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Li J, Yan X, Wu Z, Shen J, Li Y, Zhao Y, Du F, Li M, Wu X, Chen Y, Xiao Z, Wang S. Role of miRNAs in macrophage-mediated kidney injury. Pediatr Nephrol 2024:10.1007/s00467-024-06414-5. [PMID: 38801452 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-024-06414-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages, crucial components of the human immune system, can be polarized into M1/M2 phenotypes, each with distinct functions and roles. Macrophage polarization has been reported to be significantly involved in the inflammation and fibrosis observed in kidney injury. MicroRNA (miRNA), a type of short RNA lacking protein-coding function, can inhibit specific mRNA by partially binding to its target mRNA. The intricate association between miRNAs and macrophages has been attracting increasing interest in recent years. This review discusses the role of miRNAs in regulating macrophage-mediated kidney injury. It shows how miRNAs can influence macrophage polarization, thereby altering the biological function of macrophages in the kidney. Furthermore, this review highlights the significance of miRNAs derived from exosomes and extracellular vesicles as a crucial mediator in the crosstalk between macrophages and kidney cells. The potential of miRNAs as treatment applications and biomarkers for macrophage-mediated kidney injury is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Laboratory of Personalised Cell Therapy and Cell Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Xida Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, China
| | - Zhigui Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Laboratory of Personalised Cell Therapy and Cell Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Laboratory of Personalised Cell Therapy and Cell Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yalin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yueshui Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Laboratory of Personalised Cell Therapy and Cell Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Fukuan Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Laboratory of Personalised Cell Therapy and Cell Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Laboratory of Personalised Cell Therapy and Cell Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Laboratory of Personalised Cell Therapy and Cell Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Laboratory of Personalised Cell Therapy and Cell Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, China
- Laboratory of Personalised Cell Therapy and Cell Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Shurong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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Miller SJ, Yashchenko A, Zimmerman KA. Isolation and Flow Cytometry Analysis of Macrophages from the Kidney. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2713:171-181. [PMID: 37639123 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3437-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Renal macrophages help maintain homeostasis, participate in tissue injury and repair, and play a vital role in immune surveillance [1-3]. Kidney macrophages can be broken down into two subsets, infiltrating macrophages, which can be further broken down into Ly6Chi and Ly6Clo cells, and kidney resident macrophages. While recent studies have shed light on the differing origins and niches of these cells, a more thorough understanding of kidney macrophage populations and how they may respond to various conditions is needed. This protocol describes how to efficiently isolate murine kidney macrophage populations for flow cytometry analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Alex Yashchenko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kurt A Zimmerman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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Abstract
Modern control and diagnostic systems (CDS) usually determine only the technical condition (TC) at the current time, ie the CDS answers the question: a complex technical system (CTS) should be considered operational or not, and may provide little information on performance CTS even in the near future. Therefore, the existing scenarios of CDS operation do not provide for the assessment of the possibility of gradual failures, ie there is no forecasting of the technical condition. The processes of parameter degradation and degradation prediction are stochastic processes, the “behavior” of which is influenced by a combination of external and internal factors, so the deg-radation process can be described as a function that depends on changes in the internal parameters of CTS. The hybrid method involves the following steps. The first is to determine the set of initial characteristics that characterize the CTS vehicle. The second is the establishment of precautionary tolerances of degradation values of the characteristics that characterize the pre-failure technical con-dition of the CTS. The third is to determine the rational composition of informative indicators, which maximally determine the "behavior" of the initial characteristics. The fourth — implementa-tion of multiparameter monitoring, fixation of values of the controlled characteristics, formation of an information array of values of characteristics. Fifth — the adoption of a general model of the process of changing the characteristics of the CTS. Sixth — the formation of a real model of the process of changing the characteristics of Y(t) on the basis of an information array of values of char-acteristics obtained by multi-parameter monitoring. Seventh — forecasting the time of possible oc-currence of the pre-failure state of the CTS, which is carried out by extrapolating the obtained real model of the process of changing the characteristics of Y(t). It is proposed to use two types of mod-els: for medium- and long-term forecasting - polynomial models, for short-term forecasting — a lin-ear extrapolation model. At the final stage, forecast errors are determined for all types of models of degradation of pa-rameters and characteristics. Based on the results of the forecast verification, the models are adjust-ed
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Parvin S, Williams CR, Jarrett SA, Garraway SM. Spinal Cord Injury Increases Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Expression in Kidney at Acute and Sub-chronic Stages. Inflammation 2021; 44:2346-2361. [PMID: 34417952 PMCID: PMC8616867 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01507-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports that spinal cord injury (SCI) produces robust inflammatory plasticity. We previously showed that the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α is increased in the spinal cord after SCI. SCI also induces a systemic inflammatory response that can impact peripheral organ functions. The kidney plays an important role in maintaining cardiovascular health. However, SCI-induced inflammatory response in the kidney and the subsequent effect on renal function have not been well characterized. This study investigated the impact of high and low thoracic (T) SCI on C-fos, TNFα, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 expression in the kidney at acute and sub-chronic timepoints. Adult C57BL/6 mice received a moderate contusion SCI or sham procedures at T4 or T10. Uninjured mice served as naïve controls. mRNA levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and C-fos, and TNFα and C-fos protein expression were assessed in the kidney and spinal cord 1 day and 14 days post-injury. The mRNA levels of all targets were robustly increased in the kidney and spinal cord, 1 day after both injuries. Whereas IL-6 and TNFα remained elevated in the spinal cord at 14 days after SCI, C-fos, IL-6, and TNFα levels were sustained in the kidney only after T10 SCI. TNFα protein was significantly upregulated in the kidney 1 day after both T4 and T10 SCI. Overall, these results clearly demonstrate that SCI induces robust systemic inflammation that extends to the kidney. Hence, the presence of renal inflammation can substantially impact renal pathophysiology and function after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangrila Parvin
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 605G, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Clintoria R. Williams
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 605G, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH USA
| | - Simone A. Jarrett
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 605G, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Sandra M. Garraway
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 605G, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Suite 605G, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
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Wang X, Chen J, Xu J, Xie J, Harris DCH, Zheng G. The Role of Macrophages in Kidney Fibrosis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:705838. [PMID: 34421643 PMCID: PMC8378534 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.705838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic heterogeneity and functional diversity of macrophages confer on them complexed roles in the development and progression of kidney diseases. After kidney injury, bone marrow-derived monocytes are rapidly recruited to the glomerulus and tubulointerstitium. They are activated and differentiated on site into pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages, which initiate Th1-type adaptive immune responses and damage normal tissues. In contrast, anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages induce Th2-type immune responses, secrete large amounts of TGF-β and anti-inflammatory cytokines, transform into αSMA+ myofibroblasts in injured kidney, inhibit immune responses, and promote wound healing and tissue fibrosis. Previous studies on the role of macrophages in kidney fibrosis were mainly focused on inflammation-associated injury and injury repair. Apart from macrophage-secreted profibrotic cytokines, such as TGF-β, evidence for a direct contribution of macrophages to kidney fibrosis is lacking. However, under inflammatory conditions, Wnt ligands are derived mainly from macrophages and Wnt signaling is central in the network of multiple profibrotic pathways. Largely underinvestigated are the direct contribution of macrophages to profibrotic signaling pathways, macrophage phenotypic heterogeneity and functional diversity in relation to kidney fibrosis, and on their cross-talk with other cells in profibrotic signaling networks that cause fibrosis. Here we aim to provide an overview on the roles of macrophage phenotypic and functional diversity in their contribution to pro-fibrotic signaling pathways, and on the therapeutic potential of targeting macrophages for the treatment of kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Cell Regeneration, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Clinical Laboratory, Shanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of General Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect and Cell Regeneration, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - David C. H. Harris
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Guoping Zheng
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Rui-Zhi T, Hui D, Jian-Chun L, Xia Z, Xiao-Jia W, Dan W, Jun-Ming F, Li W. Astragalus mongholicus Bunge and Panax Notoginseng Formula (A&P) Combined With Bifidobacterium Contribute a Renoprotective Effect in Chronic Kidney Disease Through Inhibiting Macrophage Inflammatory Response in Kidney and Intestine. Front Physiol 2020; 11:583668. [PMID: 33329031 PMCID: PMC7729014 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.583668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) can cause intestinal dysfunction, which in turn aggravates the progression of kidney disease. Studies have shown that the immune response of macrophage plays an important role in promoting inflammation in kidney and intestine of CKD. Astragalus mongholicus Bunge and Panax notoginseng formula (A&P) is a widely used traditional medicine for the treatment of CKD in China, however, the underlying mechanism is largely unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the role of A&P and Bifidobacterium combination treatment in regulation of inflammatory response of macrophage in kidney and intestine of CKD mouse, as well as the potential molecular mechanism. We established a CKD mouse model with 5/6 nephrectomy and a macrophage inflammatory cellular model with LPS and urotoxin in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that A&P combined with Bifidobacterium significantly reduced the expression and secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and MCP-1 in kidney and blood, as well as in inflammatory macrophage. Interestingly, A&P combined with Bifidobacterium strongly improved the intestinal flora and protected the intestinal barrier. Notably, the maintainer of macrophage polarization, Mincle, was activated in kidney and intestine of CKD mouse as well as in urotoxin stimulated macrophage, that was effectively inhibited by the treatment of A&P and Bifidobacterium combination. Overexpression of Mincle by genetic modification can abolish the inhibitory effects of A&P combined with Bifidobacterium on inflammation in urotoxin stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In summary, these findings demonstrated that A&P combined with Bifidobacterium can protect kidney against CKD by down-regulating macrophage inflammatory response in kidney and intestine via suppressing Mincle signaling, which provides a new insight in the treatment of CKD with traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Rui-Zhi
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Diao Hui
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Li Jian-Chun
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhong Xia
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wang Xiao-Jia
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wen Dan
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fan Jun-Ming
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Wang Li
- Research Center for Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Li Y, Zhai P, Zheng Y, Zhang J, Kellum JA, Peng Z. Csf2 Attenuated Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Promoting Alternative Macrophage Transition. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1415. [PMID: 32733471 PMCID: PMC7358306 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory state that occurs in response to infection and significantly increases mortality in combination with acute kidney injury (AKI). Macrophages accumulate in the kidney after injury and undergo a transition from a proinflammatory (M1) phenotype to an alternatively activated (M2) phenotype that is required for normal repair. However, the specific signals that regulate the transition from the M1 to M2 phenotype in vivo are unknown. Here, we found an unexpected role of Colony stimulating factor 2 (Csf2) in controlling macrophage transition in vitro and in a mouse model of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). We first co-cultured human M1 macrophages with HK-2 cells and characterized cytokine/chemokine profiles via Luminex. Of the cytokines and chemokines that were overexpressed in medium from M1 macrophages cocultured with human kidney-2 (HK-2) cells compared with that from M1 macrophages cultured alone, Csf2 and IL6 showed the greatest increases. Csf2 was exclusively secreted by HK-2 cells but not by M1 macrophages. Furthermore, recombinant human Csf2 protein promoted transition of M1 macrophages to the M2 phenotype in a dose and time-dependent manner. The apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) release induced by M1 macrophages in HK-2 cells was attenuated after exposure to exogenous Csf2. In addition, the switch from the proinflammatory M1 phenotype to the M2 phenotype occurred via the p-Stat5 pathway, which was activated by Csf2. Importantly, we found that intraperitoneal injection of a Csf2-neutralizing antibody after CLP aggravated kidney injury and suppressed tubular proliferation, subsequently decreasing survival. However, administration of recombinant mouse Csf2 protein could rescue mice with sepsis. Together, our results indicate that Csf2 plays critical roles in regulating macrophage transition via activation of p-STAT5. These data form a foundation upon which new therapeutic strategies can be designed to improve the therapeutic efficacy of cytokine-based treatments for sepsis-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Zhai
- Department of Neurology, Hubei Province Hospital of Tradition Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yawen Zheng
- Department of Urological Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - John A Kellum
- Center of Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Zhiyong Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Center of Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Hui D, Rui-Zhi T, Jian-Chun L, Xia Z, Dan W, Jun-Ming F, Li W. Astragalus propinquus Schischkin and Panax notoginseng (A&P) compound relieved cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury through inhibiting the mincle maintained macrophage inflammation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 252:112637. [PMID: 32004631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common disease in hospitalized patients, especially in critically ill patients. It is characterised with high morbidity and mortality, and is also an important cause of chronic kidney disease and chronic renal failure. Astragalus propinquus Schischkin and Panax notoginseng (A&P) compound, a famous traditional Chinese medicine, consists of Astragalus propinquus Schischkin, Panax notoginseng, Angelica sinensis, Achyranthes bidentata, and Ecklonia kurome, has been widely used for the treatment of various kidney diseases in the southwest of China. However, the effects of A&P on treatment of AKI and its underlying mechanism are needed to be uncovered. AIM OF THE STUDY Recent researches reported that Mincle (Macrophage-inducible C-type lectin) plays a key role in renal injury of AKI by regulating the expression and secretion of inflammatory cytokines on macrophage through modulating NF-κB signaling pathway. Here, we aimed to investigate the renoprotective effect of A&P on AKI and whether by inhibiting Mincle. MATERIALS AND METHODS We established a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophage (BMDM) inflammatory cell model and a cisplatin-induced mouse AKI model in vitro and in vivo. Renal histopathology staining was performed to observe kidney morphology. The expression and secretion of inflammatory cytokines were detected by real-time PCR and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Western blotting was used to detect the protein levels and Flow cytometry performed to detect polarization of macrophage. RESULTS The results showed that A&P significantly reduced the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα and MCP-1 in LPS-stimulated BMDM cells, and secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 in supernatant. The same results were found in Cisplatin-induced AKI kidney and serum after treatment with A&P. The data also showed that A&P strongly reduced the mRNA and protein levels of Mincle in vitro and vivo, and also inhibited the activation of Syk and NF-κB. Notably, A&P down-regulated the M1 macrophage marker iNOS, which may relate to the inhibition of Mincle. Interestingly, both overexpression of Mincle by transfection of pcDNA3.1-Mincle plasmid and administration of TDB (a ligand of Mincle) can significantly abolished the A&P-inhibited inflammation in BMDM, suggesting Mincle pathway play a key role in macrophage inflammation in AKI. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that A&P protected kidney from inhibiting inflammation through down-regulating of Mincle pathway in macrophage in AKI. It provides a potential medicine compound for the treatment of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diao Hui
- Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China; Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Tan Rui-Zhi
- Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Jian-Chun
- Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhong Xia
- Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen Dan
- Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China; Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Fan Jun-Ming
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610000, Sichuan, China; Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Wang Li
- Research Center of Combine Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
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9
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Sedin J, Giraud A, Steiner SE, Ahl D, Persson AEG, Melican K, Richter-Dahlfors A, Phillipson M. High Resolution Intravital Imaging of the Renal Immune Response to Injury and Infection in Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2744. [PMID: 31921099 PMCID: PMC6916672 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed an experimental set up that enables longitudinal studies of immune cell behavior in situ in the challenged as well as unchallenged kidney of anesthetized mice over several hours. Using highly controlled vacuum to stabilize the kidney, the superficial renal cortex could continuously be visualized with minimal disruption of the local microenvironment. No visible changes in blood flow or neutrophils and macrophages numbers were observed after several hours of visualizing the unchallenged kidney, indicating a stable tissue preparation without apparent tissue damage. Applying this set up to monocyte/macrophage (CX3CR1GFP/+) reporter mice, we observed the extensive network of stellate-shaped CX3CR1 positive cells (previously identified as renal mononuclear phagocytes). The extended dendrites of the CX3CR1 positive cells were found to bridge multiple capillaries and tubules and were constantly moving. Light induced sterile tissue injury resulted in rapid neutrophil accumulation to the site of injury. Similarly, microinfusion of uropathogenic Escherichia coli into a single nephron induced a rapid and massive recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection, in addition to active bacterial clearance by neutrophils. In contrast, the kidney resident mononuclear phagocytes were observed to not increase in numbers or migrate toward the site of injury or infection. In conclusion, this model allows for longitudinal imaging of responses to localized kidney challenges in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Sedin
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Antoine Giraud
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Svava E Steiner
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Ahl
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Erik G Persson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Keira Melican
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agneta Richter-Dahlfors
- Swedish Medical Nanoscience Center, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mia Phillipson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Zhang X, Yang Y, Zhao Y. Macrophage phenotype and its relationship with renal function in human diabetic nephropathy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221991. [PMID: 31509552 PMCID: PMC6738594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the macrophage phenotype and its relationship to renal function and histological changes in human DN and the effect of TREM-1 on high-glucose-induced macrophage activation. We observed that in renal tissue biopsies, the expression of CD68 and M1 was apparent in the glomeruli and interstitium, while accumulation of M2 and TREM-1 was primarily observed in the interstitium. The numbers of CD68, M1, and M2 macrophages infiltrating in the DN group were increased in a process-dependent manner compared with the control group, and the intensities of the infiltrates were proportional to the rate of subsequent decline in renal function. M1 macrophages were recruited into the kidney at an early stage (I+IIa) of DN. The M1-to-M2 macrophage ratio peaked at this time, whereas M2 macrophages predominated at later time points (III) when the percentage of M1/M2 macrophages was at its lowest level. In an in vitro study, we showed that under high glucose conditions, macrophages began to up-regulate their expression of TREM-1, M1, and marker iNOS and decreased the M2 marker MR. However, the above effects of high-glucose were abolished when TREM-1 expression was inhibited by TREM-1 siRNA. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that there was a positive correlation between the M1/M2 activation state and the progress of DN, and TREM-1 played an important role in high-glucose-induced macrophage phenotype transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Zhang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University, School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Ying Yang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University, School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University, School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Macrophages with regulatory functions, a possible new therapeutic perspective in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:102369. [PMID: 31404701 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.102369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are pivotal cells involved in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In fact, during these diseases, activated macrophages may play a critical role, promoting the inflammation as well as mediating the damage resolution. This dichotomy is referred to two end-stage phenotypes of macrophages, conventionally known as M1 and M2, playing a pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory role, respectively. The M1 macrophages are the mainly subset involved during inflammatory processes, producing pro-inflammatory mediators. Conversely, the M2 macrophages are proposed to contribute to the resolution phase of inflammation, when cells with pro-resolving property are recruited and activated. In fact, this subset of macrophages may activate regulatory T lymphocytes, which play a critical role in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance and preventing the occurrence of autoimmune diseases. On these bases, the polarization toward the M2 phenotype could play a therapeutic role for autoimmune diseases. In this Review we discussed the characteristic of M1 and M2 macrophages, focusing on the immunoregulatory role of M2 cells and their potential ability to control the inflammation and to promote the immunological tolerance.
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12
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Nephropathy in Hypertensive Animals Is Linked to M2 Macrophages and Increased Expression of the YM1/Chi3l3 Protein. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:9086758. [PMID: 31360120 PMCID: PMC6652056 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9086758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages contribute to a continuous increase in blood pressure and kidney damage in hypertension, but their polarization status and the underlying mechanisms have not been clarified. This study revealed an important role for M2 macrophages and the YM1/Chi3l3 protein in hypertensive nephropathy in a mouse model of hypertension. Bone marrow cells were isolated from the femurs and tibia of male FVB/N (control) and transgenic hypertensive animals that overexpressed the rat form of angiotensinogen (TGM(rAOGEN)123, TGM123-FVB/N). The cells were treated with murine M-CSF and subsequently with LPS+IFN-γ to promote their polarization into M1 macrophages and IL-4+IL-13 to trigger the M2 phenotype. We examined the kidneys of TGM123-FVB/N animals to assess macrophage polarization and end-organ damage. mRNA expression was evaluated using real-time PCR, and protein levels were assessed through ELISA, CBA, Western blot, and immunofluorescence. Histology confirmed high levels of renal collagen. Cells stimulated with LPS+IFN-γ in vitro showed no significant difference in the expression of CD86, an M1 marker, compared to cells from the controls or the hypertensive mice. When stimulated with IL-4+IL-13, however, macrophages of the hypertensive group showed a significant increase in CD206 expression, an M2 marker. The M2/M1 ratio reached 288%. Our results indicate that when stimulated in vitro, macrophages from hypertensive mice are predisposed toward polarization to an M2 phenotype. These data support results from the kidneys where we found an increased infiltration of macrophages predominantly polarized to M2 associated with high levels of YM1/Chi3l3 (91,89%), suggesting that YM1/Chi3l3 may be a biomarker of hypertensive nephropathy.
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13
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Li S, Ghoshal S, Sojoodi M, Arora G, Masia R, Erstad DJ, Ferriera DS, Li Y, Wang G, Lanuti M, Caravan P, Or YS, Jiang LJ, Tanabe KK, Fuchs BC. The farnesoid X receptor agonist EDP-305 reduces interstitial renal fibrosis in a mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction. FASEB J 2019; 33:7103-7112. [PMID: 30884252 PMCID: PMC8793835 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801699r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor that has emerged as a key regulator in the maintenance of hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. However, the role of FXR in renal fibrosis remains to be established. Here, we investigate the effects of the FXR agonist EDP-305 in a mouse model of tubulointerstitial fibrosis via unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Male C57Bl/6 mice received a UUO on their left kidney. On postoperative d 4, mice received daily treatment by oral gavage with either vehicle control (0.5% methylcellulose) or 10 or 30 mg/kg EDP-305. All animals were euthanized on postoperative d 12. EDP-305 dose-dependently decreased macrophage infiltration as measured by the F4/80 staining area and proinflammatory cytokine gene expression. EDP-305 also dose-dependently reduced interstitial fibrosis as assessed by morphometric quantification of the collagen proportional area and kidney hydroxyproline levels. Finally, yes-associated protein (YAP) activation, a major driver of fibrosis, increased after UUO injury and was diminished by EDP-305 treatment. Consistently, EDP-305 decreased TGF-β1-induced YAP nuclear localization in human kidney 2 cells by increasing inhibitory YAP phosphorylation. YAP inhibition may be a novel antifibrotic mechanism of FXR agonism, and EDP-305 could be used to treat renal fibrosis.-Li, S., Ghoshal, S., Sojoodi, M., Arora, G., Masia, R., Erstad, D. J., Ferriera, D. S., Li, Y., Wang, G., Lanuti, M., Caravan, P., Or, Y. S., Jiang, L.-J., Tanabe, K. K., Fuchs, B. C. The farnesoid X receptor agonist EDP-305 reduces interstitial renal fibrosis in a mouse model of unilateral ureteral obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Li
- Division of Surgical OncologyMassachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Sarani Ghoshal
- Division of Surgical OncologyMassachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Division of Surgical OncologyMassachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Gunisha Arora
- Division of Surgical OncologyMassachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ricard Masia
- Department of PathologyMassachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Derek J. Erstad
- Division of Surgical OncologyMassachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Diego S. Ferriera
- Martinos Center for Biomedical ImagingMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMassachusettsUSA
| | - Yang Li
- Enanta PharmaceuticalsWatertownMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Michael Lanuti
- Division of Surgical OncologyMassachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Peter Caravan
- Institute for Innovation in ImagingMassachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Martinos Center for Biomedical ImagingMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolCharlestownMassachusettsUSA
| | - Yat Sun Or
- Enanta PharmaceuticalsWatertownMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Kenneth K. Tanabe
- Division of Surgical OncologyMassachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Bryan C. Fuchs
- Division of Surgical OncologyMassachusetts General Hospital Cancer CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
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14
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Ishikawa Y, Fedeles S, Marlier A, Zhang C, Gallagher AR, Lee AH, Somlo S. Spliced XBP1 Rescues Renal Interstitial Inflammation Due to Loss of Sec63 in Collecting Ducts. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:443-459. [PMID: 30745418 PMCID: PMC6405156 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018060614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SEC63 encodes a resident protein in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane that, when mutated, causes human autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease. Selective inactivation of Sec63 in all distal nephron segments in embryonic mouse kidney results in polycystin-1-mediated polycystic kidney disease (PKD). It also activates the Ire1α-Xbp1 branch of the unfolded protein response, producing Xbp1s, the active transcription factor promoting expression of specific genes to alleviate endoplasmic reticulum stress. Simultaneous inactivation of Xbp1 and Sec63 worsens PKD in this model. METHODS We explored the renal effects of postnatal inactivation of Sec63 alone or with concomitant inactivation of Xbp1 or Ire1α, specifically in the collecting ducts of neonatal mice. RESULTS The later onset of inactivation of Sec63 restricted to the collecting duct does not result in overt activation of the Ire1α-Xbp1 pathway or cause polycystin-1-dependent PKD. Inactivating Sec63 along with either Xbp1 or Ire1α in this model causes interstitial inflammation and associated fibrosis with decline in kidney function over several months. Re-expression of XBP1s in vivo completely rescues the chronic kidney injury observed after inactivation of Sec63 with either Xbp1 or Ire1α. CONCLUSIONS In the absence of Sec63, basal levels of Xbp1s activity in collecting ducts is both necessary and sufficient to maintain proteostasis (protein homeostasis) and protect against inflammation, myofibroblast activation, and kidney functional decline. The Sec63-Xbp1 double knockout mouse offers a novel genetic model of chronic tubulointerstitial kidney injury, using collecting duct proteostasis defects as a platform for discovery of signals that may underlie CKD of disparate etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ann-Hwee Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Stefan Somlo
- Departments of Internal Medicine and
- Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
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15
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Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a severe and frequent condition in hospitalized patients. Currently, no efficient therapy of AKI is available. Therefore, efforts focus on early prevention and potentially early initiation of renal replacement therapy to improve the outcome in AKI. The detection of AKI in hospitalized patients implies the need for early, accurate, robust, and easily accessible biomarkers of AKI evolution and outcome prediction because only a narrow window exists to implement the earlier-described measures. Even more challenging is the multifactorial origin of AKI and the fact that the changes of molecular expression induced by AKI are difficult to distinguish from those of the diseases associated or causing AKI as shock or sepsis. During the past decade, a considerable number of protein biomarkers for AKI have been described and we expect from recent advances in the field of omics technologies that this number will increase further in the future and be extended to other sorts of biomolecules, such as RNAs, lipids, and metabolites. However, most of these biomarkers are poorly defined by their AKI-associated molecular context. In this review, we describe the state-of-the-art tissue and biofluid proteomic and metabolomic technologies and new bioinformatics approaches for proteomic and metabolomic pathway and molecular interaction analysis. In the second part of the review, we focus on AKI-associated proteomic and metabolomic biomarkers and briefly outline their pathophysiological context in AKI.
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16
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Viehmann SF, Böhner AM, Kurts C, Brähler S. The multifaceted role of the renal mononuclear phagocyte system. Cell Immunol 2018; 330:97-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Circulating CD14 +CD163 +CD206 + M2 Monocytes Are Increased in Patients with Early Stage of Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:5270657. [PMID: 30034290 PMCID: PMC6032654 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5270657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To analyze changes in peripheral blood monocytes and their clinical significance in patients with early stage of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN). Methods A total of 27 patients with early stage of IMN and 16 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited for the study. The monocyte subset counts in circulation were measured by flow cytometry, and serum interleukin- (IL-) 10 and IL-12 concentrations were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The potential association between clinical signs and monocyte subset counts was analyzed statistically. Results Compared with the HCs, the patients with early stage of IMN had higher counts of CD14+CD163+, CD14+CD163+CD206+, and CD14+CD163+CD206+CD115+ M2-like monocytes. The CD14+CD163+CD206+ M2-like cell counts and intracellular IL-10 concentrations in the monocytes were positively correlated with progression in proteinuria. The levels of serum IL-10 were significantly higher in early IMN patients than in the HCs. Furthermore, CD14+CD163+CD206+ M2-like cell counts in the patients with incipient IMN were also positively related with 24 h urinary albumin levels and the values of serum M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R). Conclusion CD14+CD163+CD206+ M2-like monocytes may contribute to the pathologic process in early-stage IMN and could serve as potential markers for evaluating the disease severity.
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18
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Chu F, Shi M, Zheng C, Shen D, Zhu J, Zheng X, Cui L. The roles of macrophages and microglia in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 318:1-7. [PMID: 29606295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorder characterized by chronic inflammation, demyelination, as well as axonal and neuronal loss in the central nervous system (CNS). Macrophages and microglia are important components of the innate immune system. They participate in the primary response to microorganisms and play a role in inflammatory responses, homeostasis, and tissue regeneration. In the initial phase of MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, macrophages from peripheral tissues infiltrate into the CNS and, together with residential microglia, contribute to the pathogenesis of MS. In the early stages, microglia and macrophages are expressed as the M1 phenotype, which can release proinflammatory cytokines, leading to tissue damage in the CNS. However, in the later stage, the M2 phenotype, which is the phenotype that is associated with resolving inflammation and tissue repair, becomes predominant in the CNS. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the M1/M2 phenotype balance plays an important role in disease progression and that the transition from the proinflammatory M1 phenotype to the regulatory or anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype can lead to restoration of homeostasis and improved functional outcomes. This review of recent literature focuses on the discussion of the M1/M2 phenotypes of microglia and macrophages as well as their relevance in the pathophysiology and treatment of MS and EAE. Furthermore, the possibility of directing the polarization of microglia and macrophages toward the M2 phenotype as a therapeutic and preventative strategy for MS is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengna Chu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Mingchao Shi
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Donghui Shen
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences & Society, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-14157 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Xiangyu Zheng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China.
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19
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Nguyễn-Thanh T, Kim D, Lee S, Kim W, Park SK, Kang KP. Inhibition of histone deacetylase 1 ameliorates renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis via modulation of inflammation and extracellular matrix gene transcription in mice. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:95-106. [PMID: 29115561 PMCID: PMC5746318 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis is characterized by sustained inflammation and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation, leading to chronic kidney disease. Valproic acid (VPA) has anticancer activity through regulation of cell differentiation and apoptosis via inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity and is considered a class I HDAC inhibitor. In this study, the effect of VPA on unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)‑induced renal fibrosis by modulation of renal inflammation and ECM gene transcription was investigated. VPA treatment increased histone H3 acetylation in both sham‑ and UUO‑operated kidneys and decreased the UUO‑induced increase in tubular injury and ECM deposition in mice. VPA also decreased myofibroblast activation and proliferation in UUO kidneys and NRK‑49F cells. Finally, it was demonstrated that the anti‑fibrotic effect of VPA was associated with regulation of ECM protein promoter enrichment at an acetylated histone H3 site. In conclusion, the findings indicate that VPA may have a beneficial effect on UUO‑induced renal fibrosis via regulation of myofibroblast activation, proliferation, and ECM protein production by chromatin remodeling and ECM protein promoter transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tùng Nguyễn-Thanh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Dal Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Sik Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kwang Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Pyo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54907, Republic of Korea
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20
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Zou X, Gu D, Zhang G, Zhong L, Cheng Z, Liu G, Zhu Y. NK Cell Regulatory Property is Involved in the Protective Role of MSC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Renal Ischemic Reperfusion Injury. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 27:926-935. [PMID: 27510907 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2016.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulation has been regarded as an important therapeutic aspect of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) in renal ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI), and the specific mechanism still unclear. Here, we attempt to test the function of human MSC-EVs on renal IRI by targeting the natural killer (NK) cells and to investigate the possible mechanism. Data indicated that EVs decreased NK cells in spleen and ischemic kidney. Both the EVs and antibody-dependent depletion of NK cells displayed a protective role in IRI rats. Moreover, the splenectomy model was established to evaluate the role of spleen in this process. It showed that the NK cell regulatory ability and renal protective effects by EVs still exist without spleen, which is unlike MSC properties published previously. Further, the down-regulation of chemokines in injured kidney and the delivery of RNAs through EVs in vitro were also observed. Through the microRNA array test, various inflammation-related microRNAs highly expressed in MSC-EVs compared with fibroblast EVs were tested. Thus, these results indicated that MSC-EVs could ameliorate renal ischemic reperfusion injury by decreasing NK cells and the spleen is not necessary in this process. The regulation of chemokines in injured kidney was the other factor, and the transfer of various microRNAs in the MSC-EVs may be involved. This provides direction for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zou
- 1 Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Di Gu
- 1 Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Guangyuan Zhang
- 1 Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, China.,2 Department of Urology, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University , Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Zhong
- 3 Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, China
| | | | - Guohua Liu
- 1 Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjian Zhu
- 1 Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, China
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21
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Overexpression of the short endoglin isoform reduces renal fibrosis and inflammation after unilateral ureteral obstruction. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1801-14. [PMID: 27321931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is one of the most studied cytokines involved in renal tubulo-interstitial fibrosis, which is characterized by myofibroblast abundance and proliferation, and high buildup of extracellular matrix in the tubular interstitium leading to organ failure. Endoglin (Eng) is a 180-kDa homodimeric transmembrane protein that regulates a great number of TGF-β1 actions in different biological processes, including ECM synthesis. High levels of Eng have been observed in experimental models of renal fibrosis or in biopsies from patients with chronic kidney disease. In humans and mice, two Eng isoforms are generated by alternative splicing, L-Eng and S-Eng that differ in the length and composition of their cytoplasmic domains. We have previously described that L-Eng overexpression promotes renal fibrosis after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). However, the role of S-Eng in renal fibrosis is unknown and its study would let us analyze the possible function of the cytoplasmic domain of Eng in this process. For this purpose, we have generated a mice strain that overexpresses S-Eng (S-ENG(+)) and we have performed an UUO in S-ENG(+) and their wild type (WT) control mice. Our results indicate that obstructed kidney of S-ENG(+) mice shows lower levels of tubulo-interstitial fibrosis, less inflammation and less interstitial cell proliferation than WT littermates. Moreover, S-ENG(+) mice show less activation of Smad1 and Smad2/3 pathways. Thus, S-Eng overexpression reduces UUO-induced renal fibrosis and some associated mechanisms. As L-Eng overexpression provokes renal fibrosis we conclude that Eng-mediated induction of renal fibrosis in this model is dependent on its cytoplasmic domain.
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22
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Cao Q, Harris DCH, Wang Y. Macrophages in kidney injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Physiology (Bethesda) 2016; 30:183-94. [PMID: 25933819 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00046.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are found in normal kidney and in increased numbers in diseased kidney, where they act as key players in renal injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Macrophages are highly heterogeneous cells and exhibit distinct phenotypic and functional characteristics in response to various stimuli in the local microenvironment in different types of kidney disease. In kidney tissue necrosis and/or infection, damage- and/or pathogen-associated molecular patterns induce pro-inflammatory macrophages, which contribute to further tissue injury, inflammation, and subsequent fibrosis. Apoptotic cells and anti-inflammatory factors in post-inflammatory tissues induced anti-inflammatory macrophages, which can mediate kidney repair and regeneration. This review summarizes the role of macrophages with different phenotypes in kidney injury, inflammation, and fibrosis in various acute and chronic kidney diseases. Understanding alterations of kidney microenvironment and the factors that control the phenotype and functions of macrophages may offer an avenue for the development of new cellular and cytokine/growth factor-based therapies as alternative treatment options for patients with kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cao
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David C H Harris
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiping Wang
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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23
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Albayrak E, Ozmen Z, Sahin S, Demir O, Erken E. Evaluation of cisterna chyli diameter with MRI in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 44:890-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eda Albayrak
- Department of Radiology; Gaziosmanpasa University, Medical Faculty; Tokat Turkey
| | - Zafer Ozmen
- Department of Radiology; Gaziosmanpasa University, Medical Faculty; Tokat Turkey
| | - Safak Sahin
- Department of Internal Medicine; Gaziosmanpasa University, Medical Faculty; Tokat Turkey
| | - Osman Demir
- Department of Biostatistics; Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Medicine; Tokat Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Erken
- Department of Nephrology; Gaziosmanpasa University; Medical Faculty Tokat Turkey
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24
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Iwasaki H, Chagan-Yasutan H, Leano PSA, Koizumi N, Nakajima C, Taurustiati D, Hanan F, Lacuesta TL, Ashino Y, Suzuki Y, Gloriani NG, Telan EFO, Hattori T. Combined antibody and DNA detection for early diagnosis of leptospirosis after a disaster. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 84:287-91. [PMID: 26860351 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis based on laboratory confirmation is essential for managing leptospirosis. This study investigated the effectiveness of a novel method of detecting leptospirosis that combines measurement of anti-Leptospira antibodies by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunochromatographic test (ICT) and leptospiral DNA by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and real-time PCR in plasma and 2 types of urine pellets. Of 113 suspected cases, 68.1%, 76.1%, and 60.2% were positive by MAT, ELISA, and ICT, respectively. Real-time PCR using DNA purified from urine pellets collected by low-speed centrifugation yielded positive signals for patients in late acute as well as early phase who were positive by LAMP using plasma DNA or urine pellets. Among antibody-negative patients, 9.5% were positive by DNA detection. These findings indicate that the leptospirosis detection rate is increased by combining antibody and DNA detection, providing a new tool for timely diagnosis of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Iwasaki
- Division of Disaster-Related Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Haorile Chagan-Yasutan
- Division of Disaster-Related Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Prisca Susan A Leano
- National Reference Laboratory for HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis, and Other STDs, STD/AIDS Cooperative Central Laboratory, Manila, Philippines
| | - Nobuo Koizumi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Delsi Taurustiati
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Firmanto Hanan
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Yugo Ashino
- Division of Disaster-Related Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nina G Gloriani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines-Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Elizabeth Freda O Telan
- National Reference Laboratory for HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis, and Other STDs, STD/AIDS Cooperative Central Laboratory, Manila, Philippines
| | - Toshio Hattori
- Division of Disaster-Related Infectious Diseases, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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Bolisetty S, Zarjou A, Hull TD, Traylor A, Perianayagam A, Joseph R, Kamal AI, Arosio P, Soares MP, Jeney V, Balla J, George JF, Agarwal A. Macrophage and epithelial cell H-ferritin expression regulates renal inflammation. Kidney Int 2015; 88:95-108. [PMID: 25874599 PMCID: PMC4490000 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation culminating in fibrosis contributes to progressive kidney disease. Cross-talk between the tubular epithelium and interstitial cells regulates inflammation by a coordinated release of cytokines and chemokines. Here we studied the role of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and the heavy subunit of ferritin (FtH) in macrophage polarization and renal inflammation. Deficiency in HO-1 was associated with increased FtH expression, accumulation of macrophages with a dysregulated polarization profile, and increased fibrosis following unilateral ureteral obstruction in mice: a model of renal inflammation and fibrosis. Macrophage polarization in vitro was predominantly dependent on FtH expression in isolated bone marrow-derived mouse monocytes. Using transgenic mice with conditional deletion of FtH in the proximal tubules (FtH(PT-/-)) or myeloid cells (FtH(LysM-/-)), we found that myeloid FtH deficiency did not affect polarization or accumulation of macrophages in the injured kidney compared with wild-type (FtH(+/+)) controls. However, tubular FtH deletion led to a marked increase in proinflammatory macrophages. Furthermore, injured kidneys from FtH(PT-/-) mice expressed significantly higher levels of inflammatory chemokines and fibrosis compared with kidneys from FtH(+/+) and FtH(LysM-/-) mice. Thus, there are differential effects of FtH in macrophages and epithelial cells, which underscore the critical role of FtH in tubular-macrophage cross-talk during kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashini Bolisetty
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Abolfazl Zarjou
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Travis D. Hull
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Amie Traylor
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Anjana Perianayagam
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Reny Joseph
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ahmed I Kamal
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Dipartimento Materno Infantile e Tecnologie Biomediche, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Miguel P Soares
- Inflammation Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Viktoria Jeney
- Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE Vascular Biology, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Jozsef Balla
- Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE Vascular Biology, Thrombosis and Hemostasis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - James F. George
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ischemia/reperfusion injury is an unavoidable companion after kidney transplantation and influences short-term as well as long-term graft outcome. Clinically ischemia/reperfusion injury is associated with delayed graft function, graft rejection, and chronic graft dysfunction. Ischemia/reperfusion affects many regulatory systems at the cellular level as well as in the renal tissue that eventually result in a distinct inflammatory reaction of the kidney graft. RECENT FINDINGS Underlying factors include energy metabolism, cellular changes of the mitochondria and cellular membranes, initiation of different forms of cell death-like apoptosis and necrosis together with a recently discovered mixed form termed necroptosis. Chemokines and cytokines together with other factors promote the inflammatory response leading to activation of the innate immune system as well as the adaptive immune system. If the inflammatory reaction continues within the graft tissue, a progressive interstitial fibrosis develops that impacts long-term graft outcome. SUMMARY It is of particular importance in kidney transplantation to understand the underlying mechanisms and effects of ischemia/reperfusion on the graft as this knowledge also opens strategies to prevent or treat ischemia/reperfusion injury after transplantation in order to improve graft outcome.
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Palmer MB, Vichot AA, Cantley LG, Moeckel GW. Quantification and localization of M2 macrophages in human kidneys with acute tubular injury. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 2014; 7:415-9. [PMID: 25404860 PMCID: PMC4230184 DOI: 10.2147/ijnrd.s66936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study addresses for the first time the question whether there is significant macrophage population in human kidney sections from patients with acute tubular injury (ATI). We examined therefore the interstitial macrophage population in human kidney tissue with biopsy-proven diagnosis of ATI, minimal change disease (MCD), and MCD with ATI. Kidney biopsies from patients with the above diagnoses were stained with antibodies directed against CD68 (general macrophage marker), CD163 (M2 marker), and HLA-DR (M1 marker) and their respective electron microscopy samples were evaluated for the presence of interstitial macrophages. Our study shows that patients with ATI have significantly increased numbers of interstitial CD68+ macrophages, with an increase in both HLA-DR+ M1 macrophages and CD163+ M2 macrophages as compared to patients with MCD alone. Approximately 75% of macrophages were M2 (CD163+) whereas only 25% were M1 (HLA-DR+). M2 macrophages, which are believed to be critical for wound healing, were found to localize close to the tubular basement membrane of injured proximal tubule cells. Ultra structural examination showed close adherence of macrophages to the basement membrane of injured tubular epithelial cells. We conclude that macrophages accumulate around injured tubules following ATI and exhibit predominantly an M2 phenotype. We further speculate that macrophage-mediated repair may involve physical contact between the M2 macrophage and the injured tubular epithelial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Palmer
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alfred A Vichot
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lloyd G Cantley
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gilbert W Moeckel
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Kim D, Lee AS, Jung YJ, Yang KH, Lee S, Park SK, Kim W, Kang KP. Tamoxifen ameliorates renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis by modulation of estrogen receptor α-mediated transforming growth factor-β1/Smad signaling pathway. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29:2043-53. [PMID: 25031017 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After insult to the kidney, a renal fibrotic process is initiated with sustained inflammation, fibroblast activation and accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Tamoxifen has been used as an anti-estrogen for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of tamoxifen on unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis and its molecular mechanism. METHODS Renal fibrosis was induced by UUO in 7-week-old C57BL/6 mice. Tamoxifen (50 mg/kg) was given by oral gavage for 5 days before induction of renal fibrosis. Tamoxifen treatment was continued for 14 days after UUO operation. Histologic changes were examined by periodic acid-Schiff stain and Masson's trichrome stain. Expression of α-smooth muscle actin, vimentin, type I collagen, fibronectin and cell adhesion molecules were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. We also evaluated the effect of tamoxifen on estrogen receptor (ER)-α-mediated transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1/Smad signaling pathway in vitro. RESULTS Renal tubular injury and fibrosis were increased after UUO. Tamoxifen treatment significantly decreased UUO-induced renal tubular injury and fibrosis. Renal fibroblast activation, ECM deposition and inflammation were significantly increased after ureteral ligation. However, tamoxifen treatment significantly decreased UUO-induced renal fibroblast activation, ECM deposition and inflammation by suppression of TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway in vivo. Tamoxifen decreased TGF-β1-induced fibroblast proliferation and cell migration by modulating ERα-mediated TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway in vitro. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that tamoxifen has a beneficial effect on UUO-induced tubulointerstitial fibrosis by suppression of renal fibroblast activation via modulation of ERα-mediated renal TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dal Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diabetes Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Sin Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diabetes Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diabetes Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hee Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diabetes Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sik Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diabetes Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kwang Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diabetes Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diabetes Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Pyo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine and Diabetes Research Center, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Ben-Mordechai T, Palevski D, Glucksam-Galnoy Y, Elron-Gross I, Margalit R, Leor J. Targeting macrophage subsets for infarct repair. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2014; 20:36-51. [PMID: 24938456 DOI: 10.1177/1074248414534916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are involved in every cardiovascular disease and are an attractive therapeutic target. Macrophage activation is complex and can be either beneficial or deleterious, depending upon its mode of action, its timing, and its duration. An important macrophage characteristic is its plasticity, which enables it to switch from one subset to another. Macrophages, which regulate healing and repair after myocardial infarction, have become a major target for both treatment and diagnosis (theranostic). The aim of the present review is to describe the recent discoveries related to targeting and modulating of macrophage function to improve infarct repair. We will briefly review macrophage polarization, plasticity, heterogeneity, their role in infarct repair, regeneration, and cross talk with mesenchymal cells. Particularly, we will focus on the potential of macrophage targeting in situ by liposomes. The ability to modulate macrophage function could delineate pathways to reactivate the endogenous programs of myocardial regeneration. This will eventually lead to development of small molecules or biologics to enhance the endogenous programs of regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Ben-Mordechai
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Tamman Cardiovascular Research Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-hashomer, Israel Sheba Center for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell, and Tissue Engineering, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Dahlia Palevski
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Tamman Cardiovascular Research Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-hashomer, Israel Sheba Center for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell, and Tissue Engineering, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Yifat Glucksam-Galnoy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inbar Elron-Gross
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rimona Margalit
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jonathan Leor
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Tamman Cardiovascular Research Institute, Leviev Heart Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-hashomer, Israel Sheba Center for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell, and Tissue Engineering, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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30
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Zou X, Zhang G, Cheng Z, Yin D, Du T, Ju G, Miao S, Liu G, Lu M, Zhu Y. Microvesicles derived from human Wharton's Jelly mesenchymal stromal cells ameliorate renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by suppressing CX3CL1. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:40. [PMID: 24646750 PMCID: PMC4055103 DOI: 10.1186/scrt428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Studies have demonstrated that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) could reverse acute and chronic kidney injury by a paracrine or endocrine mechanism, and microvesicles (MVs) have been regarded as a crucial means of intercellular communication. In the current study, we focused on the therapeutic effects of human Wharton-Jelly MSCs derived microvesicles (hWJMSC-MVs) in renal ischemia/reperfusion injury and its potential mechanisms. Methods MVs isolated from conditioned medium were injected intravenously in rats immediately after ischemia of the left kidney for 60 minutes. The animals were sacrificed at 24 hours, 48 hours and 2 weeks after reperfusion. The infiltration of inflammatory cells was identified by the immunostaining of CD68+ cells. ELISA was employed to determine the inflammatory factors in the kidney and serum von Willebrand Factor (VWF). Tubular cell proliferation and apoptosis were identified by immunostaining. Renal fibrosis was assessed by Masson’s tri-chrome straining and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) staining. The CX3CL1 expression in the kidney was measured by immunostaining and Western blot, respectively. In vitro, human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with or without MVs for 24 or 48 hours under hypoxia injury to test the CX3CL1 by immunostaining and Western blot. Results After administration of hWJMSC-MVs in acute kidney injury (AKI) rats, renal cell apoptosis was mitigated and proliferation was enhanced, inflammation was also alleviated in the first 48 hours. MVs also could suppress the expression of CX3CL1 and decrease the number of CD68+ macrophages in the kidney. In the late period, improvement of renal function and abrogation of renal fibrosis were observed. In vitro, MVs could down-regulate the expression of CX3CL1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells under hypoxia injury at 24 or 48 hours. Conclusions A single administration of MVs immediately after ischemic AKI could ameliorate renal injury in both the acute and chronic stage, and the anti-inflammatory property of MVs through suppression of CX3CL1 may be a potential mechanism. This establishes a substantial foundation for future research and treatment.
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31
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Davis LS. Editorial: macrophages and dendritic cells in motion: tracking inflammation and fibrosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:1414-7. [PMID: 24574325 DOI: 10.1002/art.38407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Tsuboi N, Maruyama S, Matsuo S, Imai E. A ray of light in the dark: alternative approaches to the assessment and treatment of ischemic nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29:228-31. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Vichot AA, Formica RN, Moeckel GW. Cytomegalovirus glomerulopathy and cytomegalovirus interstitial nephritis on sequential transplant kidney biopsies. Am J Kidney Dis 2013; 63:536-9. [PMID: 24568687 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) nephropathy may be seen in kidney transplant biopsy specimens. We report a CMV-negative patient who received a kidney transplant from a CMV-positive donor and subsequently developed CMV glomerulopathy and CMV-associated interstitial nephritis, as observed in 2 sequential kidney biopsies. The first biopsy specimen showed CMV-positive endothelial cells in glomerular capillaries and CMV-infected monocytes in glomerular capillary lumens. The second biopsy specimen showed CMV-positive cells in the interstitium with associated lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and tubular injury, but no evidence of direct CMV infection in tubular epithelial cells. Moreover, the second biopsy specimen showed persistent monocytes with cytoplasmic viral particles within glomerular capillary loops by electron microscopy. Our case shows that CMV glomerulopathy can be caused by direct CMV infection of glomerular capillary endothelial cells. CMV-positive circulating monocytes may play an important role in the different histopathologic manifestations of CMV nephropathy in kidney transplant grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred A Vichot
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Richard N Formica
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Gilbert W Moeckel
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.
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