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Balbi M, Lai R, Stigliani S, Massarotti C, Bozzo M, Scaruffi P, Ravera S, Amaroli A. Efficacy and Safety of Visible and Near-Infrared Photobiomodulation Therapy on Astenospermic Human Sperm: Wavelength-Dependent Regulation of Nitric Oxide Levels and Mitochondrial Energetics. BIOLOGY 2025; 14:491. [PMID: 40427680 PMCID: PMC12109510 DOI: 10.3390/biology14050491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2025] [Revised: 04/29/2025] [Accepted: 04/29/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025]
Abstract
Male infertility is a growing global concern, with asthenozoospermia being an important contributing factor. Mitochondrial dysfunction and changes in the metabolism of nitric oxide (NO) are key determinants of reduced sperm motility. This study investigates the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) with visible and near-infrared (NIR) laser light on sperm of asthenozoospermic patients, focusing on mitochondrial energetic status, oxidative stress, and NO dynamics. Semen samples were irradiated at 450 nm, 635 nm, 810 nm, 940 nm, and 1064 nm at different power levels (0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00 W) for 60 s on a spot area of 1 cm2. ATP and AMP levels, oxidative stress markers, and NO concentrations were assessed at 10 and 60 min after irradiation, with the ATP/AMP ratio calculated as an index of cellular energy balance. The results show that the PBM modulates the energetic status of spermatozoa in a way dependent on wavelength and dose. Irradiation at 810 nm produced the most marked improvement in energetic status, whereas 635 nm exposure led to a significant decrease in cellular energy levels. NO levels showed a biphasic response, correlated with the visible range and with energy metabolism at 810 nm. Irradiation with 635 nm induced higher NO production with respect to the other wavelengths. Our findings suggest that PBM mainly involves mitochondrial photoreceptors and potentially the heme and flavin groups of nitric oxide synthases, facilitating electron transitions, enhancing the effectiveness of oxidative phosphorylation, and optimizing enzymatic activity. At longer wavelengths (940 nm and 1064 nm), interactions with water and lipids may introduce additional variables that affect membrane fluidity and mitochondrial function differently from shorter wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Balbi
- Experimental Medicine Department, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (M.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Rachele Lai
- BIO-Photonics Overarching Research Laboratory, Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (R.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Sara Stigliani
- SSD Physiopathology of Human Reproduction, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; (S.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Claudia Massarotti
- SSD Physiopathology of Human Reproduction, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; (S.S.); (C.M.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal-Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Matteo Bozzo
- BIO-Photonics Overarching Research Laboratory, Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (R.L.); (M.B.)
| | - Paola Scaruffi
- SSD Physiopathology of Human Reproduction, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; (S.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Silvia Ravera
- Experimental Medicine Department, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (M.B.); (S.R.)
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Amaroli
- BIO-Photonics Overarching Research Laboratory, Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy; (R.L.); (M.B.)
- Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
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Stigliani S, Ravera S, Maccarini E, Rizzo C, Massarotti C, Anserini P, Bozzo M, Amaroli A, Scaruffi P. The power of 810 nm near-infrared photobiomodulation therapy for human asthenozoospermia. Sci Rep 2024; 14:26819. [PMID: 39501019 PMCID: PMC11538380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-77823-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2024] [Accepted: 10/25/2024] [Indexed: 11/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Sperm motility is a crucial factor in male fertility. Photobiomodulation (PBM) has been reported to increase sperm motility, but a consistent approach suitable for identifying standardizable protocols is lacking. We collected asthenozoospermic (n = 70) and normozoospermic (n = 20) semen. The asthenozoospermic samples were irradiated with an 810 nm diode laser, in continuous wave mode, at 0.25 W, 0.5 W, 1 W and 2 W for 60 s on a circular area of 1 cm2 through a novel handpiece with an innovative flat-top profile. Sperm motility was assessed immediately, after 30 and 60 min. A sample size calculator, unpaired t-test and one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey HSD tests were used for statistics. One and 2 W were the most effective outputs in increasing progressive motility compared to control (p < 0.001). The maximum effect was immediately after 1 W-PBM (p < 0.001) and decreased after 60 min (p < 0.001). Time physiologically decreased vitality (p < 0.001), but less in the 1 W-PBM samples (p < 0.05). 1 W-PBM did not affect chromatin condensation. Asthenozoospermic samples displayed an impairment of 80% in oxygen consumption and ATP production and a slight inefficiency of oxidative phosphorylation compared to normozoospermic samples (p < 0.001). 1 W-PBM partially restored the functionality of aerobic metabolism (p < 0.001) by recovery of oxidative phosphorylation efficiency. PBM did not affect lactate dehydrogenase (glycolysis pathway). No irradiated samples increased accumulated malondialdehyde, a marker of lipidic peroxidation. In conclusion, PBM improves progressive motility in asthenozoospermia through increased mitochondrial energetic metabolism without harmful oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Stigliani
- SS Physiopathology of Human Reproduction, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravera
- Experimental Medicine Department, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.
| | - Elena Maccarini
- SS Physiopathology of Human Reproduction, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Camilla Rizzo
- SS Physiopathology of Human Reproduction, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Claudia Massarotti
- SS Physiopathology of Human Reproduction, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal-Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Anserini
- SS Physiopathology of Human Reproduction, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Matteo Bozzo
- BIO-Photonics Overarching Research laboratory, Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Amaroli
- BIO-Photonics Overarching Research laboratory, Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
| | - Paola Scaruffi
- SS Physiopathology of Human Reproduction, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
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Cervetto C, Amaroli A, Amato S, Gatta E, Diaspro A, Maura G, Signore A, Benedicenti S, Marcoli M. Photons Induce Vesicular Exocytotic Release of Glutamate in a Power-Dependent Way. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10977. [PMID: 37446155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that photobiomodulation, based on tissue irradiation with photons in the red to near-infrared spectrum, may be an effective therapeutic approach to central nervous system disorders. Although nervous system functionality has been shown to be affected by photons in animal models, as well as in preliminary evidence in healthy subjects or in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders, the mechanisms involved in the photobiomodulation effects have not yet been clarified. We previously observed that photobiomodulation could stimulate glutamate release. Here, we investigate mechanisms potentially involved in the glutamate-releasing effect of photons from adult mouse cerebrocortical nerve terminals. We report evidence of photon ability to induce an exocytotic vesicular release of glutamate from the terminals of glutamatergic neurons in a power-dependent way. It can be hypothesized that photobiomodulation, depending on the potency, can release glutamate in a potentially neurotoxic or physiological range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cervetto
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Amaroli
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 5, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Sarah Amato
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Elena Gatta
- DIFILAB, Department of Physics, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Alberto Diaspro
- DIFILAB, Department of Physics, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
- Nanoscopy, Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia-IIT, Via Morego 30, 16133 Genova, Italy
- Biophysics Institute, National Research Council-CNR, Via de Marini, 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Guido Maura
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio Signore
- Therapeutic Dentistry Department, Institute of Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya Str. 8, b. 2, 119992 Moskow, Russia
| | - Stefano Benedicenti
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching and Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Yong J, Gröger S, Wu Z, Ruf S, Ye Y, Chen X. Photobiomodulation Therapy and Pulp-Regenerative Endodontics: A Narrative Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10030371. [PMID: 36978762 PMCID: PMC10045842 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10030371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) were used to recover the dental pulp’s vitality in order to avoid the undesirable outcomes of conventional endodontic treatment and to promote dentinal formation, especially for immature permanent teeth. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) exhibits photobiological and photochemical effects for improving the root canal’s environmental conditions by compensating for oxidative stress and increasing the blood supply to implanted stem cells and improving their survival. Basic research has revealed that PBMT can modulate human dental pulp stem cells’ (hDPSCs) differentiation, proliferation, and activity, and subsequent tissue activation. However, many unclear points still remain regarding the mechanisms of action induced by PBMT in REPs. Therefore, in this review, we present the applications of laser and PBMT irradiation to the procedures of REPs and in endodontics. In addition, the effects of PBMT on the regenerative processes of hDPSCs are reviewed from biochemical and cytological perspectives on the basis of the available literature. Furthermore, we consider the feasibility of treatment in which PBMT irradiation is applied to stem cells, including dental pulp stem cells, and we discuss research that has reported on its effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Yong
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Gröger
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Zuping Wu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Sabine Ruf
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Yuer Ye
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Correspondence:
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Amaroli A, Tassara E, Ferrando S, Aicardi S, Pasquale C, Giovine M, Bertolino M, Zekiy A, Pozzolini M. Near-Infrared 810 nm Light Affects Porifera Chondrosia reniformis (Nardo, 1847) Regeneration: Molecular Implications and Evolutionary Considerations of Photobiomodulation-Animal Cell Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010226. [PMID: 36613670 PMCID: PMC9820676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotrophic choice as a metabolic source of energy has characterised animal cell evolution. However, light interactions with animal cell photoacceptors that are able to increase energetic metabolism (photo-biomodulation (PBM)) have been previously described. In the present study, we cut three specimens of Chondrosia reniformis into four equal parts (12 fragments), and we irradiated the regenerating edge of six fragments with the previously characterised 810 nm near-infrared light, delivered at 1 W, 60 J/cm2, 1 W/cm2, and 60 J in a continuous-wave mode for 60 s through a flat-top hand-piece with a rounded spot-size area of 1 cm2. Six fragments were irradiated with 0 W for 60 s as the controls. We performed irradiation at the time 0 h and every 24 h for a total of five administrations. We monitored the regeneration process for five days (120 h) in aquaria by examining the macroscopic and histological changes. We analysed the gene expression profile of the inflammatory processes, apoptosis, heat stress, growth factors, and collagen production and determined oxidative stress enzyme activity and the total prokaryotic symbiont content. PBM sped up C. reniformis regeneration when compared to the controls. Particularly, transforming growth factor TGF3 and TGF6 upregulation during the early phase of regeneration and TGF5 upregulation 120 h postinjury in the irradiated samples supports the positive effect of PBM in sponge tissue recovery. Conversely, the expression of TGF4, a sponge fibroblast growth factor homologue, was not affected by irradiation, indicating that multiple, independent pathways regulate the TGF genes. The results are consistent with our previous data on a wide range of organisms and humans, suggesting that PBM interaction with primary and secondary cell targets has been conserved through the evolution of life forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Amaroli
- Department of Orthopedic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Eleonora Tassara
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Sara Ferrando
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Stefano Aicardi
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Claudio Pasquale
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Giovine
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Bertolino
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Angelina Zekiy
- Department of Orthopedic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Pozzolini
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Via Pastore 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (M.P.)
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Amaroli A, Sabbieti MG, Marchetti L, Zekiy AO, Utyuzh AS, Marchegiani A, Laus F, Cuteri V, Benedicenti S, Agas D. The effects of 808-nm near-infrared laser light irradiation on actin cytoskeleton reorganization in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 383:1003-1016. [PMID: 33159579 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tailoring the cell organelles and thus changing cell homeostatic behavior has permitted the discovery of fascinating metabolic features enabling enhanced viability, differentiation, or quenching inflammation. Recently, photobiomodulation (PBM) has been accredited as an effective cell manipulation technique with promising therapeutic potential. In this prospective, in vitro results revealed that 808-nm laser light emitted by a hand-piece with a flat-top profile at an irradiation set up of 60 J/cm2 (1 W, 1 W/cm2; 60 s, continuous wave) regulates bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) differentiation toward osteogenesis. Considering the importance of actin cytoskeleton reorganization, which controls a range of cell metabolic activities, comprising shape change, proliferation and differentiation, the aim of the current work is to assess whether PBM therapy, using a flat-top hand-piece at higher-fluence irradiation on BMSCs, is able to switch photon signals into the stimulation of biochemical/differentiating pathways involving key activators that regulate de novo actin polymerization. Namely, for the first time, we unearthed the role of the flat-top hand-piece at higher-fluence irradiation on cytoskeletal characteristics of BMSCs. These novel findings meet the needs of novel therapeutically protocols provided by laser treatment and the manipulation of BMSCs as anti-inflammatory, osteo-inductive platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Amaroli
- Laser Therapy Centre, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- Department of Orthopaedic Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetzkaya St., 8, Bd. 2, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Maria Giovanna Sabbieti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino (Macerata), Italy
| | - Luigi Marchetti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino (Macerata), Italy
| | - Angelina O Zekiy
- Department of Orthopaedic Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetzkaya St., 8, Bd. 2, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anatoliy S Utyuzh
- Department of Orthopaedic Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetzkaya St., 8, Bd. 2, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrea Marchegiani
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino (Macerata), Italy
| | - Fulvio Laus
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino (Macerata), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cuteri
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino (Macerata), Italy
| | - Stefano Benedicenti
- Laser Therapy Centre, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C.), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Dimitrios Agas
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino (Macerata), Italy.
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Ferrando S, Agas D, Mirata S, Signore A, De Angelis N, Ravera S, Utyuzh AS, Parker S, Sabbieti MG, Benedicenti S, Amaroli A. The 808 nm and 980 nm infrared laser irradiation affects spore germination and stored calcium homeostasis: A comparative study using delivery hand-pieces with standard (Gaussian) or flat-top profile. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 199:111627. [PMID: 31536925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation relies on the transfer of energy from incident photons to a cell photoacceptor. For many years the concept of photobiomodulation and its outcome has been based upon a belief that the sole receptor within the cell was the mitochondrion. Recently, it has become apparent that there are other photoacceptors operating in different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Alternative photoacceptors would appear to be water and mechanisms regulating calcium homeostasis, despite a direct effect of laser photonic energy on intracellular calcium concentration outwith mitochondrial activity or influence, have not been clearly demonstrated. Therefore, to increase the knowledge of intracellular‑calcium and laser photon interaction, as well as to demonstrate differences in irradiation profiles with modern hand-pieces, we tested and compared the photobiomodulatory effect of 808 nm and 980 nm diode laser light by low- and higher-energy (60s, 100 mW/cm2, 100 mW/cm2, 500 mW/cm2, 1000 mW/cm2, 1500 mW/cm2, 2000 mW/cm2) irradiated with a "standard" (Gaussian fluence distribution) hand-piece or with a "flat-top" (uniform fluence) hand-piece. For this purpose, we used the eukaryote unicellular-model Dictyostelium discoideum. The 808 nm and 980 nm infrared laser light, at the energy tested directly affect the stored Ca2+ homeostasis, independent of the mitochondrial respiratory chain activities. From an organism perspective, the effect on Ca2+-dependent signal transduction as the regulator of spore germination in Dictyostelium, demonstrates how a cell can respond quickly to the correct laser photonic stimulus through a different cellular pathway than the known light-chromophore(mitochondria) interaction. Additionally, both hand-piece designs tested were able to photobiomodulate the D. discoideum cell; however, the hand-piece with a flat-top profile, through uniform fluence levels allows more effective and reproducible effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ferrando
- Laboratory of New Model Organism (NeMo LAB), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Dimitrios Agas
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino,Macerata, Italy
| | - Serena Mirata
- Laboratory of New Model Organism (NeMo LAB), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio Signore
- Laser Therapy Centre, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; Faculty of Therapeutic Stomatology, Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nicola De Angelis
- Laser Therapy Centre, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; University of Technology MARA, Department of Dentistry, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Silvia Ravera
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Anatoliy S Utyuzh
- Department of Orthopaedic Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetzkaya St., 8, Bd. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Steven Parker
- Laser Therapy Centre, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Sabbieti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino,Macerata, Italy
| | - Stefano Benedicenti
- Laser Therapy Centre, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Amaroli
- Laser Therapy Centre, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; Department of Orthopaedic Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetzkaya St., 8, Bd. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Ravera S, Ferrando S, Agas D, De Angelis N, Raffetto M, Sabbieti MG, Signore A, Benedicenti S, Amaroli A. 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser light affects transmembrane mitochondria respiratory chain complexes. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201900101. [PMID: 31033186 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201900101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a non-plant-cell manipulation through a transfer of energy by means of light sources at the non-ablative or thermal intensity. Authors showed that cytochrome-c-oxidase (complex IV) is the specific chromophore's target of PBM at the red (600-700 nm) and NIR (760-900 nm) wavelength regions. Recently, it was suggested that the infrared region of the spectrum could influence other chromospheres, despite the interaction by wavelengths higher than 900 nm with mitochondrial chromophores was not clearly demonstrated. We characterized the interaction between mitochondria respiratory chain, malate dehydrogenase, a key enzyme of Krebs cycle, and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the β-oxidation (two mitochondrial matrix enzymes) with the 1064 nm Nd:YAG (100mps and 10 Hz frequency mode) irradiated at the average power density of 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25 and 1.50 W/cm2 to generate the respective fluences of 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 J/cm2 . Our results show the effect of laser light on the transmembrane mitochondrial complexes I, III, IV and V (adenosine triphosphate synthase) (window effects), but not on the extrinsic mitochondrial membrane complex II and mitochondria matrix enzymes. The effect is not due to macroscopical thermal change. An interaction of this wavelength with the Fe-S proteins and Cu-centers of respiratory complexes and with the water molecules could be supposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ravera
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Ferrando
- Laboratory of New Model Organism (NeMo LAB), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Dimitrios Agas
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino (Macerata), Italy
| | - Nicola De Angelis
- Laser Therapy Centre, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Dentistry, University of Technology MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Mirco Raffetto
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria G Sabbieti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino (Macerata), Italy
| | - Antonio Signore
- Laser Therapy Centre, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Faculty of Therapeutic Stomatology, Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stefano Benedicenti
- Laser Therapy Centre, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Amaroli
- Laser Therapy Centre, Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Hanna R, Agas D, Benedicenti S, Ferrando S, Laus F, Cuteri V, Lacava G, Sabbieti MG, Amaroli A. A Comparative Study Between the Effectiveness of 980 nm Photobiomodulation Delivered by Hand-Piece With Gaussian vs. Flat-Top Profiles on Osteoblasts Maturation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:92. [PMID: 30842754 PMCID: PMC6391326 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a clinically accepted tool in regenerative medicine and dentistry to improve tissue healing and repair and to restore the functional disability. The current in vitro study aimed to investigate the photobiomodulatory effects of 980 nm wavelength (the real energy at the target: ~0.9 W, ~0.9 W/cm2, 60 s, ~55 J/cm2 and a single energy ~55 J in CW) on MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast, delivered with flattop profile in comparison to the standard profile. The laser groupings and their associated energies were: Group 1 - once per week (total energy 110 J); Group 2 - three times per week (alternate day) (total energy 330 J); Group 3 - five times per week (total energy 550 J). The metabolic activity and the osteoblasts maturation were analyzed by alkaline phosphatase assay, alizarin red S histological staining, immunoblot and/or double immunolabeling analysis for Bcl2, Bax, Runx-2, Osx, Dlx5, osteocalcin, and collagen Type 1. Our data, for the first time, prove that laser irradiation of 980 nm wavelength with flat-top beam profile delivery system, compared to standard-Gaussian profile, has improved photobiomodulatory efficacy on pre-osteoblastic cells differentiation. Mechanistically, the irradiation enhances the pre-osteoblast differentiation through activation of Wnt signaling and activation of Smads 2/3-βcatenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Hanna
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, Laser Therapy Centre, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Oral Surgery, Dental Institute, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitrios Agas
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Stefano Benedicenti
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, Laser Therapy Centre, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Ferrando
- Laboratory of New Model Organism (NeMo LAB), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fulvio Laus
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cuteri
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lacava
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Amaroli
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, Laser Therapy Centre, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Laboratory of New Model Organism (NeMo LAB), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Petrishchev NN, Papayan GV, Chistyakova LV, Struy AV, Faizullina DR. Effect of Photobiomodulation by Red and Infrared Laser Radiation on Motility of Paramecium caudatum. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093018060054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hamblin MR, Huang YY, Heiskanen V. Non-mammalian Hosts and Photobiomodulation: Do All Life-forms Respond to Light? Photochem Photobiol 2019; 95:126-139. [PMID: 29882348 PMCID: PMC6286699 DOI: 10.1111/php.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM), also known as low-level laser (light) therapy, was discovered over 50 years ago, but only recently has it been making progress toward wide acceptance. PBM originally used red and near-infrared (NIR) lasers, but now other wavelengths and non-coherent light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are being explored. The almost complete lack of side effects makes the conduction of controlled clinical trials relatively easy. Laboratory research has mainly concentrated on mammalian cells (normal or cancer) in culture, and small rodents (mice and rats) as models of different diseases. A sizeable body of work was carried out in the 1970s and 1980s in Russia looking at various bacterial and fungal cells. The present review covers some of these studies and a recent number of papers that have applied PBM to so-called "model organisms." These models include flies (Drosophila), worms (Caenorhabditis elegans), fish (zebrafish) and caterpillars (Galleria). Much knowledge about the genomics and proteomics, and many reagents for these organisms already exist. They are inexpensive to work with and have lower regulatory barriers compared to vertebrate animals. Other researchers have studied different models (snails, sea urchins, Paramecium, toads, frogs and chickens). Plants may respond to NIR light differently from visible light (photosynthesis and photomorphogenesis) but PBM in plants has not been much studied. Veterinarians routinely use PBM to treat non-mammalian patients. The conclusion is that red or NIR light does indeed have significant biologic effects conserved over many different kingdoms, and perhaps it is true that "all life-forms respond to light."
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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12
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Amaroli A, Ferrando S, Benedicenti S. Photobiomodulation Affects Key Cellular Pathways of all Life-Forms: Considerations on Old and New Laser Light Targets and the Calcium Issue. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 95:455-459. [PMID: 30281800 DOI: 10.1111/php.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
After 50 years of studies on photobiomodulation (PBM), there is still so much to investigate to understand the laser light-nonplant cells interactions. The current scientific knowledge allows to say that the phenomena induced by PBM are based on cellular pathways that are the key points of cell life. The mitochondria chromophores, also present on the bacterial membrane, the calcium channels, ion that regulates the life-and-death cellular processes, as well as the TRP family, whose genes have been found in protozoa and suggest that its basic mechanism evolved long before the appearance of animals, seem to be elective targets in photobiomodulatory events by wavelengths from 600 up to 980 nm. The ambiguous resulting cellular communication way, mediated by ATP, ROS and/or calcium, leads to cell manipulation, which modifies its metabolism and whose response connects all life-forms from bacteria to vertebrates. Because of the Giano-Bifronte features of ROS and calcium, as well as the fine balance of energetic mitochondrial processes, whose alteration is responsible for several diseases, the PBM can show unpredictable results and it requires scrupulous approach to avoid cellular damages. However, when carefully applied, PBM is able to improve nonhealthy cell's responses and represents a reliable support in human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Amaroli
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C), Laser Therapy Center, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Ferrando
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, Laboratory of New Model Organism (NeMo LAB), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Benedicenti
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (D.I.S.C), Laser Therapy Center, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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13
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Amaroli A, Marcoli M, Venturini A, Passalacqua M, Agnati LF, Signore A, Raffetto M, Maura G, Benedicenti S, Cervetto C. Near-infrared laser photons induce glutamate release from cerebrocortical nerve terminals. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201800102. [PMID: 29931754 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although photons have been repeatedly shown to affect the functioning of the nervous system, their effects on neurotransmitter release have never been investigated. We exploited in vitro models that allow effects involving neuron-astrocyte network functioning to be detected (mouse cerebrocortical slices) and dissected these effects at cerebrocortical nerve endings and astrocyte processes. Infrared light proved able to induce glutamate release by stimulating glutamatergic nerve endings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Amaroli
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Mario Passalacqua
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Luigi F Agnati
- Department of Diagnostics, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Signore
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Mirco Raffetto
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Guido Maura
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Stefano Benedicenti
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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Yamakawa S, Niwa T, Karakida T, Kobayashi K, Yamamoto R, Chiba R, Yamakoshi Y, Hosoya N. Effects of Er:YAG and Diode Laser Irradiation on Dental Pulp Cells and Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082429. [PMID: 30126087 PMCID: PMC6121961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vital pulp therapy (VPT) is to preserve the nerve and maintain healthy dental pulp tissue. Laser irradiation (LI) is beneficial for VPT. Understanding how LI affects dental pulp cells and tissues is necessary to elucidate the mechanism of reparative dentin and dentin regeneration. Here, we show how Er:YAG-LI and diode-LI modulated cell proliferation, apoptosis, gene expression, protease activation, and mineralization induction in dental pulp cells and tissues using cell culture, immunohistochemical, genetic, and protein analysis techniques. Both LIs promoted proliferation in porcine dental pulp-derived cell lines (PPU-7), although the cell growth rate between the LIs was different. In addition to proliferation, both LIs also caused apoptosis; however, the apoptotic index for Er:YAG-LI was higher than that for diode-LI. The mRNA level of odontoblastic gene markers-two dentin sialophosphoprotein splicing variants and matrix metalloprotease (MMP)20 were enhanced by diode-LI, whereas MMP2 was increased by Er:YAG-LI. Both LIs enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity, suggesting that they may help induce PPU-7 differentiation into odontoblast-like cells. In terms of mineralization induction, the LIs were not significantly different, although their cell reactivity was likely different. Both LIs activated four MMPs in porcine dental pulp tissues. We helped elucidate how reparative dentin is formed during laser treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunjiro Yamakawa
- Department of Endodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Takahiko Niwa
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Takeo Karakida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Kazuyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Tsurumi Junior College, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Ryuji Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Risako Chiba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Yamakoshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Noriyasu Hosoya
- Department of Endodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
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Amaroli A, Agas D, Laus F, Cuteri V, Hanna R, Sabbieti MG, Benedicenti S. The Effects of Photobiomodulation of 808 nm Diode Laser Therapy at Higher Fluence on the in Vitro Osteogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells. Front Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29527174 PMCID: PMC5829029 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature has supported the concept of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in bone regeneration as one of the most important applications in oro-maxillofacial reconstructions. However, the fate of the transplanted cells and their effects on the clinical outcome is still uncertain. Photobiomodulation (PBM) plays an important role in the acceleration of tissue regeneration and potential repair. The aim of this in vitro study is to evaluate the effectiveness of PBM with 808 nm diode laser therapy, using a flat-top hand-piece delivery system at a higher-fluence (64 J/cm2) irradiation (1 W, continuous-wave) on bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). The BMSCs of 3 old female Balb-c mice were analyzed. The cells were divided into two groups: irradiated group and control group. In the former the cells were irradiated every 24 h during 0 day (T0), 5 (T1), 10 (T2), and 15 (T3) days, whereas the control group was non-irradiated. The results have shown that the 64 J/cm2 laser irradiation has increased the Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). Runx2 is the most important early marker of osteoblast differentiation. The higher-fluence suppressed the synthesis of adipogenic transcription factor (PPARγ), the pivotal transcription factor in adipogenic differentiation. Also, the osteogenic markers such as Osterix (Osx) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were upregulated with an increase in the matrix mineralization. Furthermore, western blotting data demonstrated that the laser therapy has induced a statistically valid increase in the synthesis of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) but had no effects on the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) production. The data has statistically validated the down-regulation of the important pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin IL-6, and IL-17 after 808 nm PBM exposition. An increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1rα and IL-10 was observed. These in vitro studies provide for first time the initial proof that the PBM of the 808 nm diode laser therapy with flat-top hand-piece delivery system at a higher-fluence irradiation of 64 J/cm2 (1 W/cm2) can modulate BMSCs differentiation in enhancing osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Amaroli
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, Laser Therapy Center, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Dimitrios Agas
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Fulvio Laus
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cuteri
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Reem Hanna
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, Laser Therapy Center, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Benedicenti
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences, Laser Therapy Center, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Amaroli A, Ferrando S, Pozzolini M, Gallus L, Parker S, Benedicenti S. The earthworm Dendrobaena veneta (Annelida): A new experimental-organism for photobiomodulation and wound healing. Eur J Histochem 2018; 62:2867. [PMID: 29569873 PMCID: PMC5820523 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2018.2867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a manipulation of cellular behavior using non-ablative low intensity light sources. This manipulation triggers a cascade of metabolic effects and physiological changes resulting in improved tissue repair, of benefit in the treatment of tissue injury, degenerative or autoimmune diseases. PBM has witnessed an exponential increase in both clinical instrument technology and applications. It is therefore of benefit to find reliable experimental models to test the burgeoning laser technology for medical applications. In our work, we proposed the earthworm Dendrobaena veneta for the study of nonablative laser-light effects on wound healing. In our preliminary work, D. veneta has been shown to be positively affected by PBM. New tests using D. veneta were set up to evaluate the effectiveness of a chosen 808 nm-64 J/cm2–1W-CW laser therapy using the AB2799 hand-piece with flat-top bean profile, on the wound healing process of the earthworm. Effective outcome was assimilated through examining the macroscopic, histological, and molecular changes on the irradiated posterior-segment of excised-earthworms with respect to controls. Three successive treatments, one every 24 hours, were concluded as sufficient to promote the wound healing, by effects on muscular and blood vessel contraction, decrement of bacteria load, reduction of inflammatory processes and tissue degeneration. D. veneta was demonstrated to be a reliable experimental organism that meets well the 3Rs principles and the National Science Foundation statement. Through their genetic and evolutionary peculiarity, comparable to those of scientifically accredited models, D. veneta allows the effect of laser therapies by multidisciplinary methods, at various degree of complexity and costs to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Amaroli
- University of Genoa, Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic.
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17
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Amaroli A, Ferrando S, Hanna R, Gallus L, Benedicenti A, Scarfì S, Pozzolini M, Benedicenti S. The photobiomodulation effect of higher-fluence 808-nm laser therapy with a flat-top handpiece on the wound healing of the earthworm Dendrobaena veneta: a brief report. Lasers Med Sci 2018; 33:221-225. [PMID: 28063017 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-2132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Amaroli
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic, University of Genoa, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Ferrando
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Reem Hanna
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic, University of Genoa, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Oral Surgery, Dental Institute, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Lorenzo Gallus
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberico Benedicenti
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic, University of Genoa, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sonia Scarfì
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marina Pozzolini
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Benedicenti
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
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Amaroli A, Benedicenti A, Ravera S, Parker S, Selting W, Panfoli I, Benedicenti S. Short-pulse neodymium:yttrium–aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG 1064 nm) laser irradiation photobiomodulates mitochondria activity and cellular multiplication of Paramecium primaurelia (Protozoa). Eur J Protistol 2017; 61:294-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Amaroli A, Gambardella C, Ferrando S, Hanna R, Benedicenti A, Gallus L, Faimali M, Benedicenti S. The Effect of Photobiomodulation on the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata) Using Higher-Fluence on Fertilization, Embryogenesis, and Larval Development: An In Vitro Study. Photomed Laser Surg 2016; 35:127-135. [PMID: 28056208 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2016.4136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the photobiomodulation (PBM) effect of the 808 nm diode laser irradiation on spermatozoa, eggs, fertilized eggs, embryos, and larvae of Paracentrotus lividus, using two different power settings. BACKGROUND DATA Studies have shown the possible use of PBM in artificial insemination. These have shown the potential effect of low-power laser irradiation on spermatozoa, while there are few studies on the effect of laser photonic energy on oocytes and almost no reports on the influence of lasers in embryogenesis. METHODS P. lividus gametes, zygotes, embryos, and larvae were irradiated using the 808 nm diode laser (fluence 64 J/cm2 using 1 W or 192 J/cm2 with 3 W) with a flat-top hand-piece delivery, compared to a control without laser irradiation (0 J/cm2-0 W). The fertilization rate and the early developmental stages were investigated. RESULTS The fertilization ability was not affected by the sperm/egg irradiation. At the gastrula stage, no significant differences were observed compared with the control samples. In the late pluteus stage, there were no differences in the developmental percentage observed between the control and the treated samples (1 W), with the exception of larvae from gastrulae and larvae, which were irradiated at 3 W. CONCLUSIONS This study has demonstrated that both the 64 J/cm2-1 W and the 192 J/cm2-3 W do not induce morphological damage on the irradiated P. lividus gametes whose zygotes generate normal embryos and larvae. Our data therefore support the assumption to use higher fluence in preliminary studies on in vitro fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Amaroli
- 1 Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy .,2 Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic (DISC), University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Gambardella
- 3 Institute of Marine Sciences , National Research Council (ISMAR-CNR), Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Ferrando
- 1 Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy
| | - Reem Hanna
- 2 Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic (DISC), University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy .,4 Department of Oral Surgery, Dental Institute , King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alberico Benedicenti
- 2 Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic (DISC), University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gallus
- 1 Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Faimali
- 3 Institute of Marine Sciences , National Research Council (ISMAR-CNR), Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Benedicenti
- 2 Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic (DISC), University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy
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Amaroli A, Benedicenti A, Ferrando S, Parker S, Selting W, Gallus L, Benedicenti S. Photobiomodulation by Infrared Diode Laser: Effects on Intracellular Calcium Concentration and Nitric Oxide Production of Paramecium. Photochem Photobiol 2016; 92:854-862. [PMID: 27716941 DOI: 10.1111/php.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In Paramecium, cilia beating is correlated to intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+ ]i) and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. Recent findings affirm that photobiomodulation (PBM) can transiently increase the [Ca2+ ]i in mammalian cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of both 808 and 980 nm diode laser irradiated with flat-top hand-piece on [Ca2+ ]i and NO production of Paramecium primaurelia, to provide basic information for the development of new therapeutic approaches. In the experiments, the laser power in CW varied (0.1; 0.5; 1; and 1.5 W) to generate the following respective fluences: 6.4; 32; 64; and 96 J cm-2 . The 6.4 J cm-2 did not induce PBM if irradiated by both 808 and 980 nm diode laser. Conversely, the 32 J cm-2 fluence had no effect on Paramecium cells if irradiated by the 808 nm laser, while if irradiated by the 980 nm laser induced increment in swimming speed (suggesting an effect on the [Ca2+ ]i, NO production, similar to the 64 J cm-2 with the 808 nm wavelength). The more evident discordance occurred with the 96 J cm-2 fluence, which had the more efficient effect on PBM among the parameters if irradiated with the 808 nm laser and killed the Paramecium cells if irradiated by the 980 nm laser. Lastly, the 980 nm and 64 or 96 J cm-2 were the only parameters to induce a release of stored calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Amaroli
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberico Benedicenti
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Ferrando
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Steven Parker
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Wayne Selting
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gallus
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Benedicenti
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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An 808-nm Diode Laser with a Flat-Top Handpiece Positively Photobiomodulates Mitochondria Activities. Photomed Laser Surg 2016; 34:564-571. [PMID: 27622977 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2015.4035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Photobiomodulation is proposed as a non-linear process. Only the action of light at a low intensity and fluence is assumed to have stimulation on cells; whereas a higher light intensity and fluence generates negative effects, exhausting the cell's energy reserve as a consequence of a too strong stimulation. In our work, we detected the photobiomodulatory effect of an 808-nm higher-fluence diode laser [64 J/cm2-1 W, continuous wave (CW)] irradiated by a flat-top handpiece on mitochondria activities, such as oxygen consumption, activity of mitochondria complexes I, II, III, and IV, and cytochrome c as well as ATP synthesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiments are performed by standard procedure on mitochondria purified from bovine liver. RESULTS Our higher-fluence diode laser positively photobiomodulates the mitochondria oxygen consumption, the activity of the complexes III and IV, and the ATP production, with a P/O = 2.6. The other activities are not influenced. CONCLUSION Our data show for the first time that even the higher fluences (64 J/cm2-1 W), similar to the low fluences, can photobiostimulate the mitochondria respiratory chain without uncoupling them and can induce an increment in the ATP production. These results suggest that the negative effects of higher fluences observed to date are not unequivocally due to higher fluence per se but might be a consequence of the irradiation carried by handpieces with a Gaussian profile.
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Amaroli A, Ravera S, Parker S, Panfoli I, Benedicenti A, Benedicenti S. 808-nm laser therapy with a flat-top handpiece photobiomodulates mitochondria activities of Paramecium primaurelia (Protozoa). Lasers Med Sci 2016; 31:741-7. [PMID: 26984347 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-1901-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation is proposed as a non-linear process, and only low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is assumed to stimulate exposed cells, whereas high powered laser and fluences can cause negative effects, exhausting the cell's energy reserve as a consequence of excessive photon-based stimulation. In our work, we investigated and compared the effects of 808-nm diode laser (CW) with a new flat-top handpiece. To this purpose, we tested the photobiomodulation effects of 1 and 3 J/cm(2) fluence, both generated by 100 mW or 1 W of laser power and of 64 J/cm(2) of fluence generated by 100 mW, 1 W, 1.5 W or 2 W, as expressed through oxygen consumption and ATP synthesis of Paramecium. Data collected indicates the incremental consumption of oxygen through irradiation with 3 J/cm(2)-100 mW or 64 J/cm(2)-1 W correlates with an increase in Paramecium ATP synthesis. The Paramecium respiration was inhibited by fluences 64 J/cm(2)-100 mW or 64 J/cm(2)-2 W and was followed by a decrease in the endogenous ATP concentration. The 1 J/cm(2)-100 mW or 1 W and 3 J/cm(2)-1 W did not affect mitochondrial activity. The results show that the fluence of 64 J/cm(2)-1 W more than the 3 J/cm(2)-100 mW causes greater efficiency in Paramecium mitochondria respiratory chain activity. Our results suggest that thanks to flat-top handpiece we used, high fluences by high-powered laser have to be reconsidered as an effective and non-invasive therapy. Possible associated benefits of deeper tissue penetration would increase treatment effectiveness and reduced irradiation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Amaroli
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, Protistology Laboratory, University of Genoa, Corso Europa, 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravera
- Department of Pharmacy, Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Steven Parker
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic, University of Genoa, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Isabella Panfoli
- Department of Pharmacy, Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberico Benedicenti
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic, University of Genoa, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Benedicenti
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic, University of Genoa, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
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Amaroli A, Ravera S, Parker S, Panfoli I, Benedicenti A, Benedicenti S. The protozoan, Paramecium primaurelia, as a non-sentient model to test laser light irradiation: The effects of an 808nm infrared laser diode on cellular respiration. Altern Lab Anim 2015; 43:155-62. [PMID: 26256394 DOI: 10.1177/026119291504300305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) has been used in clinical practice for more than 40 years. Unfortunately, conflicting literature has led to the labelling of PBM as a complementary or alternative medicine approach. However, past and ongoing clinical and research studies by reputable investigators have re-established the merits of PBM as a genuine medical therapy, and the technique has, in the last decade, seen an exponential increase in the numbers of clinical instruments available, and their applications. This resurgence has led to a clear need for appropriate experimental models to test the burgeoning laser technology being developed for medical applications. In this context, an ethical model that employs the protozoan, Paramecium primaurelia, is proposed. We studied the possibility of using the measure of oxygen consumption to test PBM by irradiation with an infrared or near-infrared laser. The results show that an 808nm infrared laser diode (1W; 64J/cm²) affects cellular respiration in P. primaurelia, inducing, in the irradiated cells, a significantly (p < 0.05) increased oxygen consumption of about 40%. Our findings indicate that Paramecium can be an excellent tool in biological assays involving infrared and near-infrared PBM, as it combines the advantages of in vivo results with the practicality of in vitro testing. This test represents a fast, inexpensive and straightforward assay, which offers an alternative to both traditional in vivo testing and more expensive mammalian cellular cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Amaroli
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, Protistology Laboratory, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravera
- Department of Pharmacy, Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Steven Parker
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Isabella Panfoli
- Department of Pharmacy, Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberico Benedicenti
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Benedicenti
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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