have LPL deficiency and in 314 subjects selected for very SHTG. RESULTS Of the 33 patients thought to have LPL deficiency, only 13 were homozygous or compound heterozygous for deleterious mutations in the LPL gene. Among the 314 very SHTG patients, 3 were compound heterozygous for pathogenic mutants. In a third group of 51,467 subjects, from a general population, carriers of common variants, Asp9Asn and Asn291Ser, were associated with mild increase in triglyceride levels (11%-35%). CONCLUSION In total, 39% of patients clinically diagnosed as LPL deficient had 2 deleterious variants. Three patients selected for very SHTG had LPL deficiency. The deleterious mutations associated with LPL deficiency will assist in the diagnosis and selection of patients as candidates for the presently approved LPL gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hans U Klor
- Director of the German HITRIG, Third Medical Department and Policlinic, Giessen University Hospital, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ioanna Gouni-Berthold
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabine Westphal
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Lipid Clinic, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Julius
- Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen Universität, Medizinische Klinik III, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karl Winkler
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine and Lipid Outpatient Clinic, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Erik Stroes
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anja Vogt
- LMU Klinikum der Universität München, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik 4, München, Germany
| | - Phillip Hardt
- Gießen and Marburg University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Britta Otte
- Universitätsklinikum Münster, Medizinische Klinik D, Med. Clinic, Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Borge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Samir S Deeb
- Department of Medicine (Division of Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John D Brunzell
- Department of Medicine (Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Ariza MJ, Martínez-Hernández PL, Ibarretxe D, Rabacchi C, Rioja J, Grande-Aragón C, Plana N, Tarugi P, Olivecrona G, Calandra S, Valdivielso P. Novel mutations in the GPIHBP1 gene identified in 2 patients with recurrent acute pancreatitis. J Clin Lipidol 2015; 10:92-100.e1. [PMID: 26892125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1) has been demonstrated to be essential for the in vivo function of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), the major triglyceride (TG)-hydrolyzing enzyme involved in the intravascular lipolysis of TG-rich lipoproteins. Recently, loss-of-function mutations of GPIHBP1 have been reported as the cause of type I hyperlipoproteinemia in several patients. METHODS Two unrelated patients were referred to our Lipid Units because of a severe hypertriglyceridemia and recurrent pancreatitis. We measured LPL activity in postheparin plasma and serum ApoCII and sequenced LPL, APOC2, and GPIHBP1. RESULTS The 2 patients exhibited very low LPL activity not associated with mutations in LPL gene or with ApoCII deficiency. The sequence of GPIHBP1 revealed 2 novel point mutations. One patient (proband 1) was found to be homozygous for a C>A transversion in exon 3 resulting in the conversion of threonine to lysine at position 80 (p.Thr80Lys). The other patient (proband 2) was found to be homozygous for a G>T transversion in the third base of the ATG translation initiation codon in exon 1, resulting in the conversion of methionine to isoleucine (p.Met1Ile). CONCLUSION In conclusion, we have identified 2 novel GPIHBP1 missense mutations in 2 unrelated patients as the cause of their severe hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Ariza
- Department of Medicine and Dermatology, Lipids and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, CIMES, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
| | | | - Daiana Ibarretxe
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Reus, Spain
| | - Claudio Rabacchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - José Rioja
- Department of Medicine and Dermatology, Lipids and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, CIMES, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Nuria Plana
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Reus, Spain
| | - Patrizia Tarugi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gunilla Olivecrona
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sebastiano Calandra
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy
| | - Pedro Valdivielso
- Department of Medicine and Dermatology, Lipids and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, CIMES, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Internal Medicine Unit, Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, Málaga, Spain
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Stinkens R, Goossens GH, Jocken JWE, Blaak EE. Targeting fatty acid metabolism to improve glucose metabolism. Obes Rev 2015; 16:715-57. [PMID: 26179344 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Disturbances in fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle, gut and pancreas play an important role in the development of insulin resistance, impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Alterations in diet composition may contribute to prevent and/or reverse these disturbances through modulation of fatty acid metabolism. Besides an increased fat mass, adipose tissue dysfunction, characterized by an altered capacity to store lipids and an altered secretion of adipokines, may result in lipid overflow, systemic inflammation and excessive lipid accumulation in non-adipose tissues like liver, skeletal muscle and the pancreas. These impairments together promote the development of impaired glucose metabolism, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, intrinsic functional impairments in either of these organs may contribute to lipotoxicity and insulin resistance. The present review provides an overview of fatty acid metabolism-related pathways in adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle, pancreas and gut, which can be targeted by diet or food components, thereby improving glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stinkens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - G H Goossens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J W E Jocken
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - E E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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21
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Kwiterovich PO. Detection and Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Dyslipidemia. DYSLIPIDEMIAS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-424-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Huang D, Xie X, Ma YT, Huang Y, Ma X. Endothelial lipase-384A/C polymorphism is associated with acute coronary syndrome and lipid status in elderly Uygur patients in Xinjiang. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2014; 18:781-4. [PMID: 25291260 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2014.0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between the endothelial lipase (EL) gene promoter -384A/C polymorphism and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and lipid status in elderly Uygur patients in Xinjiang. METHODS The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method was used to detect the EL gene promoter -384A/C genotype in 341 cases of elderly patients with ACS and 380 healthy subjects. RESULTS In an elderly Chinese Han population, the EL-384A/C genotype and allele frequency distribution were significantly different between the ACS group and the control group (p<0.05); the frequency of the CC genotype in the ACS group was significantly higher than that in the control group (p<0.05). After adjusting for gender, age, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, hyperlipidemia, and other cardiovascular risk factors, the difference remains statistically significant (p<0.05). In the ACS group, C allele carriers had significantly higher serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations compared to AA genotypes (all p<0.05). CONCLUSION EL-384A/C polymorphism was significantly associated with the ACS and lipids profile in an elderly Uygur population in Xinjiang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University , Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
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Ahmad Z, Wilson DP. Familial chylomicronemia syndrome and response to medium-chain triglyceride therapy in an infant with novel mutations in GPIHBP1. J Clin Lipidol 2014; 8:635-639. [PMID: 25499947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe hypertriglyceridemia predisposes to attacks of acute pancreatitis, a serious condition complicated by multiorgan failure, pancreatic necrosis, and mortality rates up to 20% in adults and 6.5% in children. OVERVIEW We describe an infant who suffered from an episode of acute pancreatitis from severe hypertriglyceridemia. Two major challenges complicate the case: identifying the etiology of severe hypertriglyceridemia and finding an efficacious treatment. A thorough history, physical examination, and laboratory workup failed to identify a clear etiology, prompting a genetic workup that identified compound heterozygous mutations in the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1) gene. This patient's hypertriglyceridemia responded to an infant formula rich in medium chain triglycerides (MCTs), and she remained free of pancreatitis 6 months later. CONCLUSIONS This case highlights the need to pursue a genetic evaluation in the absence of secondary causes of severe hypertriglyceridemia in infants. Patients with mutations in GPIHBP1 fail to respond to currently available lipid-lowering agents so dietary management-specifically, an extremely low-fat diet and supplementation with MCT-remains the cornerstone of therapy. Treatment in infants should focus on dietary measures rather than pharmacologic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Ahmad
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Don P Wilson
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Aouadi M, Vangala P, Yawe JC, Tencerova M, Nicoloro SM, Cohen JL, Shen Y, Czech MP. Lipid storage by adipose tissue macrophages regulates systemic glucose tolerance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E374-83. [PMID: 24986598 PMCID: PMC4137117 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00187.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Proinflammatory pathways in adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) can impair glucose tolerance in obesity, but ATMs may also be beneficial as repositories for excess lipid that adipocytes are unable to store. To test this hypothesis, we selectively targeted visceral ATMs in obese mice with siRNA against lipoprotein lipase (LPL), leaving macrophages within other organs unaffected. Selective silencing of ATM LPL decreased foam cell formation in visceral adipose tissue of obese mice, consistent with a reduced supply of fatty acids from VLDL hydrolysis. Unexpectedly, silencing LPL also decreased the expression of genes involved in fatty acid uptake (CD36) and esterification in ATMs. This deficit in fatty acid uptake capacity was associated with increased circulating serum free fatty acids. Importantly, ATM LPL silencing also caused a marked increase in circulating fatty acid-binding protein-4, an adipocyte-derived lipid chaperone previously reported to induce liver insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Consistent with this concept, obese mice with LPL-depleted ATMs exhibited higher hepatic glucose production from pyruvate and glucose intolerance. Silencing CD36 in ATMs also promoted glucose intolerance. Taken together, the data indicate that LPL secreted by ATMs enhances their ability to sequester excess lipid in obese mice, promoting systemic glucose tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Aouadi
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Pranitha Vangala
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph C Yawe
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Michaela Tencerova
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Sarah M Nicoloro
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica L Cohen
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Yuefei Shen
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Michael P Czech
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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25
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Sharma V, Witkowski A, Witkowska HE, Dykstra A, Simonsen JB, Nelbach L, Beckstead JA, Pullinger CR, Kane JP, Malloy MJ, Watson G, Forte TM, Ryan RO. Aberrant hetero-disulfide bond formation by the hypertriglyceridemia-associated p.Gly185Cys APOA5 variant (rs2075291). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:2254-60. [PMID: 25127531 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apolipoprotein A-V (apoA-V) is a low-abundance plasma protein that modulates triacylglycerol homeostasis. Gene transfer studies were undertaken in apoa5 (-/-) mice to define the mechanism underlying the correlation between the single-nucleotide polymorphism c.553G>T in APOA5 and hypertriglyceridemia. APPROACH AND RESULTS Adeno-associated virus (AAV) 2/8-mediated gene transfer of wild-type apoA-V induced a dramatic lowering of plasma triacylglycerol in apoa5 (-/-) mice, whereas AAV2/8-Gly162Cys apoA-V (corresponding to the c.553G>T single-nucleotide polymorphism: rs2075291; p.Gly185Cys when numbering includes signal sequence) had a modest effect. Characterization studies revealed that plasma levels of wild-type and G162C apoA-V in transduced mice were similar and within the physiological range. Fractionation of plasma from mice transduced with AAV2/8-G162C apoA-V indicated that, unlike wild-type apoA-V, >50% of G162C apoA-V was recovered in the lipoprotein-free fraction. Nonreducing SDS-PAGE immunoblot analysis provided evidence that G162C apoA-V present in the lipoprotein-free fraction, but not that portion associated with lipoproteins, displayed altered electrophoretic mobility consistent with disulfide-linked heterodimer formation. Immunoprecipitation followed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry of human plasma from subjects homozygous for wild-type APOA5 and c.553G>T APOA5 revealed that G162C apoA-V forms adducts with extraneous plasma proteins including fibronectin, kininogen-1, and others. CONCLUSIONS Substitution of Cys for Gly at position 162 of mature apoA-V introduces a free cysteine that forms disulfide bonds with plasma proteins such that its lipoprotein-binding and triacylglycerol-modulation functions are compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeta Sharma
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (V.S., A.W., J.B.S., L.N., J.A.B., G.W., T.M.F., R.O.R.); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, San Francisco, CA (H.E.W., A.D.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (C.R.P., J.P.K., M.J.M.)
| | - Andrzej Witkowski
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (V.S., A.W., J.B.S., L.N., J.A.B., G.W., T.M.F., R.O.R.); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, San Francisco, CA (H.E.W., A.D.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (C.R.P., J.P.K., M.J.M.)
| | - H Ewa Witkowska
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (V.S., A.W., J.B.S., L.N., J.A.B., G.W., T.M.F., R.O.R.); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, San Francisco, CA (H.E.W., A.D.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (C.R.P., J.P.K., M.J.M.)
| | - Andrew Dykstra
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (V.S., A.W., J.B.S., L.N., J.A.B., G.W., T.M.F., R.O.R.); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, San Francisco, CA (H.E.W., A.D.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (C.R.P., J.P.K., M.J.M.)
| | - Jens B Simonsen
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (V.S., A.W., J.B.S., L.N., J.A.B., G.W., T.M.F., R.O.R.); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, San Francisco, CA (H.E.W., A.D.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (C.R.P., J.P.K., M.J.M.)
| | - Lisa Nelbach
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (V.S., A.W., J.B.S., L.N., J.A.B., G.W., T.M.F., R.O.R.); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, San Francisco, CA (H.E.W., A.D.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (C.R.P., J.P.K., M.J.M.)
| | - Jennifer A Beckstead
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (V.S., A.W., J.B.S., L.N., J.A.B., G.W., T.M.F., R.O.R.); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, San Francisco, CA (H.E.W., A.D.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (C.R.P., J.P.K., M.J.M.)
| | - Clive R Pullinger
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (V.S., A.W., J.B.S., L.N., J.A.B., G.W., T.M.F., R.O.R.); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, San Francisco, CA (H.E.W., A.D.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (C.R.P., J.P.K., M.J.M.)
| | - John P Kane
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (V.S., A.W., J.B.S., L.N., J.A.B., G.W., T.M.F., R.O.R.); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, San Francisco, CA (H.E.W., A.D.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (C.R.P., J.P.K., M.J.M.)
| | - Mary J Malloy
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (V.S., A.W., J.B.S., L.N., J.A.B., G.W., T.M.F., R.O.R.); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, San Francisco, CA (H.E.W., A.D.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (C.R.P., J.P.K., M.J.M.)
| | - Gordon Watson
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (V.S., A.W., J.B.S., L.N., J.A.B., G.W., T.M.F., R.O.R.); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, San Francisco, CA (H.E.W., A.D.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (C.R.P., J.P.K., M.J.M.)
| | - Trudy M Forte
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (V.S., A.W., J.B.S., L.N., J.A.B., G.W., T.M.F., R.O.R.); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, San Francisco, CA (H.E.W., A.D.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (C.R.P., J.P.K., M.J.M.)
| | - Robert O Ryan
- From the Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, CA (V.S., A.W., J.B.S., L.N., J.A.B., G.W., T.M.F., R.O.R.); Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF Sandler-Moore Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, San Francisco, CA (H.E.W., A.D.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco (C.R.P., J.P.K., M.J.M.).
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Whole-exome sequencing reveals GPIHBP1 mutations in infantile colitis with severe hypertriglyceridemia. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 59:17-21. [PMID: 24614124 PMCID: PMC4203304 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000000363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Severe congenital hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is a rare disorder caused by mutations in genes affecting lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity. Here we report a 5-week-old Hispanic girl with severe HTG (12,031 mg/dL, normal limit 150 mg/dL) who presented with the unusual combination of lower gastrointestinal bleeding and milky plasma. Initial colonoscopy was consistent with colitis, which resolved with reduction of triglycerides. After negative sequencing of the LPL gene, whole-exome sequencing revealed novel compound heterozygous mutations in GPIHBP1. Our study broadens the phenotype of GPIHBP1-associated HTG, reinforces the effectiveness of whole-exome sequencing in Mendelian diagnoses, and implicates triglycerides in gastrointestinal mucosal injury.
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Pei-Ling Chiu A, Wang F, Lal N, Wang Y, Zhang D, Hussein B, Wan A, Vlodavsky I, Rodrigues B. Endothelial cells respond to hyperglycemia by increasing the LPL transporter GPIHBP1. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E1274-83. [PMID: 24735886 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00007.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In diabetes, when glucose uptake and oxidation are impaired, the heart is compelled to use fatty acid (FA) almost exclusively for ATP. The vascular content of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), the rate-limiting enzyme that determines circulating triglyceride clearance, is largely responsible for this FA delivery and increases following diabetes. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein-binding protein [GPIHBP1; a protein expressed abundantly in the heart in endothelial cells (EC)] collects LPL from the interstitial space and transfers it across ECs onto the luminal binding sites of these cells, where the enzyme is functional. We tested whether ECs respond to hyperglycemia by increasing GPIHBP1. Streptozotocin diabetes increased cardiac LPL activity and GPIHBP1 gene and protein expression. The increased LPL and GPIHBP1 were located at the capillary lumen. In vitro, passaging EC caused a loss of GPIHBP1, which could be induced on exposure to increasing concentrations of glucose. The high-glucose-induced GPIHBP1 increased LPL shuttling across EC monolayers. GPIHBP1 expression was linked to the EC content of heparanase. Moreover, active heparanase increased GPIHBP1 gene and protein expression. Both ECs and myocyte heparan sulfate proteoglycan-bound platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) released by heparanase caused augmentation of GPIHBP1. Overall, our data suggest that this protein "ensemble" (heparanase-PDGF-GPIHBP1) cooperates in the diabetic heart to regulate FA delivery and utilization by the cardiomyocytes. Interrupting this axis may be a novel therapeutic strategy to restore metabolic equilibrium, curb lipotoxicity, and help prevent or delay heart dysfunction that is characteristic of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Pei-Ling Chiu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Fulong Wang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Nathaniel Lal
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Ying Wang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Dahai Zhang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Bahira Hussein
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Andrea Wan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Brian Rodrigues
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
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28
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Abstract
In adipocytes the hydrolysis of TAG to produce fatty acids and glycerol under fasting conditions or times of elevated energy demands is tightly regulated by neuroendocrine signals, resulting in the activation of lipolytic enzymes. Among the classic regulators of lipolysis, adrenergic stimulation and the insulin-mediated control of lipid mobilisation are the best known. Initially, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) was thought to be the rate-limiting enzyme of the first lipolytic step, while we now know that adipocyte TAG lipase is the key enzyme for lipolysis initiation. Pivotal, previously unsuspected components have also been identified at the protective interface of the lipid droplet surface and in the signalling pathways that control lipolysis. Perilipin, comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58) and other proteins of the lipid droplet surface are currently known to be key regulators of the lipolytic machinery, protecting or exposing the TAG core of the droplet to lipases. The neuroendocrine control of lipolysis is prototypically exerted by catecholaminergic stimulation and insulin-induced suppression, both of which affect cyclic AMP levels and hence the protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of HSL and perilipin. Interestingly, in recent decades adipose tissue has been shown to secrete a large number of adipokines, which exert direct effects on lipolysis, while adipocytes reportedly express a wide range of receptors for signals involved in lipid mobilisation. Recently recognised mediators of lipolysis include some adipokines, structural membrane proteins, atrial natriuretic peptides, AMP-activated protein kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Lipolysis needs to be reanalysed from the broader perspective of its specific physiological or pathological context since basal or stimulated lipolytic rates occur under diverse conditions and by different mechanisms.
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29
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Yang J, Liu X, Zhang Q, Jiang L. Identification and quantitative mRNA analysis of a novel splice variant of GPIHBP1 in dairy cattle. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2014; 5:50. [PMID: 25810903 PMCID: PMC4373091 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-5-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of functional genes affecting milk production traits is very crucial for improving breeding efficiency in dairy cattle. Many potential candidate genes have been identified through our previous genome wide association study (GWAS). Of these, GPIHBP1 is an important novel candidate gene for milk production traits. However, the mRNA structure of the bovine GPIHBP1 gene is not fully determined up to now. RESULTS In this study, we identified a novel alternatively splice transcript variant (X5) which leads to a 31 bp insertion in exon 3 and also confirmed the other four existed transcripts (X1, X2, X3 and X4) of the bovine GPIHBP1 gene. We showed that transcript X5 with a 31 bp insertion and transcript X1 with an 8 bp deletion might have tremendous effect on the protein function and structure of GPIHBP1, respectively. With semi-quantitative PCR and quantitative real-time RT-PCR, we found that the mRNA expression of GPIHBP1, GPIHBP1-X1 and GPIHBP1-X5 in mammary gland of lactating cows were much higher than that in other tissues. CONCLUSIONS Our study reports a novel alternative splicing of GPIHBP1 in bovine for the first time and provide useful information for the further functional analyses of GPIHBP1 in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture of China; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xuan Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture of China; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Qin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture of China; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Li Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture of China; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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30
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Abstract
The three major pathways of lipoprotein metabolism provide a superb paradigm to delineate systematically the familial dyslipoproteinemias. Such understanding leads to improved diagnosis and treatment of patients. In the exogenous (intestinal) pathway, defects in LPL, apoC-II, APOA-V, and GPIHBP1 disrupt the catabolism of chylomicrons and hepatic uptake of their remnants, producing very high TG. In the endogenous (hepatic) pathway, six disorders affect the activity of the LDLR and markedly increase LDL. These include FH, FDB, ARH, PCSK9 gain-of-function mutations, sitosterolemia and loss of 7 alpha hydroxylase. Hepatic overproduction of VLDL occurs in FCHL, hyperapoB, LDL subclass pattern B, FDH and syndrome X, often due to insulin resistance and resulting in high TG, elevated small LDL particles and low HDL-C. Defects in APOB-100 and loss-of-function mutations in PCSK9 are associated with low LDL-C, decreased CVD and longevity. An absence of MTP leads to marked reduction in chylomicrons and VLDL, causing abetalipoproteinemia. In the reverse cholesterol pathway, deletions or nonsense mutations in apoA-I or ABCA1 transporter disrupt the formation of the nascent HDL particle. Mutations in LCAT disrupt esterification of cholesterol in nascent HDL by LCAT and apoA-1, and formation of spherical HDL. Mutations in either CETP or SR-B1 and familial high HDL lead to increased large HDL particles, the effect of which on CVD is not resolved. The major goal is to prevent or ameliorate the major complications of many familial dyslipoproteinemias, namely, premature CVD or pancreatitis. Dietary and drug treatment specific for each inherited disorder is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter O Kwiterovich
- Lipid Research Atherosclerosis Center, Helen Taussig Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, David Rubenstein Building, Suite 3093, 200 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Arca M, Minicocci I, Maranghi M. The angiopoietin-like protein 3: a hepatokine with expanding role in metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 2013; 24:313-20. [PMID: 23839332 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e3283630cf0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cumulating evidence are revealing roles of angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTLs) in lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism. In this review, we discuss the recent developments in understanding the specific role in metabolic processes of the liver-derived ANGPTL3. RECENT FINDINGS Several groups have reported clinical and metabolic characterization of individuals with loss-of-function variants in ANGPTL3 showing familial combined hypolipidemia, a syndrome characterized by marked reduction of all plasma lipoproteins. Their findings indicate that in humans, ANGPTL3 has a broader action on apoB and apoA-I-containing lipoproteins, as well as on free fatty acid and adipose tissue metabolism. SUMMARY The identification of loss-of-function ANGPTL3 mutation is shedding light on a possible role of ANGPTL3 at the crossroads of lipoproteins, fatty acids, and glucose metabolism, thus making ANGPTL3 an attractive protein to target the cardio-metabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Arca
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Interna e Specialità Mediche Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.
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Bays HE, Toth PP, Kris-Etherton PM, Abate N, Aronne LJ, Brown WV, Gonzalez-Campoy JM, Jones SR, Kumar R, La Forge R, Samuel VT. Obesity, adiposity, and dyslipidemia: a consensus statement from the National Lipid Association. J Clin Lipidol 2013; 7:304-83. [PMID: 23890517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The term "fat" may refer to lipids as well as the cells and tissue that store lipid (ie, adipocytes and adipose tissue). "Lipid" is derived from "lipos," which refers to animal fat or vegetable oil. Adiposity refers to body fat and is derived from "adipo," referring to fat. Adipocytes and adipose tissue store the greatest amount of body lipids, including triglycerides and free cholesterol. Adipocytes and adipose tissue are active from an endocrine and immune standpoint. Adipocyte hypertrophy and excessive adipose tissue accumulation can promote pathogenic adipocyte and adipose tissue effects (adiposopathy), resulting in abnormal levels of circulating lipids, with dyslipidemia being a major atherosclerotic coronary heart disease risk factor. It is therefore incumbent upon lipidologists to be among the most knowledgeable in the understanding of the relationship between excessive body fat and dyslipidemia. On September 16, 2012, the National Lipid Association held a Consensus Conference with the goal of better defining the effect of adiposity on lipoproteins, how the pathos of excessive body fat (adiposopathy) contributes to dyslipidemia, and how therapies such as appropriate nutrition, increased physical activity, weight-management drugs, and bariatric surgery might be expected to impact dyslipidemia. It is hoped that the information derived from these proceedings will promote a greater appreciation among clinicians of the impact of excess adiposity and its treatment on dyslipidemia and prompt more research on the effects of interventions for improving dyslipidemia and reducing cardiovascular disease risk in overweight and obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold E Bays
- Louisville Metabolic and Atherosclerosis Research Center, 3288 Illinois Avenue, Louisville, KY 40213, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Apolipoprotein (apo) A-V functions to modulate intracellular and extracellular triacylglycerol metabolism. The present review addresses molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. The relevance of apoA-V to human disease conditions is illustrated by the strong correlation between single nucleotide polymorphisms in APOA5, elevated plasma triacylglycerol and dyslipidemic disease. RECENT FINDINGS Despite undergoing processing for secretion from hepatocytes, a portion of apoA-V escapes this destiny and accumulates as a component of cytosolic lipid droplets. Expression of recombinant apoA-V in hepatocarcinoma cells results in increased lipid droplet size and number at the expense of triacylglycerol secretion.ApoA-V modulates atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic apoE null mice. ApoE null/human apoA-V transgenic mice had reduced levels of triacylglycerol and cholesterol in plasma along with decreased aortic lesion size. SUMMARY ApoA-V modulates triacylglycerol metabolic fate. Following its synthesis, apoA-V enters the endoplasmic reticulum and associates with membrane defects created by triacylglycerol accumulation. Association of apoA-V with endoplasmic reticulum membrane defects promotes nascent lipid droplets budding toward the cytosol. Despite its low concentration in plasma (∼150 ng/ml), apoA-V modulates lipoprotein metabolism by binding to glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein binding protein 1. This interaction effectively localizes triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins in the vicinity of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein binding protein1's other ligand, lipoprotein lipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeta Sharma
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
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34
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Calandra S, Tarugi P, Averna M, Bertolini S. Familial combined hypolipidemia due to mutations in the ANGPTL3 gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.12.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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