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Xourafa G, Korbmacher M, Roden M. Inter-organ crosstalk during development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:27-49. [PMID: 37845351 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00898-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by tissue-specific insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, which result from the interplay of local abnormalities within different tissues and systemic dysregulation of tissue crosstalk. The main local mechanisms comprise metabolic (lipid) signalling, altered mitochondrial metabolism with oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and local inflammation. While the role of endocrine dysregulation in T2DM pathogenesis is well established, other forms of inter-organ crosstalk deserve closer investigation to better understand the multifactorial transition from normoglycaemia to hyperglycaemia. This narrative Review addresses the impact of certain tissue-specific messenger systems, such as metabolites, peptides and proteins and microRNAs, their secretion patterns and possible alternative transport mechanisms, such as extracellular vesicles (exosomes). The focus is on the effects of these messengers on distant organs during the development of T2DM and progression to its complications. Starting from the adipose tissue as a major organ relevant to T2DM pathophysiology, the discussion is expanded to other key tissues, such as skeletal muscle, liver, the endocrine pancreas and the intestine. Subsequently, this Review also sheds light on the potential of multimarker panels derived from these biomarkers and related multi-omics for the prediction of risk and progression of T2DM, novel diabetes mellitus subtypes and/or endotypes and T2DM-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Xourafa
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Melis Korbmacher
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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2
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Xiao H, Yin T, Diao L, Zhang Y, Huang C. Association between immunity and different clinical symptoms in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Am J Reprod Immunol 2023; 90:e13780. [PMID: 37766399 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disease with endocrine and metabolic disorders. The main symptoms are hyperandrogenemia (HA), insulin resistance (IR), and ovulation disorder. However, the pathogenesis and pathophysiological process of these major symptoms in PCOS are still not well defined. In recent studies, the chronic low-grade inflammatory state has become one of the factors affecting PCOS. Some alterable immune factors in PCOS, such as interleukin-15 and interleukin-1, have been identified to be related to androgen synthesis and insulin resistance in PCOS. In addition, a disturbed immune microenvironment in the ovary leads to impaired follicular growth and ovulation. Previous studies have roughly reviewed the relationship between immunity and PCOS. However, the link between the different clinical manifestations of PCOS and immunity has not been well explored and analyzed. The clinical presentation of each patient is diverse, and symptomatic treatment is mainly used. Therefore, this article reviews several representative immunological factors that affect these three symptoms to explore the underlying mechanism, which will be beneficial for developing new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xiao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tailang Yin
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lianghui Diao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chunyu Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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3
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Cai M, Huang X, Huang X, Ju D, Zhu YZ, Ye L. Research progress of interleukin-15 in cancer immunotherapy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1184703. [PMID: 37251333 PMCID: PMC10213988 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1184703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cytokine that belongs to the interleukin-2 (IL-2) family and is essential for the development, proliferation, and activation of immune cells, including natural killer (NK) cells, T cells and B cells. Recent studies have revealed that interleukin-15 also plays a critical role in cancer immunotherapy. Interleukin-15 agonist molecules have shown that interleukin-15 agonists are effective in inhibiting tumor growth and preventing metastasis, and some are undergoing clinical trials. In this review, we will summarize the recent progress in interleukin-15 research over the past 5 years, highlighting its potential applications in cancer immunotherapy and the progress of interleukin-15 agonist development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghan Cai
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- Minhang Hospital and Department of Biological Medicines at School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiting Huang
- Minhang Hospital and Department of Biological Medicines at School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dianwen Ju
- Minhang Hospital and Department of Biological Medicines at School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhun Zhu
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Li Ye
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
- Minhang Hospital and Department of Biological Medicines at School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Immunotherapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Chen Y, Hu Q, Wang C, Wang T. The crosstalk between BAT thermogenesis and skeletal muscle dysfunction. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1132830. [PMID: 37153220 PMCID: PMC10160478 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1132830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic defects increase the risk of skeletal muscle diseases, and muscle impairment might worsen metabolic disruption, leading to a vicious cycle. Both brown adipose tissue (BAT) and skeletal muscle play important roles in non-shivering thermogenesis to regulate energy homeostasis. BAT regulates body temperature, systemic metabolism, and seretion of batokines that have positive or negative impacts on skeletal muscle. Conversely, muscle can secrete myokines that regulate BAT function. This review explained the crosstalk between BAT and skeletal muscle, and then discussed the batokines and highlighted their impact on skeletal muscle under physiological conditions. BAT is now considered a potential therapeutic target for obesity and diabetes treatment. Moreover, manipulation of BAT may be an attractive approach for the treatment of muscle weakness by correcting metabolic deficits. Therefore, exploring BAT as a potential treatment for sarcopenia could be a promising avenue for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Hu
- Health Management Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Changyi Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Changyi Wang, ; Tiantian Wang,
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Changyi Wang, ; Tiantian Wang,
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Okdahl T, Wegeberg AM, Pociot F, Brock B, Størling J, Brock C. Low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study from a Danish diabetes outpatient clinic. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e062188. [PMID: 36517105 PMCID: PMC9756179 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes and explore associations to clinical aspects as well as microvascular and macrovascular complications. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis. SETTING The outpatient diabetes clinic at the Department of Endocrinology at Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark. PARTICIPANTS 100 participants with type 2 diabetes confirmed by a haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)≥6.5% for a minimum of 1 year and 21 healthy controls. OUTCOME MEASURES Serum levels of 27 inflammation-related biomarkers measured by immunoassay. Associations with microvascular and macrovascular complications, body weight, glycaemic control, medication and sex were investigated in the diabetes cohort. RESULTS Serum levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and eotaxin were elevated in type 2 diabetes (p<0.05), while interleukin (IL)-7 was decreased (p<0.001). IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-15, macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) and C reactive protein (CRP) levels were increased with body weight (p<0.05), while eotaxin and TNF-α were increased with elevated HbA1c levels (p<0.04). Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor therapy was associated with lower levels of induced protein-10, MDC and thymus and activation regulated chemokine (p<0.02), while females had higher levels of MDC (p=0.027). Individuals with ≥3 diabetic complications had elevated levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-12/IL-23p40, IL-15 and CRP compared with those with ≤3 (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The level of low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes is associated with obesity, glycaemic regulation, therapeutical management, sex and complications. Our results underline the importance of addressing inflammatory issues in type 2 diabetes, as these may predispose for crippling comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Okdahl
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Wegeberg
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Thisted Research Unit, Aalborg University Hospital Thisted, Thisted, Denmark
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Herlev, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Brock
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Joachim Størling
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Kobenhavn, Denmark
| | - Christina Brock
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Barros D, Marques EA, Magalhães J, Carvalho J. Energy metabolism and frailty: The potential role of exercise-induced myokines - A narrative review. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 82:101780. [PMID: 36334911 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Frailty is a complex condition that emerges from dysregulation in multiple physiological systems. Increasing evidence suggests the potential role of age-related energy dysregulation as a key driver of frailty. Exercise is considered the most efficacious intervention to prevent and even ameliorate frailty as it up-tunes and improves the function of several related systems. However, the mechanisms and molecules responsible for these intersystem benefits are not fully understood. The skeletal muscle is considered a secretory organ with endocrine functions that can produce and secrete exercise-related molecules such as myokines. These molecules are cytokines and other peptides released by muscle fibers in response to acute and/or chronic exercise. The available evidence supports that several myokines can elicit autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine effects, partly mediating inter-organ crosstalk and also having a critical role in improving cardiovascular, metabolic, immune, and neurological health. This review describes the current evidence about the potential link between energy metabolism dysregulation and frailty and provides a theoretical framework for the potential role of myokines (via exercise) in counteracting frailty. It also summarizes the physiological role of selected myokines and their response to different acute and chronic exercise protocols in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duarte Barros
- The Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, CIAFEL, University of Porto, Portugal; ITR - Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Elisa A Marques
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Maia (ISMAI), Portugal; School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - José Magalhães
- The Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, CIAFEL, University of Porto, Portugal; ITR - Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Carvalho
- The Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, CIAFEL, University of Porto, Portugal; ITR - Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, Porto, Portugal
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Regulatory Networks, Management Approaches, and Emerging Treatments of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 2022:6799414. [PMID: 36397950 PMCID: PMC9666027 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6799414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of NAFLD is complex and diverse, involving multiple signaling pathways and cytokines from various organs. Hepatokines, stellakines, adipokines, and myokines secreted by hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, adipose tissue, and myocytes play an important role in the occurrence and development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) contributes to the progression of NAFLD by mediating liver inflammation, immune response, hepatocyte death, and later compensatory proliferation. In this review, we first discuss the crosstalk and interaction between hepatokines, stellakines, adipokines, and myokines and NF-κB in NAFLD. The characterization of the crosstalk of NF-κB with these factors will provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the progression of NAFLD. In addition, we examine new expert management opinions for NAFLD and explore the therapeutic potential of silymarin in NAFLD/NASH.
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Orsatti CL, Orsatti FL, Bezerra TG, Quevedo A, Nahas EAP. Interleukin-15 are associated with insulin resistance in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 2022; 38:765-770. [PMID: 35921852 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2022.2105832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if higher levels of circulating interleukin (IL)-15 are positively associated with improvement in insulin resistance in postmenopausal women (PW) with metabolic syndrome (MS). METHODS According to the median value of IL-15 at baseline, PW older than or equal to 45 years were divided into two groups: higher (n = 43) and lower (n = 42) IL-15. There was a 9-month follow-up period with clinical assessments at baseline and at 9 months (criteria of metabolic syndrome, body fat, and insulin resistance). Insulin resistance (IR) was calculated according to the Homeostasis Model Assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). For IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-33, IL-15, and TNF-α was determined using immunoassay Magnetic Bead Panel. RESULTS There was an interaction between the time and group only for insulin (p = .008) and HOMA-IR (p = .024). After adjusting for confounding variables (clinical and ILs), the HOMA-IR (p = .006) and insulin (p = .003) were lower in the higher-IL-15 group [HOMA-IR: 2.2 (95% CI: 1.9-2.5) and insulin: 9.1 µIU/mL (95% CI: 7.9-10.3)] when compared to the lower-IL-15 group [HOMA-IR: 3.1 (95% CI: 2.6-3.6) and insulin: 12.9 (95% CI: 11.1-14.9)] after 9 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION Higher levels of circulating IL-15 are positively associated with improvements in IR in PW with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Lera Orsatti
- Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Exercise Research Group - PhyNEr, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro - UFTM, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Quevedo
- Department Health Science, Oeste Paulista University - UNOESTE, Jaú, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliana Aguiar Petri Nahas
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ribeiro FM, Silva MA, Lyssa V, Marques G, Lima HK, Franco OL, Petriz B. The molecular signaling of exercise and obesity in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:927170. [PMID: 35966101 PMCID: PMC9365995 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.927170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the major pandemics of the 21st century. Due to its multifactorial etiology, its treatment requires several actions, including dietary intervention and physical exercise. Excessive fat accumulation leads to several health problems involving alteration in the gut-microbiota-brain axis. This axis is characterized by multiple biological systems generating a network that allows bidirectional communication between intestinal bacteria and brain. This mutual communication maintains the homeostasis of the gastrointestinal, central nervous and microbial systems of animals. Moreover, this axis involves inflammatory, neural, and endocrine mechanisms, contributes to obesity pathogenesis. The axis also acts in appetite and satiety control and synthesizing hormones that participate in gastrointestinal functions. Exercise is a nonpharmacologic agent commonly used to prevent and treat obesity and other chronic degenerative diseases. Besides increasing energy expenditure, exercise induces the synthesis and liberation of several muscle-derived myokines and neuroendocrine peptides such as neuropeptide Y, peptide YY, ghrelin, and leptin, which act directly on the gut-microbiota-brain axis. Thus, exercise may serve as a rebalancing agent of the gut-microbiota-brain axis under the stimulus of chronic low-grade inflammation induced by obesity. So far, there is little evidence of modification of the gut-brain axis as a whole, and this narrative review aims to address the molecular pathways through which exercise may act in the context of disorders of the gut-brain axis due to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe M. Ribeiro
- Post-Graduation Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology - University Center of the Federal District - UDF, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Maycon A. Silva
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Victória Lyssa
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Graduate Program of Sciences and Technology of Health, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology - University Center of the Federal District - UDF, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Henny K. Lima
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Octavio L. Franco
- Post-Graduation Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
- S-Inova Biotech, Catholic University Dom Bosco, Biotechnology Program, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Petriz
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology - University Center of the Federal District - UDF, Brasilia, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences - University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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10
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Sabaratnam R, Wojtaszewski JFP, Højlund K. Factors mediating exercise-induced organ crosstalk. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 234:e13766. [PMID: 34981891 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exercise activates a plethora of metabolic and signalling pathways in skeletal muscle and other organs causing numerous systemic beneficial metabolic effects. Thus, regular exercise may ameliorate and prevent the development of several chronic metabolic diseases. Skeletal muscle is recognized as an important endocrine organ regulating systemic adaptations to exercise. Skeletal muscle may mediate crosstalk with other organs through the release of exercise-induced cytokines, peptides and proteins, termed myokines, into the circulation. Importantly, other tissues such as the liver and adipose tissue may also release cytokines and peptides in response to exercise. Hence, exercise-released molecules are collectively called exerkines. Moreover, extracellular vesicles (EVs), in the form of exosomes or microvesicles, may carry some of the signals involved in tissue crosstalk. This review focuses on the role of factors potentially mediating crosstalk between muscle and other tissues in response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rugivan Sabaratnam
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense Odense University Hospital Odense C Denmark
- Section of Molecular Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Clinical Research & Department of Molecular Medicine University of Southern Denmark Odense C Denmark
| | - Jørgen F. P. Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense Odense University Hospital Odense C Denmark
- Section of Molecular Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Clinical Research & Department of Molecular Medicine University of Southern Denmark Odense C Denmark
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11
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He Y, Bo Q, Mao Z, Yang J, Liu M, Wang H, Kastin AJ, Pan W, Wang C, Sun Z. Reduced Serum Levels of Soluble Interleukin-15 Receptor α in Schizophrenia and Its Relationship to the Excited Phenotype. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:842003. [PMID: 35356722 PMCID: PMC8959406 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.842003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies documented that interleukin-15 receptor α (IL-15Rα) knockout (KO) mice exhibited hyperactivity, memory impairment, and desperate behavior, which are core features of schizophrenia and depression. Due to the overlapping symptomology and pathogenesis observed for schizophrenia and depression, the present study attempted to determine whether IL-15Rα was associated with the risk of schizophrenia or depression. One hundred fifty-six participants, including 63 schizophrenia patients, 29 depressive patients, and 64 age-matched healthy controls, were enrolled in the study. We investigated the circulating levels of soluble IL-15Rα and analyzed potential links between the IL-15Rα levels and clinical symptoms present in schizophrenia or depressive patients. We observed reduced serum IL-15Rα levels in schizophrenia patients, but not depressive patients compared with controls. Moreover, a significant negative association was observed between the circulating IL-15Rα levels and excited phenotypes in the schizophrenia patients. The IL-15Rα KO mice displayed pronounced pre-pulse inhibition impairment, which was a typical symptom of schizophrenia. Interestingly, the IL-15Rα KO mice exhibited a remarkable elevation in the startle amplitude in the startle reflex test compared to wild type mice. These results demonstrated that serum levels of soluble IL-15Rα were reduced in schizophrenia and highlighted the relationship of IL-15Rα and the excited phenotype in schizophrenia patients and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qijing Bo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Mao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Abba J Kastin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Weihong Pan
- BioPotentials Consult, Sedona, AZ, United States
| | - Chuanyue Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zuoli Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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12
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Liu Y, Li Z, Wang Y, Cai Q, Liu H, Xu C, Zhang F. IL-15 Participates in the Pathogenesis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome by Affecting the Activity of Granulosa Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:787876. [PMID: 35250857 PMCID: PMC8894602 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.787876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-grade chronic inflammation may contribute to the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in the development of chronic inflammation leading to obesity-associated metabolic syndrome. However, the concentration of IL-15 in follicular fluid of patients with PCOS has yet been evaluated. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to evaluate the expression level of IL-15 in both patients with PCOS and PCOS mice model and investigate the functional effect of IL-15 on ovarian granulosa cells. METHODS The level of IL-15 in follicular fluid (FF) was measured using cytokine array and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in two cohorts from 23 PCOS patients and 18 normo-ovulatory controls. PCOS mice model was induced by subcutaneously implanted with letrozole pellet for 21 days. The expression level of IL-15 in serum, ovarian, and subcutaneous adipose tissue in PCOS mice model was measured by ELISA, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and immunofluorescence. The effect of IL-15 on the proliferation and apoptosis of the KGN cells and mouse ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) were detected by CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Transcript expression of 17α-hydroxylase17,20-lyase (CYP17A1), cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1(CYP19A1), FSH receptor (FSHR), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), and proinflammatory cytokine were quantified using RT-PCR. The protein level and phosphorylation level of p38 MAPK and JNK are detected by Western blot. Concentration of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and progesterone (P)were measured by ELISA. RESULTS IL-15 expression in follicular fluid of patients with PCOS was significantly elevated compared with the control group, and similar results were observed in the ovarian and subcutaneous adipose tissue of PCOS mice models. Furthermore, the elevated FF IL-15 levels have a positive correlation with the serum testosterone levels. FSHR co-localized with IL-15 indicating that IL-15 production originate from ovarian granulose cells. IL-15 treatment inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis of KGN cells and mouse GCs. Moreover, IL-15 upregulated the transcription levels of CYP17A1, IL-1b and Ifng KGN cells. Similar results were observed in mouse GCs except concentration of DHEAS was higher in IL-15 treatment. IL-15 promoted p38 MAPK and JNK phosphorylation in KGN cells, treating KGN cells with p38 MAPK inhibitor SP600125 and JNK inhibitor SB203580 could reverse the effect of IL-15 on the proliferation and function of KGN cells. CONCLUSION The results indicate that IL-15 is involved in the pathogenesis of PCOS potentially by affecting survival, the inflammation state and steroidogenesis of granulosa cells. The practical significance of this association between IL-15 and the pathogenesis of PCOS needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqing Cai
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiou Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Congjian Xu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Feifei Zhang, ; Congjian Xu,
| | - Feifei Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Feifei Zhang, ; Congjian Xu,
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He Y, Ge L, Tong F, Zheng P, Yang J, Zhou J, Sun Z, Wang H, Yang S, Li Y, Yu Y. Metabolic responses in the cortex and hippocampus induced by Il-15rα mutation. Mol Omics 2022; 18:865-872. [DOI: 10.1039/d2mo00105e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics showed distinct metabolic phenotypes of the different brain regions related to the IL-15 system, enhancing our understanding of the IL-15 system and its interactions with neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Lijun Ge
- Liyuan Cardiovascular Center, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430077, China
| | - Fang Tong
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Fundamental Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Peng Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jian Yang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zuoli Sun
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, China
| | - Shun Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Yantian District People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518081, China
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yuxin Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
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Alhamdan F, Marsh LM, Pedersen F, Alhamwe BA, Thölken C, Pfefferle PI, Bahmer T, Greulich T, Potaczek DP, Garn H. Differential Regulation of Interferon Signaling Pathways in CD4 + T Cells of the Low Type-2 Obesity-Associated Asthma Phenotype. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810144. [PMID: 34576307 PMCID: PMC8469911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the era of personalized medicine, insights into the molecular mechanisms that differentially contribute to disease phenotypes, such as asthma phenotypes including obesity-associated asthma, are urgently needed. Peripheral blood was drawn from 10 obese, non-atopic asthmatic adults with a high body mass index (BMI; 36.67 ± 6.90); 10 non-obese, non-atopic asthmatic adults with normal BMI (23.88 ± 2.73); and 10 healthy controls with normal BMI (23.62 ± 3.74). All asthmatic patients were considered to represent a low type-2 asthma phenotype according to selective clinical parameters. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was conducted on peripheral blood CD4+ T cells. Thousands of differentially expressed genes were identified in both asthma groups compared with heathy controls. The expression of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes associated with IFN-related signaling pathways was specifically affected in obese asthmatics, while the gap junction and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligand binding pathways were enriched in both asthma groups. Furthermore, obesity gene markers were also upregulated in CD4+ T cells from obese asthmatics compared with the two other groups. Additionally, the enriched genes of the three abovementioned pathways showed a unique correlation pattern with various laboratory and clinical parameters. The specific activation of IFN-related signaling and viral infection pathways might provide a novel view of the molecular mechanisms associated with the development of the low type-2 obesity-associated asthma phenotype, which is a step ahead in the development of new stratified therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahd Alhamdan
- Translational Inflammation Research Division & Core Facility for Single Cell Multiomics, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and the Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Medical Faculty, Philipps University of Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; (F.A.); (D.P.P.)
| | - Leigh M. Marsh
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, A-8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Frauke Pedersen
- Lungen Clinic Grosshansdorf GmbH, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), D-22927 Großhansdorf, Germany; (F.P.); (T.B.)
| | - Bilal Alashkar Alhamwe
- Clinic for Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Institute of Tumor Immunology, Medical Faculty, Philipps University of Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany;
- College of Pharmacy, International University for Science and Technology (IUST), Daraa 15, Syria
| | - Clemens Thölken
- Institute of Medical Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Medical Faculty, Philipps University of Marburg, D-35037 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Petra Ina Pfefferle
- Comprehensive Biobank Marburg (CBBMR), Member of the German Biobank Alliance (GBA) and the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Medical Faculty, Philipps University of Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Thomas Bahmer
- Lungen Clinic Grosshansdorf GmbH, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), D-22927 Großhansdorf, Germany; (F.P.); (T.B.)
- Department for Internal Medicine I, Campus Kiel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Timm Greulich
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg, Department of Medicine, D-35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Daniel P. Potaczek
- Translational Inflammation Research Division & Core Facility for Single Cell Multiomics, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and the Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Medical Faculty, Philipps University of Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; (F.A.); (D.P.P.)
| | - Holger Garn
- Translational Inflammation Research Division & Core Facility for Single Cell Multiomics, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) and the Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Medical Faculty, Philipps University of Marburg, D-35043 Marburg, Germany; (F.A.); (D.P.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6421-2866040
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Zheng J, Zheng C, Song B, Guo Q, Zhong Y, Zhang S, Zhang L, Duan G, Li F, Duan Y. HMB Improves Lipid Metabolism of Bama Xiang Mini-Pigs via Modulating the Bacteroidetes-Acetic Acid-AMPKα Axis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:736997. [PMID: 34484171 PMCID: PMC8415715 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.736997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we used Bama Xiang mini-pigs to explore the effects of different dietary β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) levels (0, 0.13, 0.64 or 1.28%) on lipid metabolism of adipose tissue. Results showed that HMB decreased the fat percentage of pigs (linearly, P < 0.05), and the lowest value was observed in the 0.13% HMB group. Moreover, the colonic acetic acid concentration and the relative Bacteroidetes abundance were increased in response to HMB supplementation (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis identified a positive correlation between the relative Bacteroidetes abundance and acetic acid production, and a negative correlation between fat percentage and the relative Bacteroidetes abundance or acetic acid production. HMB also upregulated the phosphorylation (p) of AMPKα, Sirt1, and FoxO1, and downregulated the p-mTOR expression. Collectively, these findings indicate that reduced fat percentage in Bama Xiang mini-pigs could be induced by HMB supplementation and the mechanism might be associated with the Bacteroidetes-acetic acid-AMPKα axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changbing Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuping Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yinzhao Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Lingyu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Geyan Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.,College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengna Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yehui Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
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16
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Minasyan M, Sharma L, Pivarnik T, Liu W, Adams T, Bermejo S, Peng X, Liu A, Ishikawa G, Perry C, Kaminski N, Gulati M, Herzog EL, Dela Cruz CS, Ryu C. Elevated IL-15 concentrations in the sarcoidosis lung are independent of granuloma burden and disease phenotypes. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 320:L1137-L1146. [PMID: 33851886 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00575.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease predominantly affecting the lungs. The mechanisms promoting disease pathogenesis and progression are unknown, although interleukin-15 (IL-15) has been associated with the immune-mediated inflammation of sarcoidosis. Because the identification of a mechanistically based, clinically relevant biomarker for sarcoidosis remains elusive, we hypothesized this role for IL-15. Pulmonary sarcoidosis granuloma formation was modeled using trehalose 6,6'-dimicolate (TDM), which was administered into wild-type and three lineages of mice: those overexpressing IL-15, deficient in IL-15, and deficient in IL-15 receptor α. The number of granulomas per lung was counted and normalized to the wild type. IL-15 concentrations were measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from healthy controls and subjects with sarcoidosis in our cohort, where associations between IL-15 levels and clinical manifestations were sought. Findings were validated in another independent sarcoidosis cohort. TDM administration resulted in similar granuloma numbers across all lineages of mice. IL-15 concentrations were elevated in the BAL of both human cohorts, irrespective of disease phenotypes. In exploratory analysis, an association with obesity was observed, and various other soluble mediators were identified in the BAL of both cohorts. Although IL-15 is enriched in the sarcoidosis lung, it was independent of disease pathogenesis or clinical manifestations in our mouse model and human cohorts of sarcoidosis. An association with obesity perhaps reflects the ongoing inflammatory processes of these comorbid conditions. Our findings showed that IL-15 is redundant for disease pathogenesis and clinical progression of sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksym Minasyan
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lokesh Sharma
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Taylor Pivarnik
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Wei Liu
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Taylor Adams
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Santos Bermejo
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Xiaohua Peng
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Angela Liu
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Genta Ishikawa
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Carrighan Perry
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mridu Gulati
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Erica L Herzog
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Charles S Dela Cruz
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Changwan Ryu
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
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Katsogiannos P, Kamble PG, Pereira MJ, Sundbom M, Carlsson P, Eriksson JW, Espes D. Changes in Circulating Cytokines and Adipokines After RYGB in Patients with and without Type 2 Diabetes. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:535-542. [PMID: 33624436 PMCID: PMC7986425 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare cytokine and adipokine levels in patients with obesity with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D) at baseline and 6 months after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) with healthy controls. METHODS A total of 34 patients (21 with T2D) with BMI of 30 to 45 kg/m2 were compared with 25 healthy controls without obesity. Cytokines, adipokines, and peptides of relevance for inflammation and metabolism were analyzed in plasma. RESULTS Significant decreases in weight and glycated hemoglobin A1c were observed. At baseline, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IFN-β, IL-18, leptin, and hepatocyte growth factor were higher in all patients with obesity compared with healthy controls. In patients without T2D, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-2, IL-15, and visfatin were also increased, whereas bone morphogenic protein-4 was decreased. Following RYGB, IL-6 and hepatocyte growth factor were still increased in both groups compared with controls. In T2D patients, IFN-β, IL-27, IL-1α, IL-2, regenerating islet-derived protein 3A, visfatin, and osteopontin were found to be increased. In patients without T2D, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-2, IL-15, leptin, and visfatin remained increased. CONCLUSIONS The altered cytokine profile of patients with obesity persisted after RYGB despite large weight loss and improved metabolic status, thus reflecting an inherent inflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros Katsogiannos
- Department of Medical ScienceClinical Diabetes and MetabolismUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Prasad G. Kamble
- Department of Medical ScienceClinical Diabetes and MetabolismUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Maria J. Pereira
- Department of Medical ScienceClinical Diabetes and MetabolismUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Magnus Sundbom
- Department of Surgical SciencesUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Per‐Ola Carlsson
- Department of Medical ScienceClinical Diabetes and MetabolismUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
- Department of Medical Cell BiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Jan W. Eriksson
- Department of Medical ScienceClinical Diabetes and MetabolismUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Daniel Espes
- Department of Medical ScienceClinical Diabetes and MetabolismUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
- Department of Medical Cell BiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
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18
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Li J, Li Y, Zhou X, Wei L, Zhang J, Zhu S, Zhang H, Gao X, Sharifu LM, Wang S, Xi L, Feng L. Upregulation of IL-15 in the placenta alters trophoblasts behavior contributing to gestational diabetes mellitus. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:33. [PMID: 33557944 PMCID: PMC7869487 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00533-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-15 (IL-15), a member of the ‘four α-helix bundle’ cytokine family, has been associated with many inflammatory and metabolic diseases. Abnormal expression of IL-15 has been linked to the occurrence and development of obesity and diabetes. However, there is a paucity of research on the involvement of IL-15 in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). This study aims at investigating the role of IL-15 in the pathogenesis of GDM. Results IL-15 was consistently expressed in the placenta throughout pregnancy and dynamically changed with pregnancy progress. Trophoblasts have been identified as the major source of IL-15 in the placenta. Expression of IL-15 was significantly increased in the placenta of GDM and in the trophoblasts cultured with high glucose (HG). In our study, expression of IL-15 in the placenta was positively correlated with blood glucose concentration of 75 g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), and was inversely correlated with weight of newborns. Further investigations in vitro showed that exogenous addition of IL-15 promoted trophoblasts proliferation, improved invasion and tube formation ability by activating the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, which be blocked by JAK inhibitors. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that IL-15 expression in the placenta was dynamically changing during pregnancy, and it was upregulated in the placenta of GDM patients. Furthermore, IL-15 altered the biological behavior of trophoblasts through JAK/STAT signaling pathway in vitro, and may contributed to the placental pathology of GDM. Our findings provide a new direction for studying the pathophysiological changes of placenta in GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Yuan Li
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Lijie Wei
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Shenglan Zhu
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Huiting Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xuan Gao
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Lali Mwamaka Sharifu
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Shaoshuai Wang
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Ling Xi
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Ling Feng
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
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19
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Effect of Various Exercise Regimens on Selected Exercise-Induced Cytokines in Healthy People. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18031261. [PMID: 33572495 PMCID: PMC7908590 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Different forms of physical activity—endurance, resistance or dynamic power—stimulate cytokine release from various tissues to the bloodstream. Receptors for exercise-induced cytokines are present in muscle tissue, adipose tissue, liver, brain, bones, cardiovascular system, immune system, pancreas, and skin. They have autocrine, paracrine and endocrine activities. Many of them regulate the myocyte growth and differentiation necessary for muscle hypertrophy and myogenesis. They also modify energy homeostasis, lipid, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism, regulate inflammation and exchange information (crosstalk) between remote organs. So far, interleukin 6 and irisin have been the best studied exercise-induced cytokines. However, many more can be grouped into myokines, hepatokines and adipomyokines. This review focuses on the less known exercise-induced cytokines such as myostatin, follistatin, decorin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, fibroblast growth factor 21 and interleukin 15, and their relation to various forms of exercise, i.e., acute vs. chronic, regular training in healthy people.
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Guo L, Liu MF, Huang JN, Li JM, Jiang J, Wang JA. Role of interleukin-15 in cardiovascular diseases. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:7094-7101. [PMID: 32406586 PMCID: PMC7339208 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)‐15 is a recently identified cytokine, which belongs to the interleukin‐2(IL‐2) family, and plays an important role in innate and adaptive immunoreaction. Given the fact that the structure of IL‐15 is partially similar to IL‐2, they share some common biological effects, including immunoregulation. IL‐2 was proven to protect cardiac function in mouse myocardial infarction models. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) dominate the cause of mortality worldwide. Besides atherosclerosis, inflammation is also widely involved in the pathogenesis of many CVDs including hypertension, heart failure (HF) and aneurysm. IL‐15, as a pro‐inflammatory cytokine, is up‐regulated in some cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction and atherosclerosis. The current understanding of IL‐15, including its signal pathway and cellular function, was described. Furthermore, IL‐15 has a protective effect in myocardial infarction and myocarditis by decreasing cardiomyocyte death and improving heart function. The inhibited effect of IL‐15 in ductus arteriosus (DA) should be focused on. IL‐15 promoted atherogenesis. IL‐15 may be a good target in treatment of cardiovascular diabetology. Finally, future research direction of IL‐15 deserves attention. Since IL‐15 plays several roles in CVDs, understanding the role of the IL‐15/IL‐15R system may provide a scientific basis for the development of new approaches that use IL‐15 for the treatment of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Fei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Niu Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Min Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-An Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Relationship of HIV Status and Fatigue, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Myokines, and Physical Activity. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2020; 30:392-404. [PMID: 31241504 DOI: 10.1097/jnc.0000000000000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
People living with HIV (PLWH) experience high rates of fatigue, which can be improved with physical activity. We examined relationships between HIV infection, fatigue, cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, and myokines. Twenty PLWH and 20 HIV-uninfected adults completed a fatigue assessment, a maximal cardiometabolic exercise test, serum measures of myokines, and wore an accelerometer for 7 days. Measures were completed at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. At baseline, PLWH had more fatigue (4.7 ± 2.6 vs. 2.8 ± 2.5, p = .01) and higher peak ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2; 33 ± 5.5 vs. 30.2 ± 2.5; p = .06). Half of PLWH engaged in at least one 10-minute bout of physical activity in the previous week, compared with control subjects (65%). Over time, HIV infection and fibroblast growth factor 21 were associated with fatigue (p < .05). People living with HIV have more fatigue and a higher ventilatory efficiency; expression of fibroblast growth factor 21 may underpin this relationship.
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Roczniak W, Mikołajczak-Będkowska A, Świętochowska E, Ostrowska Z, Ziora K, Balcerowicz S, Górska-Flak K, Milan M, Oświęcimska J. Serum interleukin 15 in anorexia nervosa: Comparison to normal weight and obese girls. World J Biol Psychiatry 2020; 21:203-211. [PMID: 30806157 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2019.1583370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background: Interleukin 15 (IL-15) plays a key role in the muscle-fat interaction, reducing adipose tissue mass without changes in the lean body mass and reduction of food intake. Here we assess serum IL-15 levels in girls with anorexia nervosa (AN) relative to obese and normal weight female adolescents.Methods: Serum IL-15 concentrations were evaluated using a commercially available ELISA kit in 32 Polish girls with restrictive AN, 29 girls with obesity (O), and 21 healthy controls (C). Anthropometric measurements (weight, height, BMI) and laboratory assays (serum fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, and C-reactive protein (CRP)) were performed.Results: Mean serum IL-15 in the AN group was significantly higher than in C, but lower than in O. In all examined girls, significant positive correlations between IL-15 and body weight, BMI, insulin, HOMA, LDL, triglycerides and CRP were noted. We also observed an inverse relationship between IL-15 and HDL.Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that serum IL-15 concentrations in adolescent girls with AN and obesity are significantly elevated in comparison to normal weight controls. However, the role of IL-15 in the pathogenesis of AN and obesity remains still unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Roczniak
- Institute of Medicine, Jan Grodek State Vocational School in Sanok, Sanok, Poland
| | | | - Elżbieta Świętochowska
- Molecular Biology, School of Medicine with Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Zofia Ostrowska
- Molecular Biology, School of Medicine with Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ziora
- Pediatrics, School of Medicine with Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Sylwia Balcerowicz
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital No 1 in Zabrze Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Karolina Górska-Flak
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital in Opole University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | - Magdalena Milan
- Department of Pediatrics, District Hospital, Strzelce Opolskie, Poland
| | - Joanna Oświęcimska
- Pediatrics, School of Medicine with Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Zabrze, Poland
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Das DK, Graham ZA, Cardozo CP. Myokines in skeletal muscle physiology and metabolism: Recent advances and future perspectives. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13367. [PMID: 31442362 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Myokines are molecules produced and secreted by skeletal muscle to act in an auto-, para- and endocrine manner to alter physiological function of target tissues. The growing number of effects of myokines on metabolism of distant tissues provides a compelling case for crosstalk between skeletal muscle and other tissues and organs to regulate metabolic homoeostasis. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge regarding the impact on metabolism of several canonical and recently identified myokines. We focus specifically on myostatin, β-aminoisobutyric acid, interleukin-15, meteorin-like and myonectin, and discuss how these myokines are induced and regulated as well as their overall function. We also review how these myokines may serve as potential prognostic biomarkers that reflect whole-body metabolism and how they may be attractive therapeutic targets for treating muscle and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibash K. Das
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury James J. Peters VA Medical Center Bronx NY USA
- Department of Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | - Zachary A. Graham
- Birmingham VA Medical Center University of Alabama‐Birmingham Birmingham AL USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology University of Alabama‐Birmingham Birmingham AL USA
| | - Christopher P. Cardozo
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury James J. Peters VA Medical Center Bronx NY USA
- Department of Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
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Duan Y, Zhang L, Li F, Guo Q, Long C, Yin Y, Kong X, Peng M, Wang W. β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate modulates lipid metabolism in adipose tissues of growing pigs. Food Funct 2019; 9:4836-4846. [PMID: 30137075 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00898a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects and roles of the leucine (Leu) metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) in lipid metabolism in adipose tissues of pigs are still unknown. OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to investigate the effects of excess Leu versus HMB on growth, carcass traits, and lipid metabolism in adipose tissues of growing pigs. METHODS AND RESULTS Compared to control, the Leu/HMB group significantly increased/reduced weight of total fat mass, respectively, with a concurrent increase of serum adiponectin concentration (P < 0.05). Moreover, dietary HMB supplementation regulated the expression of genes involved in adipose tissue function, accompanied by increases/decreases in the phosphorylation of AMPKα/mTOR in perirenal adipose tissue, respectively (P < 0.05). Serum IL-15 concentration and the mRNA abundance of IL-15, PGC-1α, and NRF-1 were also increased in the HMB group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS HMB supplementation can regulate adipose tissue function including fatty acid oxidation, lipolysis, and adipokine secretion. These effects may be partly mediated by AMPKα-mTOR pathway and associated with mitochondrial biogenesis, the AMPK-PGC-1α axis, and myokines secreted by muscle tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehui Duan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process; Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China.
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Shi J, Fan J, Su Q, Yang Z. Cytokines and Abnormal Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:703. [PMID: 31736870 PMCID: PMC6833922 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear evidence indicates that cytokines, for instance, adipokines, hepatokines, inflammatory cytokines, myokines, and osteokines, contribute substantially to the development of abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism. Some cytokines play a positive role in metabolism action, while others have a negative metabolic role linking to the induction of metabolic dysfunction. The mechanisms involved are not fully understood, but are associated with lipid accumulation in organs and tissues, especially in the adipose and liver tissue, changes in energy metabolism, and inflammatory signals derived from various cell types, including immune cells. In this review, we describe the roles of certain cytokines in the regulation of metabolism and inter-organ signaling in regard to the pathophysiological aspects. Given the disease-related changes in circulating levels of relevant cytokines, these factors may serve as biomarkers for the early detection of metabolic disorders. Moreover, based on preclinical studies, certain cytokines that can induce improvements in glucose and lipid metabolism and immune response may emerge as novel targets of broader and more efficacious treatments and prevention of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangao Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Digestion and Nutrition, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Qing Su
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Zhen Yang
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Hingorjo MR, Zehra S, Saleem S, Qureshi MA. Serum Interleukin-15 and its relationship with adiposity Indices before and after short-term endurance exercise. Pak J Med Sci 2018; 34:1125-1131. [PMID: 30344562 PMCID: PMC6191778 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.345.15516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The myokine interleukin-15 (IL-15) is capable of modifying the metabolism of both skeletal and adipose tissue. This study compares the change in serum levels of IL-15 in obese and non-obese after a single session of submaximal exercise. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out at Jinnah Medical and Dental College, Karachi, during Aug-Dec 2015, comprising of 133 medical students (aged 17-24 years). Cardiorespiratory fitness was evaluated by Queen's College Step Test. Blood was obtained both before and just after exercise and serum levels of IL-15 determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Mean serum level of IL-15 was 3.64±1.59 pg/mL. Higher levels of IL-15 were seen in lean subjects compared to overweight/obese, both before and after three minutes of exercise (all Ptrend<.001). The percent increase in IL-15 upon exercise was 12.7% higher in lean. Significant negative association was seen between interleukin-15 and adiposity, especially visceral fat (r = -.288, p=.001). Conclusion Interleukin-15 correlates negatively with adiposity indices, especially visceral fat. With the proven benefit of IL-15 in terms of adipose tissue stores and skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis, endurance exercises, even of short duration, may possess therapeutic potential towards producing a healthier body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozaffer Rahim Hingorjo
- Prof. Mozaffer Rahim Hingorjo, FCPS. Department of Physiology, Jinnah Medical & Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sitwat Zehra
- Dr. Sitwat Zehra, PhD. Department of Physiology, Dr. A.Q. Khan Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Saima Saleem
- Dr. Saima Saleem, PhD. Department of Physiology, Dr. A.Q. Khan Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (KIBGE), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Masood Anwar Qureshi
- Prof. Masood Anwar Qureshi, PhD. Department of Physiology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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García MDC, Pazos P, Lima L, Diéguez C. Regulation of Energy Expenditure and Brown/Beige Thermogenic Activity by Interleukins: New Roles for Old Actors. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2569. [PMID: 30158466 PMCID: PMC6164446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity rates and the burden of metabolic associated diseases are escalating worldwide Energy burning brown and inducible beige adipocytes in human adipose tissues (ATs) have attracted considerable attention due to their therapeutic potential to counteract the deleterious metabolic effects of nutritional overload and overweight. Recent research has highlighted the relevance of resident and recruited ATs immune cell populations and their signalling mediators, cytokines, as modulators of the thermogenic activity of brown and beige ATs. In this review, we first provide an overview of the developmental, cellular and functional heterogeneity of the AT organ, as well as reported molecular switches of its heat-producing machinery. We also discuss the key contribution of various interleukins signalling pathways to energy and metabolic homeostasis and their roles in the biogenesis and function of brown and beige adipocytes. Besides local actions, attention is also drawn to their influence in the central nervous system (CNS) networks governing energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Carmen García
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Patricia Pazos
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Lima
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Sánchez-Jiménez R, Cerón E, Bernal-Alcántara D, Castillejos-López M, Gonzalez-Trujano E, Negrete-García MC, Alvarado-Vásquez N. Association between IL-15 and insulin plasmatic concentrations in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and type 2 diabetes. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 111:114-120. [PMID: 30029895 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
IL-15 is part of the immune response in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) but amazingly, it may also induce physiological effects similar to those of insulin. We evaluated the IL-15 and insulin plasmatic levels in adults with PTB and with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), who received previous antituberculosis therapy for at least 2 months. We analyzed the concentrations of glucose, glycated hemoglobin, insulin, as well as levels of IL-15, IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in patients with PTB, patients with PTB-DM2, household contacts with DM2 (C-DM2), and healthy household contacts (H-C). Our results showed unexpected high levels of glucose, insulin, and IL-15 in the PTB and C-DM2 groups. In comparison, low levels of these same indicators were observed in the PTB-DM2 and H-C groups. Interestingly, our analysis showed a positive correlation of IL-15 with insulin in the PTB group (r = 0.73) and in the C-DM2 group (r = 0.66). In comparison, a weak correlation between IL-15 and insulin was observed in the PTB-DM group (r = 0.10) and in the H-C group (ρ = 0.26). Our results suggest an association between IL-15 and insulin levels in the patient with PTB. Intriguingly, this association was weaker in the patient with PTB-DM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Sánchez-Jiménez
- Graduate and Research Section, Higher School of Medicine of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, 11340, Mexico
| | - Eduarda Cerón
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, 14080, Mexico
| | - Demetrio Bernal-Alcántara
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, 14080, Mexico
| | - Manuel Castillejos-López
- Epidemiological Surveillance Unit, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, 14080, Mexico
| | - Eva Gonzalez-Trujano
- National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Mexico City, 14370, Mexico
| | - Maria Cristina Negrete-García
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, 14080, Mexico
| | - Noé Alvarado-Vásquez
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, 14080, Mexico.
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Sabaratnam R, Pedersen AJT, Kristensen JM, Handberg A, Wojtaszewski JFP, Højlund K. Intact regulation of muscle expression and circulating levels of myokines in response to exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13723. [PMID: 29924476 PMCID: PMC6009776 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The synthesis and secretion of myokines in response to contraction may contribute to the beneficial metabolic effects of exercise. However, some exercise-induced responses may be attenuated in T2D. Here, we investigated whether the effect of acute exercise on selected myokines are impaired in T2D. Skeletal muscle biopsies and blood samples were obtained from 13 men with T2D and 14 weight-matched, glucose-tolerant men before, immediately after and 3-h after acute exercise (60 min cycling) to examine muscle expression and plasma/serum levels of selected myokines. One-hour of exercise increased muscle expression of IL6, FGF21, ANGPTL4, CHI3L1, CTGF and CYR61, of which FGF21, ANGPTL4 and CHI3L1 increased further 3-h into recovery, whereas expression of IL6, CYR61, and CTGF returned to baseline levels. There was no immediate effect of exercise on IL15 expression, but it decreased 3-h into recovery. Plasma IL-6 increased robustly, whereas circulating levels of FGF21, ANGPTL4, IL-15, and CHI3L1 increased only modestly in response to exercise. All returned toward baseline levels 3-h into recovery except for plasma ANGPTL4, which increased further. No significant differences in these responses to exercise were observed between the groups. Our results demonstrate that muscle expression and circulating levels of selected known and putative myokines were equally regulated by acute exercise in patients with T2D and weight-matched controls. This suggests that the potential beneficial metabolic effects of these myokines are not impaired in patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rugivan Sabaratnam
- Section of Molecular Diabetes & MetabolismInstitute of Clinical ResearchInstitute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdense CDenmark
- Department of EndocrinologyOdense University HospitalOdense CDenmark
| | | | - Jonas M. Kristensen
- Section of Molecular PhysiologyDepartment of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Aase Handberg
- Department of Clinical BiochemistryAalborg University HospitalAalborgDenmark
- Department of Clinical MedicineAalborg UniversityAalborgDenmark
| | - Jørgen F. P. Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular PhysiologyDepartment of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Section of Molecular Diabetes & MetabolismInstitute of Clinical ResearchInstitute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of Southern DenmarkOdense CDenmark
- Department of EndocrinologyOdense University HospitalOdense CDenmark
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Shi H, Munk A, Nielsen TS, Daughtry MR, Larsson L, Li S, Høyer KF, Geisler HW, Sulek K, Kjøbsted R, Fisher T, Andersen MM, Shen Z, Hansen UK, England EM, Cheng Z, Højlund K, Wojtaszewski JFP, Yang X, Hulver MW, Helm RF, Treebak JT, Gerrard DE. Skeletal muscle O-GlcNAc transferase is important for muscle energy homeostasis and whole-body insulin sensitivity. Mol Metab 2018. [PMID: 29525407 PMCID: PMC6001359 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Given that cellular O-GlcNAcylation levels are thought to be real-time measures of cellular nutrient status and dysregulated O-GlcNAc signaling is associated with insulin resistance, we evaluated the role of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), the enzyme that mediates O-GlcNAcylation, in skeletal muscle. Methods We assessed O-GlcNAcylation levels in skeletal muscle from obese, type 2 diabetic people, and we characterized muscle-specific OGT knockout (mKO) mice in metabolic cages and measured energy expenditure and substrate utilization pattern using indirect calorimetry. Whole body insulin sensitivity was assessed using the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp technique and tissue-specific glucose uptake was subsequently evaluated. Tissues were used for histology, qPCR, Western blot, co-immunoprecipitation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses. Results We found elevated levels of O-GlcNAc-modified proteins in obese, type 2 diabetic people compared with well-matched obese and lean controls. Muscle-specific OGT knockout mice were lean, and whole body energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity were increased in these mice, consistent with enhanced glucose uptake and elevated glycolytic enzyme activities in skeletal muscle. Moreover, enhanced glucose uptake was also observed in white adipose tissue that was browner than that of WT mice. Interestingly, mKO mice had elevated mRNA levels of Il15 in skeletal muscle and increased circulating IL-15 levels. We found that OGT in muscle mediates transcriptional repression of Il15 by O-GlcNAcylating Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2). Conclusions Elevated muscle O-GlcNAc levels paralleled insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in humans. Moreover, OGT-mediated signaling is necessary for proper skeletal muscle metabolism and whole-body energy homeostasis, and our data highlight O-GlcNAcylation as a potential target for ameliorating metabolic disorders. Type 2 diabetic humans have elevated O-GlcNAc levels in skeletal muscle. Knockout of OGT in muscle elevates whole body insulin sensitivity. Knockout of OGT in muscle increases resistance to diet-induced obesity. Muscle-specific OGT knockout mice have elevated plasma IL-15 levels. OGT in muscle controls Il15 expression by O-GlcNAcylation and inhibition of EZH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Alexander Munk
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK2200, Denmark
| | - Thomas S Nielsen
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK2200, Denmark
| | - Morgan R Daughtry
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Louise Larsson
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK2200, Denmark
| | - Shize Li
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Kasper F Høyer
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK2200, Denmark; Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, DK8000, Denmark
| | - Hannah W Geisler
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Karolina Sulek
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK2200, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Kjøbsted
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK2100, Denmark
| | - Taylor Fisher
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Marianne M Andersen
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK2200, Denmark
| | - Zhengxing Shen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Ulrik K Hansen
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK2200, Denmark
| | - Eric M England
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Zhiyong Cheng
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Section of Molecular Diabetes and Metabolism, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK2100, Denmark
| | - Xiaoyong Yang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Matthew W Hulver
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; The Virginia Tech Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Richard F Helm
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK2200, Denmark.
| | - David E Gerrard
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Branched-chain amino acid ratios modulate lipid metabolism in adipose tissues of growing pigs. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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