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Huang J, Ladd SN, Ingrisch J, Kübert A, Meredith LK, van Haren J, Bamberger I, Daber LE, Kühnhammer K, Bailey K, Hu J, Fudyma J, Shi L, Dippold MA, Meeran K, Miller L, O'Brien MJ, Yang H, Herrera-Ramírez D, Hartmann H, Trumbore S, Bahn M, Werner C, Lehmann MM. The mobilization and transport of newly fixed carbon are driven by plant water use in an experimental rainforest under drought. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2545-2557. [PMID: 38271585 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) are building blocks for biomass and fuel metabolic processes. However, it remains unclear how tropical forests mobilize, export, and transport NSCs to cope with extreme droughts. We combined drought manipulation and ecosystem 13CO2 pulse-labeling in an enclosed rainforest at Biosphere 2, assessed changes in NSCs, and traced newly assimilated carbohydrates in plant species with diverse hydraulic traits and canopy positions. We show that drought caused a depletion of leaf starch reserves and slowed export and transport of newly assimilated carbohydrates below ground. Drought effects were more pronounced in conservative canopy trees with limited supply of new photosynthates and relatively constant water status than in those with continual photosynthetic supply and deteriorated water status. We provide experimental evidence that local utilization, export, and transport of newly assimilated carbon are closely coupled with plant water use in canopy trees. We highlight that these processes are critical for understanding and predicting tree resistance and ecosystem fluxes in tropical forest under drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbei Huang
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - S Nemiah Ladd
- Ecosystem Physiology, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Ingrisch
- Ecosystem Physiology, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Angelika Kübert
- Ecosystem Physiology, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura K Meredith
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1064 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, 32540 S. Biosphere Rd, Oracle, AZ 85739, USA
| | - Joost van Haren
- Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, 32540 S. Biosphere Rd, Oracle, AZ 85739, USA
- Honors College, University of Arizona, 1101 East Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Ines Bamberger
- Ecosystem Physiology, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Atmospheric Chemistry Group, University of Bayreuth (BayCEER), Germany
| | - L Erik Daber
- Ecosystem Physiology, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kühnhammer
- Ecosystem Physiology, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kinzie Bailey
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1064 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jia Hu
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, 1064 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jane Fudyma
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lingling Shi
- Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Geo-Biosphere Interactions, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michaela A Dippold
- Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Geo-Biosphere Interactions, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kathiravan Meeran
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Luke Miller
- Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, 32540 S. Biosphere Rd, Oracle, AZ 85739, USA
| | - Michael J O'Brien
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Almería, Spain
| | - Hui Yang
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Henrik Hartmann
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute for Forest Protection, Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Erwin-Baur-Straße 27, D-06484 Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Susan Trumbore
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bahn
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christiane Werner
- Ecosystem Physiology, Albert-Ludwig-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco M Lehmann
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Reed CC, Hood SM. Nonstructural carbohydrates explain post-fire tree mortality and recovery patterns. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpad155. [PMID: 38123513 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Trees use nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) to support many functions, including recovery from disturbances. However, NSC's importance for recovery following fire and whether NSC depletion contributes to post-fire delayed mortality are largely unknown. We investigated how fire affects NSCs based on fire-caused injury from a prescribed fire in a young Pinus ponderosa (Lawson & C. Lawson) stand. We assessed crown injury (needle scorch and bud kill) and measured NSCs of needles and inner bark (i.e., secondary phloem) of branches and main stems of trees subject to fire and at an adjacent unburned site. We measured NSCs pre-fire and at six timesteps post-fire (4 days-16 months). While all trees initially survived the fire, NSC concentrations declined quickly in burned trees relative to unburned controls over the same post-fire period. This decline was strongest for trees that eventually died, but those that survived recovered to unburned levels within 14 months post-fire. Two months post-fire, the relationship between crown scorch and NSCs of the main stem inner bark was strongly negative (Adj-R2 = 0.83). Our results support the importance of NSCs for tree survival and recovery post-fire and suggest that post-fire NSC depletion is in part related to reduced photosynthetic leaf area that subsequently limits carbohydrate availability for maintaining tree function. Crown scorch is a commonly measured metric of tree-level fire severity and is often linked to post-fire tree outcome (i.e., recovery or mortality). Thus, our finding that NSC depletion may be the mechanistic link between the fire-caused injury and tree outcome will help improve models of post-fire tree mortality and forest recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte C Reed
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, 5775 US Highway 10 W, Missoula, MT 59808, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Sharon M Hood
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, 5775 US Highway 10 W, Missoula, MT 59808, USA
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Thompson RA. A neutral theory of plant carbon allocation. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpad151. [PMID: 38102767 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
How plants use the carbon they gain from photosynthesis remains a key area of study among plant ecologists. Although numerous theories have been presented throughout the years, the field lacks a clear null model. To fill this gap, I have developed the first null model, or neutral theory, of plant carbon allocation using probability theory, plant biochemistry and graph theory at the level of a leaf. Neutral theories have been used to establish a null hypothesis in molecular evolution and community assembly to describe how much of an ecological phenomenon can be described by chance alone. Here, the aim of a neutral theory of plant carbon allocation is to ask: how is carbon partitioned between sinks if one assumes plants do not prioritize certain sinks over others? Using the biochemical network of plant carbon metabolism, I show that, if allocation was strictly random, carbon is more likely to be allocated to storage, defense, respiration and finally growth. This 'neutral hierarchy' suggests that a sink's biochemical distance from photosynthesis plays an important role in carbon allocation patterns, highlighting the potentially adaptive role of this biochemical network for plant survival in variable environments. A brief simulation underscores that our ability to measure the carbon allocation from photosynthesis to a given sink is unreliable due to simple probabilistic rules. While neutral theory may not explain all patterns of carbon allocation, its utility is in the minimal assumptions and role as a null model against which future data should be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alex Thompson
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Zhou Q, Shi H, He R, Liu H, Zhu W, Wu S, Zhang Q, Dang H. Climate warming could free cold-adapted trees from C-conservative allocation strategy of storage over growth. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17016. [PMID: 37921358 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbon allocation has been fundamental for long-lived trees to survive cold stress at their upper elevation range limit. Although carbon allocation between non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) storage and structural growth is well-documented, it still remains unclear how ongoing climate warming influences these processes, particularly whether these two processes will shift in parallel or respond divergently to warming. Using a combination of an in situ downward-transplant warming experiment and an ex situ chamber warming treatment, we investigated how subalpine fir trees at their upper elevation limit coordinated carbon allocation priority among different sinks (e.g., NSC storage and structural growth) at whole-tree level in response to elevated temperature. We found that transplanted individuals from the upper elevation limit to lower elevations generally induced an increase in specific leaf area, but there was no detected evidence of warming effect on leaf-level saturated photosynthetic rates. Additionally, our results challenged the expectation that climate warming will accelerate structural carbon accumulation while maintaining NSC constant. Instead, individuals favored allocating available carbon to NSC storage over structural growth after 1 year of warming, despite the amplification in total biomass encouraged by both in situ and ex situ experimental warming. Unexpectedly, continued warming drove a regime shift in carbon allocation priority, which was manifested in the increase of NSC storage in synchrony to structural growth enhancement. These findings imply that climate warming would release trees at their cold edge from C-conservative allocation strategy of storage over structural growth. Thus, understanding the strategical regulation of the carbon allocation priority and the distinctive function of carbon sink components is of great implication for predicting tree fate in the future climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Hang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui He
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haikun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Shengjun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Quanfa Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Haishan Dang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Zhang Q, Zhao H, Cheng W, Cong N, Wang X, Liang H, Li X. Increased productivity of temperate vegetation in the preceding year drives early spring phenology in the subsequent year in northern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166676. [PMID: 37673244 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Under global warming, rising temperature have advanced spring phenology in recent decades. However, the internal physiological mechanisms driving changes in spring phenology still remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effects of temperate vegetation gross primary productivity (GPP) during the preceding year on spring phenology of the subsequent year based on the start of growing season (SOS) extracted from NDVI datasets between 1982 and 2015. We found that the preceding year's GPP had an effect on the subsequent year's SOS, equivalent to 33 %-50 % of effect of the preseason's mean temperature. Specifically, in the temperate and semi-humid or humid conditions, the preceding year's GPP had a stronger effect on SOS than in boreal or semi-arid conditions. In addition, the SOS of the dwarf vegetation, with less transport pressure and higher carbon concentrations, was more sensitive to the preceding year's GPP than that of tall forests. We found the effects of the preceding year's GPP on SOS varied with space and vegetation types. Therefore, the physiological mechanism should be considered in future spring phenology model separately according to space and vegetation types, to improve the accuracy of future phenology and then global carbon sequestration predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Hongfang Zhao
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Key Laboratory of Spatial-temporal Big Data Analysis and Application of Natural Resources in Megacities, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Wanying Cheng
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Nan Cong
- Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuhui Wang
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Hangqi Liang
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xia Li
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Key Laboratory of Spatial-temporal Big Data Analysis and Application of Natural Resources in Megacities, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200241, China
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6
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Silvestro R, Mura C, Alano Bonacini D, de Lafontaine G, Faubert P, Mencuccini M, Rossi S. Local adaptation shapes functional traits and resource allocation in black spruce. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21257. [PMID: 38040772 PMCID: PMC10692160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is rapidly altering weather patterns, resulting in shifts in climatic zones. The survival of trees in specific locations depends on their functional traits. Local populations exhibit trait adaptations that ensure their survival and accomplishment of growth and reproduction processes during the growing season. Studying these traits offers valuable insights into species responses to present and future environmental conditions, aiding the implementation of measures to ensure forest resilience and productivity. This study investigates the variability in functional traits among five black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) provenances originating from a latitudinal gradient along the boreal forest, and planted in a common garden in Quebec, Canada. We examined differences in bud phenology, growth performance, lifetime first reproduction, and the impact of a late-frost event on tree growth and phenological adjustments. The findings revealed that trees from northern sites exhibit earlier budbreak, lower growth increments, and reach reproductive maturity earlier than those from southern sites. Late-frost damage affected growth performance, but no phenological adjustment was observed in the successive year. Local adaptation in the functional traits may lead to maladaptation of black spruce under future climate conditions or serve as a potent evolutionary force promoting rapid adaptation under changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Silvestro
- Laboratoire sur les écosystèmes terrestres boréaux, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC, G7H2B1, Canada.
| | - C Mura
- Laboratoire sur les écosystèmes terrestres boréaux, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC, G7H2B1, Canada
| | - D Alano Bonacini
- Laboratoire sur les écosystèmes terrestres boréaux, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC, G7H2B1, Canada
| | - G de Lafontaine
- Canada Research Chair in Integrative Biology of the Northern Flora, Département de biologie, chimie et Géographie, Centre for Northern Studies, Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC, Canada
| | - P Faubert
- Laboratoire sur les écosystèmes terrestres boréaux, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC, G7H2B1, Canada
- Carbone boréal, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC, G7H 2B1, Canada
| | - M Mencuccini
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluis Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Rossi
- Laboratoire sur les écosystèmes terrestres boréaux, Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC, G7H2B1, Canada
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Li Q, Liu X, Sun X, Zhao M, Liu L, Wang N, Gao Q, Fan P, Du N, Wang H, Wang R. Effects of drought hardening on the carbohydrate dynamics of Quercus acutissima seedlings under successional drought. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1184584. [PMID: 37692418 PMCID: PMC10485557 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1184584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction As precipitation patterns are predicted to become increasingly erratic, the functional maintenance of warm-temperate forests constitutes a key challenge for forest managers. In this study, 2-year-old Quercus acutissima seedlings were selected to elucidate the mechanisms whereby they respond to soil water fluctuations and the drought hardening effects on plant carbohydrate dynamics. Methods Seedlings were trained under different soil water conditions for 2 months: drought (D), well-watered (W), 1-month drought and then 1-month well-watered (D-W), and 1-month well-watered and then 1-month drought (W-D). The functional traits involved in water- and carbon-use strategies were explored at the end of the hardening period. Compared with seedlings in group W, seedlings in groups D, D-W, and W-D had increased potential for carbon uptake (i.e., light saturated point, maximum ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) saturated rate, and electron transport rate) and water uptake (i.e., fine root-to-coarse root ratio) and downregulated growth and mitochondrial respiration to decrease carbon consumption. After water fluctuation hardening, we performed a successional dry-down experiment for 1 month to detect carbohydrate dynamics and explore the acclimation caused by prior hardening. Results and discussion Our results revealed that there were more soluble sugars allocated in the leaves and more starch allocated in the stems and roots of seedlings hardened in the D, W-D, and D-W treatments than that of seedlings hardened in the W treatment. No significant changes in total non-structural carbohydrates were found. In addition, we found near-zero (seedlings trained by D and D-W treatments) or negative (seedlings trained by W-D treatment) growth of structural biomass at the end of the dry-down experiment, which was significantly lower than that of W-hardened seedlings. This suggests that there was a shift in allocation patterns between carbon storage and growth under recurrent soil drought, which can be strengthened by drought memory. We conclude that Q. acutissima seedlings adjusted water- and carbon-use strategies in response to water fluctuations, whereas stress memory can enhance their overall performance in reoccurring drought. Therefore, taking advantage of stress memory is a promising management strategy in forest nurseries, and drought-trained seedlings might be more suitable for afforestation practices in sites characterized by fluctuating soil water content, considering the ongoing global climatic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Forest and Wetland Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinke Sun
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lele Liu
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Forest and Wetland Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Forest and Wetland Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Peixian Fan
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Forest and Wetland Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Du
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Forest and Wetland Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Renqing Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Forest and Wetland Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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8
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Long RW, Adams HD. The osmotic balancing act: When sugars matter for more than metabolism in woody plants. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1684-1687. [PMID: 36545769 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sugars and other non-structural carbohydrates are known to serve as currency in plants, to either fuel metabolic activities or as storage for later use. They can also serve non-metabolic purposes of osmoregulation and cryoprotection, especially in perennial woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall W Long
- Biology Department, Lewis and Clark College, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Henry D Adams
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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9
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Hillabrand RM, Gordon H, Hynes B, Constabel CP, Landhäusser SM. Populus root salicinoid phenolic glycosides are not mobilized to support metabolism and regrowth under carbon limited conditions. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023:tpad020. [PMID: 36809479 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Remobilization of carbon storage compounds in trees is crucial for the resilience to disturbances, stress, and the requirements of their perennial lifestyle, all of which can impact photosynthetic carbon gain. Trees contain abundant non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in the form of starch and sugars for long term carbon storage, yet questions remain about the ability of trees to remobilize non-conventional carbon compounds under stress. Aspens, like other members of the genus Populus, have abundant specialized metabolites called salicinoid phenolic glycosides, which contain a core glucose moiety. In this study, we hypothesized that the glucose-containing salicinoids could be remobilized as an additional carbon source during severe carbon limitation. We made use of genetically modified hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x P. alba) with minimal salicinoid content and compared these to control plants with high salicinoid content during resprouting (suckering) in dark (carbon limited) conditions. As salicinoids are abundant anti-herbivore compounds, identification of such a secondary function for salicinoids may provide insight to the evolutionary pressures that drive their accumulation. Our results show that salicinoid biosynthesis is maintained during carbon limitation and suggests that salicinoids are not remobilized as a carbon source for regenerating shoot tissue. However, we found that salicinoid-producing aspens had reduced resprouting capacity per available root biomass when compared to salicinoid-deficient aspens. Therefore, our work shows that the constitutive salicinoid production in aspens can reduce the capacity for resprouting and survival in carbon limited conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Hillabrand
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 ESB, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - H Gordon
- Centre for Forest Biology & Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, V8P 5C2, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - B Hynes
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 ESB, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - C P Constabel
- Centre for Forest Biology & Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, V8P 5C2, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - S M Landhäusser
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 442 ESB, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E3, Canada
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10
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Assessing Browsing Impact in Beech Forests: The Importance of Tree Responses after Browsing. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Browsing by ungulates can affect the development of a forest stand due to selective browsing and shifts in the growth ranking between tree species. Assessing browsing impact in an objective way is difficult in patchily distributed beech forests. In systematically arranged plots near Kirchberg, Switzerland, the height increment of the two saplings nearest to the plot center (k-tree method) was measured for each height class and tree species, and the within-tree browsing intensity and damage frequency were assessed. In total, 21 tree species were found. Browsing was particularly frequent in climate-adapted species. Winter browsing was more frequent than summer browsing, which was also true for deciduous species, and it significantly reduced height growth. Former damage along the main stem further reduced upgrowth. Browsing shifted the height increment ratio in favor of Fagus sylvatica. Many winter-browsed saplings of Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica, Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior and Prunus avium had no new leader shoot by the end of the next growing season, i.e., browsing had a long-lasting impact. For estimating browsing impact, it is thus important to assess delays in the response after browsing. Foresters could easily apply the k-tree method in autumn for effective assessments of browsing impact.
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11
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Partelli-Feltrin R, Smith AMS, Adams HD, Thompson RA, Kolden CA, Yedinak KM, Johnson DM. Death from hunger or thirst? Phloem death, rather than xylem hydraulic failure, as a driver of fire-induced conifer mortality. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1154-1163. [PMID: 36052762 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of photosynthesis and carbon transport due to damage to the tree crown and stem cambial cells, respectively, can cause tree mortality. It has recently been proposed that fire-induced dysfunction of xylem plays an important role in tree mortality. Here, we simultaneously tested the impact of a lethal fire dose on nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) and xylem hydraulics in Pinus ponderosa saplings. Saplings were burned with a known lethal fire dose. Nonstructural carbohydrates were assessed in needles, main stems, roots and whole plants, and xylem hydraulic conductivity was measured in the main stems up to 29 d postfire. Photosynthesis and whole plant NSCs declined postfire. Additionally, all burned saplings showed 100% phloem/cambium necrosis, and roots of burned saplings had reduced NSCs compared to unburned and defoliated saplings. We further show that, contrary to patterns observed with NSCs, water transport was unchanged by fire and there was no evidence of xylem deformation in saplings that experienced a lethal dose of heat from fire. We conclude that phloem and cambium mortality, and not hydraulic failure, were probably the causes of death in these saplings. These findings advance our understanding of the physiological response to fire-induced injuries in conifer trees.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alistair M S Smith
- Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
- Department of Earth and Spatial Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Henry D Adams
- School of Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-2812, USA
| | - R Alex Thompson
- School of Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-2812, USA
| | - Crystal A Kolden
- Gallo School of Management, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, 95343, USA
| | - Kara M Yedinak
- US Forest Service Research and Development, Madison, WI, 53726-2366, USA
| | - Daniel M Johnson
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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12
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Oswald SW, Aubrey DP. Modeling starch dynamics from seasonal variations of photosynthesis, growth, and respiration. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023:tpad007. [PMID: 36708035 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) buffer differences in plant carbon supply (photosynthesis) and demand (respiration, growth, etc.) but the regulation of their dynamics remains unresolved. Seasonal variations in NSCs are well-documented, but differences in the time-average, amplitude, phase, and other characteristics across ecosystems and functional types lack explanation; furthermore, observed dynamics do not always match expectations. The failure to match observed and expected dynamics has stimulated debate on whether carbon supply or demand drives NSC dynamics. To gain insight into how carbon supply and demand drive seasonal NSC dynamics, we derive a simple model of NSC dynamics based on carbon mass balance and linearizing the NSC demand to determine how supply-driven and demand-driven seasonal NSC dynamics differ. We find that supply-driven and demand-driven dynamics yield distinct timings of seasonal extrema, and supply overrides demand when carbon supply is low in winter (e.g., at high latitudes). Our results also suggest that NSC dynamics often lag changes carbon mass balance. We also predict differences in NSC dynamics across mass, suggesting saplings are more dynamics and respond faster to the environment than mature trees. Our findings suggest substrate-dependent regulation with environmental variation is sufficient to generate complex NSC dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Oswald
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Savannah River Site, Jackson, SC, USA
- Warnell School of Forestry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Doug P Aubrey
- Savannah River Ecology Lab, Savannah River Site, Jackson, SC, USA
- Warnell School of Forestry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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13
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Kahmen A, Basler D, Hoch G, Link RM, Schuldt B, Zahnd C, Arend M. Root water uptake depth determines the hydraulic vulnerability of temperate European tree species during the extreme 2018 drought. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:1224-1239. [PMID: 36219537 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We took advantage of the European 2018 drought and assessed the mechanisms causing differences in drought vulnerability among mature individuals of nine co-occurring tree species at the Swiss Canopy Crane II site in Switzerland. Throughout the drought we monitored leaf water status and determined native embolism formation in the canopy of the trees as indicators of drought vulnerability. We also determined hydraulic vulnerability thresholds (Ψ12 -, Ψ50 - and Ψ88 -values), corresponding hydraulic safety margins (HSMs) and carbohydrate reserves for all species as well as total average leaf area per tree, and used stable isotopes to assess differences in root water uptake depth among the nine species as variables predicting differences in drought vulnerability among species. Marked differences in drought vulnerability were observed among the nine tree species. Six species maintained their water potentials above hydraulic thresholds, while three species, Fagus sylvatica, Carpinus betulus and Picea abies, were pushed beyond their hydraulic thresholds and showed loss of hydraulic conductivity in their canopies at the end of the drought. Embolism resistance thresholds and associated HSMs did not explain why the co-existing species differed in their drought vulnerability, neither did their degree of isohydry, nor their regulation of carbohydrate reserves. Instead, differences in structural-morphological traits, in particular root water uptake depth, were associated with the risk of reaching hydraulic vulnerability thresholds and embolism formation among the nine species. Our study shows that structural-morphological traits, such as root water uptake depth, determine how quickly different species approach hydraulic vulnerability thresholds during a drought event and can thus explain species differences in drought vulnerability among mature field-grown trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kahmen
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - D Basler
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - G Hoch
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - R M Link
- Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - B Schuldt
- Ecophysiology and Vegetation Ecology, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Zahnd
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Arend
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Zepeda AC, Heuvelink E, Marcelis LFM. Non-structural carbohydrate dynamics and growth in tomato plants grown at fluctuating light and temperature. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:968881. [PMID: 36262659 PMCID: PMC9574331 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.968881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fluctuations in light intensity and temperature lead to periods of asynchrony between carbon (C) supply by photosynthesis and C demand by the plant organs. Storage and remobilization of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) are important processes that allow plants to buffer these fluctuations. We aimed to test the hypothesis that C storage and remobilization can buffer the effects of temperature and light fluctuations on growth of tomato plants. Tomato plants were grown at temperature amplitudes of 3 or 10°C (deviation around the mean of 22°C) combined with integration periods (IP) of 2 or 10 days. Temperature and light were applied in Phase (high temperature simultaneously with high light intensity, (400 μmol m-2 s-1), low temperature simultaneously with low light intensity (200 μmol m-2 s-1) or in Antiphase (high temperature with low light intensity, low temperature with high light intensity). A control treatment with constant temperature (22°C) and a constant light intensity (300 μmol m-2 s-1) was also applied. After 20 days all treatments had received the same temperature and light integral. Differences in final structural dry weight were relatively small, while NSC concentrations were highly dynamic and followed changes of light and temperature (a positive correlation with decreasing temperature and increasing light intensity). High temperature and low light intensity lead to depletion of the NSC pool, but NSC level never dropped below 8% of the plant weight and this fraction was not mobilizable. Our results suggest that growing plants under fluctuating conditions do not necessarily have detrimental effects on plant growth and may improve biomass production in plants. These findings highlight the importance in the NSC pool dynamics to buffer fluctuations of light and temperature on plant structural growth.
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15
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McDowell NG, Ball M, Bond‐Lamberty B, Kirwan ML, Krauss KW, Megonigal JP, Mencuccini M, Ward ND, Weintraub MN, Bailey V. Processes and mechanisms of coastal woody-plant mortality. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5881-5900. [PMID: 35689431 PMCID: PMC9544010 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Observations of woody plant mortality in coastal ecosystems are globally widespread, but the overarching processes and underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. This knowledge deficiency, combined with rapidly changing water levels, storm surges, atmospheric CO2 , and vapor pressure deficit, creates large predictive uncertainty regarding how coastal ecosystems will respond to global change. Here, we synthesize the literature on the mechanisms that underlie coastal woody-plant mortality, with the goal of producing a testable hypothesis framework. The key emergent mechanisms underlying mortality include hypoxic, osmotic, and ionic-driven reductions in whole-plant hydraulic conductance and photosynthesis that ultimately drive the coupled processes of hydraulic failure and carbon starvation. The relative importance of these processes in driving mortality, their order of progression, and their degree of coupling depends on the characteristics of the anomalous water exposure, on topographic effects, and on taxa-specific variation in traits and trait acclimation. Greater inundation exposure could accelerate mortality globally; however, the interaction of changing inundation exposure with elevated CO2 , drought, and rising vapor pressure deficit could influence mortality likelihood. Models of coastal forests that incorporate the frequency and duration of inundation, the role of climatic drivers, and the processes of hydraulic failure and carbon starvation can yield improved estimates of inundation-induced woody-plant mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate G. McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change DivisionPacific Northwest National LabRichlandWashingtonUSA
- School of Biological SciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Marilyn Ball
- Plant Science Division, Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityActonAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Ben Bond‐Lamberty
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryCollege ParkMarylandUSA
| | - Matthew L. Kirwan
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & MaryGloucester PointVirginiaUSA
| | - Ken W. Krauss
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research CenterLafayetteLouisianaUSA
| | | | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23BarcelonaSpain
- CREAFCampus UAB, BellaterraBarcelonaSpain
| | - Nicholas D. Ward
- Marine and Coastal Research LaboratoryPacific Northwest National LaboratorySequimWashingtonUSA
- School of OceanographyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Michael N. Weintraub
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of ToledoToledoOhioUSA
- Biological Sciences DivisionPacific Northwest National LaboratoryWashingtonUSA
| | - Vanessa Bailey
- Biological Sciences DivisionPacific Northwest National LaboratoryWashingtonUSA
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16
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Piper FI, Moreno‐Meynard P, Fajardo A. Non‐structural carbohydrates predict survival in saplings of temperate trees under carbon stress. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frida I. Piper
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas (ICB), Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay 3460000 Talca Chile
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Barrio Universitario S/N Concepción Chile
| | - Paulo Moreno‐Meynard
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Moraleda 16 Coyhaique Chile
| | - Alex Fajardo
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Barrio Universitario S/N Concepción Chile
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinaria (I3), Universidad de Talca Chile
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17
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Robinia pseudoacacia Seedlings Are More Sensitive to Rainfall Frequency Than to Rainfall Intensity. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13050762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Climate change causes the global redistribution of precipitation, yet little is known about the effects of the changes in precipitation intensity and frequency on the seedlings of wood trees in warm temperate forests. In this study, we focused on the effects of variability in both the intensity and frequency of water supply on the physiological traits, biomass, and growth of an important plantation wood species, Robinia pseudoacacia. In the greenhouse, we exposed R. pseudoacacia seedlings to three rainfall intensity and three rainfall frequency treatments. The results from the 62-day experiment revealed that lower rainfall intensity and frequency significantly reduced the photosynthetic performance, growth, and biomass of the tree seedlings. In lower rainfall intensity and frequency conditions, the seedlings had improved water absorption and utilization by increasing the water use efficiency and root shoot ratio, and reduced water consumption by defoliating the compound leaves of the lower crown. More importantly, we found that R. pseudoacacia seedlings were more sensitive to rainfall frequency than to rainfall intensity. Therefore, our results suggest that increasing the irrigation water, especially irrigation frequency, could better facilitate the survival and growth of R. pseudoacacia seedlings and eventually promote the process of vegetation restoration in the future global climate change context.
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18
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Han Y, Deng J, Zhou W, Wang QW, Yu D. Seasonal Responses of Hydraulic Function and Carbon Dynamics in Spruce Seedlings to Continuous Drought. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:868108. [PMID: 35599899 PMCID: PMC9115555 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.868108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Drought is expected to increase in the frequency and duration associated with climate change. Although hydraulic function and carbon (C) storage have been widely recognized as key components to plant survival under a single drought, the physiological responses to continuous drought remain largely unknown, particularly for high northern temperate and boreal forests which are sensitive to water stress. In this study, we quantified the survival, growth, gas exchange, water relations, and nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) in 3-year-old Jezo spruce (Picea jezoensis) seedlings responding to continuous drought stress. Seedlings were maintained in drought conditions for 392 days, covering two growing and one dormant winter season. Seedlings subjected to drought showed a significant decrease in net photosynthesis rate (A net ) and stomatal conductance (g s ) in both growing seasons, and biomass in the second growing season. The seedling mortality continuously increased to 35.6% at the experimental end. Notably, responses of C storage and leaf water potential to drought varied greatly depending on seasons. Living seedlings exposed to drought and control treatments had similar NSC concentrations in both growing seasons. However, seedlings with concentrations of both the soluble sugars and starch less than 1% in root died in the winter dormant season. In the second growing season, compared with the control treatment, droughted seedlings had significantly lower leaf water potential and stem wood-specific hydraulic conductivity (K w). Meanwhile, the leaf predawn water potential did not recover overnight. These suggest that C starvation might be an important reason for seedlings that died in the winter dormant season, while in the growing season drought may limit seedling survival and growth through inducing hydraulic failure. Such seasonal dependence in hydraulic dysfunction and C depletion may lead to higher mortality in spruce forests facing extended drought duration expected in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangang Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Wangming Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Qing-Wei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Dapao Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
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19
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Eckes-Shephard AH, Ljungqvist FC, Drew DM, Rathgeber CBK, Friend AD. Wood Formation Modeling - A Research Review and Future Perspectives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:837648. [PMID: 35401628 PMCID: PMC8984029 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.837648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Wood formation has received considerable attention across various research fields as a key process to model. Historical and contemporary models of wood formation from various disciplines have encapsulated hypotheses such as the influence of external (e.g., climatic) or internal (e.g., hormonal) factors on the successive stages of wood cell differentiation. This review covers 17 wood formation models from three different disciplines, the earliest from 1968 and the latest from 2020. The described processes, as well as their external and internal drivers and their level of complexity, are discussed. This work is the first systematic cataloging, characterization, and process-focused review of wood formation models. Remaining open questions concerning wood formation processes are identified, and relate to: (1) the extent of hormonal influence on the final tree ring structure; (2) the mechanism underlying the transition from earlywood to latewood in extratropical regions; and (3) the extent to which carbon plays a role as "active" driver or "passive" substrate for growth. We conclude by arguing that wood formation models remain to be fully exploited, with the potential to contribute to studies concerning individual tree carbon sequestration-storage dynamics and regional to global carbon sequestration dynamics in terrestrial vegetation models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist
- Department of History, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David M. Drew
- Department of Forest and Wood Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Cyrille B. K. Rathgeber
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, SILVA, Nancy, France
- Swiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Andrew D. Friend
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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20
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Csilléry K, Buchmann N, Brendel O, Gessler A, Glauser A, Doris Kupferschmid A. Recovery of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) seedlings from ungulate browsing mirrors soil nitrogen availability. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:273-288. [PMID: 34528673 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Abies alba (Mill.) has a high potential for mitigating climate change in European mountain forests; yet, its natural regeneration is severely limited by ungulate browsing. Here, we simulated browsing in a common garden experiment to study growth and physiological traits, measured from bulk needles, using a randomized block design with two levels of browsing severity and seedlings originating from 19 populations across Switzerland. Genetic factors explained most variation in growth (on average, 51.5%) and physiological traits (10.2%) under control conditions, while heavy browsing considerably reduced the genetic effects on growth (to 30%), but doubled those on physiological traits related to carbon storage. While browsing reduced seedling height, it also lowered seedling water-use efficiency (decreased $\delta ^{13}$C) and increased their $\delta ^{15}$N. Different populations reacted differently to browsing stress, and for seedling height, starch concentration and $\delta ^{15}$N, population differences appeared to be the result of natural selection. First, we found that populations originating from the warmest regions recovered the fastest from browsing stress, and they did so by mobilizing starch from their needles, which suggests a genetic underpinning for a growth-storage trade-off across populations. Second, we found that seedlings originating from mountain populations growing on steep slopes had a higher $\delta ^{15}$N in the common garden than those originating from flat areas, indicating that they have been selected to grow on N-poor, potentially drained, soils. This finding was corroborated by the fact that nitrogen concentration in adult needles was lower on steep slopes than on flat ground, strongly indicating that steep slopes are the most N-poor environments. These results suggest that adaptation to climate and soil nitrogen availability, as well as ungulate browsing pressure, co-determine the regeneration and range limit of silver fir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Csilléry
- Land Change Science, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Brendel
- UMR Silva, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Glauser
- Forest Resources and Management, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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21
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Jupa R, Mészáros M, Hoch G, Plavcová L. Trunk radial growth, water and carbon relations of mature apple trees on two size-controlling rootstocks during severe summer drought. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:289-303. [PMID: 34409459 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of size-controlling rootstocks is central to modern high-density fruit production systems. While biological mechanisms responsible for vigor control are not fully understood, differences in water relations and carbohydrate storage ability have been suggested as two potential factors. To better understand the processes that control growth vigor, we analyzed the trunk radial variation at seasonal and diurnal timescales and measured the midday leaf water potential (ΨMD), leaf gas exchange and concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in apple trees of variety 'Jonagold' grafted on two rootstocks of contrasting growth vigor (dwarfing J-TE-G vs invigorating J-TE-H). The measurements were conducted during an exceptionally hot and dry summer. We found that smaller annual trunk radial increments in dwarfed trees were primarily due to an earlier cessation of trunk secondary growth. The interdiurnal trunk circumference changes (ΔC) were slightly lower in dwarfed trees, and these trees also had fewer days with positive ΔC values, particularly during the driest summer months. The trunks of dwarfed trees shrank gradually during the drought, showed less pronounced diurnal variation of trunk circumference and the maximum trunk daily shrinkage was only weakly responsive to the vapor pressure deficit. These results indicated that lower turgidity in the cambial region may have limited the trunk radial expansion in dwarfed trees during the hot and dry days. Dwarfed trees also maintained lower ΨMD and leaf gas exchange rates during the summer drought. These parameters decreased in parallel for both rootstock combinations, suggesting their similar drought sensitivity. Similar concentrations and seasonal dynamics of NSC in both rootstock combinations, together with their similar spring growth rates, suggest that NSC reserves were not directly limiting for growth. Our results support the prominent role of water relations in rootstock-induced size-controlling mechanisms and highlight the complexity of this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Jupa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, Hradec Králové CZ-500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Mészáros
- Department of Technology, Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology, Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology, Holovousy 129, Hořice CZ-508 01, Czech Republic
| | - Günter Hoch
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lenka Plavcová
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, Hradec Králové CZ-500 03, Czech Republic
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22
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Hupperts SF, Lilleskov EA. Predictors of taxonomic and functional composition of black spruce seedling ectomycorrhizal fungal communities along peatland drainage gradients. MYCORRHIZA 2022; 32:67-81. [PMID: 35034180 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many trees depend on symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi for nutrients in exchange for photosynthetically derived carbohydrates. Trees growing in peatlands, which cover 3% of the earth's terrestrial surface area yet hold approximately one-third of organic soil carbon stocks, may benefit from ectomycorrhizal fungi that can efficiently forage for nutrients and degrade organic matter using oxidative enzymes such as class II peroxidases. However, such traits may place a higher carbon cost on both the fungi and host tree. To investigate these trade-offs that might structure peatland ectomycorrhizal fungal communities, we sampled black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.)) seedlings along 100-year-old peatland drainage gradients in Minnesota, USA, that had resulted in higher soil nitrogen and canopy density. Structural equation models revealed that the relative abundance of the dominant ectomycorrhizal fungal genus, Cortinarius, which is known for relatively high fungal biomass coupled with elevated class II peroxidase potential, was negatively linked to site fertility but more positively affected by recent host stem radial growth, suggesting carbon limitation. In contrast, Cenococcum, known for comparatively lower fungal biomass and less class II peroxidase potential, was negatively linked to host stem radial growth and unrelated to site fertility. Like Cortinarius, the estimated relative abundance of class II peroxidase genes in the ectomycorrhizal community was more related to host stem radial growth than site fertility. Our findings indicate a trade-off between symbiont foraging traits and associated carbon costs that consequently structure seedling ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in peatlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Hupperts
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Erik A Lilleskov
- Forestry Sciences Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Houghton, MI, USA.
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Lambers H, Barrow NJ. The pervasive use of P 2 O 5 , K 2 O, CaO, MgO and other molecules that do not exist in soil or fertiliser bags. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1901-1903. [PMID: 34482566 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - N J Barrow
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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Piper FI. Putting non-structural compounds on the map of plant life history strategies: a commentary on Schoonmaker et al. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1559-1562. [PMID: 34274975 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frida I Piper
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinario (I3), Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca 3460000, Chile
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25
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Petrovska R, Brang P, Gessler A, Bugmann H, Hobi ML. Grow slowly, persist, dominate-Explaining beech dominance in a primeval forest. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:10077-10089. [PMID: 34367560 PMCID: PMC8328449 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Being able to persist in deep shade is an important characteristic of juvenile trees, often leading to a strong dominance of shade-tolerant species in forests with low canopy turnover and a low disturbance rate. While leaf, growth, and storage traits are known to be key components of shade tolerance, their interplay during regeneration development and their influence on juveniles' survival time remains unclear. We assessed the ontogenetic effects of these three traits on the survival time of beech (Fagus sylvatica), and Norway and sycamore maples (Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer platanoides) in a primeval beech forest. Biomass allocation, age, and content of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) were measured in the stems and roots of 289 seedlings and saplings in high- and low-vitality classes. Saplings experienced a trade-off between absolute growth rate (AGR) and storage (NSC) as the leaf area ratio (LAR) decreases with biomass development. High LAR but low AGR and low NSC corresponded to beech with a marked ability to persist in deep shade while awaiting canopy release. In turn, a comparably small LAR in combination with a high AGR and higher storage (NSC), as observed in Norway maple and sycamore maple, reduced sapling survival time, thus offering an explanation for beech dominance and maple disappearance in the undergrowth of old-growth beech forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roksolana Petrovska
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Forest EcologyDepartment of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Peter Brang
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Harald Bugmann
- Forest EcologyDepartment of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Martina Lena Hobi
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
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Tomasella M, Casolo V, Natale S, Petruzzellis F, Kofler W, Beikircher B, Mayr S, Nardini A. Shade-induced reduction of stem nonstructural carbohydrates increases xylem vulnerability to embolism and impedes hydraulic recovery in Populus nigra. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:108-121. [PMID: 33811346 PMCID: PMC9290559 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) have been suggested to affect xylem transport under fluctuating water availability, but conclusive evidence is still lacking. We tested the effect of shade-induced NSC depletion on xylem vulnerability to embolism and hydraulic recovery on Populus nigra saplings. Vulnerability was assessed in light-exposed (L) and shaded (S) plants with the hydraulic method, and in vivo with the optical method and X-ray micro-computed tomography. Plants were stressed to 80% loss of hydraulic conductance (PLC) and re-irrigated to check for possible recovery. We measured PLC, bark and wood NSC content, as well as xylem sap pH, surface tension (γsap ) and sugar concentration, before, during and after drought. Shading induced depletion of stem NSC (mainly starch) reserves. All methods converged in indicating higher xylem vulnerability in S than in L plants. This difference was not explained by xylem vessel and pit anatomy or by γsap . Shading impeded sap acidification and sugar accumulation during drought in S plants and prevented hydraulic recovery, which was observed in L plants. Our results highlight the importance of stem NSCs to sustain xylem hydraulic functioning during drought and suggest that light and/or adequate stem NSC thresholds are required to trigger xylem sap chemical changes involved in embolism recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Tomasella
- Dipartimento di Scienze della VitaUniversità di TriesteVia L. Giorgieri 10Trieste34127Italy
| | - Valentino Casolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgroalimentariAmbientali e AnimaliUniversità di UdineVia delle Scienze 91Udine33100Italy
| | - Sara Natale
- Dipartimento di Scienze della VitaUniversità di TriesteVia L. Giorgieri 10Trieste34127Italy
| | - Francesco Petruzzellis
- Dipartimento di Scienze della VitaUniversità di TriesteVia L. Giorgieri 10Trieste34127Italy
| | - Werner Kofler
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckSternwartestraße 15Innsbruck6020Austria
| | - Barbara Beikircher
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckSternwartestraße 15Innsbruck6020Austria
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of BotanyUniversity of InnsbruckSternwartestraße 15Innsbruck6020Austria
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della VitaUniversità di TriesteVia L. Giorgieri 10Trieste34127Italy
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27
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Rodríguez-Calcerrada J, Rodrigues AM, António C, Perdiguero P, Pita P, Collada C, Li M, Gil L. Stem metabolism under drought stress - a paradox of increasing respiratory substrates and decreasing respiratory rates. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:391-404. [PMID: 32671841 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic changes underpinning drought-induced variations in stem respiration (Rs ) are unknown. We measured Rs rates and metabolite and gene expression profiles in Ulmus minor Mill. and Quercus ilex L. seedlings subjected to increasing levels of drought stress to better understand how carbon, nitrogen and energy metabolism interact during drought. In both species, only plants showing extreme stress symptoms - i.e. negligible rates of leaf stomatal conductance and photosynthesis, and high stem dehydration (30-50% of maximum water storage) and contraction (50-150 μm week-1 ) - exhibited lower Rs rates than well-watered plants. Abundance of low-molecular weight sugars (e.g. glucose and fructose) and sugar alcohols (e.g. mannitol) increased with drought, at more moderate stress and to a higher extent in Q. ilex than U. minor. Abundance of amino acids increased at more severe stress, more abruptly, and to a higher extent in U. minor, coinciding with leaf senescence, which did not occur in Q. ilex. Organic acids changed less in response to drought: threonate and glycerate increased, and citrate decreased although slightly in both species. Transcripts of genes coding for enzymes of the Krebs cycle decreased in Q. ilex and increased in U. minor in conditions of extreme drought stress. The maintenance of Rs under severe growth and photosynthetic restrictions reveals the importance of stem mitochondrial activity in drought acclimation. The eventual decline in Rs diverts carbon substrates from entering the Krebs cycle that may help to cope with osmotic and oxidative stress during severe drought and to recover hydraulic functionality afterwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Rodríguez-Calcerrada
- Grupo de Investigación Sistemas Naturales e Historia Forestal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Ana M Rodrigues
- Plant Metabolomics Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Carla António
- Plant Metabolomics Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Pedro Perdiguero
- Animal Health Research Center, National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos, Madrid, 28130, Spain
| | - Pilar Pita
- Grupo de Investigación Sistemas Naturales e Historia Forestal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Carmen Collada
- Grupo de Investigación Sistemas Naturales e Historia Forestal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Meng Li
- Grupo de Investigación Sistemas Naturales e Historia Forestal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Luis Gil
- Grupo de Investigación Sistemas Naturales e Historia Forestal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
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28
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Zhang P, McDowell NG, Zhou X, Wang W, Leff RT, Pivovaroff AL, Zhang H, Chow PS, Ward ND, Indivero J, Yabusaki SB, Waichler S, Bailey VL. Declining carbohydrate content of Sitka-spruce treesdying from seawater exposure. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1682-1696. [PMID: 33893814 PMCID: PMC8133543 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing sea levels associated with climate change threaten the survival of coastal forests, yet the mechanisms by which seawater exposure causes tree death remain poorly understood. Despite the potentially crucial role of nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) reserves in tree survival, their dynamics in the process of death under seawater exposure are unknown. Here we monitored progressive tree mortality and associated NSC storage in Sitka-spruce (Picea sitchensis) trees dying under ecosystem-scale increases in seawater exposure in western Washington, USA. All trees exposed to seawater, because of monthly tidal intrusion, experienced declining crown foliage during the sampling period, and individuals with a lower percentage of live foliated crown (PLFC) died faster. Tree PLFC was strongly correlated with subsurface salinity and needle ion contents. Total NSC concentrations in trees declined remarkably with crown decline, and reached extremely low levels at tree death (2.4% and 1.6% in leaves and branches, respectively, and 0.4% in stems and roots). Starch in all tissues was almost completely consumed, while sugars remained at a homeostatic level in foliage. The decreasing NSC with closer proximity to death and near zero starch at death are evidences that carbon starvation occurred during Sitka-spruce mortality during seawater exposure. Our results highlight the importance of carbon storage as an indicator of tree mortality risks under seawater exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Zhang
- Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236, USA
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Author for communication:
| | - Wenzhi Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Riley T Leff
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Alexandria L Pivovaroff
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Pak S Chow
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Nicholas D Ward
- Marine Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, Washington 98382, USA
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Julia Indivero
- Marine Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Sequim, Washington 98382, USA
| | - Steven B Yabusaki
- Earth Systems Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Scott Waichler
- Earth Systems Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
| | - Vanessa L Bailey
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
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29
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Partelli-Feltrin R, Smith AMS, Adams HD, Kolden CA, Johnson DM. Short- and long-term effects of fire on stem hydraulics in Pinus ponderosa saplings. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:696-705. [PMID: 32890427 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding tree physiological responses to fire is needed to accurately model post-fire carbon processes and inform management decisions. Given trees can die immediately or at extended time periods after fire, we combined two experiments to assess the short- (one-day) and long-term (21-months) fire effects on Pinus ponderosa sapling water transport. Native percentage loss of conductivity (nPLC), vulnerability to cavitation and xylem anatomy were assessed in unburned and burned saplings at lethal and non-lethal fire intensities. Fire did not cause any impact on nPLC and xylem cell wall structure in either experiment. However, surviving saplings evaluated 21-months post-fire were more vulnerable to cavitation. Our anatomical analysis in the long-term experiment showed that new xylem growth adjacent to fire scars had irregular-shaped tracheids and many parenchyma cells. Given conduit cell wall deformation was not observed in the long-term experiment, we suggest that the irregularity of newly grown xylem cells nearby fire wounds may be responsible for decreasing resistance to embolism in burned plants. Our findings suggest that hydraulic failure is not the main short-term physiological driver of mortality for Pinus ponderosa saplings. However, the decrease in embolism resistance in fire-wounded saplings could contribute to sapling mortality in the years following fire.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alistair M S Smith
- Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Henry D Adams
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Crystal A Kolden
- Gallo School of Management, University of California Merced, Merced, California, USA
| | - Daniel M Johnson
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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30
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Reyes-Bahamonde C, Piper FI, Cavieres LA. Carbon allocation to growth and storage depends on elevation provenance in an herbaceous alpine plant of Mediterranean climate. Oecologia 2021; 195:299-312. [PMID: 33459865 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04839-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear whether the frequently observed increase in non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in plants exposed to low temperatures or drought reflects a higher sensitivity of growth than photosynthesis in such conditions (i.e. sink limitation), or a prioritization of carbon (C) allocation to storage. Alpine areas in Mediterranean-type climate regions are characterized by precipitation increases and temperature decreases with elevation. Thus, alpine plants with wide elevational ranges in Mediterranean regions may be good models to examine these alternative hypotheses. We evaluated storage and growth during experimental darkness and re-illumination in individuals of the alpine plant Phacelia secunda from three elevations in the Andes of central Chile. We hypothesized that storage is prioritized regarding growth in plants of both low- and high elevations where drought and cold stress are greatest, respectively. We expected that decreases in NSC concentrations during darkness should be minimal and, more importantly, increases in NSC after re-illumination should be higher than increases in biomass. We found that darkness caused a significant decrease in NSC concentrations of both low- and high-elevation plants, but the magnitude of the decrease was lower in the latter. Re-illumination caused higher increase in NSC concentration than in biomass in both low- and high-elevation plants (1.5- and 1.9-fold, respectively). Our study shows that C allocation in Phacelia secunda reflects ecotypic differences among elevation provenances and suggests that low temperature, but not drought, favours C allocation to storage over growth after severe C limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Reyes-Bahamonde
- ECOBIOSIS, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile. .,Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Frida I Piper
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Moraleda 16, Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Lohengrin A Cavieres
- ECOBIOSIS, Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile.,Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
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31
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Prescott CE, Grayston SJ, Helmisaari HS, Kaštovská E, Körner C, Lambers H, Meier IC, Millard P, Ostonen I. Surplus Carbon Drives Allocation and Plant-Soil Interactions. Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 35:1110-1118. [PMID: 32928565 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth is usually constrained by the availability of nutrients, water, or temperature, rather than photosynthetic carbon (C) fixation. Under these conditions leaf growth is curtailed more than C fixation, and the surplus photosynthates are exported from the leaf. In plants limited by nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P), photosynthates are converted into sugars and secondary metabolites. Some surplus C is translocated to roots and released as root exudates or transferred to root-associated microorganisms. Surplus C is also produced under low moisture availability, low temperature, and high atmospheric CO2 concentrations, with similar below-ground effects. Many interactions among above- and below-ground ecosystem components can be parsimoniously explained by the production, distribution, and release of surplus C under conditions that limit plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy E Prescott
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T1Z4.
| | - Sue J Grayston
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T1Z4
| | - Heljä-Sisko Helmisaari
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eva Kaštovská
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 1760, Ceske Budejovice 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Körner
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstr. 6, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley (Perth), WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ina C Meier
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Peter Millard
- Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand
| | - Ivika Ostonen
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
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32
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Hartmann H, Bahn M, Carbone M, Richardson AD. Plant carbon allocation in a changing world - challenges and progress: introduction to a Virtual Issue on carbon allocation: Introduction to a virtual issue on carbon allocation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:981-988. [PMID: 32662104 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Hartmann
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knoll Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bahn
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mariah Carbone
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, 200 Beckwith Way, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Andrew D Richardson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, 200 Beckwith Way, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
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33
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Huang J, Rücker A, Schmidt A, Gleixner G, Gershenzon J, Trumbore S, Hartmann H. Production of constitutive and induced secondary metabolites is coordinated with growth and storage in Norway spruce saplings. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:928-942. [PMID: 32268379 PMCID: PMC7325531 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A mechanistic understanding of how trees balance the trade-offs between growth, storage and defense is limited but crucial for predicting tree responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Here we investigated how trees allocate storage of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) to growth and constitutive and induced secondary metabolites (SM). We exposed Norway spruce (Picea abies) saplings to 5 weeks of complete darkness to induce light and/or carbon limitation and then applied methyl jasmonate (MeJA) to simulate biotic attack. We measured changes in biomass, NSC (sum of soluble sugars and starches), and constitutive and induced SM (sum of phenolic compounds and terpenoids) in current-year developing and previous-year mature needles and branches, as well as volatiles emitted from the canopy. Under darkness, NSC storage was preferentially used for constitutive biosynthesis of monoterpenes rather than biosynthesis of stilbenes and growth of developing organs, while SM stored in mature organs cannot be remobilized and recycled. Furthermore, MeJA-induced production of SM was constrained by low NSC availability in developing organs but not in mature organs grown in the dark. Emissions of volatiles were suppressed in the dark but after 1 h of re-illumination, emissions of both constitutive and induced monoterpene hydrocarbons recovered rapidly, whereas emissions of linalool and sesquiterpene produced via de novo synthesis did not recover. Our results highlight that light and/or carbon limitation may constrain constitutive and JA-induced biosynthesis of SM in coordination with growth, NSC storage and mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbei Huang
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena 07745, Germany
- Corresponding author ()
| | - Alexander Rücker
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Gerd Gleixner
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Susan Trumbore
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena 07745, Germany
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34
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Palacio S, Paterson E, Hester AJ, Nogués S, Lino G, Anadon-Rosell A, Maestro M, Millard P. No preferential carbon-allocation to storage over growth in clipped birch and oak saplings. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:621-636. [PMID: 32050021 PMCID: PMC7201831 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Herbivory is one of the most globally distributed disturbances affecting carbon (C)-cycling in trees, yet our understanding of how it alters tree C-allocation to different functions such as storage, growth or rhizodeposition is still limited. Prioritized C-allocation to storage replenishment vs growth could explain the fast recovery of C-storage pools frequently observed in growth-reduced defoliated trees. We performed continuous 13C-labeling coupled to clipping to quantify the effects of simulated browsing on the growth, leaf morphology and relative allocation of stored vs recently assimilated C to the growth (bulk biomass) and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) stores (soluble sugars and starch) of the different organs of two tree species: diffuse-porous (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) and ring-porous (Quercus petraea [Matt.] Liebl.). Carbon-transfers from plants to bulk and rhizosphere soil were also evaluated. Clipped birch and oak trees shifted their C-allocation patterns above-ground as a means to recover from defoliation. However, such increased allocation to current-year stems and leaves did not entail reductions in the allocation to the rhizosphere, which remained unchanged between clipped and control trees of both species. Betula pubescens and Q. petraea showed differences in their vulnerability and recovery strategies to clipping, the ring-porous species being less affected in terms of growth and architecture by clipping than the diffuse-porous. These contrasting patterns could be partly explained by differences in their C cycling after clipping. Defoliated oaks showed a faster recovery of their canopy biomass, which was supported by increased allocation of new C, but associated with large decreases in their fine root biomass. Following clipping, both species recovered NSC pools to a larger extent than growth, but the allocation of 13C-labeled photo-assimilates into storage compounds was not increased as compared with controls. Despite their different response to clipping, our results indicate no preventative allocation into storage occurred during the first year after clipping in either of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Palacio
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Av. Nuestra Señora de la Victoria, 16, Jaca, Huesca 22700, Spain
- James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Eric Paterson
- James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Alison J Hester
- James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Salvador Nogués
- Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Gladys Lino
- Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Científica del Sur, Panamericana Sur km 19, Villa El Salvador 15067, Lima, Peru
| | - Alba Anadon-Rosell
- Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Soldmanstraße 15, Greifswald 17487, Germany
| | - Melchor Maestro
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Av. Montañana, 1005, Zaragoza 50059, Spain
| | - Peter Millard
- Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand
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35
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Piper FI. Decoupling between growth rate and storage remobilization in broadleaf temperate tree species. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frida I. Piper
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP) Coyhaique Chile
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36
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Collalti A, Tjoelker MG, Hoch G, Mäkelä A, Guidolotti G, Heskel M, Petit G, Ryan MG, Battipaglia G, Matteucci G, Prentice IC. Plant respiration: Controlled by photosynthesis or biomass? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1739-1753. [PMID: 31578796 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two simplifying hypotheses have been proposed for whole-plant respiration. One links respiration to photosynthesis; the other to biomass. Using a first-principles carbon balance model with a prescribed live woody biomass turnover, applied at a forest research site where multidecadal measurements are available for comparison, we show that if turnover is fast the accumulation of respiring biomass is low and respiration depends primarily on photosynthesis; while if turnover is slow the accumulation of respiring biomass is high and respiration depends primarily on biomass. But the first scenario is inconsistent with evidence for substantial carry-over of fixed carbon between years, while the second implies far too great an increase in respiration during stand development-leading to depleted carbohydrate reserves and an unrealistically high mortality risk. These two mutually incompatible hypotheses are thus both incorrect. Respiration is not linearly related either to photosynthesis or to biomass, but it is more strongly controlled by recent photosynthates (and reserve availability) than by total biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Collalti
- Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISAFOM), Rende (CS), Italy
- Department of Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Mark G Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Günter Hoch
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annikki Mäkelä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science and Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gabriele Guidolotti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystem, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), Rome, Italy
| | - Mary Heskel
- Department of Biology, Macalester College, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Giai Petit
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Michael G Ryan
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Giovanna Battipaglia
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Giorgio Matteucci
- Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISAFOM), Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Iain Colin Prentice
- AXA Chair of Biosphere and Climate Impacts, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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37
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Menezes‐Silva PE, Loram‐Lourenço L, Alves RDFB, Sousa LF, Almeida SEDS, Farnese FS. Different ways to die in a changing world: Consequences of climate change for tree species performance and survival through an ecophysiological perspective. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11979-11999. [PMID: 31695903 PMCID: PMC6822037 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities such as uncontrolled deforestation and increasing greenhouse gas emissions are responsible for triggering a series of environmental imbalances that affect the Earth's complex climate dynamics. As a consequence of these changes, several climate models forecast an intensification of extreme weather events over the upcoming decades, including heat waves and increasingly severe drought and flood episodes. The occurrence of such extreme weather will prompt profound changes in several plant communities, resulting in massive forest dieback events that can trigger a massive loss of biodiversity in several biomes worldwide. Despite the gravity of the situation, our knowledge regarding how extreme weather events can undermine the performance, survival, and distribution of forest species remains very fragmented. Therefore, the present review aimed to provide a broad and integrated perspective of the main biochemical, physiological, and morpho-anatomical disorders that may compromise the performance and survival of forest species exposed to climate change factors, particularly drought, flooding, and global warming. In addition, we also discuss the controversial effects of high CO2 concentrations in enhancing plant growth and reducing the deleterious effects of some extreme climatic events. We conclude with a discussion about the possible effects that the factors associated with the climate change might have on species distribution and forest composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas Loram‐Lourenço
- Laboratory of Plant EcophysiologyInstituto Federal Goiano – Campus Rio VerdeGoiásBrazil
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38
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Wiley E, King CM, Landhäusser SM. Identifying the relevant carbohydrate storage pools available for remobilization in aspen roots. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1109-1120. [PMID: 31094427 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) remobilization remains poorly understood in trees. In particular, it remains unclear (i) which tissues (e.g., living bark or xylem) and compounds (sugars or starch) in woody plants are the main sources of remobilized carbon, (ii) to what extent these NSC pools can be depleted and (iii) whether initial NSC mass or concentration is a better predictor of regrowth potential following disturbance. To address these questions, we collected root segments from a large mature trembling aspen stand; we then allowed them to resprout (sucker) in the dark and remobilize NSC until all sprouts had died. We found that initial starch mass, not concentration, was the best predictor of subsequent sprout mass. In total, more NSC mass (~4×) was remobilized from the living inner bark than the xylem of the roots. After resprouting, root starch was generally depleted to <0.6% w/w in both tissues. In contrast, a large portion of sugars appear unavailable for remobilization: sugar concentrations were only reduced to 12% w/w in the bark and 2% in the xylem. These findings suggest that in order to test whether plant processes like resprouting are limited by storage we need to (i) measure storage in the living bark, not just the xylem, (ii) consider storage pool size-not just concentration-and (iii) carefully determine which compounds are actually components of the storage pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Wiley
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Carolyn M King
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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39
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Huang J, Hammerbacher A, Weinhold A, Reichelt M, Gleixner G, Behrendt T, van Dam NM, Sala A, Gershenzon J, Trumbore S, Hartmann H. Eyes on the future - evidence for trade-offs between growth, storage and defense in Norway spruce. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:144-158. [PMID: 30289558 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Carbon (C) allocation plays a central role in tree responses to environmental changes. Yet, fundamental questions remain about how trees allocate C to different sinks, for example, growth vs storage and defense. In order to elucidate allocation priorities, we manipulated the whole-tree C balance by modifying atmospheric CO2 concentrations [CO2 ] to create two distinct gradients of declining C availability, and compared how C was allocated among fluxes (respiration and volatile monoterpenes) and biomass C pools (total biomass, nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) and secondary metabolites (SM)) in well-watered Norway spruce (Picea abies) saplings. Continuous isotope labelling was used to trace the fate of newly-assimilated C. Reducing [CO2 ] to 120 ppm caused an aboveground C compensation point (i.e. net C balance was zero) and resulted in decreases in growth and respiration. By contrast, soluble sugars and SM remained relatively constant in aboveground young organs and were partially maintained with a constant allocation of newly-assimilated C, even at expense of root death from C exhaustion. We conclude that spruce trees have a conservative allocation strategy under source limitation: growth and respiration can be downregulated to maintain 'operational' concentrations of NSC while investing newly-assimilated C into future survival by producing SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbei Huang
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Almuth Hammerbacher
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Alexander Weinhold
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerd Gleixner
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Behrendt
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Sala
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Susan Trumbore
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
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40
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Gessler A, Grossiord C. Coordinating supply and demand: plant carbon allocation strategy ensuring survival in the long run. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:5-7. [PMID: 30815948 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Grossiord
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf, 8903, Switzerland
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41
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Weber R, Gessler A, Hoch G. High carbon storage in carbon-limited trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:171-182. [PMID: 30451299 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) in plant tissues are commonly used as an indicator of total plant carbon (C) supply; but some evidence suggests the possibility for high NSC concentrations during periods of C limitation. Despite this uncertainty, NSC dynamics have not been investigated experimentally under long-term C limitation. We exposed saplings of 10 temperate tree species differing in shade tolerance to 6% of ambient sunlight for 3 yr to induce C limitation, and also defoliated one species, Carpinus betulus, in the third season. Growth and NSC concentrations were monitored to determine C allocation. Shade strongly reduced growth, but after an initial two-fold decrease, NSC concentrations of shaded saplings recovered to the level of unshaded saplings by the third season. NSC concentrations were generally more depleted under shade after leaf flush, and following herbivore attacks. Only under shade did artificial defoliation lead to mortality and depleted NSC concentrations in surviving individuals. We conclude that, irrespective of shade tolerance, C storage is maintained under prolonged shading, and thus high NSC concentrations can occur during C limitation. Yet, our results also suggest that decreased NSC concentrations are indicative of C limitation, and that additional leaf loss can lead to lethal C shortage in deep shade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Weber
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Günter Hoch
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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42
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Dobbelstein E, Fink D, Öner-Sieben S, Czempik L, Lohaus G. Seasonal changes of sucrose transporter expression and sugar partitioning in common European tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:284-299. [PMID: 30388274 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In temperate woody species, carbon transport from source to sink tissues is a striking physiological process, particularly considering seasonal changes. The functions of different tissues can also alternate across the seasons. In this regard, phloem loading and sugar distribution are important aspects of carbon partitioning, and sucrose uptake transporters (SUTs) play a key role in these processes. Therefore, the influence of seasons and different light-dark conditions on the expression of SUTs from 3-year-old Fagus sylvatica L., Quercus robur L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. trees were analyzed. In addition, tissue-specific sugar and starch contents under these different environmental conditions were determined. Putative SUTs were identified in the gymnosperms (Picea abies, Ginkgo biloba L.), here for the first time, and also in the angiosperms (Q. robur, F. sylvatica). The identified SUT sequences of the different tree species cluster into three types, similar to other SUTs from herbaceous and tree species. Furthermore, the sequences from angiosperm and those from gymnosperm species form distinct clusters within the three types of SUTs. In F. sylvatica, Q. robur and P. abies, the expression levels of the different SUTs during seasons showed marked variations. Because of the high expression levels of type I SUTs in bark, wood and leaves during active growing phases in spring and summer, it can be assumed that they are involved in phloem loading, sucrose retrieval and possibly in further physiological processes. The expression patterns also indicate a flexible expression in all tissues depending on physiological requirements and environmental conditions. Compared with type I SUTs, the seasonal variations of type II SUT expression were less pronounced, whereas the seasonal variations of the type III SUT expression patterns were partly reverse. In addition to the seasonal regulation, the expressions of the different SUTs were also regulated by light in a diurnal manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dobbelstein
- Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Daniel Fink
- Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Soner Öner-Sieben
- Clinic for General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Paediatric Cardiology, University Clinic Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura Czempik
- Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Gertrud Lohaus
- Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, Wuppertal, Germany
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43
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Dietrich L, Hoch G, Kahmen A, Körner C. Losing half the conductive area hardly impacts the water status of mature trees. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15006. [PMID: 30301936 PMCID: PMC6177434 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The water status of transpiring tree crowns depends on a hydraulic continuum from the soil matrix around roots to the sub-stomatal cavity of leaves, with a multitude of hydraulic resistances along this path. Although the stem xylem path may not be the most critical of these resistances, it had been suggested that a >50% interruption of that path by drought-stress-induced embolization (air filling) of conduits is critical for tree survival. Here we show that cutting the sapwood of mature, 35 m tall trees in half hardly affects crown water status and transpiration. Counter expectation, this first adult tree sapwood interception experiment revealed that shoot water potential in the canopy (assessed by using a 45 m canopy crane) either remained unaffected (spruce) or became less negative (beech), associated with small reductions in leaf diffusive conductance for water vapour. We conclude that the stem xylem of these trees has a large overcapacity and the tree hydraulics debate requires a critical re-visitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Dietrich
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Günter Hoch
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ansgar Kahmen
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Körner
- Department of Environmental Sciences - Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
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44
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Hartmann H, Moura CF, Anderegg WRL, Ruehr NK, Salmon Y, Allen CD, Arndt SK, Breshears DD, Davi H, Galbraith D, Ruthrof KX, Wunder J, Adams HD, Bloemen J, Cailleret M, Cobb R, Gessler A, Grams TEE, Jansen S, Kautz M, Lloret F, O'Brien M. Research frontiers for improving our understanding of drought-induced tree and forest mortality. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:15-28. [PMID: 29488280 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence highlights increased mortality risks for trees during severe drought, particularly under warmer temperatures and increasing vapour pressure deficit (VPD). Resulting forest die-off events have severe consequences for ecosystem services, biophysical and biogeochemical land-atmosphere processes. Despite advances in monitoring, modelling and experimental studies of the causes and consequences of tree death from individual tree to ecosystem and global scale, a general mechanistic understanding and realistic predictions of drought mortality under future climate conditions are still lacking. We update a global tree mortality map and present a roadmap to a more holistic understanding of forest mortality across scales. We highlight priority research frontiers that promote: (1) new avenues for research on key tree ecophysiological responses to drought; (2) scaling from the tree/plot level to the ecosystem and region; (3) improvements of mortality risk predictions based on both empirical and mechanistic insights; and (4) a global monitoring network of forest mortality. In light of recent and anticipated large forest die-off events such a research agenda is timely and needed to achieve scientific understanding for realistic predictions of drought-induced tree mortality. The implementation of a sustainable network will require support by stakeholders and political authorities at the international level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Hartmann
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knöll Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Catarina F Moura
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knöll Str. 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, Universilty of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Nadine K Ruehr
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Yann Salmon
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, The Kings Buildings, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 68, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2b, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, PO Box 27, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Craig D Allen
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Centre, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, Los Alamos, NM, 87544, USA
| | - Stefan K Arndt
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, 3121, Vic., Australia
| | - David D Breshears
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Hendrik Davi
- INRA, URFM Ecologie des Forest Méditerranéennes, Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914, Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - David Galbraith
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Katinka X Ruthrof
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
- Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority, Fraser Avenue, Kings Park, WA, 6005, Australia
| | - Jan Wunder
- Insubric Ecosystems Research Group, Community Ecology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, a Ramèl 18, CH-6593, Cadenazzo, Switzerland
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Henry D Adams
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, 301 Physical Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Jasper Bloemen
- Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Maxime Cailleret
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Sciences, ETH Zürich. ETH-Zentrum, CHN G77, Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Richard Cobb
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten E E Grams
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technical University of Munich, Von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Kautz
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Francisco Lloret
- CREAF - Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestry, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat d'Ecologia, Department of Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Edifici C, Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael O'Brien
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 La Cañada, Almería, Spain
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