Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in obesity patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The Effect of Dental Implant Restoration on the Biomechanics of the Temporomandibular Joint in Patients with Posterior Tooth Loss: A Pilot Study

Currently, controversy persists over whether dental implant restoration exacerbates or alleviates temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). This study aimed to analyze the impact of dental implant restoration on the biomechanics of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in patients with posterior tooth loss. Ten healthy volunteers (Control group) and twenty patients with posterior tooth loss (preoperative in the Pre group and postoperative in the Post group) were recruited. Three-dimensional maxillofacial models of the maxilla, mandible, dentition, and articular discs were reconstructed. The von Mises, contact, and tensile stresses of the TMJ were analyzed. Before implant restoration, the stresses of the TMJ in the Pre group were considerably higher than those in the Control group, especially on the missing tooth side. After restoration, the stresses in the Post group decreased significantly, with a near-symmetrical distribution. Additionally, before restoration, the patients with TMD had the highest stresses of the TMJ, followed by those without TMD, and the Control group had the lowest. After restoration, the stress magnitudes in the patients with or without TMD returned to the normal range. In summary, dental implant restoration can significantly improve the asymmetric stress distribution of the TMJs, substantially reduce excessive stress caused by tooth loss, and alleviate or eliminate the symptoms related to TMDs.

Non-surgical management of gingival cleft

The aims of the present case report are to describe the non-surgical management in addition to hyaluronic acid application of two gingival recessions with cleft and to perform a narrative review on the newest evidence of non-surgical treatment of gingival recessions. A 47-year-old female patient with dentine hypersensitivity and pain during brushing has type 1 gingival recession with red Stillman's cleft on 1.4 and 1.5. The gingival defects have been treated with a Gracey curette n° 7/8 to cause bleeding. Sodium hyaluronate gel has been applied in the gingival sulcus of both elements affected. Three months after treatment the gingival tissue on 1.5 and 1.4 revealed complete healing of the Stillman's cleft and the mean value of REC depth reduced by 0.50 mm. Furthermore, four articles about this topic were selected for a narrative review. Based on the recent literature, the non-surgical treatment of Stillman's clefts and gingival recessions is not highly rated. The clinical result of this case report suggests a non-surgical method to treat Stillman's cleft. However, the evidence from a single case report is weak and more clinical trials are required to deepen the knowledge on the topic.

Comparative evaluation of cognitive behavioural therapy versus standard treatment in temporomandibular disorders: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are musculoskeletal and neuromuscular conditions affecting the temporomandibular joint and associated structures. Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) has emerged as a potential intervention for TMDs, but its comparative effectiveness against standard treatments remains unclear. This systematic review aimed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of CBT versus standard treatment interventions in managing TMDs.

METHODS

A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases using MeSH keywords and Boolean operators. Inclusion criteria encompassed clinical trials comparing CBT/CBT in combination with standard treatment interventions or a control group in individuals with TMDs. The primary outcome measured was pain. Secondary outcomes such as disability, depression and jaw function were also looked into. Two reviewers independently assessed for the eligibility of the articles and conducted data extraction. Quality assessments were performed using RoB 2.0 for randomised clinical trials.

RESULTS

The initial search identified 623 articles, of which a total of eight clinical studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review. Seven out of eight studies demonstrated improvements in outcomes related to TMD. Pain was significantly decreased in studies that showed a positive outcome. Jaw function, quality of life and psychological well-being were superior among individuals receiving CBT alone or in combination with conventional modalities, as well as hypnotic therapy coupled with CBT-based interventions. The quality of studies assessed showed all articles to be of good quality as per RoB-2 evaluation.

CONCLUSION

This systematic review highlights the potential benefits of CBT in managing TMDs, suggesting its effectiveness in improving pain outcomes and enhancing overall well-being. The findings indicate that CBT may be a valuable adjunct or alternative to standard treatment interventions for individuals with TMDs. However, further research with larger sample sizes and standardised outcome measures is warranted to establish definitive conclusions regarding the comparative efficacy of CBT versus standard treatments in TMD management.

The role of ultrasound imaging of temporomandibular joint condyle-disc complex disorders

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to determine the diagnostic value of ultrasonography (US) in internal derangements of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and to compare its efficacy with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

METHODS

Fifty patients with MRI indications due to a TMJ disorder were enrolled. Findings of the clinical examination, US examination and MRI examination were noted by seperate clinicians and the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracies of all examinations were compared.

RESULTS

When compared with MRI, the sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of the clinical examination for the internal derangements were 73%, 37%, and 70%, respectively and 75.7%, 33.3% and 73.0% for US examination, respectively.

CONCLUSION

US can be considered as an alternative to MRI as it can be used to detect the disc position, internal derangements, intraarticular fluid accumulations and superficial condyle changes with minimally better results than clinical examination.

Evaluating the success rates and effectiveness of surgical and orthodontic interventions for impacted canines: a systematic review of surgical and orthodontic interventions and a case series

OBJECTIVES

The goal is to gather more information on orthodontic traction of impacted canines in the arch or their extraction.

METHODS

We focused our search on English-language papers published between January 1, 2004, and July 24, 2024 in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science that were relevant to our topic. The search strategy employed the Boolean terms "impacted" AND "canine". In addition to the overview, this article discusses a number of clinical instances involving canine disinclusion.

RESULTS

The study analyzed 2748 papers from databases like Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, resulting in 1455 articles after eliminating duplicates. After examining titles and abstracts, 897 entries were removed. The remaining 558 papers were confirmed, with 543 items removed due to being off-topic. The study includes a qualitative analysis of the 15 final articles.

CONCLUSIONS

This article concludes that both extraction and orthodontic traction are effective treatments for impacted canines, with the choice depending on patient-specific factors. Advances in surgical techniques and imaging technologies have improved outcomes, while a multidisciplinary, patient-centered approach remains essential. Future research should focus on refining treatment selection criteria and integrating genetic and technological advancements.

Lessons to be learned when designing comprehensible patient-oriented online information about temporomandibular disorders

BACKGROUND

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are a prevalent ailment with a global impact, affecting a substantial number of individuals. While some individuals are receiving treatment from orthodontists for TMD, a significant proportion of individuals obtain knowledge through websites.

OBJECTIVES

Our purpose had been to evaluate, from a patient-oriented perspective, the readability of home pages of websites scored in the 10 most prominent devoted to TMD. We also determined what level of education would have been needed to get an overview of the information on the websites under scrutiny. This approach ensures that our findings are centred on the patient experience, providing insights into how accessible and understandable websites about TMD.

METHODS

We determined the top 10 patient-focused English language websites by searching for 'temporomandibular disorders' in the 'no country redirect' plugin of the Google Chrome browser (www.google.com/ncr). The readability of the texts was assessed using the Gunning fog index (GFI), Coleman Liau index (CLI), Automated readability index (ARI) Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), Flesch Kincald grade level (FKGL), Flesh reasing ease (FRE) (https://readabilityformulas.com).

RESULTS

The mean Flesch reading ease index score was determined to be 48.67, accompanied by a standard deviation of 15.04 and these websites require an average of 13.49 years of formal education (GFI), with a standard deviation of 2.62, for ease of understanding.

CONCLUSION

Our research indicates that a significant proportion of websites related to TMD can be defined as a level of complexity that exceeds the ability to read comprehension of the general population.

Efficacy of hyaluronic acid in temporomandibular disorders evaluated with diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD)

BACKGROUND

The study aimed to retrospectively assess the efficacy of hyaluronic acid (HA) in managing temporomandibular disorders (TMD) using the diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD). There has been an ongoing debate regarding the effectiveness of HA as a treatment option for TMD, which necessitated a thorough evaluation.

METHODS

The review adhered to PRISMA guidelines conducted across eight different databases, including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, ScienceDirect, PsycINFO and CINAHL. The selection criteria included studies that evaluated the efficacy of HA in TMD patients, utilised DC/TMD, and were published in English. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two reviewers. ROB-2 tool was employed to assess methodological quality of the assessed studies.

RESULTS

A total of 10 studies met the inclusion criteria. They demonstrated that HA was effective in improving various symptoms of TMD, such as pain, mouth opening and joint sounds over control group. But on the other end, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was found to be better than HA intervention in alleviation of TMD symptoms. However, the degree of improvement varied across the studies. Some studies reported adverse effects, but these were typically minor and transient. Risk of bias assessment was low in all the included studies.

CONCLUSION

The findings suggest that HA can be an effective treatment for TMD when evaluated with DC/TMD. However, the variation in effectiveness across studies indicates the need for individualised treatment planning and careful monitoring of adverse effects. Further research is needed to refine the treatment protocols and understand the long-term effectiveness and safety of HA in TMD management.

Effectiveness of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of temporomandibular joint disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) pose diagnostic challenges, and selecting appropriate imaging modalities is crucial for accurate assessment. This study aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy and efficacy of ultrasonography (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in identifying TMDs.

METHODS

A comprehensive meta-analysis was conducted, including studies that compared US and MRI for TMJ disorder assessments. Fixed-effects models were utilized to calculate pooled odds ratios (ORs) and relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was assessed using the chi-squared test and I2 statistic. Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the studies included.

RESULTS

Six studies were included, involving a total of 281 participants. The meta-analysis demonstrated that MRI was statistically somewhat better than US in identifying TMJ disorders. The summary OR was 0.64 (95% CI: 0.46-0.90), and the summary RR was 0.80 (95% CI: 0.68-0.95). Heterogeneity among the studies was low (χ2 = 2.73, df = 5, p = .74; I2 = 0%). Demographic variables revealed variations in sample size, gender ratio and mean age across the studies.

CONCLUSION

This meta-analysis provides evidence that MRI may be more effective than US in diagnosing TMDs. However, the study is limited by the small number of included studies and variations in demographic variables and study designs. Future research with larger samples and standardised protocols is essential to confirm and strengthen these findings. Understanding the diagnostic accuracy of MRI and US for TMJ disorders will aid clinicians in making informed decisions for effective TMJ disorder assessments and patient management.

Tobacco smoking and its impact on pain intensity of temporomandibular disorders: A systematic review and metanalysis

BACKGROUND

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) encompass a spectrum of orofacial conditions characterised by pain and dysfunction in the temporomandibular joint and surrounding structures. Tobacco smoking has been posited as a potential factor influencing the prevalence and intensity of TMD. However, the nature and extent of this relationship remain unclear due to variations in study outcomes. This systematic review aimed to consolidate existing research findings to elucidate the association between tobacco smoking and TMD pain intensity.

METHODS

A comprehensive search of electronic databases was conducted to identify relevant studies published up to June 2023. Studies investigating the relationship between tobacco smoking and TMD pain were included. Data extraction was conducted by two reviewers. Quality assessment was performed using the New Castle-Ottawa scale. Review Manager 5.4 was used to quantitatively analyse the results.

RESULTS

The review included four studies employing similar TMD assessment techniques. All studies reported elevated TMD pain intensity among tobacco users, with non-smokers exhibiting lower pain intensity. The quality of the included studies was good. Meta-analytic results showed that TMD pain intensity was higher in the smokers group compared to the non-smokers group, with a weighted mean difference (WMD) of 0.65 (BPM) (95% CI: [0.10, 1.19], p = .02).

CONCLUSION

This systematic review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the existing literature on tobacco smoking and TMD symptoms. The findings underscore the multifaceted nature of the relationship between smoking and TMD pain, highlighting its clinical relevance and the need for tailored interventions. Further research is warranted to elucidate underlying mechanisms and potential moderating factors, contributing to a more nuanced understanding of this complex association.

The Differential Impact of Clear Aligners and Fixed Orthodontic Appliances on Periodontal Health: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE

In orthodontic therapy, the periodontal ligament plays a critical role in the bone remodeling process by stimulating osteoblasts in tension zones and promoting bone resorption through osteoclasts in compression zones in response to mechanical stress. These processes are regulated by key cytokines, such as RANKL and IL-1, which are influenced by factors such as patient age and force application. This work evaluates the effectiveness of clear aligners versus traditional braces on periodontal health in patients with periodontitis, following PRISMA guidelines and utilizing specific inclusion and exclusion criteria.

METHODS

A systematic review of 1664 records was conducted, leading to the inclusion of eight studies that focus on the impact of orthodontic treatments on periodontal health. The review identifies various biases present in the literature.

RESULTS

The findings reveal that clear aligners, in contrast to fixed appliances, improve oral hygiene and reduce inflammation, leading to better periodontal outcomes. Fixed appliances, on the other hand, may exacerbate plaque accumulation and inflammation, which can worsen periodontal health.

CONCLUSIONS

Clear aligners offer advantages over fixed appliances in terms of enhancing periodontal health, improving patient compliance, and providing long-term benefits, particularly in patients with severe periodontitis. The effectiveness of clear aligners is linked to better management of periodontal complications and overall oral hygiene. Treatment decisions should be based on patient-specific criteria to optimize outcomes.

Management of Oro-Antral Communication: A Systemic Review of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the management of oro-antral communications (OAC) and fistulas (OAF), focusing on treatment strategies based on defect size, epithelialization, and the presence of sinus infections, while exploring both traditional and emerging techniques. Materials and Methods: The systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines and registered on PROSPERO (CDR ID 623251). Using targeted keywords, articles in English published within the last 10 years were analyzed from databases such as PubMed, WoS and Scopus, selecting only clinical studies on human patients. After thorough screening, 20 publications were included in the qualitative analysis, among 734 initially identified. Results: Small OACs (<5 mm) were managed conservatively with hemostatic materials, while larger defects (>5 mm) required surgical closure, with the Bichat flap proving highly effective for large defects. Innovative treatments using autologous bone grafts and PRF showed promise in supporting tissue regeneration. In cases with sinusitis, the combination of FESS and intra-oral closure techniques resulted in high success rates for infection resolution and defect closure. Conclusions: Treatment outcomes for OAC and OAF are highly dependent on the size of the defect and the presence of sinusitis. Multidisciplinary collaboration, along with timely surgical intervention and adherence to medical therapies, is essential for successful management. Emerging techniques and minimally invasive procedures continue to improve patient outcomes, offering hope for more effective and sustainable solutions in complex cases.

Diagnosis of odontogenic keratocysts and non-keratocysts using edge attention convolution neural network

BACKGROUND

The study's objective was to develop an automated method for a histopathology recognition model for odontogenic keratocysts (OKC) and non-keratocyst (Non-KC) in jaw cyst sections stained with hematoxylin (H) and eosin (E) on a tiny bit of incisional biopsy prior to surgery.

METHODS

This hastens the speed and precision of diagnosis to patients. Also, navigates the clinicians with the therapeutic doctrine. To build such a system and to increase the accuracy of the existing models, the edge attention CNN model with Keras functional API was implemented which efficiently analyzes the texture information of the images. Approximately 2861 microscopic images at a 40X magnification were taken from 54 OKC, 23 Dentigerous cysts (DC), and 20 Radicular cysts.

RESULTS

The model was trained using both RGB and canny edge-detected images. The model gave a good accuracy of 96.8%, which is suitable for real-time. Histopathological images are better analyzed through textural features. The proposed edge attention CNN highlights the edges, making texture analysis more precise.

CONCLUSIONS

The suggested method will work for OKC and Non-KC diagnosis automation systems. The use of a whole slide imaging scanner has the potential to increase accuracy and remove human bias.

Low-level laser treatment's ability to reduce dry socket pain

After a tooth extraction, a dry socket is a common problem that can cause excruciating pain and prevent healing. Antiseptic dressings have historically been the mainstay of treatments for this illness in order to lower bacteria and accelerate healing. Alveogyl is a medicated dressing composed of butamben, iodoform, and eugenol is conventionally used to manage the pain associated with dry socket. The purpose of this study is to assess how well laser therapy treats alveolitis symptoms. The idea that laser therapy is an excellent tool for treating alveolitis is what motivated this meta-analysis. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effects of Level Laser Therapy (LLT) in the treatment of dry socket.  Methods: A literature search was done on PubMed, Lilacs, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane using the keywords entered, and papers published between January 2000 and September 2023 were taken into consideration. The terms "laser" and "dry socket" have been merged using the Boolean conjunction AND; the results show that 65 studies could be identified using the three search engines. Only five were selected to create the current systematic study and metanalysis. The meta-analysis demonstrated that laser therapy is superior to the traditional Alvogyl treatment in managing alveolitis symptoms, especially in pain reduction. The overall effect demonstrated a mean difference of -2.01 (95% CI: -2.43 to -1.59) on the third day of treatment, with a p < 0.05, indicating statistical significance.  Conclusion: The quantitative analysis showed that Low-Level Laser Therapy demonstrated promising potential in managing alveolitis symptoms, particularly in terms of pain reduction, when compared to traditional treatments like Alvogyl. Despite the results indicating a statistically significant reduction in pain, the evidence does not conclusively establish laser therapy as a complete substitute for conventional therapies. Further high-quality studies with larger sample sizes and standardized protocols are required to confirm its long-term efficacy and to assess its broader applicability in clinical settings.

The association between temporomandibular disorders signs and symptoms, bruxism, and health variables: A cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE

The study aimed to determine the associations between several important and potentially modifiable health variables and TMD signs and symptoms.

METHODS

A total of 209 adult dental patients from two clinics completed surveys on demographics, self-reported awake and sleep bruxism, TMD signs and symptoms, stress, depression, chronic pain, and sleep quality. Correlations and regression analyses were used to identify associations between these health variables and TMD symptoms.

RESULTS

Awake bruxism was significantly associated with chronic pain intensity, jaw pain, clenching pain, and headaches. Stress and depression correlated with chronic pain intensity and clenching pain. No correlation was found between BMI and TMD symptoms. In multivariate analysis, both awake and sleep bruxism were associated with TMD symptoms, while sleep quality was related to pain on chewing and depression was associated with chronic pain intensity.

CONCLUSIONS

Identifying these associations can guide clinicians in assessing, educating and managing TMD-related issues by addressing bruxism, sleep quality, and depressive symptoms.

Assessing Artificial Intelligence in Oral Cancer Diagnosis: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

With the use of machine learning algorithms, artificial intelligence (AI) has become a viable diagnostic and treatment tool for oral cancer. AI can assess a variety of information, including histopathology slides and intraoral pictures.

AIM

The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the efficacy and accuracy of AI technology in the detection and diagnosis of oral cancer between 2020 and 2024.

METHODOLOGY

With an emphasis on AI applications in oral cancer diagnostics, a thorough search approach was used to find pertinent publications published between 2020 and 2024. Using particular keywords associated with AI, oral cancer, and diagnostic imaging, databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched. Among the selection criteria were actual English-language research papers that assessed the effectiveness of AI models in diagnosing oral cancer. Three impartial reviewers extracted data, evaluated quality, and compiled the findings using a narrative synthesis technique.

RESULTS

Twelve papers that demonstrated a range of AI applications in the diagnosis of oral cancer satisfied the inclusion criteria. This study showed encouraging results in lesion identification and prognostic prediction using machine learning and deep learning algorithms to evaluate oral pictures and histopathology slides. The results demonstrated how AI-driven technologies might enhance diagnostic precision and enable early intervention in cases of oral cancer.

CONCLUSION

Unprecedented prospects to transform oral cancer diagnosis and detection are provided by artificial intelligence. More resilient AI systems in oral oncology can be achieved by joint research and innovation efforts, even in the face of constraints like data set variability and regulatory concerns.

Antimicrobial Effect of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Coating on Titanium 6 Aluminum 4 Vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V)-Fixed Orthodontic Retainer Substrate

Objectives Due to its excellent biocompatibility, superior mechanical qualities, and exceptional corrosion resistance, titanium 6 aluminum 4 vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V) alloy is frequently used for medical and orthodontic purposes as a fixed retainer after active orthodontic treatment. Titanium lacks the antibacterial characteristics and is bioinert, this may influence the usage of such materials in the field of biomedical applications. Bacterial adhesion to the orthodontic retainer surface is a common first step in infection; this is followed by bacterial colonization ending with the formation of a biofilm. Once biofilm forms, it is highly resistant to medicines and the host immune system's defense mechanism, making it difficult to remove the biofilm from orthodontic retainer. This study aimed to test the antimicrobial effect of a zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle coating on Ti-6Al-4V orthodontic retainers.

Materials and Methods ZnO nanoparticles, with a particle size of 10 to 30 nm, were used to coat the alloy using the electrophoretic deposition method. Various parameters and surface characterization tests were employed to obtain an optimized sample. This sample was subjected to the microbial adherence optical density test to examine the adherence of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria, and Candida albicans.

Results The optimized sample had a 5-mg/L ZnO concentration, applied voltage of 50 V, and a 1-cm distance between electrodes. The ZnO coating significantly reduced microbial adherence compared to uncoated samples, effectively inhibiting bacterial development.

Conclusion Electrophoretic deposition is an efficient and cost-effective technique for coating orthodontic titanium retainer substrates. Coating Ti-6Al-4V with ZnO nanoparticles increased the antimicrobial effectiveness of the material and as the concentration of the nanoparticles rises, the antimicrobial effect increases too.

Stem Cells: Present Understanding and Prospects for Regenerative Dentistry

Regenerative medicine in dentistry focuses on repairing damaged oral tissues using advanced tools like stem cells, biomaterials, and tissue engineering (TE). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from dental sources, such as dental pulp and periodontal ligament, show significant potential for tissue regeneration due to their proliferative and differentiative abilities. This systematic review, following PRISMA guidelines, evaluated fifteen studies and identified effective strategies for improving dental, periodontal, and bone tissue regeneration through scaffolds, secretomes, and bioengineering methods. Key advancements include the use of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) to boost cell viability and manage inflammation. Additionally, pharmacological agents like matrine and surface modifications on biomaterials improve stem cell adhesion and promote osteogenic differentiation. By integrating these approaches, regenerative medicine and TE can optimize dental therapies and enhance patient outcomes. This review highlights the potential and challenges in this field, providing a critical assessment of current research and future directions.

The Use of Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF) in the Management of Dry Socket: A Systematic Review

Dry socket or alveolar osteitis is a common postoperative complication following tooth extraction, characterized by severe pain due to the disintegration of the blood clot within the socket. Various factors contribute to its development, such as traumatic extraction, patient age and sex, smoking, and anesthetic use. To mitigate this condition, socket preservation techniques, including the use of bone substitute materials, have been employed. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) has emerged as a promising biomaterial, enhancing healing and reducing the incidence of dry socket. Materials and Methods: This systematic review, adhering to the PRISMA guidelines and registered with PROSPERO (ID: CRD 578018), examines the efficacy of PRF in managing dry socket by analyzing studies from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science published between January 2013 and May 2024. Boolean keywords have been used in the search strategy: ("Treatment") AND ("Dry Socket") AND ("Platelet Rich Fibrin" OR "PRF"). A total of 738 publications were found using the electronic database search. After the screening phase, 13 records were chosen for qualitative analysis. The results from multiple clinical trials and comparative studies indicate that PRF significantly reduces postoperative pain, expedites healing, and lowers the incidence of Alveolar Osteitis. Despite promising results, further large-scale, randomized studies are needed to validate PRF as a standard treatment for dry socket.

Elucidating hematological profile and electrolyte balance in oral cancer patients

BACKGROUND

Oral cancer is a serious health issue in both the developing and developed worlds, and it is one of the most common forms of cancer of the head and neck. In accordance with the 2017 World Health Organization classification, oral cancer can affect any part of the mouth, including the buccal mucosa, the front two-thirds of the tongue, the lip, the palate, the vestibule, the alveolus, the floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. Hematology and electrolyte balance have been proposed as tumor indicators and paths into cancer's genesis. Examining the patient's blood count and electrolyte levels in order to better understand their oral cancer.

METHODS

Electrolyte abnormalities are common in cancer patients and may be caused by the disease itself or by treatment. Hyponatremia is the most frequent electrolyte problem in cancer patients, and it is typically caused by the syndrome of improper ADH secretion. Although electrolyte problems are associated with a worse prognosis for cancer patients, timely and effective therapy has the potential to enhance both short- and long-term results and quality of life. Hematological tests on patients with oral cancer, including differential cell count, white blood cell count, and hemoglobin level.

RESULTS

Compared to healthy controls, oral cancer patients show statistically significant differences in a number of biochemical parameters, including electrolytes (sodium, P<0.05; potassium, P=0.89; chloride, P<0.05); differential count (neutrophils, P<0.05; basophils, P<0.05). A significant risk factor for cancer patients is an electrolyte imbalance, which has been linked to inappropriate anti-diabetic hormone release.

CONCLUSIONS

Clinicians will find these shifts in electrolytic level helpful in diagnosing and tracking oral cancer. Potentially malignant oral disorders and Oral squamous cell carcinoma may be better predicted using a combination of TLC, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts, as shown in this study.

Feature Paper in Oral Physiology and Pathology

In the realm of life sciences, the journal 'Life' has consistently served as a beacon for groundbreaking research and scientific discovery [...].

Digitalization, Technologies, New Approaches, and Telemedicine in Dentistry and Craniofacial/Temporomandibular Disorders

In recent years, the dental and craniofacial healthcare sectors have witnessed significant advancements driven by the integration of digitalization, new technologies, and telemedicine [...]

Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in oncological patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) has garnered increasing attention in recent years due to its potential association with cancer. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the prevalence of OSAS in cancer patients through a comprehensive analysis of existing literature.

METHODS

This systematic review and meta-analysis, conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol, aimed to evaluate the prevalence of OSAS in cancer patients. A comprehensive search of electronic databases was performed to identify relevant studies published up to September 2021. Eligible studies reporting on the prevalence of OSAS in cancer patients, encompassing various study designs, were included in the analysis. Pooled estimates of the odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random effects model. Heterogeneity among the studies was assessed using the I2 statistic.

RESULTS

Seventeen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were subsequently included in the review. The prevalence of OSAS in cancer patients was estimated to have an overall OR of 0.80 (95% CI: 0.75-0.85). In comparison with non-cancer patients, cancer patients had a statistically significant greater risk of OSAS, as indicated by the total estimated RR for the prevalence of OSAS in cancer patients, which was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.86-0.92). Nonetheless, there was a significant amount of heterogeneity (I2 = 96%) among the studies.

CONCLUSION

The overall data analysed in this review indicates that patients with cancer had far reduced likelihood of developing OSAS than individuals without cancer. However, the significant variation across the included studies highlights the need for additional investigation to fully clarify the complex association between OSAS and cancer incidence. These results emphasise how critical it is to identify OSAS as a possible comorbidity in cancer patients, one that should be taken into account for clinical management and ongoing research.

Bidirectional Association between Periodontitis and Thyroid Disease: A Scoping Review

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. Due to the development of chronic inflammation, periodontitis can contribute to the development of several systemic diseases, including thyroid disease. Thyroid pathology includes benign, malignant, and autoimmune conditions leading to hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or euthyroidism. Alterations in thyroid hormones, especially hypothyroidism, can reveal significant oral manifestations, including periodontitis. This scoping review aims to explore the probable causal relationship between periodontitis and thyroid disease, in terms of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. The search strategy follows the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane were searched from January 2014 to January 2024, entering the MESH terms "periodontitis" and "thyroid". Of 153 initial records, 20 articles were selected and discussed. There is a high prevalence of periodontitis among patients with thyroid disease, including thyroid cancer. The causes at the basis of this association are genetic factors, the oral microbiome, and proinflammatory cytokines. Periodontal treatment, specifically scaling and root planning, can ameliorate thyroid parameters. Although there are a few randomized controlled studies in the literature, this review lays the foundation for a bidirectional relationship between periodontitis and thyroid disease, the link to which is, once again, systemic inflammation.

Therapeutic Strategies and Genetic Implications for Periodontal Disease Management: A Systematic Review

The objective of this review is to identify the microbiological alterations caused by various therapy modalities by critically analyzing the current findings. We limited our search to English-language papers published between 1 January 2004 and 7 May 2024 in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science that were relevant to our topic. In the search approach, the Boolean keywords "microbio*" AND "periodontitis" were used. A total of 5152 papers were obtained from the databases Web of Science (2205), PubMed (1793), and Scopus (1154). This resulted in 3266 articles after eliminating duplicates (1886), and 1411 entries were eliminated after their titles and abstracts were examined. The qualitative analysis of the 22 final articles is included in this study. Research on periodontal disease shows that periodontitis alters the oral microbiome and increases antibiotic resistance. Treatments like scaling and root planing (SRP), especially when combined with minocycline, improve clinical outcomes by reducing harmful bacteria. Comprehensive mechanical debridement with antibiotics, probiotics, EMD with bone grafts, and other adjunctive therapies enhances periodontal health. Personalized treatment strategies and advanced microbial analyses are crucial for effective periodontal management and antibiotic resistance control.

Prediction of Interactomic HUB Genes in Periodontitis With Acute Myocardial Infarction

BACKGROUND

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) risk correlates with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, suggesting systemic inflammation is present well before AMI. Studying different types of periodontal disease (PD), extremely common in individuals at risk for AMI, has been one important research topic. According to recent research, AMI and PD interact via the systemic production of certain proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, small signal molecules, and enzymes that control the onset and development of both disorders' chronic inflammatory reactions. This study uses machine learning to identify the interactome hub biomarker genes in acute myocardial infarction and periodontitis.

METHODS

GSE208194 and GSE222883 were chosen for our research after a thorough search using keywords related to the study's goal from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) datasets. DEGs were identified from the GEOR tool, and the hub gene was identified using Cytoscape-cytohubba. Using expression values, Random Forest, Adaptive Boosting, and Naive Bayes, widgets-generated transcriptomics data, were labelled, and divided into 80/20 training and testing data with cross-validation. ROC curve, confusion matrix, and AUC were determined. In addition, Functional Enrichment Analysis of Differentially Expressed Gene analysis was performed.

RESULTS

Random Forest, AdaBoost, and Naive Bayes models with 99%, 100%, and 75% AUC, respectively. Compared to RF, AdaBoost, and NB classification models, AdaBoost had the highest AUC. Categorization algorithms may be better predictors than important biomarkers.

CONCLUSIONS

Machine learning model predicts hub and non-hub genes from genomic datasets with periodontitis and acute myocardial infarction.

The Role of Curcumin in Oral Health and Diseases: A Systematic Review

Curcumin (Curcumin) belongs to the polyphenol family. It is extracted by drying the root of a plant of Asian origin, belonging to the Zingiberaceae family. The best-known species is Curcumincuma Longa. Curcumin has been recognized as having great therapeutic powers since ancient times. Studies on curcumin have since confirmed its powerful antioxidant properties, preventing both the formation of free radicals and their neutralization, having anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, immunological, and neuroprotective properties, as well as being a regulator of the intestinal microbiota with beneficial effects on the clinical manifestations of metabolic syndrome. Our study aimed to highlight how all these therapeutic aspects could benefit oral health, both preventing and improving the course of pathological processes. The effect of mouthwashes, and curcumin-based gels on the regulation of bacterial plaque and in the control of gingivitis, was largely comparable to that of using 0.20% chlorhexidine, with fewer side effects. Being a highly hydrophobic substance, it has a high permeability to cross the cell membrane. Bioavailability increases when combined with liposoluble substances (e.g., olive oil) and piperine, which improves absorption. Curcumin also has a negligible degree of toxicity, making it an excellent alternative to the use of gold standard products for oral disinfection.

Impact of self-assessment on dental student's performance in pre-clinical conservative dentistry course

BACKGROUND

Self-assessment (SA) is an interactive course that endorses the accomplishment of learning objectives through learners' identification of insufficiencies in their didactic knowledge and pre-clinical skills. This study was planned to determine whether there is any improvement in the faculty assessment (FA) score following the implementation of SA in the Pre-clinical Conservative Dentistry Course.

METHODS

Fifty-four first-semester dental students were given an introductory lecture followed by a demonstration for Class I Cavity Preparation in typhodont mandibular first molar. At the end of the demonstration, the Scoring Rubric (SR) was explained point-wise in the prepared cavities. During the next session, all students performed Class I cavity preparation and they were given an assessment sheet to enter their scores (SA1). All teeth were evaluated by the Grading Faculties in a blinded manner (FA1). Each participant was explained the difference in their respective SA1 from FA1 and their queries were resolved individually. During the next sessions, Students and Grading Faculties followed the same protocol and scores were recorded as SA2, FA2, SA3 and FA3.

RESULTS

The mean score of SA1 was significantly higher than that of FA1 (p < 0.001). However, no significant difference was obtained between SA and FA in the second (p = 0.352) and third (p = 0.434) assessments. In contrast with first assessment, mean marks obtained in FA were higher compared to SA in both second and third assessments. There was a statistically significant improvement in mean marks obtained by the students over time (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

SA endorsed student-faculty communication and enhanced student's poise and technical skills in operative pre-clinical dentistry.

Structural and Color Alterations of Teeth following Orthodontic Debonding: A Systematic Review

AIM

The objective of this study was to explore the effects of fixed orthodontic appliances on enamel structure by assessing microfractures, surface roughness, and alterations in color.

METHODS

This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A systematic search of online databases was conducted using the keywords 'enamel' AND 'orthodontic debonding'. Eligibility criteria included both in vivo and ex vivo clinical trials conducted on human teeth.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A total of 14 relevant papers were analyzed. Various instruments and techniques were utilized across different studies to assess surface roughness, color change, and surface fractures.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of this study suggest that ceramic brackets may lead to an increase in enamel fractures, particularly during bracket removal. The surface roughness of enamel exhibits variability depending on the adhesive substance and polishing methods used post-removal. Fixed orthodontic appliances could induce changes in enamel color, which may be alleviated by the use of nano-hydroxyapatite or specific polishing techniques. Further research is necessary to identify effective strategies for managing these color changes and improving the overall outcomes of fixed orthodontic treatment.

Advancing Postoperative Pain Management in Oral Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review

The goal of this review is to shed light on the management of orofacial discomfort after a cancer diagnosis in the head and neck region. A search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify studies on postoperative pain control in oral cancer. The review included open-access research, investigations into pain management, randomized clinical trials, retrospective studies, case-control studies, prospective studies, English-written studies, and full-text publications. Exclusion criteria included animal studies; in vitro studies; off-topic studies; reviews, case reports, letters, or comments; and non-English language. Three reviewers independently accessed databases and assigned a quality rating to the chosen articles. The review explores postoperative pain management in oral cancer patients; highlighting persistent opioid use; the efficacy of adjuvant drugs, such as gabapentin; and a multimodal approach. It emphasizes the need for personalized pain management, recognizing individual pain perception and tailoring interventions. Integrating pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies is crucial for comprehensive pain management. The review also serves as a guide for future research, emphasizing the need for standardized methodologies and diverse participant populations.

Silver Diamine Fluoride in Pediatric Dentistry: Effectiveness in Preventing and Arresting Dental Caries-A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

Tooth decay is considered a global scourge by the World Health Organization (WHO) starting at an early age. In recent years, silver diamine fluoride (SDF) has regained interest, particularly in pediatric dentistry, used to prevent the development of carious lesions or arrest their progression.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to assess, through a systematic review of the literature, the effectiveness of SDF, used in pedodontics, in temporary teeth, in preventing or arresting dental caries.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

An electronic search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. The effect of SDF on both temporary and permanent teeth has been considered.

RESULTS

The inclusion criteria identified 16 randomized controlled trials involving patients aged 18 months to 13 years and followed over a period of 12-30 months.

CONCLUSIONS

SDF is a practical, accessible and effective non-invasive way to prevent and arrest caries in temporary and permanent teeth. Its application requires regular monitoring. The resulting black spot is diminished by immediate application of potassium iodide but this may affect its effectiveness.

The Role of Sulfhydryl (Thiols) Groups in Oral and Periodontal Diseases

AIM

The sulfhydryl (thiols) group of glutathione plays an important role in the neutralization of foreign organic compounds and the reduction in peroxides. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the concentration of sulfhydryl groups in the gingival tissue of healthy individuals and those with gingivitis or periodontitis, and to examine the differences between these groups.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

To assess the concentration of sulfhydryl groups (thiols) in the gingival tissue of healthy individuals and those with gingivitis or periodontitis, we used spectrophotometric analysis using dithionitrobenzoate (DTNB) as a reagent to measure the accessible sulfhydryl groups present in gingival tissue proteins. The sample was divided into three distinct groups: individuals with periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis, and different indices were used to assess the periodontal status of the participants. Next, a statistical analysis was conducted to compare the concentrations of sulfhydryl groups among the different groups of patients.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study showed significantly decreased levels of sulfhydryl (thiols) groups in gingival tissue from patients with gingivitis and periodontitis, compared with healthy people (control group). These results confirm the role of sulfhydryl (thiols) groups in defense against free radicals. They share a significant role in detoxification, signal transduction, apoptosis, and various other functions at the molecular level.

Exploring the Link between Sleep Quality and Temporomandibular Disorders

How to cite this article: Vlasa A. Exploring the Link between Sleep Quality and Temporomandibular Disorders. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(4):293-294. Keywords: Sleep quality, Temporomandibular disorders, Temporomandibular joint.

Prediction of interactomic hub genes in PBMC cells in type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and periodontitis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

In recent years, the complex interplay between systemic health and oral well-being has emerged as a focal point for researchers and healthcare practitioners. Among the several important connections, the convergence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), dyslipidemia, chronic periodontitis, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is a remarkable example. These components collectively contribute to a network of interactions that extends beyond their domains, underscoring the intricate nature of human health. In the current study, bioinformatics analysis was utilized to predict the interactomic hub genes involved in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), dyslipidemia, and periodontitis and their relationships to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by machine learning algorithms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Gene Expression Omnibus datasets were utilized to identify the genes linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM), dyslipidemia, and Periodontitis (GSE156993).Gene Ontology (G.O.) Enrichr, Genemania, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were used for analysis for identification and functionalities of hub genes. The expression of hub D.E.G.s was confirmed, and an orange machine learning tool was used to predict the hub genes.

RESULT

The decision tree, AdaBoost, and Random Forest had an A.U.C. of 0.982, 1.000, and 0.991 in the R.O.C. curve. The AdaBoost model showed an accuracy of (1.000). The findings imply that the AdaBoost model showed a good predictive value and may support the clinical evaluation and assist in accurately detecting periodontitis associated with T2DM and dyslipidemia. Moreover, the genes with p-value < 0.05 and A.U.C.>0.90, which showed excellent predictive value, were thus considered hub genes.

CONCLUSION

The hub genes and the D.E.G.s identified in the present study contribute immensely to the fundamentals of the molecular mechanisms occurring in the PBMC associated with the progression of periodontitis in the presence of T2DM and dyslipidemia. They may be considered potential biomarkers and offer novel therapeutic strategies for chronic inflammatory diseases.

Clear Aligners in the Growing Patient: A Systematic Review

Mixed dentition represents a critical phase in the oral development of pediatric patients, characterized by the simultaneous presence of primary and permanent teeth. This article proposes a comprehensive systematic review of the application of aligners as an innovative methodology in managing mixed dentition. The primary objective is to explore the efficacy, safety, and acceptability of this emerging orthodontic technology in the evolving age group. This systematic review focuses on randomized controlled trials, cohorts, and observational studies investigating the use of aligners in patients with mixed dentition. Clinical, radiographic, and psychosocial parameters will be considered to assess the overall impact of aligner therapy in this critical phase of dental development. An in-depth analysis of such data aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the potential of this technology in pediatric orthodontics. Expected outcomes may contribute to outlining practical guidelines and targeted therapeutic strategies for orthodontists involved in managing mixed dentition. Furthermore, this article aims to identify gaps in the current research and suggest future directions for studies exploring the use of transparent aligners in patients with mixed dentition, thereby contributing to the ongoing evolution of evidence-based orthodontic practices.

Arthroscopy for the Treatment of Temporomandibular Disorders

How to cite this article: Mosaddad SA. Arthroscopy for the Treatment of Temporomandibular Disorders. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(3):197-198. Keywords: Arthroscopy, Facial pain, Temporomandibular joint, Temporomandibular joint disorders.

Celiac Disease-Related Enamel Defects: A Systematic Review

INTRODUCTION

This systematic review aims to elucidate the intricate correlation between celiac disease (CD) and dental enamel defects (DED), exploring pathophysiological mechanisms, oral health implications, and a dentist's role in early diagnosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search from 1 January 2013 to 1 January 2024 across PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science identified 153 publications. After exclusions, 18 studies met the inclusion criteria for qualitative analysis. Inclusion criteria involved study types (RCTs, RCCTs, case series), human participants, English language, and full-text available.

RESULTS

The search yielded 153 publications, with 18 studies meeting the inclusion criteria for qualitative analysis. Notable findings include a high prevalence of DED in CD patients, ranging from 50 to 94.1%. Symmetrical and chronological defects, according to Aine's classification, were predominant, and significant associations were observed between CD severity and enamel defect extent.

CONCLUSIONS

The early recognition of oral lesions, particularly through Aine's classification, may signal potential CD even in the absence of gastrointestinal symptoms. Correlations between CD and dental health conditions like molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) emphasize the dentist's crucial role in early diagnosis. Collaboration between dentists and gastroenterologists is essential for effective monitoring and management. This review consolidates current knowledge, laying the groundwork for future research and promoting interdisciplinary collaboration for improved CD-related oral health outcomes. Further large-scale prospective research is recommended to deepen our understanding of these issues.

Statistical Methods and Machine Learning Algorithms for Investigating Metabolic Syndrome in Temporomandibular Disorders: A Nationwide Study

The objective of this study was to analyze the associations between temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) components, consequences, and related conditions. This research analyzed data from the Dental, Oral, Medical Epidemiological (DOME) records-based study which integrated comprehensive socio-demographic, medical, and dental databases from a nationwide sample of dental attendees aged 18-50 years at military dental clinics for 1 year. Statistical and machine learning models were performed with TMDs as the dependent variable. The independent variables included age, sex, smoking, each of the MetS components, and consequences and related conditions, including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), obesity, cardiac disease, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), transient ischemic attack (TIA), stroke, deep venous thrombosis (DVT), and anemia. The study included 132,529 subjects, of which 1899 (1.43%) had been diagnosed with TMDs. The following parameters retained a statistically significant positive association with TMDs in the multivariable binary logistic regression analysis: female sex [OR = 2.65 (2.41-2.93)], anemia [OR = 1.69 (1.48-1.93)], and age [OR = 1.07 (1.06-1.08)]. Features importance generated by the XGBoost machine learning algorithm ranked the significance of the features with TMDs (the target variable) as follows: sex was ranked first followed by age (second), anemia (third), hypertension (fourth), and smoking (fifth). Metabolic morbidity and anemia should be included in the systemic evaluation of TMD patients.

Survivability of endodontically treated cracked tooth: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Literature evidence describes various treatment protocols that have been employed for the effectiveness in improving survival and addressing associated symptoms of cracked teeth.

OBJECTIVE

This systematic review investigates the survivability of endodontically treated cracked teeth and associated assessments, focusing on various treatment protocols.

METHODS

The PRISMA guidelines were utilised for guiding the article selection framework of this review. A comprehensive search of relevant literature was conducted in May 2023 across various databases, and studies meeting the inclusion criteria were selected. Data extraction, guided by a standardized form, captured crucial details, including study characteristics, treatment protocols, and treatment outcomes, enhancing the consistency and accuracy of information collection. Data extraction and synthesis was done by two reviewers independently. The Newcastle Ottawa tool was used to measure the methodological quality of the study. Six observational studies were eventually included.

RESULTS

Mandibular molars are particularly prone to developing cracks, with research indicating a heightened susceptibility to this dental issue. Studies reveal that endodontically treated cracked teeth boast robust overall survival rates ranging from 75.8% to 100%. The risk of bias assessment, utilizing the Newcastle Ottawa scale, indicated a moderate risk across studies, highlighting the necessity for careful interpretation of findings.

CONCLUSION

Endodontically treated cracked teeth show marked success in survival, with the incorporation of crowns post-endodontic treatment significantly enhancing longevity and resilience.

Effect of smokeless tobacco on color stability and surface roughness of CAD/CAM milled, 3D printed, and conventional provisional crown and fixed dental prosthesis materials: An in vitro study

BACKGROUND

Provisional fixed dental prosthesis (FDP) plays an important role during fixed prosthodontic therapy till the definitive. Discoloration of materials used for provisional FDPs can cause patient dissatisfaction and may create doubt about the color stability of the definitive FDP. Surface roughness is the other major property to be taken into consideration for provisional FDP materials. Smokeless tobacco is reported to affect the color stability and surface roughness of different prosthetic materials.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of two types of smokeless tobacco (black and white) on color stability and surface roughness of 3D printed, CAD/CAM milled, and conventional provisional FDP resin materials.

METHODS

A total of 144 disc-shaped specimens were fabricated using four techniques CAD/CAM subtractive technique (milling), CAD/CAM additive technique (3D Printing), and conventional technique using autopolymerized PMMA, and autopolymerized Bis-acrylic resins. Each group was subdivided into three subgroups of twelve specimens each, and were submerged into three solutions (artificial salivary substitute, black smokeless tobacco, white smokeless tobacco). The change in color and surface roughness was evaluated and the data collected were statistically analyzed.

RESULTS

It was observed that black smokeless tobacco caused the maximum color change and the effect was highest in autopolymerized PMMA resin specimens (ΔE = 9.343 ± 0.489), followed by 3D printed (ΔE = 7.187 ± 0.391), autopolymerized Bis-acryl (ΔE = 6.464 ± 0.453) and milled (ΔE = 4.978 ± 0.227). White smokeless tobacco was found to cause a maximum change in surface roughness and the effect was highest in autopolymerized Bis-acryl specimens (ΔRa = 0.321 ± 0.015 μm), followed by autopolymerized PMMA (ΔRa = 0.297± 0.015 μm), 3D printed (ΔRa = 0.191 ± 0.019 μm), and milled (ΔRa = 0.168 ± 0.014 μm). Statistically significant (p-value < 0.05) differences were observed among all techniques and solutions.

CONCLUSIONS

The change in color and surface roughness were maximum in the case of FDPs prepared using autopolymerizing resins, followed by 3D printed, and CAD/CAM milled reins.