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Li ZX, Wang DX, Shi WX, Weng BY, Zhang Z, Su SH, Sun YF, Tan JF, Xiao S, Xie RH. Nitrogen-mediated volatilisation of defensive metabolites in tomato confers resistance to herbivores. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 38738504 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Plants synthesise a vast array of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which serve as chemical defence and communication agents in their interactions with insect herbivores. Although nitrogen (N) is a critical resource in the production of plant metabolites, its regulatory effects on defensive VOCs remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of N content in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) on the tobacco cutworm (Spodoptera litura), a notorious agricultural pest, using biochemical and molecular experiments in combination with insect behavioural and performance analyses. We observed that on tomato leaves with different N contents, S. litura showed distinct feeding preference and growth and developmental performance. Particularly, metabolomics profiling revealed that limited N availability conferred resistance upon tomato plants to S. litura is likely associated with the biosynthesis and emission of the volatile metabolite α-humulene as a repellent. Moreover, exogenous application of α-humulene on tomato leaves elicited a significant repellent response against herbivores. Thus, our findings unravel the key factors involved in N-mediated plant defence against insect herbivores and pave the way for innovation of N management to improve the plant defence responses to facilitate pest control strategies within agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dan-Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wen-Xuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bo-Yang Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- General Management Office, Shennong Technology Group Co., Ltd, Jinzhong, China
| | - Shi-Hao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu-Fei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin-Fang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruo-Han Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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Jian S, Wan S, Lin Y, Zhong C. Nitrogen Sources Reprogram Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism to Promote Andrographolide Biosynthesis in Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees Seedlings. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3990. [PMID: 38612797 PMCID: PMC11012798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) metabolisms participate in N source-regulated secondary metabolism in medicinal plants, but the specific mechanisms involved remain to be investigated. By using nitrate (NN), ammonium (AN), urea (UN), and glycine (GN), respectively, as sole N sources, we found that N sources remarkably affected the contents of diterpenoid lactone components along with C and N metabolisms reprograming in Andrographis paniculata, as compared to NN, the other three N sources raised the levels of 14-deoxyandrographolide, andrographolide, dehydroandrographolide (except UN), and neoandrographolide (except AN) with a prominent accumulation of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP). These N sources also raised the photosynthetic rate and the levels of fructose and/or sucrose but reduced the activities of phosphofructokinase (PFK), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). Conversely, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and malate enzyme (ME) activities were upregulated. Simultaneously, citrate, cis-aconitate and isocitrate levels declined, and N assimilation was inhibited. These results indicated that AN, UN and GN reduced the metabolic flow of carbohydrates from glycolysis into the TCA cycle and downstream N assimilation. Furthermore, they enhanced arginine and GABA metabolism, which increased C replenishment of the TCA cycle, and increased ethylene and salicylic acid (SA) levels. Thus, we proposed that the N sources reprogrammed C and N metabolism, attenuating the competition of N assimilation for C, and promoting the synthesis and accumulation of andrographolide through plant hormone signaling. To obtain a higher production of andrographolide in A. paniculata, AN fertilizer is recommended in its N management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofen Jian
- National Center for TCM Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; (S.J.); (S.W.); (Y.L.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resource Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of TCM Resource Intelligent Creation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
| | - Si Wan
- National Center for TCM Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; (S.J.); (S.W.); (Y.L.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resource Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of TCM Resource Intelligent Creation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
| | - Yang Lin
- National Center for TCM Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; (S.J.); (S.W.); (Y.L.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resource Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of TCM Resource Intelligent Creation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
| | - Chu Zhong
- National Center for TCM Inheritance and Innovation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; (S.J.); (S.W.); (Y.L.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resource Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of TCM Resource Intelligent Creation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China
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Li H, Zhang Y, Li H, V. P. Reddy G, Li Z, Chen F, Sun Y, Zhao Z. The nitrogen-dependent GABA pathway of tomato provides resistance to a globally invasive fruit fly. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1252455. [PMID: 38148864 PMCID: PMC10751092 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1252455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The primary metabolism of plants, which is mediated by nitrogen, is closely related to the defense response to insect herbivores. Methods An experimental system was established to examine how nitrogen mediated tomato resistance to an insect herbivore, the oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis). All tomatoes were randomly assigned to the suitable nitrogen (control, CK) treatment, nitrogen excess (NE) treatment and nitrogen deficiency (ND) treatment. Results We found that nitrogen excess significantly increased the aboveground biomass of tomato and increased the pupal biomass of B. dorsalis. Metabolome analysis showed that nitrogen excess promoted the biosynthesis of amino acids in healthy fruits, including γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), arginine and asparagine. GABA was not a differential metabolite induced by injury by B. dorsalis under nitrogen excess, but it was significantly induced in infested fruits at appropriate nitrogen levels. GABA supplementation not only increased the aboveground biomass of plants but also improved the defensive response of tomato. Discussion The biosynthesis of GABA in tomato is a resistance response to feeding by B. dorsalis in appropriate nitrogen, whereas nitrogen excess facilitates the pupal weight of B. dorsalis by inhibiting synthesis of the GABA pathway. This study concluded that excess nitrogen inhibits tomato defenses in plant-insect interactions by inhibiting GABA synthesis, answering some unresolved questions about the nitrogen-dependent GABA resistance pathway to herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Plant Biosecurity & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Plant Biosecurity & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Plant Biosecurity & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Gadi V. P. Reddy
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Plant Biosecurity & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Fajun Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yucheng Sun
- National Key Lab Integrated Management Pest Insects, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zihua Zhao
- Department of Plant Biosecurity & Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
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Van de Waal DB, White LA, Everett R, Asik L, Borer ET, Frenken T, González AL, Paseka R, Seabloom EW, Strauss AT, Peace A. Reconciling contrasting effects of nitrogen on host immunity and pathogen transmission using stoichiometric models. Ecology 2023; 104:e4170. [PMID: 37755721 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Hosts rely on the availability of nutrients for growth, and for defense against pathogens. At the same time, changes in host nutrition can alter the dynamics of pathogens that rely on their host for reproduction. For primary producer hosts, enhanced nutrient loads may increase host biomass or pathogen reproduction, promoting faster density-dependent pathogen transmission. However, the effect of elevated nutrients may be reduced if hosts allocate a growth-limiting nutrient to pathogen defense. In canonical disease models, transmission is not a function of nutrient availability. Yet, including nutrient availability is necessary to mechanistically understand the response of infection to changes in the environment. Here, we explore the implications of nutrient-mediated pathogen infectivity and host immunity on infection outcomes. We developed a stoichiometric disease model that explicitly integrates the contrasting dependencies of pathogen infectivity and host immunity on nitrogen (N) and parameterized it for an algal-host system. Our findings reveal dynamic shifts in host biomass build-up, pathogen prevalence, and the force of infection along N supply gradients with N-mediated host infectivity and immunity, compared with a model in which the transmission rate was fixed. We show contrasting responses in pathogen performance with increasing N supply between N-mediated infectivity and N-mediated immunity, revealing an optimum for pathogen transmission at intermediate N supply. This was caused by N limitation of the pathogen at a low N supply and by pathogen suppression via enhanced host immunity at a high N supply. By integrating both nutrient-mediated pathogen infectivity and host immunity into a stoichiometric model, we provide a theoretical framework that is a first step in reconciling the contrasting role nutrients can have on host-pathogen dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dedmer B Van de Waal
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren A White
- National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center (SESYNC), University of Maryland, Annapolis, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca Everett
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lale Asik
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Thijs Frenken
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research (GLIER), University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angélica L González
- Department of Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rachel Paseka
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eric W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alexander T Strauss
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- River Basin Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Angela Peace
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Davis JK, Cohen AD, Getman-Pickering ZL, Grab HL, Hodgden B, Maher RM, Pelzer CJ, Rangarajan A, Ryan MR, Ugine TA, Thaler JS. Agricultural soil legacy influences multitrophic interactions between crops, their pathogens and pollinators. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231453. [PMID: 38018107 PMCID: PMC10685131 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil legacy influences plant interactions with antagonists and below-ground mutualists. Plant-antagonist interactions can jeopardize plant-pollinator interactions, while soil mutualists can enhance plant-pollinator interactions. This suggests that soil legacy, either directly or mediated through plant symbionts, affects pollinators. Despite the importance of pollinators to natural and managed ecosystems, information on how soil legacy affects plant-pollinator interactions is limited. We assessed effects of soil management legacy (organic versus conventional) on floral rewards and plant interactions with wild pollinators, herbivores, beneficial fungi and pathogens. We used an observational dataset and structural equation models to evaluate hypothesized relationships between soil and pollinators, then tested observed correlations in a manipulative experiment. Organic legacy increased mycorrhizal fungal colonization and improved resistance to powdery mildew, which promoted pollinator visitation. Further, soil legacy and powdery mildew independently and interactively impacted floral traits and floral reward nutrients, which are important to pollinators. Our results indicate that pollination could be an overlooked consequence of soil legacy and suggests opportunity to develop long-term soil management plans that benefit pollinators and pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules K. Davis
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
| | - Anna D. Cohen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Heather L. Grab
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
- School School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
| | - Blythe Hodgden
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ryan M. Maher
- School School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
| | - Chris J. Pelzer
- Section of Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
| | - Anu Rangarajan
- School School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
| | - Matthew R. Ryan
- Section of Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
| | - Todd A. Ugine
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Thaler
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, NY 14853, USA
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6
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Liu Q, Li C, Zhang X, Ding M, Liao X, Yan J, Hu M, Yang L, Wang X, Liao L, Li P, Zhou X. PhcX Is a LqsR-family response regulator that contributes to Ralstonia solanacearum virulence and regulates multiple virulence factors. mBio 2023; 14:e0202823. [PMID: 37787568 PMCID: PMC10653808 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02028-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The bacterial wilt caused by the soil-borne phytopathogen Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most destructive crop diseases. To achieve a successful infection, R. solanacearum has evolved an intricate regulatory network to orchestrate the expression of an arsenal of virulence factors and fine-tune the allocation of energy. However, despite the wealth of knowledge gained in the past decades, many players and connections are still missing from the network. The importance of our study lies in the identification of PhcX, a novel conserved global regulator with critical roles in modulating the virulence and metabolism of R. solanacearum. PhcX affects many well-characterized regulators and exhibits contrasting modes of regulation from the central regulator PhcA on a variety of virulence-associated traits and genes. Our findings add a valuable piece to the puzzle of how the pathogen regulates its proliferation and infection, which is critical for understanding its pathogenesis and developing disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmei Liu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuhao Li
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengfan Ding
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Liao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinli Yan
- School of Agricultural Science, Xichang University, Xichang, China
| | - Ming Hu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leilei Yang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lisheng Liao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Plant and Animal Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhou
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Paasch BC, Sohrabi R, Kremer JM, Nomura K, Cheng YT, Martz J, Kvitko B, Tiedje JM, He SY. A critical role of a eubiotic microbiota in gating proper immunocompetence in Arabidopsis. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1468-1480. [PMID: 37591928 PMCID: PMC10505558 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Although many studies have shown that microbes can ectopically stimulate or suppress plant immune responses, the fundamental question of whether the entire preexisting microbiota is indeed required for proper development of plant immune response remains unanswered. Using a recently developed peat-based gnotobiotic plant growth system, we found that Arabidopsis grown in the absence of a natural microbiota lacked age-dependent maturation of plant immune response and were defective in several aspects of pattern-triggered immunity. Axenic plants exhibited hypersusceptibility to infection by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Microbiota-mediated immunocompetence was suppressed by rich nutrient conditions, indicating a tripartite interaction between the host, microbiota and abiotic environment. A synthetic microbiota composed of 48 culturable bacterial strains from the leaf endosphere of healthy Arabidopsis plants was able to substantially restore immunocompetence similar to plants inoculated with a soil-derived community. In contrast, a 52-member dysbiotic synthetic leaf microbiota overstimulated the immune transcriptome. Together, these results provide evidence for a causal role of a eubiotic microbiota in gating proper immunocompetence and age-dependent immunity in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley C Paasch
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Reza Sohrabi
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James M Kremer
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kinya Nomura
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yu Ti Cheng
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer Martz
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Brian Kvitko
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - James M Tiedje
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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8
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Gauthier K, Pankovic D, Nikolic M, Hobert M, Germeier CU, Ordon F, Perovic D, Niehl A. Nutrients and soil structure influence furovirus infection of wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1200674. [PMID: 37600210 PMCID: PMC10436314 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1200674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) and Soil-borne cereal mosaic virus (SBCMV), genus Furovirus, family Virgaviridae, cause significant crop losses in cereals. The viruses are transmitted by the soil-borne plasmodiophorid Polymyxa graminis. Inside P. graminis resting spores, the viruses persist in the soil for long time, which makes the disease difficult to combat. To open up novel possibilities for virus control, we explored the influence of physical and chemical soil properties on infection of wheat with SBWMV and SBCMV. Moreover, we investigated, whether infection rates are influenced by the nutritional state of the plants. Infection rates of susceptible wheat lines were correlated to soil structure parameters and nutrient contents in soil and plants. Our results show that SBWMV and SBCMV infection rates decrease the more water-impermeable the soil is and that virus transmission depends on pH. Moreover, we found that contents of several nutrients in the soil (e.g. phosphorous, magnesium, zinc) and in planta (e.g. nitrogen, carbon, boron, sulfur, calcium) affect SBWMV and SBCMV infection rates. The knowledge generated may help paving the way towards development of a microenvironment-adapted agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Gauthier
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Dejana Pankovic
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Miroslav Nikolic
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirko Hobert
- State Institute for Agriculture and Horticulture Saxony-Anhalt, Centre for Agricultural Investigations, Bernburg, Germany
| | - Christoph U. Germeier
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Agricultural Crops, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Frank Ordon
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Dragan Perovic
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Annette Niehl
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI) – Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Brunswick, Germany
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9
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Yang S, Cai W, Wu R, Huang Y, Lu Q, Hui Wang, Huang X, Zhang Y, Wu Q, Cheng X, Wan M, Lv J, Liu Q, Zheng X, Mou S, Guan D, He S. Differential CaKAN3-CaHSF8 associations underlie distinct immune and heat responses under high temperature and high humidity conditions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4477. [PMID: 37491353 PMCID: PMC10368638 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
High temperature and high humidity (HTHH) conditions increase plant susceptibility to a variety of diseases, including bacterial wilt in solanaceous plants. Some solanaceous plant cultivars have evolved mechanisms to activate HTHH-specific immunity to cope with bacterial wilt disease. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we find that CaKAN3 and CaHSF8 upregulate and physically interact with each other in nuclei under HTHH conditions without inoculation or early after inoculation with R. solanacearum in pepper. Consequently, CaKAN3 and CaHSF8 synergistically confer immunity against R. solanacearum via activating a subset of NLRs which initiates immune signaling upon perception of unidentified pathogen effectors. Intriguingly, when HTHH conditions are prolonged without pathogen attack or the temperature goes higher, CaHSF8 no longer interacts with CaKAN3. Instead, it directly upregulates a subset of HSP genes thus activating thermotolerance. Our findings highlight mechanisms controlling context-specific activation of high-temperature-specific pepper immunity and thermotolerance mediated by differential CaKAN3-CaHSF8 associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Weiwei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- College of Horticultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Ruijie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Yu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Qiaoling Lu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Xueying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Yapeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Qing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Xingge Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Meiyun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Jingang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Xiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Shaoliang Mou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Deyi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Shuilin He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
- Agricultural College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China.
- National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China.
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10
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Khan MN, Siddiqui MH, Mukherjee S, AlSolami MA, Alhussaen KM, AlZuaibr FM, Siddiqui ZH, Al-Amri AA, Alsubaie QD. Melatonin involves hydrogen sulfide in the regulation of H +-ATPase activity, nitrogen metabolism, and ascorbate-glutathione system under chromium toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 323:121173. [PMID: 36740162 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of soils with chromium (Cr) jeopardized agriculture production globally. The current study was planned with the aim to better comprehend how melatonin (Mel) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) regulate antioxidant defense system, potassium (K) homeostasis, and nitrogen (N) metabolism in tomato seedlings under Cr toxicity. The data reveal that application of 30 μM Mel to the seedlings treated with 25 μM Cr has a positive effect on H2S metabolism that resulted in a considerable increase in H2S. Exogenous Mel improved phytochelatins content and H+-ATPase activity with an associated increase in K content as well. Use of tetraethylammonium chloride (K+-channel blocker) and sodium orthovanadate (H+-ATPase inhibitor) showed that Mel maintained K homeostasis through regulating H+-ATPase activity under Cr toxicity. Supplementation of the stressed seedlings with Mel substantially scavenged excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) that maintained ROS homeostasis. Reduced electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation were additional signs of Mel's ROS scavenging effects. In addition, Mel also maintained normal functioning of nitrogen (N) metabolism and ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) system. Improved level of N fulfilled its requirement for various enzymes that have induced resilience during Cr stress. Additionally, the AsA-GSH cycle's proper operation maintained redox equilibrium, which is necessary for the biological system to function normally. Conversely, 1 mM hypotaurine (H2S scavenger) abolished the Mel-effect and again Cr-induced impairment on the above-mentioned parameters was observed even in presence of Mel. Therefore, based on the observed findings, we concluded that Mel needs endogenous H2S to alleviate Cr-induced impairments in tomato seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nasir Khan
- Department of Biology, College of Haql, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Manzer H Siddiqui
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Botany, Jangipur College, University of Kalyani, Jangipur, India
| | - Mazen A AlSolami
- Department of Biology, College of Haql, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalaf M Alhussaen
- Department of Biology, College of Haql, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad M AlZuaibr
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zahid H Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Al-Amri
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Qasi D Alsubaie
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
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11
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Ding S, Lv J, Hu Z, Wang J, Wang P, Yu J, Foyer CH, Shi K. Phytosulfokine peptide optimizes plant growth and defense via glutamine synthetase GS2 phosphorylation in tomato. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111858. [PMID: 36562188 PMCID: PMC10015362 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytosulfokine (PSK) is a plant pentapeptide hormone that fulfills a wide range of functions. Although PSK has frequently been reported to function in the inverse regulation of growth and defense in response to (hemi)biotrophic pathogens, the mechanisms involved remain largely unknown. Using the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 pathogen system, we present compelling evidence that the PSK receptor PSKR1 interacts with the calcium-dependent protein kinase CPK28, which in turn phosphorylates the key enzyme of nitrogen assimilation glutamine synthetase GS2 at two sites (Serine-334 and Serine-360). GS2 phosphorylation at S334 specifically regulates plant defense, whereas S360 regulates growth, uncoupling the PSK-induced effects on defense responses and growth regulation. The discovery of these sites will inform breeding strategies designed to optimize the growth-defense balance in a compatible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Ding
- Department of HorticultureZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jianrong Lv
- Department of HorticultureZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Zhangjian Hu
- Department of HorticultureZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jiao Wang
- Department of HorticultureZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of HorticultureZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of HorticultureZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Hainan Institute, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology CityZhejiang UniversitySanyaChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and DevelopmentMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHangzhouChina
| | - Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of HorticultureZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Hainan Institute, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology CityZhejiang UniversitySanyaChina
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and DevelopmentMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsHangzhouChina
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12
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Gálvez-Roldán C, Cerna-Vargas JP, Rodríguez-Herva JJ, Krell T, Santamaría-Hernando S, López-Solanilla E. A Nitrate-Sensing Domain-Containing Chemoreceptor Is Required for Successful Entry and Virulence of Dickeya dadantii 3937 in Potato Plants. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:390-399. [PMID: 36399025 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-22-0367-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate metabolism plays an important role in bacterial physiology. During the interaction of plant-pathogenic bacteria with their hosts, bacteria face variable conditions with respect to nitrate availability. Perception mechanisms through the chemosensory pathway drive the entry and control the colonization of the plant host in phytopathogenic bacteria. In this work, the identification and characterization of the nitrate- and nitrite-sensing (NIT) domain-containing chemoreceptor of Dickeya dadantii 3937 (Dd3937) allowed us to unveil the key role of nitrate sensing not only for the entry into the plant apoplast through wounds but also for infection success. We determined the specificity of this chemoreceptor to bind nitrate and nitrite, with a slight ligand preference for nitrate. Gene expression analysis showed that nitrate perception controls not only the expression of nitrate reductase genes involved in respiratory and assimilatory metabolic processes but also the expression of gyrA, hrpN, and bgxA, three well-known virulence determinants in Dd3937.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Gálvez-Roldán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas CBGP, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria/CSIC, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jean Paul Cerna-Vargas
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas CBGP, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria/CSIC, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Protección Ambiental, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - José Juan Rodríguez-Herva
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas CBGP, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria/CSIC, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tino Krell
- Departamento de Protección Ambiental, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Saray Santamaría-Hernando
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas CBGP, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria/CSIC, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilia López-Solanilla
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas CBGP, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria/CSIC, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Zhou X, Liu L, Zhao J, Zhang J, Cai Z, Huang X. High carbon resource diversity enhances the certainty of successful plant pathogen and disease control. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1333-1346. [PMID: 36305241 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The host-associated microbiome highly determines plant health. Available organic resources, such as food for microbes, are important in shaping microbial community structure and multifunctionality. However, how using organic resources precisely manipulates the soil microbiome and makes it supportive of plant health remains unclear. Here, we experimentally tested the influence of carbon resource diversity on the microbial trophic network and pathogen invasion success in a microcosm study. We further explored how resource diversity affects microbial evenness, community functions, and plant disease outcomes in systems involving tomato plants and the in vivo soil microbiome. Increasing available resource diversity altered trophic network architecture, increased microbial evenness, and thus increased the certainty of successful pathogen control. By contrast, the invasion resistance effects of low resource diversity were less effective and highly varied. Accordingly, increases in the evenness and connection of dominant species induced by high resource diversity significantly contributed to plant disease suppression. Furthermore, high carbohydrate diversity upregulated plant immune system regulation-related microbial functions. Our results deepen the biodiversity-invasion resistance theory and provide practical guidance for the control of plant pathogens and diseases by using organic resource-mediated approaches, such as crop rotation, intercropping, and organic amendments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhou
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Liangliang Liu
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Soil Utilization & Sustainable Agriculture, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jinbo Zhang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zucong Cai
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Soil Utilization & Sustainable Agriculture, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xinqi Huang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Soil Utilization & Sustainable Agriculture, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, China
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14
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Increased Rice Susceptibility to Rice Blast Is Related to Post-Flowering Nitrogen Assimilation Efficiency. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8111217. [DOI: 10.3390/jof8111217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing nitrogen leaching and nitrous oxide emissions with the goal of more sustainability in agriculture implies better identification and characterization of the different patterns in nitrogen use efficiency by crops. However, a change in the ability of varieties to use nitrogen resources could also change the access to nutrient resources for a foliar pathogen such as rice blast and lead to an increase in the susceptibility of these varieties. This study focuses on the pre- and post-floral biomass accumulation and nitrogen uptake and utilization of ten temperate japonica rice genotypes grown in controlled conditions, and the relationship of these traits with molecular markers and susceptibility to rice blast disease. After flowering, the ten varieties displayed diversity in nitrogen uptake and remobilization. Surprisingly, post-floral nitrogen uptake was correlated with higher susceptibility to rice blast, particularly in plants fertilized with nitrogen. This increase in susceptibility is associated with a particular metabolite profile in the upper leavers of these varieties.
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15
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Wang J, Wang A, Luo Q, Hu Z, Ma Q, Li Y, Lin T, Liang X, Yu J, Foyer CH, Shi K. Glucose sensing by regulator of G protein signaling 1 (RGS1) plays a crucial role in coordinating defense in response to environmental variation in tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:561-575. [PMID: 35789001 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Low light intensities affect the outbreak of plant diseases. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) revealed that apoplastic glucose (Glc) levels decreased in response to low light. Conversely, low-light-induced susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst) DC3000 was significantly alleviated by exogenous Glc treatment. Using cell-based biolayer interferometry assays, we found that Glc specifically binds to the tomato regulator of G protein signaling 1 (RGS1). Laser scanning confocal microscopy imaging revealed that Glc triggers RGS1 endocytosis, which influences the uncoupling of the RGS1-Gα (GPA1) and GPA1-Gβ (SlGB1) proteins, in a dose- and duration-dependent manner. Analysis of G protein single and double mutants revealed that RGS1 negatively regulates disease resistance under low light and is required for Glc-enhanced defense. Downstream of RGS1-Glc binding, GPA1 negatively mediates the light-intensity-regulated defense, whereas SlGB1 positively regulates this process. These results reveal a novel light-intensity-responsive defense system that is mediated by a Glc-RGS1-G protein signaling pathway. This information will be critical for future investigations of how plant cells sense extracellular sugars and adjust defense under different environments, as well as for genetic engineering approaches to improve stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Anran Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qian Luo
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhangjian Hu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiaomei Ma
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yimei Li
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Teng Lin
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Hainan Insitute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572025, China
| | - Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Hainan Insitute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572025, China
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16
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Maywald NJ, Mang M, Pahls N, Neumann G, Ludewig U, Francioli D. Ammonium fertilization increases the susceptibility to fungal leaf and root pathogens in winter wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:946584. [PMID: 36160997 PMCID: PMC9500508 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.946584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) fertilization is indispensable for high yields in agriculture due to its central role in plant growth and fitness. Different N forms affect plant defense against foliar pathogens and may alter soil-plant-microbe interactions. To date, however, the complex relationships between N forms and host defense are poorly understood. For this purpose, nitrate, ammonium, and cyanamide were compared in greenhouse pot trials with the aim to suppress two important fungal wheat pathogens Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) and Gaeumannomyces graminis f. sp. tritici (Ggt). Wheat inoculated with the foliar pathogen Bgt was comparatively up to 80% less infested when fertilized with nitrate or cyanamide than with ammonium. Likewise, soil inoculation with the fungal pathogen Ggt revealed a 38% higher percentage of take-all infected roots in ammonium-fertilized plants. The bacterial rhizosphere microbiome was little affected by the N form, whereas the fungal community composition and structure were shaped by the different N fertilization, as revealed from metabarcoding data. Importantly, we observed a higher abundance of fungal pathogenic taxa in the ammonium-fertilized treatment compared to the other N treatments. Taken together, our findings demonstrated the critical role of fertilized N forms for host-pathogen interactions and wheat rhizosphere microbiome assemblage, which are relevant for plant fitness and performance.
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17
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Wang W, Wang X, Liao H, Feng Y, Guo Y, Shu Y, Wang J. Effects of Nitrogen Supply on Induced Defense in Maize ( Zea mays) against Fall Armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810457. [PMID: 36142369 PMCID: PMC9504019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
How nitrogen (N) supply affects the induced defense of plants remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the impacts of N supply on the defense induced in maize (Zea mays) against the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). In the absence of herbivore attack or exogenous jasmonic acid (JA) application, N supply increased plant biomass and enhanced maize nutrient (soluble sugar and amino acid) contents and leaf area fed by S. frugiperda (the feeding leaf area of S. frugiperda larvae in maize supplemented with 52.2 and 156.6 mg/kg of N was 4.08 and 3.83 times that of the control, respectively). When coupled with herbivore attack or JA application, maize supplemented with 52.2 mg/kg of N showed an increased susceptibility to pests, while the maize supplemented with 156.6 mg/kg of N showed an improved defense against pests. The changes in the levels of nutrients, and the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) caused by N supply could explain the above opposite induced defense in maize. Compared with herbivore attack treatment, JA application enhanced the insect resistance in maize supplemented with 156.6 mg/kg of N more intensely, mainly reflecting a smaller feeding leaf area, which was due to indole emission and two upregulated defensive genes, MPI (maize proteinase inhibitor) and PAL (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase). Hence, the optimal N level and appropriate JA application can enhance plant-induced defense against pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huimin Liao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuanjiao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yeshan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yinghua Shu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Jianwu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (J.W.)
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18
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Sun X, Xie F, Chen Y, Guo Z, Dong L, Qin L, Shi Z, Xiong L, Yuan R, Deng W, Jiang Y. Glutamine synthetase gene PpGS1.1 negatively regulates the powdery mildew resistance in Kentucky bluegrass. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac196. [PMID: 36415534 PMCID: PMC9677456 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Excessive nitrogen (N) application may induce powdery mildew (PM) in perennial grasses, but the resistance mechanisms to PM remain unclear. This study evaluated the physiological and molecular mechanisms of PM resistance affected by N supplies in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). Cultivar 'Bluemoon' (N tolerant) and 'Balin' (N sensitive) were treated with low N (0.5 mM), normal N (15 mM), and high N (30 mM) for 21 d in a greenhouse. With increasing N levels, the disease growth was more severe in 'Balin' than in 'Bluemoon'. RNA-seq and weighted gene coexpression network analysis revealed that the PpGS1.1 gene encoding glutamine synthetase was a potential hub gene for PM resistance after comparisons across cultivars and N treatments. The N metabolism pathway was connected with the plant-pathogen interaction pathway via PpGS1.1. The expression of PpGS1.1 in rice protoplasts indicated that the protein was located in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Overexpression of PpGS1.1 in wild-type Kentucky bluegrass increased carbon and N contents, and the transgenic plants became more susceptible to PM with a lower wax density. The most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for N metabolism were upregulated and DEGs for fatty acid metabolism pathway were downregulated in the overexpression lines. The results elucidated mechanisms of PM resistance in relation to N metabolism in Kentucky bluegrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | | | | | - Zhixin Guo
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lili Dong
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ligang Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenjie Shi
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liangbing Xiong
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Runli Yuan
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjing Deng
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yiwei Jiang
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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19
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Gong J, Zhang Z, Wang B, Shi J, Zhang W, Dong Q, Song L, Li Y, Liu Y. N addition rebalances the carbon and nitrogen metabolisms of Leymus chinensis through leaf N investment. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 185:221-232. [PMID: 35714430 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intensifying nitrogen (N) deposition disturbs the growth of grassland plants due to an imbalance between their carbon (C) and N metabolism. However, it's unclear how plant physiological strategies restore balance. We investigated the effects of multiple N addition levels (0-25 g N m-2 yr-1) on the coordination of C and N metabolism in a dominant grass (Leymus chinensis) in a semiarid grassland in northern China. To do so, we evaluated photosynthetic parameters, leaf N allocation, C- and N-based metabolites, and metabolic enzymes. We found that a moderate N level (10 g N m-2 yr-1) promoted carboxylation and electron transport by allocating more N to the photosynthetic apparatus and increasing ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity, thereby increasing photosynthetic capacity. The highest N level (25 g N m-2 yr-1) promoted N investment in nonphotosynthetic pathways and increased the free amino acids in the leaves. N addition stimulated the accumulation of C and N compounds across organs by activating sucrose phosphate synthase, nitrate reductase, and glutamine synthetase. This enhancement triggered a transformation of primary metabolites (nonstructural carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids) to secondary metabolites (flavonoids, phenols, and alkaloids) for temporary storage or as defense compounds. Citric acid, as the C skeleton for enhanced N metabolism, decreased significantly, and malic acid increased by catalysis of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. Our findings show the adaptability of L. chinensis to different N-addition levels by adjusting its allocations of C and N metabolic compounds and confirm the roles of C and N coordination by grassland plants in these adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirui Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Zihe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Biao Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China.
| | - Jiayu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Weiyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Liangyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yingying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100875, China.
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20
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Tünnermann L, Colou J, Näsholm T, Gratz R. To have or not to have: expression of amino acid transporters during pathogen infection. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:413-425. [PMID: 35103913 PMCID: PMC9213295 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between plants and plant pathogens can have significant effects on ecosystem performance. For their growth and development, both bionts rely on amino acids. While amino acids are key transport forms of nitrogen and can be directly absorbed from the soil through specific root amino acid transporters, various pathogenic microbes can invade plant tissues to feed on different plant amino acid pools. In parallel, plants may initiate an immune response program to restrict this invasion, employing various amino acid transporters to modify the amino acid pool at the site of pathogen attack. The interaction between pathogens and plants is sophisticated and responses are dynamic. Both avail themselves of multiple tools to increase their chance of survival. In this review, we highlight the role of amino acid transporters during pathogen infection. Having control over the expression of those transporters can be decisive for the fate of both bionts but the underlying mechanism that regulates the expression of amino acid transporters is not understood to date. We provide an overview of the regulation of a variety of amino acid transporters, depending on interaction with biotrophic, hemibiotrophic or necrotrophic pathogens. In addition, we aim to highlight the interplay of different physiological processes on amino acid transporter regulation during pathogen attack and chose the LYSINE HISTIDINE TRANSPORTER1 (LHT1) as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tünnermann
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Justine Colou
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Torgny Näsholm
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Regina Gratz
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183, Umeå, Sweden.
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21
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Zhao M, Meng Y, Wang Y, Sun G, Liu X, Li J, Wei S, Gu W. Exogenous Hemin alleviates cadmium stress in maize by enhancing sucrose and nitrogen metabolism and regulating endogenous hormones. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2022; 25:368-380. [PMID: 35732582 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2022.2086212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) stress restricts maize growth and productivity severely. We aimed to investigate the effects of Hemin on the metabolism of sucrose and nitrogen and endogenous hormones in maize under cadmium stress. Maize varieties 'Tiannong 9' (cadmium tolerant) and 'Fenghe 6' (cadmium sensitive) were grown in nutrient solutions to study the effects of Hemin on maize physiological and ecological mechanisms under cadmium stress. The results showed that Hemin mediated the increase of sucrose content and the activities of key enzymes sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SS) in maize leaves under cadmium stress. Soluble acid invertase (SAInv) and basic/neutral invertase (A/N-Inv) enzyme activities in leaves were decreased significantly, and sucrose accumulation in leaves was increased. Hemin also mediated the increase of NO3- content in leaves, the decrease of NH4+ content and the increase of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase activity (GOGAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) enzyme activities under cadmium stress. The contents of IAA, ZR, and GA in leaves and roots increased, ABA, MeJA, and SA decreased, and IAA/ABA, ZR/ABA, and GA/ABA increased under cadmium stress. Our study showed Hemin can alleviate cadmium stress in maize by enhancing sucrose and nitrogen metabolism and regulating endogenous hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yao Meng
- Heilongjiang Academy of Land Reclamation Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Guangyan Sun
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shi Wei
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wanrong Gu
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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22
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Wang Z, Zhang Y, Bo G, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Shen M, Zhang P, Li G, Zhou J, Li Z, Yang J. Ralstonia solanacearum Infection Disturbed the Microbiome Structure Throughout the Whole Tobacco Crop Niche as Well as the Nitrogen Metabolism in Soil. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:903555. [PMID: 35800334 PMCID: PMC9253565 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.903555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections of Ralstonia solanacearum result in huge agricultural and economic losses. As known, the proposal of effective biological measures for the control of soil disease depends on the complex interactions between pathogens, soil microbiota and soil properties, which remains to be studied. Previous studies have shown that the phosphorus availability increased pathobiome abundance and infection of rhizosphere microbial networks by Ralstonia. Similarly, as a nutrient necessary for plant growth, nitrogen has also been suggested to be strongly associated with Ralstonia infection. To further reveal the relationship between soil nitrogen content, soil nitrogen metabolism and Ralstonia pathogens, we investigated the effects of R. solanacearum infection on the whole tobacco niche and its soil nitrogen metabolism. The results demonstrated that Ralstonia infection resulted in a reduction of the ammonium nitrogen in soil and the total nitrogen in plant. The microbes in rhizosphere and the plant’s endophytes were also significantly disturbed by the infection. Rhodanobacter which is involved in nitrogen metabolism significantly decreased. Moreover, the load of microbial nitrogen metabolism genes in the rhizosphere soil significantly varied after the infection, resulting in a stronger denitrification process in the diseased soil. These results suggest that the application management strategies of nitrogen fertilizing and a balanced regulation of the rhizosphere and the endophytic microbes could be promising strategies in the biological control of soil-borne secondary disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobao Wang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guodong Bo
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Minchong Shen
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Guitong Li
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhengfeng Li
- China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Jianming Yang
- Energy-Rich Compounds Production by Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Research Center, Shandong Key Lab of Applied Mycology, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Jianming Yang,
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23
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Ma Q, Hu Z, Mao Z, Mei Y, Feng S, Shi K. A novel leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase MRK1 regulates resistance to multiple stresses in tomato. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab088. [PMID: 35048129 PMCID: PMC9123237 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) are ubiquitous in higher plants, which act as receptors of extracellular signals to trigger multiple physiological processes. However, the functions of the majority of LRR-RLKs remain largely unknown, especially in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Here, we found that MRK1 (Multiple resistance-associated kinase 1), encoding a novel tomato LRR-RLK, was significantly induced either by temperature stresses or bacterial pathogen attacks. Knocking out MRK1 impaired the tolerance to both cold and heat stress, accompanied with the decrease in transcripts of master regulators C-repeat binding factor 1 (CBF1) and Heat shock transcription factor a-1a (HsfA1a), respectively. Additionally, mrk1 mutants were hypersensitive to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Ralstonia solanacearum and compromised pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) responses as evidenced by decreased reactive oxygen species production and reduced upregulation of the PTI marker genes. Moreover, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, split-luciferase assay and coimmunoprecipitation supported the existence of complex formation between the MRK1, FLS2 and Somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase (SERK3A/SERK3B) in a ligand-independent manner. This work demonstrates that tomato MRK1 as a novel positive regulator of multiple stresses, which might be a potential breeding target to improve crop stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaomei Ma
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhangjian Hu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhuo Mao
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuyang Mei
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuxian Feng
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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24
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Binama B, Behrendt M, Müller C. Responses of Bunias orientalis to Short-term Fungal Infection and Insect Herbivory are Independent of Nutrient Supply. J Chem Ecol 2022; 48:827-840. [PMID: 36401688 PMCID: PMC9840571 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-022-01392-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plants have to allocate their resources in both growth and defense under different environmental challenges. Several plant species have become invasive particularly in disturbed fertile habitats, which may influence their resource allocation. We studied the effects of nitrate fertilization (low versus high) on various plant responses towards a pathogenic fungus, Alternaria brassicae, and a herbivorous insect species, Mamestra brassicae, in a population of Bunias orientalis, which is invasive in parts of central Europe. Aboveground biomass and leaf trichome density were enhanced in plants under high fertilization. In contrast, the short-term fungal infection and herbivory had no effect on aboveground biomass. Leaf water, nitrogen content and glucosinolate concentrations were neither affected by fertilization nor in response to antagonist attack. The total soluble sugar content, especially fructose, as well as leaf peroxidase activity increased significantly in leaves upon fungal infection, but independent of fertilization. Larval biomass gain and herbivore survival were likewise unaffected by fertilization. Our findings highlight that under conditions of high fertilization, B. orientalis plants allocate more resources into growth and morphological defenses than chemical defenses. In contrast, induced responses to short-term antagonist attack seem independent of nitrate availability in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise Binama
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Miriam Behrendt
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
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25
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Aigu Y, Daval S, Gazengel K, Marnet N, Lariagon C, Laperche A, Legeai F, Manzanares-Dauleux MJ, Gravot A. Multi-Omic Investigation of Low-Nitrogen Conditional Resistance to Clubroot Reveals Brassica napus Genes Involved in Nitrate Assimilation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:790563. [PMID: 35222461 PMCID: PMC8874135 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.790563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen fertilization has been reported to influence the development of clubroot, a root disease of Brassicaceae species, caused by the obligate protist Plasmodiophora brassicae. Our previous works highlighted that low-nitrogen fertilization induced a strong reduction of clubroot symptoms in some oilseed rape genotypes. To further understand the underlying mechanisms, the response to P. brassicae infection was investigated in two genotypes "Yudal" and HD018 harboring sharply contrasted nitrogen-driven modulation of resistance toward P. brassicae. Targeted hormone and metabolic profiling, as well as RNA-seq analysis, were performed in inoculated and non-inoculated roots at 14 and 27 days post-inoculation, under high and low-nitrogen conditions. Clubroot infection triggered a large increase of SA concentration and an induction of the SA gene markers expression whatever the genotype and nitrogen conditions. Overall, metabolic profiles suggested that N-driven induction of resistance was independent of SA signaling, soluble carbohydrate and amino acid concentrations. Low-nitrogen-driven resistance in "Yudal" was associated with the transcriptional regulation of a small set of genes, among which the induction of NRT2- and NR-encoding genes. Altogether, our results indicate a possible role of nitrate transporters and auxin signaling in the crosstalk between plant nutrition and partial resistance to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Aigu
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Rennes 1, Le Rheu, France
| | - Stéphanie Daval
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Rennes 1, Le Rheu, France
| | - Kévin Gazengel
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Rennes 1, Le Rheu, France
| | | | | | - Anne Laperche
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Rennes 1, Le Rheu, France
| | - Fabrice Legeai
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Rennes 1, Le Rheu, France
| | | | - Antoine Gravot
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université de Rennes 1, Le Rheu, France
- *Correspondence: Gravot Antoine,
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26
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Ahammed GJ, Chen Y, Liu C, Yang Y. Light regulation of potassium in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 170:316-324. [PMID: 34954566 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Essential macronutrient potassium (K) and environmental signal light regulate a number of vital plant biological processes related to growth, development, and stress response. Recent research has shown connections between the perception of light and the regulation of K in plants. Photoreceptors-mediated wavelength-specific light perception activates signaling cascades which mediate stomatal movement by altering K+influx/efflux via K+ channels in the guard cells. The quality, intensity, and duration of light affect the regulation of K nutrition and crop quality. Blue/red illumination or red combined blue light treatment increases the expression levels of K transporter genes, K uptake and accumulation, leading to increased lycopene synthesis and improved fruit color in tomato. Despite the commonalities of light and K in multiple functions, our understanding of light regulation of K and associated physiological and molecular processes is fragmentary. In this review, we take a look at the light-controlled K uptake and utilization in plants and propose working models to show potential mechanisms. We discuss major light signaling components, their possible involvement in K nutrition, stomatal movement and crop quality by linking the perception of light signal and subsequent regulation of K. We also pose some outstanding questions to guide future research. Our analysis suggests that the enhancement of K utilization efficiency by manipulation of light quality and light signaling components can be a promising strategy for K management in crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Chaochao Liu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212021, China
| | - Youxin Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
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27
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The Glutamate Receptor Plays a Role in Defense against Botrytis cinerea through Electrical Signaling in Tomato. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112311217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant glutamate-like receptor genes (GLRs) are homologous to mammalian ionotropic glutamate receptors genes (iGluRs). Although GLRs have been implicated in plant defenses to biotic stress, the relationship between GLR-mediated plant immunity against fungal pathogens and electrical signals remains poorly understood. Here, we found that pretreatment with a GLR inhibitor, 6,7-dinitriquinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX), increased the susceptibility of tomato plants to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Assessment of the glr3.3, glr3.5 and glr3.3/glr3.5 double-mutants upon B. cinerea infection showed that tomato GLR3.3 and GLR3.5 are essential for plant immunity against B. cinerea, wherein GLR3.3 plays the main role. Analysis of the membrane potential changes induced by glutamate (Glu) or glycine (Gly) revealed that amplitude was significantly reduced by knocking out GLR3.3 in tomato. While treatment with Glu or Gly significantly increased immunity against B. cinerea in wild-type plants, this effect was significantly attenuated in glr3.3 mutants. Thus, our data demonstrate that GLR3.3- and GLR3.5-mediated plant immunity against B. cinerea is associated with electrical signals in tomato plants.
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28
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Sun Y, Li Y, Li Y, Wang M, Mur LAJ, Shen Q, Guo S. Nitrate mediated resistance against Fusarium infection in cucumber plants acts via photorespiration. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3412-3431. [PMID: 34181268 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium wilt is one of the major biotic factors limiting cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) growth and yield. The outcomes of cucumber-Fusarium interactions can be influenced by the form of nitrogen nutrition (nitrate [NO3- ] or ammonium [NH4+ ]); however, the physiological mechanisms of N-regulated cucumber disease resistance are still largely unclear. Here, we investigated the relationship between nitrogen forms and cucumber resistance to Fusarium infection. Our results showed that on Fusarium infection, NO3- feeding decreased the levels of the fungal toxin, fusaric acid, leaf membrane oxidative, organelle damage and disease-associated loss in photosynthesis. Metabolomic analysis and gas-exchange measurements linked NO3- mediated plant defence with enhanced leaf photorespiration rates. Cucumber plants sprayed with the photorespiration inhibitor isoniazid were more susceptible to Fusarium and there was a negative correlation between photorespiration rate and leaf membrane injury. However, there were positive correlations between photorespiration rate, NO3- assimilation and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. This provides a potential electron sink or the peroxisomal H2 O2 catalysed by glycolate oxidase. We suggest that the NO3- nutrition enhanced cucumber resistance against Fusarium infection was associated with photorespiration. Our findings provide a novel insight into a mechanism involving the interaction of photorespiration with nitrogen forms to drive wider defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Sun
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Centre for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingrui Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Centre for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Centre for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Luis Alejandro Jose Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Centre for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiwei Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Centre for Organic-based Fertilizers, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Ahammed GJ, Yang Y. Mechanisms of silicon-induced fungal disease resistance in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 165:200-206. [PMID: 34052681 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) acts as a beneficial element for plant growth and provides protection against abiotic and biotic stresses. Despite numerous reports on the beneficial role of Si in enhancing plant resistance to fungal pathogens, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. Silicon shows antifungal activity; however, Si-induced improved disease resistance is partly manifested by the formation of Si polymerized mechanical obstruction under the cuticle and in cell walls, which prevents fungal ingress. Moreover, rapid production of defense compounds through secondary metabolic pathways is thought to be a key mechanism of Si-induced chemical defense against fungal pathogens beyond the physical barrier. Besides, improved mineral nutrition assures the healthy status of Si-supplied plants and a healthy plant exhibits better photosynthetic potential, antioxidant capacity and disease resistance. Multiple plant hormones and their crosstalk mediate the Si-induced basal as well as induced resistance; nonetheless, how root uptake of Si systemically modulates resistance to foliar diseases in low Si accumulating plants, needs in-depth investigation. Recent studies also indicate that Si influences effector-triggered immunity by affecting host recognition and/or limiting receptor-effector interactions. Here we review the role of Si in plant response to fungal pathogens. We also discuss and propose potential mechanisms of Si-induced enhanced disease resistance in plants. Finally, we identify some limitations of research approaches in addressing the beneficial roles of Si in biotic stress management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, China
| | - Youxin Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits & Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
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