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Wu J, Li Z, Zhu H, Chang Y, Li Q, Chen J, Shen G, Feng J. Childhood overweight and obesity: age stratification contributes to the differences in metabolic characteristics. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:571-582. [PMID: 38112246 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify the differential metabolic characteristics of children with overweight and obesity and understand their potential mechanism in different age stratifications. METHODS Four hundred seventy-three children were recruited and divided into two age stratifications: >4 years (older children) and ≤4 years (younger children), and overweight and obesity were defined according to their BMI percentile. A one dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H-NMR)-based metabolomics strategy combined with pattern recognition methods was used to identify the metabolic characteristics of childhood overweight and obesity. RESULTS Four and sixteen potential biomarkers related to overweight and two and twenty potential biomarkers related to obesity were identified from younger and older children, respectively. Fluctuations in phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamine, leucine, histidine, and ascorbate co-occurred in children with obesity at two age stratifications. The disturbances in biosynthesis and metabolism of amino acids, lipid metabolism, and galactose metabolism disturbance were mainly involved in children with overweight and obesity. CONCLUSIONS The metabolic disturbances show a significant progression from overweight to obesity in children, and different metabolic characteristics were demonstrated in age stratifications. The changes in the levels of phenylalanine, tyrosine, glutamine, leucine, histidine, and ascorbate were tracked with the persistence of childhood obesity. These findings will promote the mechanistic understanding of childhood overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Wu
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhenchang Li
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yajie Chang
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Quanquan Li
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Child Health, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guiping Shen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianghua Feng
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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2
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Lares-Villaseñor E, Salazar-García S, Cossío-Torres PE, Medina-Jasso DL, Aradillas-García C, Portales-Pérez DP, Vargas-Morales JM. Glycemia and associated factors in a pediatric population in Mexico. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1172837. [PMID: 37266538 PMCID: PMC10230080 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1172837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims In this study, we evaluated the association of sociodemographic, lifestyle and cardiometabolic factors with blood glucose levels in children and adolescents in Mexico. Methods An analytical cross-sectional study of 642 children and adolescents aged 6 to 19 years from different educational centers located in municipalities of the state of San Luis Potosí, Mexico, was carried out. Pearson χ2 and Spearman correlation tests and multiple linear regression models were used to evaluate the associations of the variables with glycemia. Results The prevalence of prediabetes was 8.0% in both sexes. Male participants were more likely to develop hyperglycemia than female participants (OR 2.7, 95% CI: 1.5-5.0). The variables associated with glucose levels were male sex, high socioeconomic status, inadequate diet, high blood pressure, and increased total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, which also explained up to 15.6% (p < 0.05) of the variability in glucose concentrations. Conclusion The detection of sociodemographic, lifestyle and cardiometabolic factors in children and adolescents will contribute to the implementation of prevention strategies for cardiometabolic diseases, among which prediabetes is common.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Lares-Villaseñor
- Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - S. Salazar-García
- Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - P. E. Cossío-Torres
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - D. L. Medina-Jasso
- Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - C. Aradillas-García
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - D. P. Portales-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina (CICSaB), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | - J. M. Vargas-Morales
- Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
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Azab SM, Shanmuganathan M, de Souza RJ, Kroezen Z, Desai D, Williams NC, Morrison KM, Atkinson SA, Teo KK, Azad MB, Simons E, Moraes TJ, Mandhane PJ, Turvey SE, Subbarao P, Britz-McKibbin P, Anand SS. Early sex-dependent differences in metabolic profiles of overweight and adiposity in young children: a cross-sectional analysis. BMC Med 2023; 21:176. [PMID: 37158942 PMCID: PMC10166631 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02886-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood obesity is a global health concern and can lead to lifetime cardiometabolic disease. New advances in metabolomics can provide biochemical insights into the early development of obesity, so we aimed to characterize serum metabolites associated with overweight and adiposity in early childhood and to stratify associations by sex. METHODS Nontargeted metabolite profiling was conducted in the Canadian CHILD birth cohort (discovery cohort) at age 5 years (n = 900) by multisegment injection-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Clinical outcome was defined using novel combined measures of overweight (WHO-standardized body mass index ≥ 85th percentile) and/or adiposity (waist circumference ≥ 90th percentile). Associations between circulating metabolites and child overweight/adiposity (binary and continuous outcomes) were determined by multivariable linear and logistic regression, adjusting for covariates and false discovery rate, and by subsequent sex-stratified analysis. Replication was assessed in an independent replication cohort called FAMILY at age 5 years (n = 456). RESULTS In the discovery cohort, each standard deviation (SD) increment of branched-chain and aromatic amino acids, glutamic acid, threonine, and oxoproline was associated with 20-28% increased odds of overweight/adiposity, whereas each SD increment of the glutamine/glutamic acid ratio was associated with 20% decreased odds. All associations were significant in females but not in males in sex-stratified analyses, except for oxoproline that was not significant in either subgroup. Similar outcomes were confirmed in the replication cohort, where associations of aromatic amino acids, leucine, glutamic acid, and the glutamine/glutamic acid ratio with childhood overweight/adiposity were independently replicated. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show the utility of combining measures of both overweight and adiposity in young children. Childhood overweight/adiposity at age 5 years has a specific serum metabolic phenotype, with the profile being more prominent in females compared to males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandi M Azab
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Meera Shanmuganathan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Russell J de Souza
- Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Zachary Kroezen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Dipika Desai
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Natalie C Williams
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Katherine M Morrison
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Koon K Teo
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Meghan B Azad
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Elinor Simons
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Theo J Moraes
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Piush J Mandhane
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Padmaja Subbarao
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Philip Britz-McKibbin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sonia S Anand
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Chanchlani Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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Ma YL, Ke JF, Wang JW, Wang YJ, Xu MR, Li LX. Blood lactate levels are associated with an increased risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes: a real-world study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1133991. [PMID: 37223022 PMCID: PMC10200915 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1133991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To investigate the association between blood lactate levels and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods 4628 Chinese T2DM patients were divided into quartiles according to blood lactate levels in this real-world study. Abdominal ultrasonography was used to diagnosis MAFLD. The associations of blood lactate levels and quartiles with MAFLD were analyzed by logistic regression. Results There were a significantly increased trend in both MAFLD prevalence (28.9%, 36.5%, 43.5%, and 54.7%) and HOMA2-IR value (1.31(0.80-2.03), 1.44(0.87-2.20), 1.59(0.99-2.36), 1.82(1.15-2.59)) across the blood lactate quartiles in T2DM patients after adjustment for age, sex, diabetic duration, and metformin use (all p<0.001 for trend). After correcting for other confounding factors, not only increased blood lactate levels were obviously associated with MAFLD presence in the patients with (OR=1.378, 95%CI: 1.210-1.569, p<0.001) and without taking metformin (OR=1.181, 95%CI: 1.010-1.381, p=0.037), but also blood lactate quartiles were independently correlated to the increased risk of MAFLD in T2DM patients (p<0.001 for trend). Compared with the subjects in the lowest blood lactate quartiles, the risk of MAFLD increased to 1.436-, 1.473-, and 2.055-fold, respectively, in those from the second to the highest lactate quartiles. Conclusions The blood lactate levels in T2DM subjects were independently associated with an increased risk of MAFLD, which was not affected by metformin-taking and might closely related to insulin resistance. Blood lactate levels might be used as a practical indicator for assessing the risk of MAFLD in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang-Feng Ke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun-Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Jie Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Man-Rong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Lian-Xi Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai, China
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5
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Ban OH, Lee M, Bang WY, Nam EH, Jeon HJ, Shin M, Yang J, Jung YH. Bifidobacterium lactis IDCC 4301 Exerts Anti-Obesity Effects in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice Model by Regulating Lipid Metabolism. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200385. [PMID: 36517937 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Chronic hypernutrition promotes lipid accumulation in the body and excessive lipid accumulation leads to obesity. An increase in the number and size of adipocytes, a characteristic of obesity is closely associated with adipose dysfunction. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that probiotics may prevent this dysfunction by regulating lipid metabolism. However, the mechanisms of action of probiotics in obesity are not fully understood and their usage for treating obesity remains limited. METHODS AND RESULTS Bifidobacterium lactis IDCC 4301 is selected for its anti-obesity potential after evaluating inhibitory activity of pancreatic lipase and cholesterol reducing activity. Next, this study investigates the roles of B. lactis IDCC 4301 on lipid metabolism in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. B. lactis IDCC 4301 inhibits cell differentiation and lipid accumulation by suppressing the expression of adipogenic enzymes in 3T3-L1 cells. Moreover, the administration of B. lactis IDCC 4301 decreases body and adipose tissue weight, improves serum lipid levels, and downregulates adipogenic mRNA expression in HFD-fed mice. Additionally, metabolomic analysis suggests that 2-ketobutyrate should be a possible target compound against obesity. CONCLUSIONS B. lactis IDCC 4301 may be used as an alternative treatment for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- O-Hyun Ban
- Ildong Bioscience, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17957, Republic of Korea.,School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjee Lee
- Ildong Bioscience, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17957, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Yeong Bang
- Ildong Bioscience, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17957, Republic of Korea
| | - Eoun Ho Nam
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Ji Jeon
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhye Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwoo Yang
- Ildong Bioscience, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17957, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Jung
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
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Aragón-Vela J, Alcalá-Bejarano Carrillo J, Moreno-Racero A, Plaza-Diaz J. The Role of Molecular and Hormonal Factors in Obesity and the Effects of Physical Activity in Children. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15413. [PMID: 36499740 PMCID: PMC9737554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and overweight are defined as abnormal fat accumulations. Adipose tissue consists of more than merely adipocytes; each adipocyte is closely coupled with the extracellular matrix. Adipose tissue stores excess energy through expansion. Obesity is caused by the abnormal expansion of adipose tissue as a result of adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia. The process of obesity is controlled by several molecules, such as integrins, kindlins, or matrix metalloproteinases. In children with obesity, metabolomics studies have provided insight into the existence of unique metabolic profiles. As a result of low-grade inflammation in the system, abnormalities were observed in several metabolites associated with lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acid pathways. In addition, obesity and related hormones, such as leptin, play an instrumental role in regulating food intake and contributing to childhood obesity. The World Health Organization states that physical activity benefits the heart, the body, and the mind. Several noncommunicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes, can be prevented and managed through physical activity. In this work, we reviewed pediatric studies that examined the molecular and hormonal control of obesity and the influence of physical activity on children with obesity or overweight. The purpose of this review was to examine some orchestrators involved in this disease and how they are related to pediatric populations. A larger number of randomized clinical trials with larger sample sizes and long-term studies could lead to the discovery of new key molecules as well as the detection of significant factors in the coming years. In order to improve the health of the pediatric population, omics analyses and machine learning techniques can be combined in order to improve treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerónimo Aragón-Vela
- Department of Health Sciences, Area of Physiology, Building B3, Campus s/n “Las Lagunillas”, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Jesús Alcalá-Bejarano Carrillo
- Department of Health, University of the Valley of Mexico, Robles 600, Tecnologico I, San Luis Potosí 78220, Mexico
- Research and Advances in Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda, del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Armilla, Spain
| | - Aurora Moreno-Racero
- Research and Advances in Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda, del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Armilla, Spain
| | - Julio Plaza-Diaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS, Granada, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
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Amino Acid-Related Metabolic Signature in Obese Children and Adolescents. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071454. [PMID: 35406066 PMCID: PMC9003189 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing interest in metabolomics has spread to the search for suitable predictive biomarkers for complications related to the emerging issue of pediatric obesity and its related cardiovascular risk and metabolic alteration. Indeed, several studies have investigated the association between metabolic disorders and amino acids, in particular branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). We have performed a revision of the literature to assess the role of BCAAs in children and adolescents' metabolism, focusing on the molecular pathways involved. We searched on Pubmed/Medline, including articles published until February 2022. The results have shown that plasmatic levels of BCAAs are impaired already in obese children and adolescents. The relationship between BCAAs, obesity and the related metabolic disorders is explained on one side by the activation of the mTORC1 complex-that may promote insulin resistance-and on the other, by the accumulation of toxic metabolites, which may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, stress kinase activation and damage of pancreatic cells. These compounds may help in the precocious identification of many complications of pediatric obesity. However, further studies are still needed to better assess if BCAAs may be used to screen these conditions and if any other metabolomic compound may be useful to achieve this goal.
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Batra A, Latsko M, Portella AK, Silveira PP. Early adversity and insulin: neuroendocrine programming beyond glucocorticoids. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:1031-1043. [PMID: 34635400 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to direct or contextual adversities during early life programs the functioning of the brain and other biological systems, contributing to the development of physical as well as mental health issues in the long term. While the role of glucocorticoids in mediating the outcomes of early adversity has been explored for many years, less attention has been given to insulin. Beyond its metabolic effects in the periphery, central insulin action affects synaptic plasticity, brain neurotransmission, and executive functions. Knowledge about the interactions between the peripheral metabolism and brain function from a developmental perspective can contribute to prevention and diagnosis programs, as well as early interventions for vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashita Batra
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Maeson Latsko
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Healthy Brains for Healthy Lives, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Andre Krumel Portella
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patricia P Silveira
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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9
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Azab SM, de Souza RJ, Lamri A, Shanmuganathan M, Kroezen Z, Schulze KM, Desai D, Williams NC, Morrison KM, Atkinson SA, Teo KK, Britz-McKibbin P, Anand SS. Metabolite profiles and the risk of metabolic syndrome in early childhood: a case-control study. BMC Med 2021; 19:292. [PMID: 34823524 PMCID: PMC8616718 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defining the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children remains challenging. Furthermore, a dichotomous MetS diagnosis can limit the power to study associations. We sought to characterize the serum metabolite signature of the MetS in early childhood using high-throughput metabolomic technologies that allow comprehensive profiling of metabolic status from a biospecimen. METHODS In the Family Atherosclerosis Monitoring In earLY life (FAMILY) prospective birth cohort study, we selected 228 cases of MetS and 228 matched controls among children age 5 years. In addition, a continuous MetS risk score was calculated for all 456 participants. Comprehensive metabolite profiling was performed on fasting serum samples using multisegment injection-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Multivariable regression models were applied to test metabolite associations with MetS adjusting for covariates of screen time, diet quality, physical activity, night sleep, socioeconomic status, age, and sex. RESULTS Compared to controls, thirteen serum metabolites were identified in MetS cases when using multivariable regression models, and using the quantitative MetS score, an additional eight metabolites were identified. These included metabolites associated with gluconeogenesis (glucose (odds ratio (OR) 1.55 [95% CI 1.25-1.93]) and glutamine/glutamate ratio (OR 0.82 [95% CI 0.67-1.00])) and the alanine-glucose cycle (alanine (OR 1.41 [95% CI 1.16-1.73])), amino acids metabolism (tyrosine (OR 1.33 [95% CI 1.10-1.63]), threonine (OR 1.24 [95% CI 1.02-1.51]), monomethylarginine (OR 1.33 [95% CI 1.09-1.64]) and lysine (OR 1.23 [95% CI 1.01-1.50])), tryptophan metabolism (tryptophan (OR 0.78 [95% CI 0.64-0.95])), and fatty acids metabolism (carnitine (OR 1.24 [95% CI 1.02-1.51])). The quantitative MetS risk score was more powerful than the dichotomous outcome in consistently detecting this metabolite signature. CONCLUSIONS A distinct metabolite signature of pediatric MetS is detectable in children as young as 5 years old and may improve risk assessment at early stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandi M Azab
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Russell J de Souza
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Amel Lamri
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Meera Shanmuganathan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Zachary Kroezen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Dipika Desai
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Katherine M Morrison
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Koon K Teo
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Philip Britz-McKibbin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sonia S Anand
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. .,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. .,Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. .,Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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10
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De Spiegeleer M, De Paepe E, Van Meulebroek L, Gies I, De Schepper J, Vanhaecke L. Paediatric obesity: a systematic review and pathway mapping of metabolic alterations underlying early disease processes. Mol Med 2021; 27:145. [PMID: 34742239 PMCID: PMC8571978 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00394-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The alarming trend of paediatric obesity deserves our greatest awareness to hinder the early onset of metabolic complications impacting growth and functionality. Presently, insight into molecular mechanisms of childhood obesity and associated metabolic comorbidities is limited. This systematic review aimed at scrutinising what has been reported on putative metabolites distinctive for metabolic abnormalities manifesting at young age by searching three literature databases (Web of Science, Pubmed and EMBASE) during the last 6 years (January 2015-January 2021). Global metabolomic profiling of paediatric obesity was performed (multiple biological matrices: blood, urine, saliva and adipose tissue) to enable overarching pathway analysis and network mapping. Among 2792 screened Q1 articles, 40 met the eligibility criteria and were included to build a database on metabolite markers involved in the spectrum of childhood obesity. Differential alterations in multiple pathways linked to lipid, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolisms were observed. High levels of lactate, pyruvate, alanine and acetate marked a pronounced shift towards hypoxic conditions in children with obesity, and, together with distinct alterations in lipid metabolism, pointed towards dysbiosis and immunometabolism occurring early in life. Additionally, aberrant levels of several amino acids, most notably belonging to tryptophan metabolism including the kynurenine pathway and its relation to histidine, phenylalanine and purine metabolism were displayed. Moreover, branched-chain amino acids were linked to lipid, carbohydrate, amino acid and microbial metabolism, inferring a key role in obesity-associated insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review revealed that the main metabolites at the crossroad of dysregulated metabolic pathways underlying childhood obesity could be tracked down to one central disturbance, i.e. impending insulin resistance for which reference values and standardised measures still are lacking. In essence, glycolytic metabolism was evinced as driving energy source, coupled to impaired Krebs cycle flux and ß-oxidation. Applying metabolomics enabled to retrieve distinct metabolite alterations in childhood obesity(-related insulin resistance) and associated pathways at early age and thus could provide a timely indication of risk by elucidating early-stage biomarkers as hallmarks of future metabolically unhealthy phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot De Spiegeleer
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ellen De Paepe
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieven Van Meulebroek
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Inge Gies
- KidZ Health Castle, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Jean De Schepper
- KidZ Health Castle, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussel, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium. .,Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK.
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11
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Redox Imbalance and Methylation Disturbances in Early Childhood Obesity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:2207125. [PMID: 34457110 PMCID: PMC8387800 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2207125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is increasing worldwide in prepubertal children, reducing the age of onset of associated comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes. Sulfur-containing amino acids, methionine, cysteine, and their derivatives play important roles in the transmethylation and transsulfuration pathways. Dysregulation of these pathways leads to alterations in the cellular methylation patterns and an imbalanced redox state. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that one-carbon metabolism is already dysregulated in prepubertal children with obesity. Peripheral blood was collected from 64 children, and the plasma metabolites from transmethylation and transsulfuration pathways were quantified by HPLC. The cohort was stratified by BMI z-scores and HOMA-IR indices into healthy lean (HL), healthy obese (HO), and unhealthy obese (UHO). Fasting insulin levels were higher in the HO group compared to the HL, while the UHO had the highest. All groups presented normal fasting glycemia. Furthermore, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was lower while triglycerides and lactate levels were higher in the UHO compared to HO subjects. S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and total homocysteine levels were increased in the HO group compared to HL. Additionally, glutathione metabolism was also altered. Free cystine and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were increased in the HO as compared to HL subjects. Importantly, the adipocyte secretory function was already compromised at this young age. Elevated circulating leptin and decreased adiponectin levels were observed in the UHO as compared to the HO subjects. Some of these alterations were concomitant with alterations in the DNA methylation patterns in the obese group, independent of the impaired insulin levels. In conclusion, our study informs on novel and important metabolic alterations in the transmethylation and the transsulfuration pathways in the early stages of obesity. Moreover, the altered secretory function of the adipocyte very early in life may be relevant in identifying early metabolic markers of disease that may inform on the increased risk for specific future comorbidities in this population.
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12
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Matsumoto S, Nakamura T, Nagamatsu F, Kido J, Sakamoto R, Nakamura K. Metabolic and biological changes in children with obesity and diabetes. World J Meta-Anal 2021; 9:153-163. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v9.i2.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization has stated that obesity in childhood is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. Overweightness and obesity in early childhood lead to a higher risk of overweightness and obesity in adulthood, thus conferring an increased risk of chronic inflammatory conditions, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and some cancers. Therefore, metabolome analysis, targeted at screening and intervening in childhood obesity, is very important. Recent studies have indicated that amino acid and lipid metabolism could influence metabolic pathways in children with obesity. For this review, we searched clinical data addressing metabolomic profiles and insulin resistance (IR) in children with obesity from inception to February 2021 in Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus. According to our search, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), aromatic amino acids, and acylcarnitines have reportedly been associated with IR as biomarkers for diabetes in children. BCAAs, tyrosine, and phenylalanine could be predictors of the future development of diabetes in nondiabetic subjects. In addition, it is well known that insulin regulates BCAA metabolism, and BCAA is a biomarker for IR. To interpret the mechanism behind metabolic changes in obesity, it is very important to understand the pathways and combinations related with amino acid, lipid and glucose metabolism. In this review, we summarize studies on metabolic changes to understand metabolomics in children with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirou Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nakamura
- Department of Perinatal Care Unit, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Fusa Nagamatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Jun Kido
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Rieko Sakamoto
- Department of Perinatal Care Unit, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kimotoshi Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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13
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Matsumoto S, Nakamura T, Nagamatsu F, Kido J, Sakamoto R, Nakamura K. Metabolic and biological changes in children with obesity and diabetes. World J Meta-Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v9.i2.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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14
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Insulin Resistance in Obese Children: What Can Metabolomics and Adipokine Modelling Contribute? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113310. [PMID: 33137934 PMCID: PMC7692749 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of obesity and its resulting comorbidities differs depending upon the age of the subject. The dramatic rise in childhood obesity has resulted in specific needs in defining obesity-associated entities with this disease. Indeed, even the definition of obesity differs for pediatric patients from that employed in adults. Regardless of age, one of the earliest metabolic complications observed in obesity involves perturbations in glucose metabolism that can eventually lead to type 2 diabetes. In children, the incidence of type 2 diabetes is infrequent compared to that observed in adults, even with the same degree of obesity. In contrast, insulin resistance is reported to be frequently observed in children and adolescents with obesity. As this condition can be prerequisite to further metabolic complications, identification of biological markers as predictive risk factors would be of tremendous clinical utility. Analysis of obesity-induced modifications of the adipokine profile has been one classic approach in the identification of biomarkers. Recent studies emphasize the utility of metabolomics in the analysis of metabolic characteristics in children with obesity with or without insulin resistance. These studies have been performed with targeted or untargeted approaches, employing different methodologies. This review summarizes some of the advances in this field while emphasizing the importance of the different techniques employed.
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Cominetti O, Hosking J, Jeffery A, Pinkney J, Martin FP. Contributions of Fat and Carbohydrate Metabolism to Glucose Homeostasis in Childhood Change With Age and Puberty: A 12-Years Cohort Study (EARLYBIRD 77). Front Nutr 2020; 7:139. [PMID: 32984398 PMCID: PMC7483556 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Puberty-a period when susceptibility to the onset of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) increases-is marked with profound physiological and metabolic changes. In the EarlyBird cohort, children who developed impaired fasting glycemia in adolescence already exhibited higher fasting blood glucose at 5 years of age, independent of their body mass index (BMI), suggesting that pubertal factors may modify existing predisposition. Understanding how the physiological changes during childhood influence glucose homeostasis and how the central energy metabolism may help deciphering the mechanisms that underlie the risk of developing T2D in children and adults. We investigated these associations by analyzing glycemic variations with molecular markers of central energy metabolism, substrate oxidation status and pubertal stages in the EarlyBird cohort. The EarlyBird study is a non-interventional, prospective cohort study, that recruited 307 healthy UK children at age 5, and followed them annually throughout childhood for 12 years. Longitudinal data on blood biochemistry, respiratory exchange ratio, and anthropometry, available from 150 children were integrated with fasting glycemia. The gradual rise in blood glucose during childhood associates with age-dependent changes in molecular processes and substrate oxidation status, namely (i) greater pre-pubertal fat utilization, ketogenesis, and fatty acid oxidation, and (ii) greater pubertal carbohydrate oxidation and glycolytic metabolism (Cori and Cahill Cycles) associated with different amino acid exchanges between muscle and other tissues (proline, glutamine, alanine). Since children's metabolic and nutritional requirements evolve during childhood, this study has potential clinical implications for the development of nutritional strategies for disease prevention in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Cominetti
- Nestlé Institute of Food Safety & Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joanne Hosking
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Jeffery
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Pinkney
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
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