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Reed RM, Whyte MB, Goff LM. Cardiometabolic disease in Black African and Caribbean populations: an ethnic divergence in pathophysiology? Proc Nutr Soc 2023:1-11. [PMID: 38230432 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665123004895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
In the UK, populations of Black African and Caribbean (BAC) ethnicity suffer higher rates of cardiometabolic disease than White Europeans (WE). Obesity, leading to increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and intrahepatic lipid (IHL), has long been associated with cardiometabolic risk, driving insulin resistance and defective fatty acid/lipoprotein metabolism. These defects are compounded by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation, driven by dysfunctional adipose tissue. Emerging evidence has highlighted associations between central complement system components and adipose tissue, fatty acid metabolism and inflammation; it may therefore sit at the intersection of various cardiometabolic disease risk factors. However, increasing evidence suggests an ethnic divergence in pathophysiology, whereby current theories fail to explain the high rates of cardiometabolic disease in BAC populations. Lower fasting and postprandial TAG has been reported in BAC, alongside lower VAT and IHL deposition, which are paradoxical to the high rates of cardiometabolic disease exhibited by this ethnic group. Furthermore, BAC have been shown to exhibit a more anti-inflammatory profile, with lower TNF-α and greater IL-10. In contrast, recent evidence has revealed greater complement activation in BAC compared to WE, suggesting its dysregulation may play a greater role in the high rates of cardiometabolic disease experienced by this population. This review outlines the current theories of how obesity is proposed to drive cardiometabolic disease, before discussing evidence for ethnic differences in disease pathophysiology between BAC and WE populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben M Reed
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Martin B Whyte
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7WG, UK
| | - Louise M Goff
- Leicester Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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2
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Quek SXZ, Tan EXX, Ren YP, Muthiah M, Loo EXL, Tham EH, Siah KTH. Factors early in life associated with hepatic steatosis. World J Hepatol 2022; 14:1235-1247. [PMID: 35978672 PMCID: PMC9258263 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i6.1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rise in prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mirrors the obesity epidemic. NAFLD is insidious but may gradually progress from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. Intervention strategies to ameliorate developmental programming of NAFLD may be more efficacious during critical windows of developmental plasticity.
AIM To review the early developmental factors associated with NAFLD.
METHODS Databases MEDLINE via PubMed, and EMBASE and Reference Citation Analysis were searched and relevant publications up to April 30, 2021 were assessed. Original research studies that included risk factors associated with early development of NAFLD in human subjects were included. These factors include: Maternal factors, intrauterine and prenatal factors, post-natal factors, genetic and ethnic predisposition, childhood and adolescence environmental factors. Studies were excluded if they were review articles or animal studies, case reports or conference abstracts, or if NAFLD was not clearly defined and assessed radiologically.
RESULTS Of 1530 citations identified by electronic search, 420 duplicates were removed. Of the 1110 citations screened from title and abstract, 80 articles were included in the final analysis. Genetic polymorphisms such as patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) and membrane-bound O-acyltransferase domain-containing protein 7 (MBOAT7) were associated with increased risk of NAFLD. Familial factors such as maternal obesogenic environment and parental history of hepatic steatosis was associated with offspring NAFLD. Longer duration of exclusive breastfeeding in infancy was associated with a lower risk of developing NAFLD later in life while metabolic dysfunction and/or obesity in adolescence was associated with increased risk of NAFLD. Studies relating to socioeconomic factors and its association with NAFLD reported confounding results.
CONCLUSION Maternal metabolic dysfunction during pregnancy, being exclusively breastfed for a longer time postnatally, diet and physical activity in childhood and adolescence are potential areas of intervention to decrease risk of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Xin Zi Quek
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Eunice Xiang-Xuan Tan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Yi Ping Ren
- Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Mark Muthiah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Evelyn Xiu Ling Loo
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Elizabeth Huiwen Tham
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore; Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Kewin Tien Ho Siah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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Staiano AE, Katzmarzyk PT. Visceral, subcutaneous, and total fat mass accumulation in a prospective cohort of adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116:780-785. [PMID: 35544287 PMCID: PMC9437989 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Race and sex differences in adolescents' body fat are demonstrated in cross-sectional cohorts, yet a longitudinal design would better identify patterns of fat distribution over time. OBJECTIVES The aim was to examine race and sex differences in adiposity between black and white adolescents over 2 y. METHODS A cohort of adolescents aged 10-16 y (38% black; 52% girls; 15% overweight, 34% with obesity) underwent body composition measurements at baseline (n = 309) and 2 y later (n = 236), using DXA to quantify whole-body fat mass (FM) and MRI for abdominal subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) volumes. General linear models were used to examine race and sex differences in log-transformed FM, SAT, and VAT, adjusting for age, sexual maturation, extended BMI percentile, and race-by-sex interaction. SAT and VAT models in addition controlled for baseline FM and change in FM (for change models). RESULTS Mean (95% CI) baseline FM (kg) was higher among white [18.5 (17.9, 19.2) than among black adolescents [17.4 (16.6, 18.2), P = 0.03] and girls [19.5 (18.8, 20.3) than boys [16.5 (15.8, 17.2), P < 0.0001]. Mean (95% CI) baseline SAT (L) was higher among girls [4.4 (4.2, 4.6)] than among boys [3.9 (3.7, 4.1), P < 0.0001]. Mean (95% CI) baseline VAT (L) was higher among white [0.5 (0.5, 0.6)] than among black [0.3 (0.3, 0.4)] adolescents (P < 0.0001) and boys [0.5 (0.4, 0.5)] than girls [0.4 (0.4, 0.4), P = 0.04]. Over 2 y mean (95% CI) FM change (kg) was higher among white [3.7 (2.9, 4.5)] than among black adolescents [2.3 (1.3, 3.3), P = 0.04] and girls [4.0 (3.0, 4.9)] than boys [2.0 (1.1, 3.0), P = 0.007], but SAT change (L) did not differ by race or sex. VAT change (L) was higher among white [0.1 (0.1, 0.1)] than among black adolescents [0.0 (0.0, 0.1), P = 0.003] and boys [0.1 (0.1, 0.1)] than girls [0.0 (0.0, 0.1), P = 0.034]. CONCLUSIONS Sex and race differences in the deposition and accumulation of excess fat are important considerations for understanding obesity prevalence and obesity-related disease risk among adolescents.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02784509.
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Ocobock C, Niclou A. Commentary—fat but fit…and cold? Potential evolutionary and environmental drivers of metabolically healthy obesity. Evol Med Public Health 2022; 10:400-408. [PMID: 36071988 PMCID: PMC9447378 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As global obesity rates continue to rise, it is important to understand the origin, role and range of human variation of body mass index (BMI) in assessing health and healthcare. A growing body of evidence suggests that BMI is a poor indicator of health across populations, and that there may be a metabolically healthy obese phenotype. Here, we review the reasons why BMI is an inadequate tool for assessing cardiometabolic health. We then suggest that cold climate adaptations may also render BMI an uninformative metric. Underlying evolutionary and environmental drivers may allow for heat conserving larger body sizes without necessarily increasing metabolic health risks. However, there may also be a potential mismatch between modern obesogenic environments and adaptations to cold climates, highlighting the need to further investigate the potential for metabolically healthy obese phenotypes among circumpolar and other populations as well as the broader meaning for metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Ocobock
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, IN, USA
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Institute for Educational Initiatives, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Alexandra Niclou
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Sun C, Kovacs P, Guiu-Jurado E. Genetics of Body Fat Distribution: Comparative Analyses in Populations with European, Asian and African Ancestries. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060841. [PMID: 34072523 PMCID: PMC8228180 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Preferential fat accumulation in visceral vs. subcutaneous depots makes obese individuals more prone to metabolic complications. Body fat distribution (FD) is regulated by genetics. FD patterns vary across ethnic groups independent of obesity. Asians have more and Africans have less visceral fat compared with Europeans. Consequently, Asians tend to be more susceptible to type 2 diabetes even with lower BMIs when compared with Europeans. To date, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 460 loci related to FD traits. However, the majority of these data were generated in European populations. In this review, we aimed to summarize recent advances in FD genetics with a focus on comparisons between European and non-European populations (Asians and Africans). We therefore not only compared FD-related susceptibility loci identified in three ethnicities but also discussed whether known genetic variants might explain the FD pattern heterogeneity across different ancestries. Moreover, we describe several novel candidate genes potentially regulating FD, including NID2, HECTD4 and GNAS, identified in studies with Asian populations. It is of note that in agreement with current knowledge, most of the proposed FD candidate genes found in Asians belong to the group of developmental genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Sun
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Esther Guiu-Jurado
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Kuk JL, Lee S. Sex and Ethnic Differences in the Relationship between Changes in Anthropometric Measurements and Visceral Fat in Adolescents with Obesity. J Pediatr 2019; 213:121-127. [PMID: 31235380 PMCID: PMC6765428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine sex and ethnic differences in how baseline and changes in anthropometric measures relate with change in visceral fat with interventions in adolescents. STUDY DESIGN Black and white adolescents (n = 143: body mass index [BMI] ≥85th percentile, 12-18 years) who participated in intervention studies (3-6 months) were included and had assessments of anthropometric measures (weight, BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio [WHR], and waist-to-thigh ratio) and visceral fat at L4-L5 by magnetic resonance imaging before and after interventions. RESULTS At baseline, all of the anthropometric measures were positively associated with visceral fat (P < .05), with weight, waist circumference, and WHR having the largest variance explained (model adjusted R2 = 0.35-0.47 vs 0.32-0.35). Blacks had 11.5-23.3 cm2 less visceral fat compared with whites for a given anthropometric value. Girls tended to have less visceral fat for a given anthropometric value, but the sex differences were not consistently significant (range: 0.7-12.9 cm2). Changes in waist circumference, BMI, and weight, but not WHR, remained significantly associated with changes in visceral fat. There were no sex differences, and much more minimal ethnic differences (<4.9 cm2). CONCLUSIONS At baseline, there are sex and ethnic differences in how anthropometric measures correlate with visceral fat. However, there were minimal sex and ethnic differences in how changes in anthropometric measures related with changes in visceral fat. Although all of the anthropometric measures were associated with visceral fat at baseline, waist circumference, BMI, and weight, but not WHR were associated with changes in visceral fat. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00739180, NCT01323088, and NCT01938950.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Kuk
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - SoJung Lee
- Division of Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea.
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Agbim U, Carr RM, Pickett-Blakely O, Dagogo-Jack S. Ethnic Disparities in Adiposity: Focus on Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Visceral, and Generalized Obesity. Curr Obes Rep 2019; 8:243-254. [PMID: 31144261 PMCID: PMC6662200 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-019-00349-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Excessive adiposity has become a public health problem worldwide, contributing to the rise in obesity-related diseases and associated morbidity and mortality. This review details the relative significance of race/ethnicity as it pertains to adiposity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). RECENT FINDINGS Fat distribution remains a more reliable measure of adiposity than anthropometric measures, with visceral adipose tissue (VAT) associated with increased risk of cardiometabolic disease. While obesity is the most common risk factor for NAFLD, the racial/ethnic prevalence of obesity does not completely parallel NAFLD risk. Combating racial/ethnic disparities in obesity requires understanding differential risk among various groups. Hispanics are disproportionally impacted by NAFLD and have high rates of obesity, VAT, and insulin resistance (IR). This contrasts with Blacks, who have high prevalence of obesity and IR, accompanied by a paradoxically favorable lipid profile and low prevalence of VAT and NAFLD. Many features of adiposity and NAFLD are mediated by genetic and environmental factors, the latter being modifiable and the focus of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uchenna Agbim
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rotonya M Carr
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Octavia Pickett-Blakely
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sam Dagogo-Jack
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 920 Madison Avenue, Suite 300A, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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Singh AK, Kaur N, Kaushal S, Tyagi R, Mathur D, Sivapuram MS, Metri K, Bammidi S, Podder V, Modgil S, Khosla R, Sharma K, Anand A, Malik N, Boroiah V, Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR, Anand A. Partitioning of radiological, stress and biochemical changes in pre-diabetic women subjected to Diabetic Yoga Protocol. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:2705-2713. [PMID: 31405697 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yoga is an ancient system of wellness with Asana and Pranayama as its most popular and propagated modules for management of lifestyle disorders. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to characterise the liver abnormalities, biochemical changes, and stress levels after Yoga intervention in prediabetic females. MATERIALS AND METHODS 37 females were randomly divided into Yoga practising and non-practising control groups. The Yoga practising group performed Diabetic Yoga Protocol (DYP) for 3 months. Parameters including size of liver, fatty infiltration, and grade of severity were measured using ultrasonography along with biochemical parameters and stress levels at baseline and after Yoga practice. RESULTS The glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and glucose levels were found significantly reduced in prediabetic (p = 0.015) women after practising DYP, although cholesterol levels increased in menopausal women. No escalation of fatty liver was noted among women practising DYP. CONCLUSION DYP reduced the HbA1c and stress levels and therefore, could be a cost-effective tool for preventing prediabetes to diabetes progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Singh
- Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (SVYASA), Bengaluru, 560019, India
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Department of Physical Education, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Sushant Kaushal
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Rahul Tyagi
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Deepali Mathur
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT, Bhubaneswar, 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Madhava Sai Sivapuram
- Dr. Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Foundation, China-outapalli, 521286, India
| | - Kashinath Metri
- Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (SVYASA), Bengaluru, 560019, India
| | - Sridhar Bammidi
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Vivek Podder
- Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Narketpally, Nalgonda, 508254, India
| | - Shweta Modgil
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Radhika Khosla
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Kiran Sharma
- Yoga Federation of India, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | | | - Neeru Malik
- Dev Samaj College of Education, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160036, India
| | | | - Raghuram Nagarathna
- Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (SVYASA), Bengaluru, 560019, India
| | | | - Akshay Anand
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Ramírez-Vélez R, Izquierdo M, Correa-Bautista JE, Correa-Rodríguez M, Schmidt-RioValle J, González-Jiménez E, González-Jiménez K. Liver Fat Content and Body Fat Distribution in Youths with Excess Adiposity. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7120528. [PMID: 30544632 PMCID: PMC6306900 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7120528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study had two main objectives: To examine the association between body fat distribution and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and liver fat content, and to determine whether the relationship between NAFLD and regional body fat distribution, with respect to liver fat content in youths with excess adiposity, is independent of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and a healthy diet. Liver fat content (controlled attenuation parameter (CAP)), body fat distribution (body mass index (BMI) z-score, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, fat mass/height, body fat percentage, total fat mass, android-to-gynoid fat mass ratio, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and lean mass index, determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)), CRF (20-m shuttle-run test), and healthy diet (adherence to the Mediterranean diet by KIDMED questionnaire) were measured in 126 adolescents (66% girls) aged between 11 and 17 years. Participants were assigned to two groups according to the presence or absence of hepatic steatosis (CAP values ≥225 dB/m or <225 dB/m of liver fat, respectively). Considering the similar total fat values for the two groups (>30% by DXA), youths with NAFLD had higher fat distribution parameters than those without NAFLD, regardless of sex, age, puberty stage, lean mass index, CRF, and healthy diet (p < 0.01). In the non-NAFLD group, the association between hepatic fat and fat distribution parameters presented a similar pattern, although the association was statistically insignificant after adjusting for a potential confounding variable (ps > 0.05), except for the case of VAT. Body fat distribution parameters were higher in youths with NAFLD compared to those without NAFLD. Additionally, body fat distribution showed a significant association with liver fat content as assessed by CAP in youths with NAFLD independent of CRF and adherence to the Mediterranean diet, supporting the notion that upper body fat distribution might play a pivotal role in the development of NAFLD in adolescents. These results may have implications for the clinical management of youths with excess adiposity given the high prevalence of NAFLD in children and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Centro de Estudios Para la Medición de la Actividad Física CEMA, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia.
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Navarrabiomed, IdiSNA, CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CB16/10/00315), Tudela, 31006 Navarre, Spain.
| | - Jorge Enrique Correa-Bautista
- Centro de Estudios Para la Medición de la Actividad Física CEMA, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia.
| | - María Correa-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. De la Ilustración, 60, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Jacqueline Schmidt-RioValle
- Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. De la Ilustración, 60, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Emilio González-Jiménez
- Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. De la Ilustración, 60, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Katherine González-Jiménez
- Centro de Estudios Para la Medición de la Actividad Física CEMA, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia.
- Grupo de Ejercicio Físico y Deportes, Facultad de Salud, Programa de Fisioterapia, Universidad Manuela Beltrán, Bogotá 110231, Colombia.
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Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the world, yet the complex pathogenesis remains to be fully elucidated. The prevalence of NAFLD has risen precipitously in recent years and is now a leading indication for liver transplantation. New waitlist registrants with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis–induced cirrhosis increased by 170% from 2004 to 2013. In addition, patients with NAFLD are at increased risk of both cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. In this update, recent studies contributing to the understanding of the place of NAFLD in cardiometabolic disease will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Faasse
- Health Sciences Research Building, Emory University, 1760 Haygood Drive, W-450, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hayley Braun
- Health Sciences Research Building, Emory University, 1760 Haygood Drive, W-450, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Miriam Vos
- Health Sciences Research Building, Emory University, 1760 Haygood Drive, W-450, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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