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Ren RC, Kong LG, Zheng GM, Zhao YJ, Jiang X, Wu JW, Liu C, Chu J, Ding XH, Zhang XS, Wang GF, Zhao XY. Maize requires arogenate dehydratase 2 for resistance to Ustilago maydis and plant development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:1642-1659. [PMID: 38431524 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) smut is a common biotrophic fungal disease caused by Ustilago maydis and leads to low maize yield. Maize resistance to U. maydis is a quantitative trait. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the resistance of maize to U. maydis is poorly understood. Here, we reported that a maize mutant caused by a single gene mutation exhibited defects in both fungal resistance and plant development. maize mutant highly susceptible to U. maydis (mmsu) with a dwarf phenotype forms tumors in the ear. A map-based cloning and allelism test demonstrated that 1 gene encoding a putative arogenate dehydratase/prephenate dehydratase (ADT/PDT) is responsible for the phenotypes of the mmsu and was designated as ZmADT2. Combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that mmsu had substantial differences in multiple metabolic pathways in response to U. maydis infection compared with the wild type. Disruption of ZmADT2 caused damage to the chloroplast ultrastructure and function, metabolic flux redirection, and reduced the amounts of salicylic acid (SA) and lignin, leading to susceptibility to U. maydis and dwarf phenotype. These results suggested that ZmADT2 is required for maintaining metabolic flux, as well as resistance to U. maydis and plant development in maize. Meanwhile, our findings provided insights into the maize response mechanism to U. maydis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Chang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Ling Guang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Guang Ming Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Ya Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Jia Wen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Cuimei Liu
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinfang Chu
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Beijing 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Hua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xian Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Guan Feng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Xiang Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
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McCotter SW, Kretschmer M, Lee CWJ, Heimel K, Kronstad JW. The Monothiol Glutaredoxin Grx4 Influences Iron Homeostasis and Virulence in Ustilago maydis. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1112. [PMID: 37998917 PMCID: PMC10672361 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The corn smut fungus, Ustilago maydis, is an excellent model for studying biotrophic plant-pathogen interactions, including nutritional adaptation to the host environment. Iron acquisition during host colonization is a key aspect of microbial pathogenesis yet less is known about this process for fungal pathogens of plants. Monothiol glutaredoxins are central regulators of key cellular functions in fungi, including iron homeostasis, cell wall integrity, and redox status via interactions with transcription factors, iron-sulfur clusters, and glutathione. In this study, the roles of the monothiol glutaredoxin Grx4 in the biology of U. maydis were investigated by constructing strains expressing a conditional allele of grx4 under the control of the arabinose-inducible, glucose-repressible promoter Pcrg1. The use of conditional expression was necessary because Grx4 appeared to be essential for U. maydis. Transcriptome and genetic analyses with strains depleted in Grx4 revealed that the protein participates in the regulation of iron acquisition functions and is necessary for the ability of U. maydis to cause disease on maize seedlings. Taken together, this study supports the growing appreciation of monothiol glutaredoxins as key regulators of virulence-related phenotypes in pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W. McCotter
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (S.W.M.); (M.K.); (C.W.J.L.)
| | - Matthias Kretschmer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (S.W.M.); (M.K.); (C.W.J.L.)
| | - Christopher W. J. Lee
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (S.W.M.); (M.K.); (C.W.J.L.)
| | - Kai Heimel
- Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Microbial Cell Biology, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - James W. Kronstad
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (S.W.M.); (M.K.); (C.W.J.L.)
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Xing Q, Zhou X, Cao Y, Peng J, Zhang W, Wang X, Wu J, Li X, Yan J. The woody plant-degrading pathogen Lasiodiplodia theobromae effector LtCre1 targets the grapevine sugar-signaling protein VvRHIP1 to suppress host immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:2768-2785. [PMID: 36788641 PMCID: PMC10112684 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a causal agent of Botryosphaeria dieback, which seriously threatens grapevine production worldwide. Plant pathogens secrete diverse effectors to suppress host immune responses and promote the progression of infection, but the mechanisms underlying the manipulation of host immunity by L. theobromae effectors are poorly understood. In this study, we characterized LtCre1, which encodes a L. theobromae effector that suppresses BAX-triggered cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. RNAi-silencing and overexpression of LtCre1 in L. theobromae showed impaired and increased virulence, respectively, and ectopic expression in N. benthamiana increased susceptibility. These results suggest that LtCre1 is as an essential virulence factor for L. theobromae. Protein-protein interaction studies revealed that LtCre1 interacts with grapevine RGS1-HXK1-interacting protein 1 (VvRHIP1). Ectopic overexpression of VvRHIP1 in N. benthamiana reduced infection, suggesting that VvRHIP1 enhances plant immunity against L. theobromae. LtCre1 was found to disrupt the formation of the VvRHIP1-VvRGS1 complex and to participate in regulating the plant sugar-signaling pathway. Thus, our results suggest that L. theobromae LtCre1 targets the grapevine VvRHIP1 protein to manipulate the sugar-signaling pathway by disrupting the association of the VvRHIP1-VvRGS1 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yang Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruits Pests in North China, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Junbo Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruits Pests in North China, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruits Pests in North China, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xuncheng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruits Pests in North China, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Jiahong Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruits Pests in North China, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xinghong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management on Fruits Pests in North China, Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
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Sun Q, Xu Z, Huang W, Li D, Zeng Q, Chen L, Li B, Zhang E. Integrated metabolome and transcriptome analysis reveals salicylic acid and flavonoid pathways' key roles in cabbage's defense responses to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1005764. [PMID: 36388482 PMCID: PMC9659849 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1005764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is a vascular bacteria pathogen causing black rot in cabbage. Here, the resistance mechanisms of cabbage against Xcc infection were explored by integrated metabolome and transcriptome analysis. Pathogen perception, hormone metabolisms, sugar metabolisms, and phenylpropanoid metabolisms in cabbage were systemically re-programmed at both transcriptional and metabolic levels after Xcc infection. Notably, the salicylic acid (SA) metabolism pathway was highly enriched in resistant lines following Xcc infection, indicating that the SA metabolism pathway may positively regulate the resistance of Xcc. Moreover, we also validated our hypothesis by showing that the flavonoid pathway metabolites chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid could effectively inhibit the growth of Xcc. These findings provide valuable insights and resource datasets for further exploring Xcc-cabbage interactions and help uncover molecular breeding targets for black rot-resistant varieties in cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Baohua Li
- *Correspondence: Baohua Li, ; Enhui Zhang,
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Du N, Guo H, Fu R, Dong X, Xue D, Piao F. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis and Genetic Methods Revealed the Biocontrol Mechanism of Paenibacilluspolymyxa NSY50 against Tomato Fusarium Wilt. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810907. [PMID: 36142825 PMCID: PMC9501285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) is a common disease that affects tomatoes, which can cause the whole plant to wilt and seriously reduce the production of tomatoes in greenhouses. In this study, the morphological indexes, photosynthetic performance and incidence rate of NSY50 under Fol infection were evaluated. It was found that NSY50 could improve the growth of tomato seedlings and significantly reduce the incidence rate of Fusarium wilt. However, the molecular mechanism of NSY50 that induces resistance to Fusarium wilt is still unclear. We used transcriptomic methods to analyze NSY50-induced resistance to Fol in tomatoes. The results showed that plant defense related genes, such as PR and PAL, were highly expressed in tomato seedlings pretreated with NSY50. At the same time, photosynthetic efficiency, sucrose metabolism, alkaloid biosynthesis and terpene biosynthesis were significantly improved, which played a positive role in reducing the damage caused by Fol infection and enhancing the disease tolerance of seedlings. Through transgenic validation, we identified an important tomato NAC transcription factor, SlNAP1, which was preliminarily confirmed to be effective in relieving the detrimental symptoms induced by Fol. Our findings reveal that P. polymyxa NSY50 is an effective plant-growth-promoting rhizosphere bacterium and also a biocontrol agent of soil-borne diseases, which can significantly improve the resistance of tomato to Fusarium wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanshan Du
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hui Guo
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ruike Fu
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaoxing Dong
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Dongqi Xue
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Correspondence: (D.X.); (F.P.); Tel.: +86-133-2382-6629 (D.X.)
| | - Fengzhi Piao
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Correspondence: (D.X.); (F.P.); Tel.: +86-133-2382-6629 (D.X.)
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Kretschmer M, Damoo D, Sun S, Lee CWJ, Croll D, Brumer H, Kronstad J. Organic acids and glucose prime late-stage fungal biotrophy in maize. Science 2022; 376:1187-1191. [PMID: 35679407 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Many plant-associated fungi are obligate biotrophs that depend on living hosts to proliferate. However, little is known about the molecular basis of the biotrophic lifestyle, despite the impact of fungi on the environment and food security. In this work, we show that combinations of organic acids and glucose trigger phenotypes that are associated with the late stage of biotrophy for the maize pathogen Ustilago maydis. These phenotypes include the expression of a set of effectors normally observed only during biotrophic development, as well as the formation of melanin associated with sporulation in plant tumors. U. maydis and other hemibiotrophic fungi also respond to a combination of carbon sources with enhanced proliferation. Thus, the response to combinations of nutrients from the host may be a conserved feature of fungal biotrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kretschmer
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Djihane Damoo
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sherry Sun
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher W J Lee
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel Croll
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James Kronstad
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Sugar Transporters in Plasmodiophora brassicae: Genome-Wide Identification and Functional Verification. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095264. [PMID: 35563657 PMCID: PMC9099952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae, an obligate intracellular pathogen, can hijack the host’s carbohydrates for survival. When the host plant is infected by P. brassicae, a large amount of soluble sugar accumulates in the roots, especially glucose, which probably facilitates the development of this pathogen. Although a complete glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle existed in P. brassicae, very little information about the hexose transport system has been reported. In this study, we screened 17 putative sugar transporters based on information about their typical domains. The structure of these transporters showed a lot of variation compared with that of other organisms, especially the number of transmembrane helices (TMHs). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these sugar transporters were far from the evolutionary relationship of other organisms and were unique in P. brassicae. The hexose transport activity assay indicated that eight transporters transported glucose or fructose and could restore the growth of yeast strain EBY.VW4000, which was deficient in hexose transport. The expression level of these glucose transporters was significantly upregulated at the late inoculation time when resting spores and galls were developing and a large amount of energy was needed. Our study provides new insights into the mechanism of P. brassicae survival in host cells by hijacking and utilizing the carbohydrates of the host.
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Xu B, Wu R, Shi F, Gao C, Wang J. Transcriptome profiling of flower buds of male-sterile lines provides new insights into male sterility mechanism in alfalfa. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:199. [PMID: 35428186 PMCID: PMC9013074 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03581-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of heterosis to produce hybrid seeds is a challenge to breeding for improved crop yield. In previous studies, we isolated a male sterile alfalfa hybrid and successfully obtained a genetically stable alfalfa male sterile line through backcrossing, henceforth named MS-4. In this study, we used RNA-seq technology to analyze the transcriptome profiles of the male sterile line (MS-4) and the male fertile line (MF) of alfalfa to elucidate the mechanism of male sterility. RESULTS We screened a total of 11,812 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from both MS-4 and MF lines at three different stages of anther development. Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses revealed that these DEGs are mainly involved in processes such as energy metabolism, lipid and amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, in addition to cell synthesis and aging. The results from protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis showed that the ribosomal protein (MS.Gene25178) was the core gene in the network. We also found that transcriptional regulation was an influential factor in the development of anthers. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide new insights into understanding of the fertility changes in the male sterile (MS-4) of alfalfa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Rina Wu
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Fengling Shi
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Cuiping Gao
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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He T, Ren Z, Muhae-Ud-Din G, Guo Q, Liu T, Chen W, Gao L. Transcriptomics Analysis of Wheat Tassel Response to Tilletia laevis Kühn, Which Causes Common Bunt of Wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:823907. [PMID: 35273625 PMCID: PMC8902468 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.823907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tilletia laevis Kühn [synonym T. foetida (Wallr.) Liro] can lead to a wheat common bunt, which is one of the most serious diseases affecting kernels, a serious reduction in grain yield, and losses can reach up to 80% in favorable environments. To understand how wheat tassels respond to T. laevis, based on an RNA-Seq technology, we analyzed a host transcript accumulation on healthy wheat tassels and on tassels infected by the pathogen. Our results showed that 7,767 out of 15,658 genes were upregulated and 7,891 out of 15,658 genes were downregulated in wheat tassels. Subsequent gene ontology (GO) showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are predominantly involved in biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. Additionally, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that 20 pathways were expressed significantly during the infection of wheat with T. laevis, while biosynthesis of amino acids, carbon metabolism, and starch and sucrose metabolism pathways were more highly expressed. Our findings also demonstrated that genes involved in defense mechanisms and myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factor families were mostly upregulated, and the RNA-seq results were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). This is the first report on transcriptomics analysis of wheat tassels in response to T. laevis, which will contribute to understanding the interaction of T. laevis and wheat, and may provide higher efficiency control strategies, including developing new methods to increase the resistance of wheat crops to T. laevis-caused wheat common bunt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Zhaoyu Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ghulam Muhae-Ud-Din
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Taiguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Li Gao,
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Dissection of the Complex Transcription and Metabolism Regulation Networks Associated with Maize Resistance to Ustilago maydis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111789. [PMID: 34828395 PMCID: PMC8619255 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The biotrophic fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis causes common smut in maize, forming tumors on all aerial organs, especially on reproductive organs, leading to significant reduction in yield and quality defects. Resistance to U. maydis is thought to be a quantitative trait, likely controlled by many minor gene effects. However, the genes and the underlying complex mechanisms for maize resistance to U. maydis remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we conducted comparative transcriptome and metabolome study using a pair of maize lines with contrast resistance to U. maydis post-infection. WGCNA of transcriptome profiling reveals that defense response, photosynthesis, and cell cycle are critical processes in maize response to U. maydis, and metabolism regulation of glycolysis, amino acids, phenylpropanoid, and reactive oxygen species are closely correlated with defense response. Metabolomic analysis supported that phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis was induced upon U. maydis infection, and an obviously higher content of shikimic acid, a key compound in glycolysis and aromatic amino acids biosynthesis pathways, was detected in resistant samples. Thus, we propose that complex gene co-expression and metabolism networks related to amino acids and ROS metabolism might contribute to the resistance to corn smut.
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Wang J, Yang Y, Zhang L, Wang S, Yuan L, Chen G, Tang X, Hou J, Zhu S, Wang C. Morphological characteristics and transcriptome analysis at different anther development stages of the male sterile mutant MS7-2 in Wucai (Brassica campestris L.). BMC Genomics 2021; 22:654. [PMID: 34511073 PMCID: PMC8436512 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07985-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of male sterile materials is of great significance for the development of plant fertility research. Wucai (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. rosularis Tsen) is a variety of non-heading Chinese cabbage. There are few studies on the male sterility of wucai, and the mechanism of male sterility is not clear. In this study, the male sterile mutant MS7-2 and the wild-type fertile plant MF7-2 were studied. RESULTS Phenotypic characteristics and cytological analysis showed that MS7-2 abortion occurred at the tetrad period. The content of related sugars in the flower buds of MS7-2 was significantly lower than that of MF7-2, and a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was accumulated. Through transcriptome sequencing of MS7-2 and MF7-2 flower buds at three different developmental stages (a-c), 2865, 3847, and 4981 differentially expressed genes were identified in MS7-2 at the flower bud development stage, stage c, and stage e, respectively, compared with MF7-2. Many of these genes were enriched in carbohydrate metabolism, phenylpropanoid metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation, and most of them were down-regulated in MS7-2. The down-regulation of genes involved in carbohydrate and secondary metabolite synthesis as well as the accumulation of ROS in MS7-2 led to pollen abortion in MS7-2. CONCLUSIONS This study helps elucidate the mechanism of anther abortion in wucai, providing a basis for further research on the molecular regulatory mechanisms of male sterility and the screening and cloning of key genes in wucai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Yitao Yang
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Shaoxing Wang
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Lingyun Yuan
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan, 238200, Anhui, China
| | - Guohu Chen
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Jinfeng Hou
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan, 238200, Anhui, China
| | - Shidong Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan, 238200, Anhui, China
| | - Chenggang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Vegetable Genetics and Breeding Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
- Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Breeding of Anhui, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
- Wanjiang Vegetable Industrial Technology Institute, Maanshan, 238200, Anhui, China.
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12
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Breia R, Conde A, Badim H, Fortes AM, Gerós H, Granell A. Plant SWEETs: from sugar transport to plant-pathogen interaction and more unexpected physiological roles. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:836-852. [PMID: 33724398 PMCID: PMC8195505 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEETs) have important roles in numerous physiological mechanisms where sugar efflux is critical, including phloem loading, nectar secretion, seed nutrient filling, among other less expected functions. They mediate low affinity and high capacity transport, and in angiosperms this family is composed by 20 paralogs on average. As SWEETs facilitate the efflux of sugars, they are highly susceptible to hijacking by pathogens, making them central players in plant-pathogen interaction. For instance, several species from the Xanthomonas genus are able to upregulate the transcription of SWEET transporters in rice (Oryza sativa), upon the secretion of transcription-activator-like effectors. Other pathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea or Erysiphe necator, are also capable of increasing SWEET expression. However, the opposite behavior has been observed in some cases, as overexpression of the tonoplast AtSWEET2 during Pythium irregulare infection restricted sugar availability to the pathogen, rendering plants more resistant. Therefore, a clear-cut role for SWEET transporters during plant-pathogen interactions has so far been difficult to define, as the metabolic signatures and their regulatory nodes, which decide the susceptibility or resistance responses, remain poorly understood. This fuels the still ongoing scientific question: what roles can SWEETs play during plant-pathogen interaction? Likewise, the roles of SWEET transporters in response to abiotic stresses are little understood. Here, in addition to their relevance in biotic stress, we also provide a small glimpse of SWEETs importance during plant abiotic stress, and briefly debate their importance in the particular case of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) due to its socioeconomic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Breia
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal
| | - Artur Conde
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal
- Author for communication:
| | - Hélder Badim
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Fortes
- Lisbon Science Faculty, BioISI, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, Lisbon 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Hernâni Gerós
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Department of Engineering, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Antonio Granell
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Plants, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia 46022, Spain
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13
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Schurack S, Depotter JRL, Gupta D, Thines M, Doehlemann G. Comparative transcriptome profiling identifies maize line specificity of fungal effectors in the maize-Ustilago maydis interaction. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:733-752. [PMID: 33570802 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The biotrophic pathogen Ustilago maydis causes smut disease on maize (Zea mays) and induces the formation of tumours on all aerial parts of the plant. Unlike in other biotrophic interactions, no gene-for-gene interactions have been identified in the maize-U. maydis pathosystem. Thus, maize resistance to U. maydis is considered a polygenic, quantitative trait. Here, we study the molecular mechanisms of quantitative disease resistance (QDR) in maize, and how U. maydis interferes with its components. Based on quantitative scoring of disease symptoms in 26 maize lines, we performed an RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of six U. maydis-infected maize lines of highly distinct resistance levels. The different maize lines showed specific responses of diverse cellular processes to U. maydis infection. For U. maydis, our analysis identified 406 genes being differentially expressed between maize lines, of which 102 encode predicted effector proteins. Based on this analysis, we generated U. maydis CRISPR/Cas9 knock-out mutants for selected candidate effector sets. After infections of different maize lines with the fungal mutants, RNA-Seq analysis identified effectors with quantitative, maize line-specific virulence functions, and revealed auxin-related processes as a possible target for one of them. Thus, we show that both transcriptional activity and virulence function of fungal effector genes are modified according to the infected maize line, providing insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying QDR in the maize-U. maydis interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Schurack
- CEPLAS, Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- IMPRS, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jasper R L Depotter
- CEPLAS, Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Deepak Gupta
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt a. M, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Frankfurt a. M, Germany
| | - Marco Thines
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt a. M, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Frankfurt a. M, Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- CEPLAS, Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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14
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van der Linde K, Göhre V. How Do Smut Fungi Use Plant Signals to Spatiotemporally Orientate on and In Planta? J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:107. [PMID: 33540708 PMCID: PMC7913117 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Smut fungi represent a large group of biotrophic plant pathogens that cause extensive yield loss and are also model organisms for studying plant-pathogen interactions. In recent years, they have become biotechnological tools. After initial penetration of the plant epidermis, smut fungi grow intra-and intercellularly without disrupting the plant-plasma membrane. Following the colonialization step, teliospores are formed and later released. While some smuts only invade the tissues around the initial penetration site, others colonize in multiple plant organs resulting in spore formation distal from the original infection site. The intimate contact zone between fungal hyphae and the host is termed the biotrophic interaction zone and enables exchange of signals and nutrient uptake. Obviously, all steps of on and in planta growth require fine sensing of host conditions as well as reprogramming of the host by the smut fungus. In this review, we highlight selected examples of smut fungal colonization styles, directional growth in planta, induction of spore formation, and the signals required, pointing to excellent reviews for details, to draw attention to some of the open questions in this important research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina van der Linde
- Department of Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Vera Göhre
- Institute for Microbiology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Yuan C, Zhang S, Hu R, Wei D, Tang Q, Wang Y, Tian S, Niu Y, Wang Z. Comparative transcriptome analysis provides insight into the molecular mechanisms of anther dehiscence in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Genomics 2020; 113:497-506. [PMID: 33370584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Anther dehiscence releases pollen and therefore is a key event in plant sexual reproduction. Although anther dehiscence has been intensively studied in some plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa), the molecular mechanism of anther dehiscence in eggplant (Solanum melongena) is largely unknown. To provide insight into this mechanism, we used RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) to analyze the transcriptomic profiles of one natural male-fertile line (F142) and two male-sterile lines (S12 and S13). We assembled 88,414 unigenes and identified 3446 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). GO and KEGG analysis indicated that these DEGs were mainly involved in "metabolic process", "catalytic activity", "biosynthesis of amino acids", and "carbon metabolism". The present study provides comprehensive transcriptomic profiles of eggplants that do and do not undergo anther dehiscence, and identifies a number of genes and pathways associated with anther dehiscence. The information deepens our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of anther dehiscence in eggplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yuan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shaowei Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ruolin Hu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dayong Wei
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qinglin Tang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yongqin Wang
- The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400055, China
| | - Shibing Tian
- The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400055, China
| | - Yi Niu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Zhimin Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China.
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16
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Kabashnikova L, Abramchik L, Domanskaya I, Savchenko G, Shpileuski S. β-1,3-glucan effect on the photosynthetic apparatus and oxidative stress parameters of tomato leaves under fusarium wilt. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:988-997. [PMID: 32579879 DOI: 10.1071/fp19338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of β-1,3-glucan on the photosynthetic apparatus and oxidative stress parameters of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Tamara) leaves under fusarium wilt caused artificially by the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum sp. was studied in 2-month-old tomato plants. Infection of tomato plants with a pathogen causes activation of lipid peroxidation (LPO) processes in leaves and significant changes in the photosynthetic apparatus, which is reflected in a decrease in the chlorophyll (Chl) a and Chl a/Chl b ratio and carotenoid content, disturbances in the absorption and utilisation of light energy in PSII. Pretreatment of plants with β-1,3-glucan contributes to the stabilisation of LPO and normalises the level of a photosynthetic pigments and a course of photochemical processes in the chloroplasts of infected leaves, which indicates the protective activity of a drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Kabashnikova
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 27, Akademicheskaya Street, 220072 Minsk, Belarus; and Corresponding author.
| | - Larisa Abramchik
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 27, Akademicheskaya Street, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Irina Domanskaya
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 27, Akademicheskaya Street, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Galina Savchenko
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 27, Akademicheskaya Street, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Sviatoslav Shpileuski
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 27, Akademicheskaya Street, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
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17
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Borghi M, Fernie AR. Outstanding questions in flower metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1275-1288. [PMID: 32410253 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The great diversity of flowers, their color, odor, taste, and shape, is mostly a result of the metabolic processes that occur in this reproductive organ when the flower and its tissues develop, grow, and finally die. Some of these metabolites serve to advertise flowers to animal pollinators, other confer protection towards abiotic stresses, and a large proportion of the molecules of the central metabolic pathways have bioenergetic and signaling functions that support growth and the transition to fruits and seeds. Although recent studies have advanced our general understanding of flower metabolism, several questions still await an answer. Here, we have compiled a list of open questions on flower metabolism encompassing molecular aspects, as well as topics of relevance for agriculture and the ecosystem. These questions include the study of flower metabolism through development, the biochemistry of nectar and its relevance to promoting plant-pollinator interaction, recycling of metabolic resources after flowers whiter and die, as well as the manipulation of flower metabolism by pathogens. We hope with this review to stimulate discussion on the topic of flower metabolism and set a reference point to return to in the future when assessing progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Borghi
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
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18
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Kretschmer M, Damoo D, Djamei A, Kronstad J. Chloroplasts and Plant Immunity: Where Are the Fungal Effectors? Pathogens 2019; 9:E19. [PMID: 31878153 PMCID: PMC7168614 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroplasts play a central role in plant immunity through the synthesis of secondary metabolites and defense compounds, as well as phytohormones, such as jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. Additionally, chloroplast metabolism results in the production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide as defense molecules. The impact of viral and bacterial infections on plastids and chloroplasts has been well documented. In particular, bacterial pathogens are known to introduce effectors specifically into chloroplasts, and many viral proteins interact with chloroplast proteins to influence viral replication and movement, and plant defense. By contrast, clear examples are just now emerging for chloroplast-targeted effectors from fungal and oomycete pathogens. In this review, we first present a brief overview of chloroplast contributions to plant defense and then discuss examples of connections between fungal interactions with plants and chloroplast function. We then briefly consider well-characterized bacterial effectors that target chloroplasts as a prelude to discussing the evidence for fungal effectors that impact chloroplast activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kretschmer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (M.K.); (D.D.)
| | - Djihane Damoo
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (M.K.); (D.D.)
| | - Armin Djamei
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) OT Gatersleben Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany;
| | - James Kronstad
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (M.K.); (D.D.)
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19
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Li Y, Qin T, Wei C, Sun J, Dong T, Zhou R, Chen Q, Wang Q. Using Transcriptome Analysis to Screen for Key Genes and Pathways Related to Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205120. [PMID: 31623069 PMCID: PMC6830320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is one of the most important cash crops worldwide. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is an excellent breeding system for exploitation of heterosis, which has great potential to increase crop yields. To understand the molecular mechanism of CMS in cotton, we compared transcriptome, cytomorphological, physiological and bioinformatics data between the CMS line C2P5A and its maintainer line C2P5B. By using high-throughput sequencing technology, 178,166 transcripts were assembled and 2013 differentially expression genes (DEGs) were identified at three different stages of C2P5A anther development. In this study, we identified DEGs associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS), peroxisomes, aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH), cytochrome oxidase subunit VI, and cytochrome P450, and DEGs associated with tapetum development, Jojoba acyl-CoA reductase-related male sterility protein, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) and MYB transcription factors. The abnormal expression of one of these genes may be responsible for the CMS C2P5A line. In gene ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, DEGs were mainly related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, transport and catabolism, and signal transduction. Carbohydrate metabolism provides energy for anther development, starch and sucrose metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism. These results showed that numerous genes and multiple complex metabolic pathways regulate cotton anther development. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) indicated that three modules, ‘turquoise,’ ‘blue,’ and ‘green,’ were specific for the CMS C2P5A line. The ‘turquoise’ and ‘blue’ modules were mainly related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, peroxisomes, pyruvate metabolism as well as fatty acid degradation. The ‘green’ module was mainly related to energy metabolism, carbon metabolism, translation, and lipid metabolism. RNA-sequencing and WGCNA polymerization modules were screened for key genes and pathways related to CMS in cotton. This study presents a new perspective for further research into the metabolic pathways of pollen abortion in the CMS C2P5A line and also provides a theoretical basis for its breeding and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Li
- College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830000, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology/Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding of Henan Province/Henan Key Laboratory Molecular Ecology and Germplasm Innovation of Cotton and Wheat, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Tengfei Qin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology/Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding of Henan Province/Henan Key Laboratory Molecular Ecology and Germplasm Innovation of Cotton and Wheat, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Chunyan Wei
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology/Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding of Henan Province/Henan Key Laboratory Molecular Ecology and Germplasm Innovation of Cotton and Wheat, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Jialiang Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology/Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding of Henan Province/Henan Key Laboratory Molecular Ecology and Germplasm Innovation of Cotton and Wheat, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Tao Dong
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology/Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding of Henan Province/Henan Key Laboratory Molecular Ecology and Germplasm Innovation of Cotton and Wheat, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Ruiyang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Breeding, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530006, China.
| | - Quanjia Chen
- College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830000, China.
| | - Qinglian Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology/Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding of Henan Province/Henan Key Laboratory Molecular Ecology and Germplasm Innovation of Cotton and Wheat, Xinxiang 453003, China.
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20
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Villajuana-Bonequi M, Matei A, Ernst C, Hallab A, Usadel B, Doehlemann G. Cell type specific transcriptional reprogramming of maize leaves during Ustilago maydis induced tumor formation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10227. [PMID: 31308451 PMCID: PMC6629649 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46734-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ustilago maydis is a biotrophic pathogen and well-established genetic model to understand the molecular basis of biotrophic interactions. U. maydis suppresses plant defense and induces tumors on all aerial parts of its host plant maize. In a previous study we found that U. maydis induced leaf tumor formation builds on two major processes: the induction of hypertrophy in the mesophyll and the induction of cell division (hyperplasia) in the bundle sheath. In this study we analyzed the cell-type specific transcriptome of maize leaves 4 days post infection. This analysis allowed identification of key features underlying the hypertrophic and hyperplasic cell identities derived from mesophyll and bundle sheath cells, respectively. We examined the differentially expressed (DE) genes with particular focus on maize cell cycle genes and found that three A-type cyclins, one B-, D- and T-type are upregulated in the hyperplasic tumorous cells, in which the U. maydis effector protein See1 promotes cell division. Additionally, most of the proteins involved in the formation of the pre-replication complex (pre-RC, that assure that each daughter cell receives identic DNA copies), the transcription factors E2F and DPa as well as several D-type cyclins are deregulated in the hypertrophic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitzi Villajuana-Bonequi
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), BioCenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47a, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Alexandra Matei
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), BioCenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47a, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Corinna Ernst
- Center for Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50931, Germany
| | - Asis Hallab
- BioSC, IBG-2, Institute of Botany, RWTH Aachen, Worringer Weg 3, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Björn Usadel
- BioSC, IBG-2, Institute of Botany, RWTH Aachen, Worringer Weg 3, Aachen, 52074, Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), BioCenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47a, Cologne, 50674, Germany.
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21
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Sosso D, van der Linde K, Bezrutczyk M, Schuler D, Schneider K, Kämper J, Walbot V. Sugar Partitioning between Ustilago maydis and Its Host Zea mays L during Infection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1373-1385. [PMID: 30593452 PMCID: PMC6446792 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The basidiomycete Ustilago maydis causes smut disease in maize (Zea mays) by infecting all plant aerial tissues. The infection causes leaf chlorosis and stimulates the plant to produce nutrient-rich niches (i.e. tumors), where the fungus can proliferate and complete its life cycle. Previous studies have recorded high accumulation of soluble sugars and starch within these tumors. Using interdisciplinary approaches, we found that the sugar accumulation within tumors coincided with the differential expression of plant sugars will eventually be exported transporters and the proton/sucrose symporter Sucrose Transporter1 To accumulate plant sugars, the fungus deploys its own set of sugar transporters, generating a sugar gradient within the fungal cytosol, recorded by expressing a cytosolic glucose (Glc) Förster resonance energy transfer sensor. Our measurements indicated likely elevated Glc levels in hyphal tips during infection. Growing infected plants under dark conditions led to decreased plant sugar levels and loss of the fungal tip Glc gradient, supporting a tight link between fungal sugar acquisition and host supplies. Finally, the fungal infection causes a strong imbalance in plant sugar distribution, ultimately impacting seed set and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Sosso
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Science, Stanford, California 94305
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | | | - Margaret Bezrutczyk
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Science, Stanford, California 94305
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - David Schuler
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76187, Germany
| | - Karina Schneider
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76187, Germany
| | - Jörg Kämper
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76187, Germany
| | - Virginia Walbot
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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22
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Kanwar P, Jha G. Alterations in plant sugar metabolism: signatory of pathogen attack. PLANTA 2019; 249:305-318. [PMID: 30267150 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the current understanding, future challenges and ongoing quest on sugar metabolic alterations that influence the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions. Intricate cellular and molecular events occur during plant-pathogen interactions. They cause major metabolic perturbations in the host and alterations in sugar metabolism play a pivotal role in governing the outcome of various kinds of plant-pathogen interactions. Sugar metabolizing enzymes and transporters of both host and pathogen origin get differentially regulated during the interactions. Both plant and pathogen compete for utilizing the host sugar metabolic machinery and in turn promote resistant or susceptible responses. However, the kind of sugar metabolism alteration that is beneficial for the host or pathogen is yet to be properly understood. Recently developed tools and methodologies are facilitating research to understand the intricate dynamics of sugar metabolism during the interactions. The present review elaborates current understanding, future challenges and ongoing quest on sugar metabolism, mobilization and regulation during various plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Kanwar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Gopaljee Jha
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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23
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Schmitz L, McCotter S, Kretschmer M, Kronstad JW, Heimel K. Transcripts and tumors: regulatory and metabolic programming during biotrophic phytopathogenesis. F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 30519451 PMCID: PMC6248262 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.16404.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotrophic fungal pathogens of plants must sense and adapt to the host environment to complete their life cycles. Recent transcriptome studies of the infection of maize by the biotrophic pathogen
Ustilago maydis are providing molecular insights into an ordered program of changes in gene expression and the deployment of effectors as well as key features of nutrient acquisition. In particular, the transcriptome data provide a deeper appreciation of the complexity of the transcription factor network that controls the biotrophic program of invasion, proliferation, and sporulation. Additionally, transcriptome analysis during tumor formation, a key late stage in the life cycle, revealed features of the remodeling of host and pathogen metabolism that may support the formation of tremendous numbers of spores. Transcriptome studies are also appearing for other smut species during interactions with their hosts, thereby providing opportunities for comparative approaches to understand biotrophic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Schmitz
- Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University-Göttingen, Göttingen, Lower Saxony, D-37077, Germany
| | - Sean McCotter
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Matthias Kretschmer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - James W Kronstad
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kai Heimel
- Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University-Göttingen, Göttingen, Lower Saxony, D-37077, Germany
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24
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Yang Y, Bao S, Zhou X, Liu J, Zhuang Y. The key genes and pathways related to male sterility of eggplant revealed by comparative transcriptome analysis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:209. [PMID: 30249187 PMCID: PMC6154905 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1430-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male sterility (MS) is an effective tool for hybrid production. Although MS has been widely reported in other plants, such as Arabidopsis and rice, the molecular mechanism of MS in eggplant is largely unknown. To understand the mechanism, the comparative transcriptomic file of MS line and its maintainer line was analyzed with the RNA-seq technology. RESULTS A total of 11,7695 unigenes were assembled and 19,652 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained. The results showed that 1,716 DEGs were shared in the three stages. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated that these DEGs were mainly involved in oxidation-reduction, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. Moreover, transcriptional regulation was also the impact effector for MS and anther development. Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) showed two modules might be responsible for MS, which was similar to hierarchical cluster analysis. CONCLUSIONS A number of genes and pathways associated with MS were found in this study. This study threw light on the molecular mechanism of MS and identified several key genes related to MS in eggplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, 210014 China
| | - Shengyou Bao
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, 210014 China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, 210014 China
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, 210014 China
| | - Yong Zhuang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 China
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing, 210014 China
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25
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Matei A, Ernst C, Günl M, Thiele B, Altmüller J, Walbot V, Usadel B, Doehlemann G. How to make a tumour: cell type specific dissection of Ustilago maydis-induced tumour development in maize leaves. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1681-1695. [PMID: 29314018 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis causes smut disease on maize (Zea mays), which is characterized by immense plant tumours. To establish disease and reprogram organ primordia to tumours, U. maydis deploys effector proteins in an organ-specific manner. However, the cellular contribution to leaf tumours remains unknown. We investigated leaf tumour formation at the tissue- and cell type-specific levels. Cytology and metabolite analysis were deployed to understand the cellular basis for tumourigenesis. Laser-capture microdissection was performed to gain a cell type-specific transcriptome of U. maydis during tumour formation. In vivo visualization of plant DNA synthesis identified bundle sheath cells as the origin of hyperplasic tumour cells, while mesophyll cells become hypertrophic tumour cells. Cell type-specific transcriptome profiling of U. maydis revealed tailored expression of fungal effector genes. Moreover, U. maydis See1 was identified as the first cell type-specific fungal effector, being required for induction of cell cycle reactivation in bundle sheath cells. Identification of distinct cellular mechanisms in two different leaf cell types and of See1 as an effector for induction of proliferation of bundle sheath cells are major steps in understanding U. maydis-induced tumour formation. Moreover, the cell type-specific U. maydis transcriptome data are a valuable resource to the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Matei
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), BioCenter, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47a, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Corinna Ernst
- Center for Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, NRW, 50931, Germany
| | - Markus Günl
- Plant Sciences, IBG-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen Str, Jülich, 52428, Germany
| | - Björn Thiele
- Plant Sciences, IBG-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen Str, Jülich, 52428, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, D-50674, Germany
| | - Virginia Walbot
- Department of Biology MC5020, Stanford University, 385 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Björn Usadel
- BioSC, IBG-2, Institute for Botany, RWTH Aachen, Worringer Weg 3, Aachen, 52078, Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), BioCenter, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47a, Cologne, 50674, Germany
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26
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Plett JM, Martin FM. Know your enemy, embrace your friend: using omics to understand how plants respond differently to pathogenic and mutualistic microorganisms. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:729-746. [PMID: 29265527 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms, or 'microbes', have formed intimate associations with plants throughout the length of their evolutionary history. In extant plant systems microbes still remain an integral part of the ecological landscape, impacting plant health, productivity and long-term fitness. Therefore, to properly understand the genetic wiring of plants, we must first determine what perception systems plants have evolved to parse beneficial from commensal from pathogenic microbes. In this review, we consider some of the most recent advances in how plants respond at the molecular level to different microbial lifestyles. Further, we cover some of the means by which microbes are able to manipulate plant signaling pathways through altered destructiveness and nutrient sinks, as well as the use of effector proteins and micro-RNAs (miRNAs). We conclude by highlighting some of the major questions still to be answered in the field of plant-microbe research, and suggest some of the key areas that are in greatest need of further research investment. The results of these proposed studies will have impacts in a wide range of plant research disciplines and will, ultimately, translate into stronger agronomic crops and forestry stock, with immune perception and response systems bred to foster beneficial microbial symbioses while repudiating pathogenic symbioses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Francis M Martin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche, 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratoire d'excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Grand Est-Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
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27
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Kretschmer M, Lambie S, Croll D, Kronstad JW. Acetate provokes mitochondrial stress and cell death in Ustilago maydis. Mol Microbiol 2018; 107:488-507. [PMID: 29235175 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis causes disease on maize by mating to establish an infectious filamentous cell type that invades the host and induces tumours. We previously found that β-oxidation mutants were defective in virulence and did not grow on acetate. Here, we demonstrate that acetate inhibits filamentation during mating and in response to oleic acid. We therefore examined the influence of different carbon sources by comparing the transcriptomes of cells grown on acetate, oleic acid or glucose, with expression changes for the fungus during tumour formation in planta. Guided by the transcriptional profiling, we found that acetate negatively influenced resistance to stress, promoted the formation of reactive oxygen species, triggered cell death in stationary phase and impaired virulence on maize. We also found that acetate induced mitochondrial stress by interfering with mitochondrial functions. Notably, the disruption of oxygen perception or inhibition of the electron transport chain also influenced filamentation and mating. Finally, we made use of the connections between acetate and β-oxidation to test metabolic inhibitors for an influence on growth and virulence. These experiments identified diclofenac as a potential inhibitor of virulence. Overall, these findings support the possibility of targeting mitochondrial metabolic functions to control fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kretschmer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Scott Lambie
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Daniel Croll
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - James W Kronstad
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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28
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Kretschmer M, Croll D, Kronstad JW. Chloroplast-associated metabolic functions influence the susceptibility of maize to Ustilago maydis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:1210-1221. [PMID: 27564650 PMCID: PMC6638283 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Biotrophic fungal pathogens must evade or suppress plant defence responses to establish a compatible interaction in living host tissue. In addition, metabolic changes during disease reflect both the impact of nutrient acquisition by the fungus to support proliferation and the integration of metabolism with the plant defence response. In this study, we used transcriptome analyses to predict that the chloroplast and associated functions are important for symptom formation by the biotrophic fungus Ustilago maydis on maize. We tested our prediction by examining the impact on disease of a genetic defect (whirly1) in chloroplast function. In addition, we examined whether disease was influenced by inhibition of glutamine synthetase by glufosinate (impacting amino acid biosynthesis) or inhibition of 3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase by glyphosate (influencing secondary metabolism). All of these perturbations increased the severity of disease, thus suggesting a contribution to resistance. Overall, these findings provide a framework for understanding the components of host metabolism that benefit the plant versus the pathogen during a biotrophic interaction. They also reinforce the emerging importance of the chloroplast as a mediator of plant defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kretschmer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - Daniel Croll
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
- Present address:
Institute of Integrative BiologyETH Zürich8092 ZürichSwitzerland
| | - James W. Kronstad
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
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29
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Redkar A, Matei A, Doehlemann G. Insights into Host Cell Modulation and Induction of New Cells by the Corn Smut Ustilago maydis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:899. [PMID: 28611813 PMCID: PMC5447062 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Many filamentous fungal pathogens induce drastic modulation of host cells causing abnormal infectious structures such as galls, or tumors that arise as a result of re-programming in the original developmental cell fate of a colonized host cell. Developmental consequences occur predominantly with biotrophic phytopathogens. This suggests that these host structures result as an outcome of efficient defense suppression and intimate fungal-host interaction to suit the pathogen's needs for completion of its infection cycle. This mini-review mainly summarizes host cell re-programming that occurs in the Ustilago maydis - maize interaction, in which the pathogen deploys cell-type specific effector proteins with varying activities. The fungus senses the physiological status and identity of colonized host cells and re-directs the endogenous developmental program of its host. The disturbance of host cell physiology and cell fate leads to novel cell shapes, increased cell size, and/or the number of host cells. We particularly highlight the strategies of U. maydis to induce physiologically varied host organs to form the characteristic tumors in both vegetative and floral parts of maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amey Redkar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research ParkNorwich, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Amey Redkar,
| | - Alexandra Matei
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, BiocenterCologne, Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, BiocenterCologne, Germany
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