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Samojlović M, Petrović T, Polaček V, Lupulović D, Lazić G, Rogan D, Lazić S. Evaluation of longitudinal passive immunity transfer against lumpy skin disease virus in calves by different serological methods. Vet Res Commun 2024:10.1007/s11259-024-10421-0. [PMID: 38780823 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
To implement effective lumpy skin disease (LSD) control measures, such as timely vaccination, particularly in calves and serological monitoring, it is necessary to evaluate immune response after vaccination, both in adult cattle and in their calves. The aim of this study was to evaluate passive immunity transfer and duration of maternal antibodies against lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) in calves born to vaccinated cows by two different serological methods. The longitudinal study was carried out on two farms in Serbia where no cases were reported during LSD outbreak in 2016. Fifteen cows on each farm were vaccinated and revaccinated with attenuated vaccine - Neethling strain. A total of 30 cows and 30 calves on both farms were included in the study. Serum samples from cows were collected on calving day and serum samples from their respective calves on days 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 after birth. Colostrum samples were collected only from 15 cows on one farm. In order to determine the presence of antibodies against LSDV a total of 30 cow sera samples, 15 colostrum samples and 270 calf sera samples were examined by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and modified virus neutralization test (VNT). Overall, the performance of both serological tests was very satisfactory. The results of this longitudinal study showed that persistence of passive immunity in calves is less than 4 months, and that most calves are not protected against LSDV at that age. Since the vaccination is the most important control measure against LSDV, the recommended age of six months for vaccination of calves born to vaccinated cows should be reassessed to achieve the most optimal protection against LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamaš Petrović
- Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Diana Lupulović
- Vetpro doo, Laboratory for Veterinary Clinical Diagnostics, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gospava Lazić
- Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dragan Rogan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sava Lazić
- Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Novi Sad, Serbia
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Tesfaye S, Regassa F, Beyene G, Leta S, Paeshuyse J. Spatiotemporal analysis and forecasting of lumpy skin disease outbreaks in Ethiopia based on retrospective outbreak reports. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1277007. [PMID: 38532795 PMCID: PMC10964905 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1277007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lumpy skin disease is a viral disease that affects cattle belonging to genus Capripoxvirus (Poxviridae) and lead to significant economic losses. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the distribution of lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks and predict future patterns based on retrospective outbreak reports in Ethiopia. Methods Data were collected through direct communication with regional laboratories and a hierarchical reporting system from the Peasant Associations to Ministry of Agriculture. Time-series data for the LSD outbreaks were analyzed using classical additive time-series decomposition and STL decomposition. Four models (ARIMA, SARIMA, ETS, STLF) were also used to forecast the number of LSD outbreaks that occurred each month for the years (2021-2025) after the models' accuracy test was performed. Additionally, the space-time permutation model (STP) were also used to study retrospective space-time cluster analysis of LSD outbreaks in Ethiopia. Results This study examined the geographical and temporal distribution of LSD outbreaks in Ethiopia from 2008 to 2020, reporting a total of 3,256 LSD outbreaks, 14,754 LSD-positive cases, 7,758 deaths, and 289 slaughters. It also covered approximately 68% of Ethiopia's districts, with Oromia reporting the highest LSD outbreaks. In the LSD's temporal distribution, the highest peak was reported following the rainy season in September to December and its lowest peak in the dry months of April and May. Out of the four models tested for forecasting, the SARIMA (3, 0, 0) (2, 1, 0) [12] model performed well for the validation data, while the STLF+Random Walk had a robust prediction for the training data. Thus, the SARIMA and STLF+Random Walk models produced a more accurate forecast of LSD outbreaks between 2020 and 2025. From retrospective Space-Time Cluster Analysis of LSD, eight possible clusters were also identified, with five of them located in central part of Ethiopia. Conclusion The study's time series and ST-cluster analysis of LSD outbreak data provide valuable insights into the spatial and temporal dynamics of the disease in Ethiopia. These insights can aid in the development of effective strategies to control and prevent the spread of the disease and holds great potential for improving efforts to combat LSD in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimels Tesfaye
- Laboratory of Host–Pathogen Interaction, Department of Biosystems, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fikru Regassa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gashaw Beyene
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Epidemiology Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Samson Leta
- Laboratory of Host–Pathogen Interaction, Department of Biosystems, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jan Paeshuyse
- Laboratory of Host–Pathogen Interaction, Department of Biosystems, Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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van Schalkwyk A, Kara P, Last RD, Romito M, Wallace DB. Detection and Genome Sequencing of Lumpy Skin Disease Viruses in Wildlife Game Species in South Africa. Viruses 2024; 16:172. [PMID: 38399948 PMCID: PMC10892850 DOI: 10.3390/v16020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) has recently undergone rapid spread, now being reported from more than 80 countries, affecting predominantly cattle and to a lesser extent, water buffalo. This poxvirus was previously considered to be highly host-range restricted. However, there is an increasing number of published reports on the detection of the virus from different game animal species. The virus has not only been shown to infect a wide range of game species under experimental conditions, but has also been naturally detected in oryx, giraffe, camels and gazelle. In addition, clinical lumpy skin disease has previously been described in springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis), an African antelope species, in South Africa. This report describes the characterization of lumpy skin disease virus belonging to cluster 1.2, from field samples from springbok, impala (Aepyceros melampus) and a giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) in South Africa using PCR, Sanger and whole genome sequencing. Most of these samples were submitted from wild animals in nature reserves or game parks, indicating that the disease is not restricted to captive-bred animals on game farms or zoological gardens. The potential role of wildlife species in the transmission and maintenance of LSDV is further discussed and requires continuing investigation, as the virus and disease may pose a serious threat to endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette van Schalkwyk
- Agricultural Research Council—Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (P.K.); (M.R.)
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Pravesh Kara
- Agricultural Research Council—Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (P.K.); (M.R.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Robert D. Last
- Vetdiagnostix–Veterinary Pathology Services, Pietermaritzburg 3200, South Africa;
| | - Marco Romito
- Agricultural Research Council—Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (P.K.); (M.R.)
| | - David B. Wallace
- Agricultural Research Council—Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; (P.K.); (M.R.)
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, P/Bag X4, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
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Mazloum A, Van Schalkwyk A, Babiuk S, Venter E, Wallace DB, Sprygin A. Lumpy skin disease: history, current understanding and research gaps in the context of recent geographic expansion. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1266759. [PMID: 38029115 PMCID: PMC10652407 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1266759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease is recognized as a transboundary and emerging disease of cattle, buffaloes and other wild ruminants. Being initially restricted to Africa, and since 1989 the Middle East, the unprecedented recent spread across Eurasia demonstrates how underestimated and neglected this disease is. The initial identification of the causative agent of LSD as a poxvirus called LSD virus, was well as findings on LSDV transmission and epidemiology were pioneered at Onderstepoort, South Africa, from as early as the 1940s by researchers such as Weiss, Haig and Alexander. As more data emerges from an ever-increasing number of epidemiological studies, previously emphasized research gaps are being revisited and discussed. The currently available knowledge is in agreement with the previously described South African research experience that LSDV transmission can occur by multiple routes, including indirect contact, shared water sources and arthropods. The virus population is prone to molecular evolution, generating novel phylogenetically distinct variants resulting from a diverse range of selective pressures, including recombination between field and homologous vaccine strains in cell culture that produce virulent recombinants which pose diagnostic challenges. Host restriction is not limited to livestock, with certain wild ruminants being susceptible, with unknown consequences for the epidemiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mazloum
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | - Antoinette Van Schalkwyk
- Agricultural Research Council – Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Estelle Venter
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Discipline Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - David B. Wallace
- Agricultural Research Council – Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Akther M, Akter SH, Sarker S, Aleri JW, Annandale H, Abraham S, Uddin JM. Global Burden of Lumpy Skin Disease, Outbreaks, and Future Challenges. Viruses 2023; 15:1861. [PMID: 37766268 PMCID: PMC10535115 DOI: 10.3390/v15091861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD), a current global concern, causes economic devastation in livestock industries, with cattle and water buffalo reported to have higher morbidity and lower mortality rates. LSD is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), a member of the Poxviridae family. It is an enzootic, rapidly explorative and sometimes fatal infection, characterized by multiple raised nodules on the skin of infected animals. It was first reported in Zambia in 1929 and is considered endemic in Africa south of the Sahara desert. It has gradually spread beyond Africa into the Middle East, with periodic occurrences in Asian and East European countries. Recently, it has been spreading in most Asian countries including far East Asia and threatens incursion to LSD-free countries. Rapid and accurate diagnostic capabilities, virus identification, vaccine development, vector control, regional and international collaborations and effective biosecurity policies are important for the control, prevention, and eradication of LSD infections. This review critically evaluates the global burden of LSD, the chronological historical outbreaks of LSD, and future directions for collaborative global actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahfuza Akther
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh;
| | - Syeda Hasina Akter
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (J.W.A.); (H.A.)
| | - Subir Sarker
- Biomedical Sciences & Molecular Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia;
| | - Joshua W. Aleri
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (J.W.A.); (H.A.)
| | - Henry Annandale
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (J.W.A.); (H.A.)
| | - Sam Abraham
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia;
| | - Jasim M. Uddin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (J.W.A.); (H.A.)
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia;
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Bianchini J, Simons X, Humblet MF, Saegerman C. Lumpy Skin Disease: A Systematic Review of Mode of Transmission, Risk of Emergence and Risk Entry Pathway. Viruses 2023; 15:1622. [PMID: 37631965 PMCID: PMC10458895 DOI: 10.3390/v15081622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of lumpy skin disease (LSD) to free countries over the last 10 years, particularly countries in Europe, Central and South East Asia, has highlighted the threat of emergence in new areas or re-emergence in countries that achieved eradication. This review aimed to identify studies on LSD epidemiology. A focus was made on hosts, modes of transmission and spread, risks of outbreaks and emergence in new areas. In order to summarize the research progress regarding the epidemiological characteristics of LSD virus over the last 40 years, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses statement guidelines were followed, via two databases, i.e., PubMed (biomedical literature) and Scopus (peer-reviewed literature including scientific journals, books, and conference proceedings). A total of 86 scientific articles were considered and classified according to the type of epidemiological study, i.e., experimental versus observational. The main findings and limitations of the retrieved articles were summarized: buffaloes are the main non-cattle hosts, the main transmission mode is mechanical, i.e., via blood-sucking vectors, and stable flies are the most competent vectors. Vectors are mainly responsible for a short-distance spread, while cattle trade spread the virus over long distances. Furthermore, vaccine-recombinant strains have emerged. In conclusion, controlling animal trade and insects in animal transport trucks are the most appropriate measures to limit or prevent LSD (re)emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Bianchini
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR- ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health, (FARAH) Centre, Liège University, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Xavier Simons
- Unit Veterinary Epidemiology, Department Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Marie-France Humblet
- Department of Occupational Protection and Hygiene, Unit Biosafety, Biosecurity and Environmental Licences, Liège University, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Unit in Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR- ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health, (FARAH) Centre, Liège University, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
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Mustafa G, Mahrosh HS, Salman M, Ali M, Arif R, Ahmed S, Ebaid H. In Silico Analysis of Honey Bee Peptides as Potential Inhibitors of Capripoxvirus DNA-Directed RNA Polymerase. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2281. [PMID: 37508058 PMCID: PMC10376589 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Capripoxvirus belongs to the Poxviridae family. The sheeppox, goatpox, and lumpy skin disease viruses are three species of this genus with 96% identity in their genomes. These are financially devastating viral infections among cattle, which cause a reduction in animal products and lead to a loss in livestock industries. In the current study, the phylogenetic analysis was carried out to reveal the evolutionary relationships of Capripoxvirus species (i.e., sheeppox virus (SPPV), goatpox virus (GTPV), and lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV)) with other viruses from the Poxviridae family with >96% query coverage to find the similarity index among all members. The three viruses (i.e., SPPV, GTPV, and LSDV) joined the clade of Capripoxvirus of the Poxviridae family in the phylogenetic tree and exhibited close evolutionary relationships. The multiple sequence alignment using ClustalOmega revealed significant variations in the protein sequences of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of SPPV, GTPV, and LSDV. The three-dimensional structures of five selected bee peptides and DNA-directed RNA polymerase of SPPV, GTPV, and LSDV were predicted using trRosetta and I-TASSER and used for molecular docking and simulation studies. The protein-protein docking was carried out using HADDOCK server to explore the antiviral activity of peptides as honey bee proteins against SPPV, GTPV, and LSDV. In total, five peptides were docked to DNA-directed RNA polymerase of these viruses. The peptides mellitin and secapin-1 displayed the lowest binding scores (-106.9 +/- 7.2 kcal/mol and -101.4 +/- 11.3 kcal/mol, respectively) and the best patterns with stable complexes. The molecular dynamics simulation indicated that the complex of protein DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the peptide melittin stayed firmly connected and the peptide binding to the receptor protein was stable. The findings of this study provide the evidence of bee peptides as potent antimicrobial agents against sheeppox, goatpox, and lumpy skin disease viruses with no complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Mustafa
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38060, Pakistan
| | - Hafiza Salaha Mahrosh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Mahwish Salman
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38060, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Rawaba Arif
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Jhang, Jhang 35200, Pakistan
| | - Sibtain Ahmed
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Hossam Ebaid
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Suwankitwat N, Bhakha K, Molee L, Songkasupa T, Puangjinda K, Chamchoy T, Arjkumpa O, Nuansrichay B, Srisomrun S, Pongphitcha P, Lekcharoensuk P, Arunvipas P. Long-term monitoring of immune response to recombinant lumpy skin disease virus in dairy cattle from small-household farms in western Thailand. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 99:102008. [PMID: 37467568 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) was firstly reported in Thailand in 2021 which affected the cattle industry. However, there is limited information on the immune response of LSDV infection in Thailand where recombinant vaccine strain circulated. The aim of this research was to study the duration of LSD immune response of subclinical and clinical animals after natural infection in dairy cattle. Sixty-six dairy cattle from ten farms in central and western regions of Thailand were investigated. Antibody was detected by virus neutralization test and ELISA. Cell mediated immunity (CMI)-related cytokine gene expressions were evaluated. Antibody was detected until at least 15 months after the noticeable symptom. Cattle with subclinical disease had lower antibody levels compared to animals which had clinical disease. IFN-γ and TNF-α levels were increased, while IL-10 level was decreased in the infected animals compared to the controls. This study elucidated immune responses in dairy cattle herd affected by recombinant LSDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutthakarn Suwankitwat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bangkhen campus, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; Virology section, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Kultyarat Bhakha
- Virology section, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Lamul Molee
- Virology section, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Tapanut Songkasupa
- Virology section, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Kanokwan Puangjinda
- Virology section, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Tapakorn Chamchoy
- Epidemiology section, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Orapun Arjkumpa
- The 4th Regional Livestock Office, Department of Livestock Development, Khon Kaen 40260, Thailand.
| | - Bandit Nuansrichay
- Virology section, National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Smit Srisomrun
- Bovine Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.
| | - Phitcha Pongphitcha
- Bovine Unit, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.
| | - Porntippa Lekcharoensuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bangkhen campus, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Pipat Arunvipas
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand.
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Breman FC, Haegeman A, Krešić N, Philips W, De Regge N. Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Genome Sequence Analysis: Putative Spatio-Temporal Epidemiology, Single Gene versus Whole Genome Phylogeny and Genomic Evolution. Viruses 2023; 15:1471. [PMID: 37515159 PMCID: PMC10385495 DOI: 10.3390/v15071471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy Skin Disease virus is a poxvirus from the genus Capripox that mainly affects bovines and it causes severe economic losses to livestock holders. The Lumpy Skin Disease virus is currently dispersing in Asia, but little is known about detailed phylogenetic relations between the strains and genome evolution. We reconstructed a whole-genome-sequence (WGS)-based phylogeny and compared it with single-gene-based phylogenies. To study population and spatiotemporal patterns in greater detail, we reconstructed networks. We determined that there are strains from multiple clades within the previously defined cluster 1.2 that correspond with recorded outbreaks across Eurasia and South Asia (Indian subcontinent), while strains from cluster 2.5 spread in Southeast Asia. We concluded that using only a single gene (cheap, fast and easy to routinely use) for sequencing lacks phylogenetic and spatiotemporal resolution and we recommend to create at least one WGS whenever possible. We also found that there are three gene regions, highly variable, across the genome of LSDV. These gene regions are located in the 5' and 3' flanking regions of the LSDV genome and they encode genes that are involved in immune evasion strategies of the virus. These may provide a starting point to further investigate the evolution of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris C Breman
- Sciensano, Unit Exotic and Vector Borne Diseases (ExoVec), Groesselenberg 99, B-2800 Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Andy Haegeman
- Sciensano, Unit Exotic and Vector Borne Diseases (ExoVec), Groesselenberg 99, B-2800 Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Nina Krešić
- Sciensano, Unit Exotic and Vector Borne Diseases (ExoVec), Groesselenberg 99, B-2800 Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Wannes Philips
- Sciensano, Unit Exotic and Vector Borne Diseases (ExoVec), Groesselenberg 99, B-2800 Ukkel, Belgium
| | - Nick De Regge
- Sciensano, Unit Exotic and Vector Borne Diseases (ExoVec), Groesselenberg 99, B-2800 Ukkel, Belgium
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Haegeman A, De Leeuw I, Philips W, De Regge N. Development and Validation of a New DIVA Real-Time PCR Allowing to Differentiate Wild-Type Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Strains, Including the Asian Recombinant Strains, from Neethling-Based Vaccine Strains. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040870. [PMID: 37112850 PMCID: PMC10146157 DOI: 10.3390/v15040870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The current epidemic in Asia, driven by LSDV recombinants, poses difficulties to existing DIVA PCR tests, as these do not differentiate between homologous vaccine strains and the recombinant strains. We, therefore, developed and validated a new duplex real-time PCR capable of differentiating Neethling-based vaccine strains from classical and recombinant wild-type strains that are currently circulating in Asia. The DIVA potential of this new assay, seen in the in silico evaluation, was confirmed on samples from LSDV infected and vaccinated animals and on isolates of LSDV recombinants (n = 12), vaccine (n = 5), and classic wild-type strains (n = 6). No cross-reactivity or a-specificity with other capripox viruses was observed under field conditions in non-capripox viral stocks and negative animals. The high analytical sensitivity is translated into a high diagnostic specificity as more than 70 samples were all correctly detected with Ct values very similar to those of a published first-line pan capripox real-time PCR. Finally, the low inter- and intra-run variability observed shows that the new DIVA PCR is very robust which facilitates its implementation in the lab. All validation parameters that are mentioned above indicate the potential of the newly developed test as a promising diagnostic tool which could help to control the current LSDV epidemic in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Haegeman
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| | - Ilse De Leeuw
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wannes Philips
- Sciensano, EURL for Diseases Caused by Capripox Viruses, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nick De Regge
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
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Parvin R, Chowdhury EH, Islam MT, Begum JA, Nooruzzaman M, Globig A, Dietze K, Hoffmann B, Tuppurainen E. Clinical Epidemiology, Pathology, and Molecular Investigation of Lumpy Skin Disease Outbreaks in Bangladesh during 2020-2021 Indicate the Re-Emergence of an Old African Strain. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112529. [PMID: 36423138 PMCID: PMC9698944 DOI: 10.3390/v14112529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) emerged in Bangladesh in mid-2019, leading to great economic losses for cattle farmers. This study describes the recent occurrence of the LSDV in Bangladesh and examines the clinical manifestation of the disease in local cattle breeds, characteristic epidemiological features, and pathological findings in affected animals. In addition, a full-genome sequencing of two local LSDV isolates was carried out. A total of 565 animals from 88 households were investigated, and 165 samples (skin lesions, saliva, nasal discharge, feces, and milk) were collected for virus detection. Pathology and immunohistochemistry were performed on nodule biopsies. Fever, nodular skin lesions, and swelling of the joints were the most common clinical manifestations. Skin lesions had a higher concentration of viral DNA compared to other sample types and were therefore selected for virus isolation and characterization. Pathology of the LSD skin nodules comprised a granulomatous reaction in the dermis and hypodermis that extended to the surrounding tissues. Development of the skin lesions started with swelling of keratinocytes with cytoplasmic vacuolation, vasculitis, panniculitis, thrombosis, and infarction. Altogether, the LSDV produced transmural, hemorrhagic, necrotizing, proliferative and ulcerative dermatitis. The LSD viral antigen was detected occasionally in the macrophages, epithelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. The complete genome sequence analysis revealed that the two Bangladeshi field strains (BD-V392.1 and BD-V395.1) were distinct from the contemporary field strains and were closely related to the ancestral African Neethling strain. The findings of this study will improve the diagnosis, monitoring, and control of LSD in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokshana Parvin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2002, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (E.T.)
| | - Emdadul Haque Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2002, Bangladesh
| | - Md Taohidul Islam
- Population Medicine and AMR Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Jahan Ara Begum
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2002, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2002, Bangladesh
| | - Anja Globig
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Klaas Dietze
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Eeva Tuppurainen
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (E.T.)
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12
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Lumpy Skin Disease Outbreaks in Africa, Europe, and Asia (2005-2022): Multiple Change Point Analysis and Time Series Forecast. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102203. [PMID: 36298758 PMCID: PMC9611638 DOI: 10.3390/v14102203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
LSD is an important transboundary disease affecting the cattle industry worldwide. The objectives of this study were to determine trends and significant change points, and to forecast the number of LSD outbreak reports in Africa, Europe, and Asia. LSD outbreak report data (January 2005 to January 2022) from the World Organization for Animal Health were analyzed. We determined statistically significant change points in the data using binary segmentation, and forecast the number of LSD reports using auto-regressive moving average (ARIMA) and neural network auto-regressive (NNAR) models. Four significant change points were identified for each continent. The year between the third and fourth change points (2016-2019) in the African data was the period with the highest mean of number of LSD reports. All change points of LSD outbreaks in Europe corresponded with massive outbreaks during 2015-2017. Asia had the highest number of LSD reports in 2019 after the third detected change point in 2018. For the next three years (2022-2024), both ARIMA and NNAR forecast a rise in the number of LSD reports in Africa and a steady number in Europe. However, ARIMA predicts a stable number of outbreaks in Asia, whereas NNAR predicts an increase in 2023-2024. This study provides information that contributes to a better understanding of the epidemiology of LSD.
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13
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Byadovskaya O, Prutnikov P, Shalina K, Babiuk S, Perevozchikova N, Korennoy F, Chvala I, Kononov A, Sprygin A. The changing epidemiology of lumpy skin disease in Russia since the first introduction from 2015 to 2020. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2551-e2562. [PMID: 35583857 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically important transboundary disease affecting cattle, causing large economic losses such as decreased production and trade restrictions. LSD has been a historically neglected disease since it previously caused disease limited to the African continent. Currently, the epidemiology of LSD virus is based on how the disease is transmitted in tropical and sub-tropical climates. The understanding of its epidemiology in hemiboreal climates is not well understood and needs urgent attention to expand the current knowledge. In this study, the epidemiological findings on LSD in Russia over a 6-year period are summarized and discussed. A total of 471 outbreaks were identified spanning over a 9000 km range. The outbreaks of LSD occur primarily in small holder farms (backyard) compared to commercial farms between mid-May through mid-November including weather conditions with snow and freezing temperatures that preclude vector activity. Mortality and morbidity varied across the 6 years ranging from 1.19% to 61.8% and 0% to 50%, respectively, with a tendency to decline from 2015 to 2020. The geographic pattern of spread was assessed by means of directionality, indicating a northward movement from 2015 to 2016, with a consequent East turn in 2017 through Siberia to the Far East by 2020. All cases occurred along the border with Kazakhstan. Mathematical modelling showed that the disease tended to form statistically verified annual spatiotemporal clusters in 2016-2018, whereas in 2019 and 2020 such segregation was not evident. The trend of spread was mainly either from south to north or from south to a north-east direction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shawn Babiuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | | | - Ilya Chvala
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
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14
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Shumilova I, Nesterov A, Byadovskaya O, Prutnikov P, Wallace DB, Mokeeva M, Pronin V, Kononov A, Chvala I, Sprygin A. A Recombinant Vaccine-like Strain of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Causes Low-Level Infection of Cattle through Virus-Inoculated Feed. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080920. [PMID: 36015041 PMCID: PMC9414542 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1989, lumpy skin disease of cattle (LSD) has spread out of Africa via the Middle East northwards and eastwards into Russia, the Far East and South-East Asia. It is now threatening to become a worldwide pandemic, with Australia possibly next in its path. One of the research gaps on the disease concerns its main mode of transmission, most likely via flying insect vectors such as biting flies or mosquitoes. Direct or indirect contact transmission is possible, but appears to be an inefficient route, although there is evidence to support the direct contact route for the newly detected recombinant strains first isolated in Russia. In this study, we used experimental bulls and fed them via virus-inoculated feed to evaluate the indirect contact route. To provide deeper insights, we ran two parallel experiments using the same design to discover differences that involved classical field strain Dagestan/2015 LSDV and recombinant vaccine-like Saratov/2017. Following the attempted indirect contact transmission of the virus from the inoculated feed via the alimentary canal, all bulls in the Dagestan/2015 group remained healthy and did not seroconvert by the end of the experiment, whereas for those in the Saratov/2017 recombinant virus group, of the five bulls fed on virus-inoculated feed, three remained clinically healthy, while two displayed evidence of a mild infection. These results provide support for recombinant virus transmission via the alimentary canal. In addition, of particular note, the negative control in-contact bull in this group exhibited a biphasic fever at days 10 and 20, developed lesions from day 13 onwards, and seroconverted by day 31. Two explanations are feasible here: one is the in-contact animal was somehow able to feed on some of the virus-inoculated bread left over from adjacent animals, but in the case here of the individual troughs being used, that was not likely; the other is the virus was transmitted from the virus-fed animals via an airborne route. Across the infected animals, the virus was detectable in blood from days 18 to 29 and in nasal discharge from days 20 to 42. Post-mortem and histological examinations were also indicative of LSDV infection, supporting further evidence for rapid, in F transmission of this virus. This is the first report of recombinant LSDV strain transmitting via the alimentary mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Shumilova
- Federal State-Financed Institution, Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
| | - Alexander Nesterov
- Federal State-Financed Institution, Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
| | - Olga Byadovskaya
- Federal State-Financed Institution, Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
| | - Pavel Prutnikov
- Federal State-Financed Institution, Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
| | - David B. Wallace
- Agricultural Research Council–Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
- Department Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X4, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Maria Mokeeva
- Federal State-Financed Institution, Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
| | - Valeriy Pronin
- Federal State-Financed Institution, Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Kononov
- Federal State-Financed Institution, Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
| | - Ilya Chvala
- Federal State-Financed Institution, Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
| | - Alexander Sprygin
- Federal State-Financed Institution, Federal Center for Animal Health, 600901 Vladimir, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Wang Y, Zhao L, Yang J, Shi M, Nie F, Liu S, Wang Z, Huang D, Wu H, Li D, Lin H, Li Y. Analysis of vaccine-like lumpy skin disease virus from flies near the western border of China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:1813-1823. [PMID: 34033246 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a devastating viral disease that occurs in cattle. In China, it was first detected in the Xin-Jiang autonomous region, near the border with Kazakhstan, in August 2019. As there were no new occurrences of LSD in either country following the first detection, the initial introduction of the virus remains unknown. Arthropod vectors were considered as potential vectors. Consequently, to identify the arthropod vectors involved in transmitting LSD virus (LSDV), an insect surveillance campaign was launched at four different sites scattered along the border, and samples from 22 flying insect species were collected and subjected to PCR assays. Following the Agianniotaki LSDV vaccine and Sprygin's general LSDV assays, two kinds of non-biting flies, namely, Musca domestica L and Muscina stabulans, were positive for LSDV. However, all the other insects tested negative. Viral DNA was only detected in wash fluid, implying body surface contamination of the virus. The negative test results suggest that non-biting flies are the dominant insects involved in the observed local epidemic. Three genomic regions encoding RPO30, GPCR, and LW126 were successfully sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. The sequences shared high homology with LSDV/Russia/Saratov/2017, a recombinant vaccine-like strain formerly identified in Russia, and clustered with LSDV vaccine strains in phylogenetic trees of RPO30 and LW126. However, the GPCR gene was seen to be solely clustered with LSDV field strains, implying differences in host affinity between these closely related vaccine-like strains. Despite this, there is no direct evidence to support cross-border transmission of the vaccine-like LSDV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of vaccine-like LSDV DNA detection in non-biting flies in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Animal Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Child Development and Disorders, and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, and China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Animal Inspection and Quarantine Laboratory, Technical Center of Chong-Qing Custom, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Animal Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Child Development and Disorders, and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, and China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Animal Inspection and Quarantine Laboratory, Technical Center of Chong-Qing Custom, Chongqing, China
| | - Meimei Shi
- Animal Inspection and Quarantine Laboratory, Technical Center of Chong-Qing Custom, Chongqing, China
| | - Fuping Nie
- Animal Inspection and Quarantine Laboratory, Technical Center of Chong-Qing Custom, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengfen Liu
- Animal Inspection and Quarantine Laboratory, Technical Center of Chong-Qing Custom, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengbao Wang
- Animal Quarantine Laboratory, Technical Center of Yi-Ning Custom, Yining, China
| | - Daochao Huang
- Department of Animal Center, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Child Development and Disorders, and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, and China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Animal Quarantine Laboratory, Technical Center of Haikou Custom, Haikou, China
| | - Hua Lin
- Animal Quarantine Laboratory, Technical Center of Chengdu Custom, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingguo Li
- Animal Inspection and Quarantine Laboratory, Technical Center of Chong-Qing Custom, Chongqing, China
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16
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Dao TD, Tran LH, Nguyen HD, Hoang TT, Nguyen GH, Tran KVD, Nguyen HX, Van Dong H, Bui AN, Bui VN. Characterization of Lumpy skin disease virus isolated from a giraffe in Vietnam. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3268-e3272. [PMID: 35502589 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
While investigating a giraffe death in a Vietnamese zoo, we successfully identified and isolated lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) from skin nodule biopsies and ruptured nodule wound swab samples. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolate obtained in this study was closely related to the previous Vietnamese and Chinese LSDV strains from cattle. This is the first report on the genome detection and isolation of LSDV in a diseased giraffe in Vietnam. Further study is needed to better understand the epidemiology of this disease in wildlife. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Duy Dao
- Virology Department in National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Long Hoang Tran
- Virology Department in National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hiep Dinh Nguyen
- Virology Department in National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thuy Thi Hoang
- Virology Department in National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Giang Hoang Nguyen
- Virology Department in National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Kien Viet Dung Tran
- Bacteriology Department in National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huyen Xuan Nguyen
- Bacteriology Department in National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hieu Van Dong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy Town, Gia Lam District, Hanoi, 131000, Vietnam
| | - Anh Ngoc Bui
- Virology Department in National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vuong Nghia Bui
- Virology Department in National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
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17
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Van Schalkwyk A, Byadovskaya O, Shumilova I, Wallace DB, Sprygin A. Estimating evolutionary changes between highly passaged and original parental lumpy skin disease virus strains. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e486-e496. [PMID: 34555250 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Research into the phylogenetic relationships of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) strains was long overlooked, partially due to its original restricted distribution to sub-Saharan Africa. However, recent incursions into northern latitudes, and a rapid spread causing major economic losses worldwide, have intensified additional research on the disease and the causative virus. This study delineates the phylogeny of LSDV in the context of full genome sequences of strains recovered in the field, as well as strains highly passaged in cell culture. We sequenced the oldest known field strain to date (isolate LSDV/Haden/RSA/1954 [South Africa] recovered from an outbreak in 1954), a recent field isolate (LSDV/280-KZN/RSA/2018 [South Africa] sequenced directly from blood during an outbreak in 2018) and strain LSDV/Russia/Dagestan-75 (a high-passaged cell culture strain derived from the field strain, LSDV/Russia/Dagestan/2015 [Russia]). Sequence analysis placed the field strain LSDV/Haden/RSA/1954 in the same cluster (cluster 1.1) with attenuated Neethling-type commercial vaccine viruses, with eight SNP differences, discrediting the previously held hypothesis that cluster 1.1 vaccine strains were derived from cluster 1.2 field viruses via the process of attenuation between them. In contrast, the recent LSDV/280-KZN/RSA/2018 isolate grouped with other recent field isolates in cluster 1.2, providing evidence that cluster 1.1 strains were displaced by cluster 1.2 strains in South Africa. Based on the field isolates between 1954 and 2018, the substitution rate of 7.4 × 10-6 substitutions/site/year was established, with mutations occurring in either synonymous sites or intergenic regions. This is the first evolutionary metric recorded for LSDV. Comparing the genome sequences of high-passage strains of LSDV showed that propagation in vitro without animal host selective pressure generates mainly non-synonymous SNPs in virus-replication genes. These results improve our understanding of LSDV evolution and demonstrate that the population dynamics of circulating isolates is not constant, with LSDV associated with different genetic clusters dominating the landscape during specific periods in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette Van Schalkwyk
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research institute, Onderstepoort, Gauteng, South Africa
| | | | | | - David B Wallace
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research institute, Onderstepoort, Gauteng, South Africa.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
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18
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Al-Hemoud A, AlSaraf M, Malak M, Al-Shatti M, Al-Jarba M, Othman A, Al-Shammari H, Al-Shatti A. Analytical and Early Detection System of Infectious Diseases and Animal Health Status in Kuwait. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:676661. [PMID: 34395570 PMCID: PMC8359926 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.676661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at the development of an analytic web-based system for the assessment of animal health in Kuwait. The data sources were based on the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and the World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS) repository with data gathered for the period (2005–2020). An on-line web-based system using TABLEAU Creator was developed for monitoring and surveillance of animal disease outbreaks. Five animal diseases were identified in Kuwait; namely, HPAI, FMD, glanders, LSD and MERS-CoV. The highest numbers of outbreaks were recorded for HPAI, followed by FMD. Examples of spatio-temporal visualizations of the web based mappings are presented and include disease cases, number of outbreaks and farm locations, among other features. The web-based system can serve as a monitoring tool to easily display the status of animal health in Kuwait. It can also serve to quickly identify and track disease outbreaks and monitor the spread patterns of new or emerging animal diseases between neighboring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al-Hemoud
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Manar AlSaraf
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Mariam Malak
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Musab Al-Shatti
- Systems and Software Development, Science and Technology Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Meshael Al-Jarba
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ahmad Othman
- Systems and Software Development, Science and Technology Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Hanadi Al-Shammari
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Alya Al-Shatti
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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19
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Genetic Evidence of Multiple Introductions of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus into Saratov Region, Russia. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060716. [PMID: 34200428 PMCID: PMC8227815 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is the causative agent of lumpy skin disease (LSD) that has been recently reported in the South-East and North Asian parts of the Russian Federation. During 2017–2019, there were more than 30 LSD outbreaks in Saratov Region despite active inoculation of cattle with heterologous vaccine. Importantly, the first case of the novel recombinant LSDV strain was reported here in 2017. This study aimed to determine the main clonal lineage(s) of LSDV strains circulated within Saratov Region and other regions of Russia since the first introduction of LSDV. The molecular typing and subtyping based on the coding regions of the G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor (GPCR) gene resulted in a discrimination of all outbreak-related LSDV strains into two main types, such as Type I and Type II, and subtypes Ia-d and IIa-g. Phylogenetically, eleven LSDV lineages were revealed in Russia including the five ones in Saratov Region. They were the following: (i) the Neethling wild Type Ia/2017; (ii) the recombinant Saratov IIc/2017/2019; (iii) the specific Dergachevskyi IId/2017; (iv) the Khvalynsky IIg/2018, and (v) the Haden-Type IIa lineage for the six LSDV strains detected in cattle immunized with heterologous vaccine during the last LSD outbreak in the Saratov Region, Nesterovo Village, in 2019 (Nesterovo-2019 strains). A single LSDV strain detected in Saratov Region in 2017 had the same Type Ia that was identified in 2016 in the bordered Republic of Kazakhstan. Phylogeographic analysis demonstrated three nominal clusters of LSDV types in the following Russian Federation territories: (I) the Central European part; (II) the South-East of the European part; (III) the North Asian part. Cluster I was represented by mainly Type I strains, while both Clusters 2 and 3 contained predominantly Type II strains. The Clusters I and II partially overlapped, while Cluster 3 was separate. Multiple introductions of LSDV into Saratov Region in 2017–2019 using GPCR-based molecular typing and subtyping were revealed. This scheme is a promising tool for molecular discrimination of LSDV strains derived from both vaccinated and unvaccinated against LSD cattle as well as for molecular epidemiology.
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20
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Molecular Analysis of East African Lumpy Skin Disease Viruses Reveals a Mixed Isolate with Features of Both Vaccine and Field Isolates. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061142. [PMID: 34073392 PMCID: PMC8229927 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD), an economically significant disease in cattle caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), is endemic to nearly all of Africa. Since 2012, LSDV has emerged as a significant epizootic pathogen given its rapid spread into new geographical locations outside Africa, including the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and Asia. To assess the genetic diversity of LSDVs in East Africa, we sequenced and analyzed the RPO30 and GPCR genes of LSDV in twenty-two archive samples collected in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Sudan before the appearance of LSD in the Middle East and its incursion into Europe. We compared them to publicly available sequences of LSDVs from the same region and those collected elsewhere. The results showed that the East African field isolates in this study were remarkably similar to each other and to previously sequenced field isolates of LSDV for the RPO30 and GPCR genes. The only exception was LSDV Embu/B338/2011, a field virus collected in Kenya, which displayed mixed features between the LSDV Neethling vaccine and field isolates. LSDV Embu/B338/2011 had the same 12-nucleotide insertion found in LSDV Neethling and KS-1 vaccines. Further analysis of the partial EEV glycoprotein, B22R, RNA helicase, virion core protein, NTPase, and N1R/p28-like protein genes showed that LSDV Embu/B338/2011 differs from previously described LSDV variants carrying the 12-nucleotide insertion in the GPCR gene. These findings highlight the importance of the constant monitoring of genetic variation among LSDV isolates.
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21
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Quantifying and Modeling the Acquisition and Retention of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus by Hematophagus Insects Reveals Clinically but Not Subclinically Affected Cattle Are Promoters of Viral Transmission and Key Targets for Control of Disease Outbreaks. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02239-20. [PMID: 33568514 PMCID: PMC8104101 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02239-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) causes a severe systemic disease characterized by cutaneous nodules in cattle. LSDV is a rapidly emerging pathogen, having spread since 2012 into Europe and Russia and across Asia. Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a vector-transmitted poxvirus that causes disease in cattle. Vector species involved in LSDV transmission and their ability to acquire and transmit the virus are poorly characterized. Using a highly representative bovine experimental model of lumpy skin disease, we fed four model vector species (Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, Stomoxys calcitrans, and Culicoides nubeculosus) on LSDV-inoculated cattle in order to examine their acquisition and retention of LSDV. Subclinical disease was a more common outcome than clinical disease in the inoculated cattle. Importantly, the probability of vectors acquiring LSDV from a subclinical animal (0.006) was very low compared with that from a clinical animal (0.23), meaning an insect feeding on a subclinical animal was 97% less likely to acquire LSDV than one feeding on a clinical animal. All four potential vector species studied acquired LSDV from the host at a similar rate, but Aedes aegypti and Stomoxys calcitrans retained the virus for a longer time, up to 8 days. There was no evidence of virus replication in the vector, consistent with mechanical rather than biological transmission. The parameters obtained in this study were combined with data from studies of LSDV transmission and vector life history parameters to determine the basic reproduction number of LSDV in cattle mediated by each of the model species. This reproduction number was highest for Stomoxys calcitrans (19.1), followed by C. nubeculosus (7.1) and Ae. aegypti (2.4), indicating that these three species are potentially efficient transmitters of LSDV; this information can be used to inform LSD control programs. IMPORTANCE Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) causes a severe systemic disease characterized by cutaneous nodules in cattle. LSDV is a rapidly emerging pathogen, having spread since 2012 into Europe and Russia and across Asia. The vector-borne nature of LSDV transmission is believed to have promoted this rapid geographic spread of the virus; however, a lack of quantitative evidence about LSDV transmission has hampered effective control of the disease during the current epidemic. Our research shows subclinical cattle play little part in virus transmission relative to clinical cattle and reveals a low probability of virus acquisition by insects at the preclinical stage. We have also calculated the reproductive number of different insect species, therefore identifying efficient transmitters of LSDV. This information is of utmost importance, as it will help to define epidemiological control measures during LSDV epidemics and of particular consequence in resource-poor regions where LSD vaccination may be less than adequate.
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Byadovskaya O, Pestova Y, Kononov A, Shumilova I, Kononova S, Nesterov A, Babiuk S, Sprygin A. Performance of the currently available DIVA real-time PCR assays in classical and recombinant lumpy skin disease viruses. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:3020-3024. [PMID: 33253485 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of live homologous vaccines to protect against lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infection requires the use of molecular tools to differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA). In this study, the commercial real-time PCR assays; ID Gene™ LSD DIVA Triplex kit and Bio-T kit® LSD - DIVA, as well as published assays targeting the GPCR gene (Journal of Virological Methods, 249, 48-57) and ORF008 and ORF126 (Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya, 54, 347-358) were evaluated. These assays correctly identified classical field isolates (European lineage) and vaccine (Neethling vaccine). In contrast, when tested using vaccine-like recombinant viruses, the commercial and published assays were not able to correctly identify recombinant isolates. At the same time, the recombinant viruses were detected as either field and/or vaccine, or not detected at all depending on the assay. The different gene sequences present in recombinant viruses cause these DIVA assays to incorrectly assign recombinant viruses as either a field or vaccine virus. This observation has implications for using these assays and for identification of LSDV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yana Pestova
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - Shawn Babiuk
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Lu G, Xie J, Luo J, Shao R, Jia K, Li S. Lumpy skin disease outbreaks in China, since 3 August 2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:216-219. [PMID: 33119963 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease of cattle caused by LSD virus (LSDV). This disease poses a significant threat to stockbreeding and is listed as one of bovine notifiable diseases by OIE. Before 2019, LSD has not been reported in China. The first LSD outbreak was determined in China on August 3, 2019. Since then, a total of 7 LSD outbreaks have been reported in other 6 provinces in China, infecting 91 and killing 7 cattle. As of now, LSDV was detected in western and eastern China and also in Taiwan Island outside Mainland China. LSD is undoubtedly an emerging threat to the cattle industry in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinxin Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jinglong Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ran Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
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Evaluation of Serological Tests for Detection of Antibodies against Lumpy Skin Disease Virus. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:JCM.00348-20. [PMID: 32434783 PMCID: PMC7448653 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00348-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an emerging, transboundary viral pox disease affecting cattle of all ages and breeds. The serological assay for monitoring immunity following vaccination is a virus neutralization test (VNT/OIE) that determines the neutralization index (NI). The first validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; IDVet) has become commercially available, facilitating large-scale serosurveillance for LSD. Although the VNT is labor intensive and time consuming, it is still the recommended test by the OIE. Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an emerging, transboundary viral pox disease affecting cattle of all ages and breeds. The serological assay for monitoring immunity following vaccination is a virus neutralization test (VNT/OIE) that determines the neutralization index (NI). The first validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; IDVet) has become commercially available, facilitating large-scale serosurveillance for LSD. Although the VNT is labor intensive and time consuming, it is still the recommended test by the OIE. Thus, in this study, we modified the virus neutralization test by employing Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells. The qualitative results obtained with the modified method were compared to the qualitative results obtained by VNT/OIE and ELISA. We used blood sera received within a surveillance program for LSD in 2018. In total, 291 serum samples were tested using VNT/MDBK and ELISA. Of 291 samples, 80 samples were tested by VNT/OIE and used for comparison of the performances between VNT/MDBK and VNT/OIE. The compatibility of results obtained by VNT/MDBK and VNT/OIE resulted in a kappa index of 0.9 with overall proportion agreement of 0.96. Agreement between VNT/MDBK and VNT/OIE was achieved in 56 positive and 21 negative samples. The compatibility of results obtained by ELISA and VNT/MDBK were compared on 291 samples in total and resulted in a kappa index 0.834 with overall proportion agreement of 0.955. Agreement between ELISA and VNT/MDBK was achieved in 238 positive and 40 negative samples. The results obtained demonstrated a strong correlation between VNT/MDBK and the other two methods, indicating the suitability of VNT/MDBK for the detection of the LSD virus-specific neutralizing antibodies.
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Gubbins S, Stegeman A, Klement E, Pite L, Broglia A, Cortiñas Abrahantes J. Inferences about the transmission of lumpy skin disease virus between herds from outbreaks in Albania in 2016. Prev Vet Med 2020; 181:104602. [PMID: 30581093 PMCID: PMC7456782 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease has recently emerged as a major threat to cattle populations outside of Africa, where it is endemic. In 2015 the first ever European outbreaks occurred in Greece, which were followed by spread across much of the Balkans in 2016. Here we use a simple mathematical model for the transmission of lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) between herds to explore factors influencing its spread by fitting it to data on outbreaks in Albania in 2016. We show that most transmission occurs over short distances (<5 km), but with an appreciable probability of transmission at longer distances. We also show that there is evidence for seasonal variation in the force of infection associated with temperature, possibly through its influence on the relative abundance of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans. These two results together are consistent with LSDV being transmitted by the bites of blood-feeding insects, though further work is required to incriminate specific species as vectors. Finally, we show that vaccination has a significant impact on spread and estimate the vaccine effectiveness to be 76%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Arjan Stegeman
- Utrecht University, Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eyal Klement
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ledi Pite
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Sector of Epidemiology and Identification and Registration, Tirana, Albania
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26
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Complete Coding Sequences of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Strains Isolated from Cutaneous Lesions in Namibian Cattle during 2016 Outbreaks. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/28/e00124-20. [PMID: 32646897 PMCID: PMC7348015 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00124-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Between September and October 2016, an outbreak of lumpy skin disease (LSD) was monitored in the Okakarara veterinary district of Namibia. The complete coding sequences were obtained for LSD virus isolates from skin nodules from two symptomatic animals. Between September and October 2016, an outbreak of lumpy skin disease (LSD) was monitored in the Okakarara veterinary district of Namibia. The complete coding sequences were obtained for LSD virus isolates from skin nodules from two symptomatic animals.
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Sudhakar SB, Mishra N, Kalaiyarasu S, Jhade SK, Hemadri D, Sood R, Bal GC, Nayak MK, Pradhan SK, Singh VP. Lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks in cattle in Odisha state, India in August 2019: Epidemiological features and molecular studies. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2408-2422. [PMID: 32304275 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) inflicts significant economic losses in cattle production with impact on livelihoods of smallholders. This study reports the first occurrence of LSD in cattle in India and analyses epidemiological and genetic characterization data from LSD outbreaks in five districts of Odisha state in August 2019. In all, 182 of 2,539 cattle were affected with an apparent morbidity rate of 7.1% and no mortality. Out of 102 samples from 60 LSD suspected and 17 asymptomatic in-contact cattle tested, 29.87% cattle were positive by capripoxvirus generic PCR and 37.66% were positive by LSDV real-time PCR. All the in-contact cattle tested were negative for LSDV. Among affected cattle, LSDV genome was detected more in scabs (79.16%) than blood (31.81%) and frozen bull semen (20.45%). Differential diagnosis by PCR was negative for pseudo-LSD, buffalopox, cowpox, pseudo-cowpox and bovine papular stomatitis. Five selected PCR and real-time PCR-positive LSDV DNA were sequenced in three genomic regions, P32 (LSDV074), F (LSDV117) and RPO30 (LSDV036). Phylogenetic analysis based on partial P32 and F gene sequences and complete RPO30 gene sequences showed that all the five Indian LSDV strains were identical and clustered with other field strains of LSDV circulating globally. However, the F and RPO30 gene sequence analyses revealed that Indian LSDV strains are genetically closer to the South African NI2490/KSGP-like strains than the strains detected in Europe, which was rather surprising. The present study established the existence of LSDV in India and involvement of LSDV field strains in the outbreaks. Additionally, we provided evidence of LSDV shedding in semen of naturally infected bulls. Further studies are required to determine the source of LSD introduction, extent of spread, modes of transmission and impact on dairy cattle production in India and effective control measures must be undertaken urgently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi B Sudhakar
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Niranjan Mishra
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Semmannan Kalaiyarasu
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep K Jhade
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Divakar Hemadri
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, India
| | - Richa Sood
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Gopal C Bal
- Animal Disease Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Mihir K Nayak
- Animal Disease Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Sunil K Pradhan
- Office of the Joint Director, Frozen Semen Bank, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Vijendra P Singh
- ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Aleksandr K, Olga B, David WB, Pavel P, Yana P, Svetlana K, Alexander N, Vladimir R, Dmitriy L, Alexander S. Non-vector-borne transmission of lumpy skin disease virus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7436. [PMID: 32366872 PMCID: PMC7198617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64029-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmission of "lumpy skin disease virus" (LSDV) has prompted intensive research efforts due to the rapid spread and high impact of the disease in recent years, especially in Eastern Europe and Balkan countries. In this study, we experimentally evaluate the vaccine-derived virulent recombinant LSDV strain (Saratov/2017) and provide solid evidence on the capacity of the virus for transmission in a vector-proof environment. In the 60-day long experiment, we used inoculated bulls (IN group) and two groups of in-contact animals (C1 and C2), with the former (C1) being in contact with the inoculated animals at the onset of the trial and the latter (C2) being introduced at day 33 of the experiment. The infection in both groups of contact animals was confirmed clinically, serologically and virologically, and viremia was demonstrated in blood, nasal and ocular excretions, using molecular tools. Further studies into LSDV biology are a priority to gain insights into whether the hypothesized indirect contact mode evidenced in this study is a de novo-created feature, absent from both parental stains of the novel (recombinant) LSDV isolate used, or whether it was dormant, but then unlocked by the process of genetic recombination. Author summary: In global terms, LSD has been termed a "neglected disease" due to its historic natural occurrence of being restricted to Africa and, occasionally, Israel. However, after its slow spread throughout the Middle East, the disease is now experiencing a resurgence of research interest following a recent and rapid spread into more northern latitudes. Given the dearth of solid findings on potential transmission mechanisms, no efficient or reliable control program currently exists, which does not involve the use of live attenuated vaccines or stamping out policies - both of which are controversial for implementation in non-endemic regions or countries. The vector-borne mode is the only working concept currently available, but with scarce evidence to support the aggressive spread northwards - except for human-assisted spread, including legal or illegal animal transportation. The emergence of outbreaks is not consistently linked to weather conditions, with the potential for new outbreaks to occur and spread rapidly. Here, for the first time, we provide evidence for indirect contact-mode transmission for a naturally-occurring recombinant LSDV isolated from the field. In an insect-proof facility, we obtained solid evidence that the novel LSDV strain can pass to in-contact animals. Given the recombinant nature of the virus utilised, its genetic background relating to the observed transmission pattern within the study needs to be delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wallace B David
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, P/Bag X5, 0110, Onderstepoort, South Africa.,Department Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, P/Bag X4, 0110, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | | | - Pestova Yana
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
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Aleksandr K, Pavel P, Olga B, Svetlana K, Vladimir R, Yana P, Alexander S. Emergence of a new lumpy skin disease virus variant in Kurgan Oblast, Russia, in 2018. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1343-1356. [PMID: 32279139 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04607-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the resurgence of lumpy skin disease (LSD) in Kurgan Oblast, Russia, in 2018. The majority of the outbreaks were silent with no mortality and congregated within an area with a radius of about 30 km located 1-50 km away from the national border with Kazakhstan. Following primary molecular diagnosis, LSD virus (LSDV) isolates were analyzed using a panel of PCR assays targeting different genetic loci, namely, LSD008 (vaccine), LSDV126 (field), and GPCR (vaccine and field), for differentiation and genotype assignment. All isolates were positive for the vaccine genotype of GPCR and negative for the other field targets tested. A PCR assay with melt curve analysis utilizing LSD008, developed in this work, indicated that the strains melted with a profile similar to those of field strains. Surprisingly, sequence analysis of the RPO30 and GPCR genes aligned the Kurgan/2018 isolate with KSGP O-240 at the GPCR locus, but with Saratov/2017 at the RPO30 locus. The latter cluster forms an association with a sub-cluster of the field strains comprising the South African KSGP O-240 strain and NI-2490 strain. Due to these incongruent phylogenetic patterns, the sequences of three additional loci ORF19 (Kelch-like protein), ORF52 (putative transcriptional elongation factor), and ORF87 (mutT motif protein) were investigated. Phylogenetic analysis of these additional loci placed the strain Kurgan/2018 in either vaccine or field groups, strongly suggesting a novel recombinant profile. This is another piece of evidence exposing the potential for recombination in capripoxviruses and the ignored danger of using live homologous vaccines against LSD. The necessity to revise the PCR-based strategy differentiating infected from vaccinated animals is discussed. The potential scenarios of incursion and the contribution of the KSGP/NI-2490-like strain to the emergence of the recently identified vaccine-like recombinant are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pestova Yana
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
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30
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Ochwo S, VanderWaal K, Ndekezi C, Nkamwesiga J, Munsey A, Witto SG, Nantima N, Mayanja F, Okurut ARA, Atuhaire DK, Mwiine FN. Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of lumpy skin disease virus from outbreaks in Uganda 2017-2018. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:66. [PMID: 32085763 PMCID: PMC7035724 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02288-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an infectious viral disease of cattle caused by a Capripoxvirus. LSD has substantial economic implications, with infection resulting in permanent damage to the skin of affected animals which lowers their commercial value. In Uganda, LSD is endemic and cases of the disease are frequently reported to government authorities. This study was undertaken to molecularly characterize lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) strains that have been circulating in Uganda between 2017 and 2018. Secondly, the study aimed to determine the phylogenetic relatedness of Ugandan LSDV sequences with published sequences, available in GenBank. RESULTS A total of 7 blood samples and 16 skin nodule biopsies were screened for LSDV using PCR to confirm presence of LSDV nucleic acids. PCR positive samples were then characterised by amplifying the GPCR gene. These amplified genes were sequenced and phylogenetic trees were constructed. Out of the 23 samples analysed, 15 were positive for LSDV by PCR (65.2%). The LSDV GPCR sequences analysed contained the unique signatures of LSDV (A11, T12, T34, S99, and P199) which further confirmed their identity. Sequence comparison with vaccine strains revealed a 12 bp deletion unique to Ugandan outbreak strains. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the LSDV sequences from this study clustered closely with sequences from neighboring East African countries and with LSDV strains from recent outbreaks in Europe. It was noted that the sequence diversity amongst LSDV strains from Africa was higher than diversity from Eurasia. CONCLUSION The LSDV strains circulating in Uganda were closely related with sequences from neighboring African countries and from Eurasia. Comparison of the GPCR gene showed that outbreak strains differed from vaccine strains. This information is necessary to understand LSDV molecular epidemiology and to contribute knowledge towards the development of control strategies by the Government of Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvester Ochwo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O.BOX 7062 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue St. Paul, MN, Minneapolis, MN 55108 USA
| | - Christian Ndekezi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O.BOX 7062 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Nkamwesiga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O.BOX 7062 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Anna Munsey
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1365 Gortner Avenue St. Paul, MN, Minneapolis, MN 55108 USA
| | - Sarah Gift Witto
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O.BOX 7062 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Noelina Nantima
- Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry & Fisheries, Berkley Ln, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Franklin Mayanja
- Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry & Fisheries, Berkley Ln, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - David Kalenzi Atuhaire
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O.BOX 7062 Kampala, Uganda
| | - Frank Norbert Mwiine
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O.BOX 7062 Kampala, Uganda
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Limon G, Gamawa AA, Ahmed AI, Lyons NA, Beard PM. Epidemiological Characteristics and Economic Impact of Lumpy Skin Disease, Sheeppox and Goatpox Among Subsistence Farmers in Northeast Nigeria. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:8. [PMID: 32083098 PMCID: PMC7001645 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD), sheeppox (SP), and goatpox (GP) are contagious viral infections, affecting cattle (LSD), sheep and goats (SP and GP) with highly characteristic clinical signs affecting multiple body systems. All three diseases are widely reported to reduce meat, milk, wool and cashmere production although few studies have formally evaluated their economic impact on affected farms. This study aimed to estimate the economic impact and epidemiological parameters of LSD, SP, and GP among backyard and transhumance farmers in northeast Nigeria. A retrospective study was conducted on herds and flocks affected between August 2017 and January 2018 in Bauchi, Nigeria. Herds and flocks were diagnosed based on clinical signs and information was collected once the outbreak concluded using a standardized questionnaire. Data were collected from 99 farmers (87 backyard and 12 transhumance). The median incidence risk and fatality rate were 33 and 0% in cattle, 53 and 34 % in sheep; 50 and 33% in goats, respectively, with young stock having higher incidence risk and fatality rates than adults. Almost all farmers (94%) treated affected animals with antibiotics, spending a median of US$1.96 (min US$0.19–max US$27.5) per herd per day. Slaughtering or selling affected animals at low prices were common coping strategies. Farmers sold live cattle for 47% less than would have been sold if the animal was healthy, while sheep and goats were sold for 58 and 57% less, respectively. Milk production dropped 65% when cows were clinically affected and 35% after they recovered. Cattle lost a median of 10% of their live weight and sheep and goats lost 15%. Overall economic losses at farm level range from US$9.6 to US$6,340 depending on species affected and production system. Most of the farmers (72%) had not replaced all affected animals at the time of the study. Livestock markets were the most common place to sell affected animals and buy replacements, suggesting these are likely hubs for spreading infections. This study confirms the immediate and long-lasting impact of these diseases on subsistence farmers' livelihoods in North-East Nigeria and suggests potential mechanisms for targeted control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed I Ahmed
- Bauchi State College of Agriculture, Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - Nicholas A Lyons
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom.,European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom.,Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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32
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Ardestani EG, Mokhtari A. Modeling the lumpy skin disease risk probability in central Zagros Mountains of Iran. Prev Vet Med 2020; 176:104887. [PMID: 32032798 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) outbreaks are currently circulating in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, (western Iran, in central Zagros Mountains). OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to model the risk probability of LSD in this area. METHOD Data were collected from veterinary organizations between 2012 and 2016. During this period, 290 outbreaks were registered. The herds were grazing and zero grazing. The average size of herds was 2958. We analyzed the potential for an outbreak of LSD in this area basing on the grid maps with the resolution of 1 km. In this study, 22 environmental variables (19 bioclimatic and 3 topography variables) were used to explore the environmental influences on LSD outbreak by maximum entropy ecological niche modeling (MaxEnt). RESULTS The results showed that mainly the central, northern, northeast and southern parts of Charmahal and Bakhtiari were the most very high risk areas for LSD. The MaxEnt model performed, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.977 and 0.972 for training and test data, respectively. It showed high accuracy for predicting the prevalence of LSD (AUC close to 1). The precipitation of coldest season, isothermality and mean temperature of wettest season made the greatest contribution to the model (68.1%). Evaluating the importance of environmental variables, which were derived from the jackknife test, stated the precipitation of the wettest period and the coldest season and isothermality as the bioclimatic variables in explaining LSD prevalence compared to the other variables. CONCLUSION The MaxEnt model could be applied to predict the LSD risk probability of occurrence in central Zagros Mountains of Iran based on the current prevalence data of the disease. Also, the model confirmed that coexistence of weather conditions including defined humidity and temperature is necessary for the disease occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ghehsareh Ardestani
- Department of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord- Iran, Central Laboratory, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Azam Mokhtari
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Central Laboratory, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
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Teffera M, Babiuk S. Potential of Using Capripoxvirus Vectored Vaccines Against Arboviruses in Sheep, Goats, and Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:450. [PMID: 31921911 PMCID: PMC6932975 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus capripoxvirus consists of sheeppox virus, goatpox virus, and lumpy skin disease virus, which affect sheep, goats, and cattle, respectively. Together capripoxviruses cause significant economic losses to the sheep, goat, and cattle industry where these diseases are present. These diseases have spread into previously free bordering regions most recently demonstrated with the spread of lumpy skin disease virus into the Middle East, some Eastern European countries, and Russia. This recent spread has highlighted the transboundary nature of these diseases. To control lumpy skin disease virus, live attenuated viral vaccines are used in endemic countries as well as in response to an outbreak. For sheeppox and goatpox, live attenuated viral vaccines are used in endemic countries; these diseases can also be contained through slaughter of infected animals to stamp out the disease. The thermostability, narrow host range, and ability of capripoxviruses to express a wide variety of antigens make capripoxviruses ideal vectors. The ability to immunize animals against multiple diseases simultaneously increases vaccination efficiency by decreasing the number of vaccinations required. Additionally, the use of capripoxvirus vectored vaccines allows the possibility of differentiating infected from vaccinated animals. Arboviruses such as bluetongue virus and Rift Valley fever viruses are also responsible for significant economic losses in endemic countries. In the case of Rift Valley fever virus, vaccination is not routinely practiced unless there is an outbreak making vaccination not as effective, therefore, incorporating Rift Valley fever vaccination into routine capripoxvirus vaccination would be highly beneficial. This review will discuss the potential of using capripoxvirus as a vector expressing protective arboviral antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahder Teffera
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shawn Babiuk
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Tildesley M, Brand S, Brooks Pollock E, Bradbury N, Werkman M, Keeling M. The Role of Movement Restrictions in Limiting the Economic Impact of Livestock Infections. NATURE SUSTAINABILITY 2019; 2:834-840. [PMID: 31535037 PMCID: PMC6751075 DOI: 10.1038/s41893-019-0356-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Movements are essential for the economic success of the livestock industry. These movements however bring the risk of long-range spread of infection, potentially bringing infection to previously disease-free areas where subsequent localised transmission can be devastating. Mechanistic predictive models usually consider controls that minimize the number of livestock affected without considering other costs of an ongoing epidemic. However, it is more appropriate to consider the economic burden, as movement restrictions have major consequences for the economic revenue of farms. Using mechanistic models of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), bluetongue virus (BTV) and bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in the UK, we contrast the economically optimal control strategies for these diseases. We show that for FMD, the optimal strategy is to ban movements in a small radius around infected farms; the balance between disease control and maintaining 'business as usual' varies between regions. For BTV and bTB, we find that the cost of any movement ban is more than the epidemiological benefits due to the low within-farm prevalence and slow rate of disease spread. This work suggests that movement controls need to be carefully matched to the epidemiological and economic consequences of the disease, and optimal movement bans are often far shorter than existing policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.J. Tildesley
- Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - S. Brand
- Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - E. Brooks Pollock
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TH, United Kingdom
| | - N.V. Bradbury
- Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - M. Werkman
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research (LCNTDR), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - M.J Keeling
- Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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35
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Gubbins S. Using the basic reproduction number to assess the risk of transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by biting insects. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1873-1883. [PMID: 31038286 PMCID: PMC6767157 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) has emerged as a major threat to cattle outside Africa, where it is endemic. Although evidence suggests that LSDV is transmitted by the bites of blood sucking arthropods, few studies have assessed the risk of transmission posed by particular vector species. Here this risk is assessed by calculating the basic reproduction number (R0 ) for transmission of LSDV by five species of biting insect: the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, the biting midge, Culicoides nubeculosus, and three mosquito species, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, and Culex quinquefasciatus. Parameters relating to mechanical transmission of LSDV were estimated using new analyses of previously published data from transmission experiments, while vector life history parameters were derived from the published literature. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses were used to compute R0 for each species and to identify those parameters which influence its magnitude. Results suggest that S. calcitrans is likely to be the most efficient at transmitting LSDV, with Ae. aegypti also an efficient vector. By contrast, C. nubeculosus, An. stephensi, and Cx. quinquefasciatus are likely to be inefficient vectors of LSDV. However, there is considerable uncertainty associated with the estimates of R0 , reflecting uncertainty in most of the constituent parameters. Sensitivity analysis suggests that future experimental work should focus on estimating the probability of transmission from insect to bovine and on the virus inactivation rate in insects.
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36
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Manić M, Stojiljković M, Petrović M, Nišavić J, Bacić D, Petrović T, Vidanović D, Obrenović S. Epizootic features and control measures for lumpy skin disease in south-east Serbia in 2016. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2087-2099. [PMID: 31144436 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an infectious disease of cattle caused by virus of the Capripoxvirus genus (LSDV), family Poxviridae. Until 2015, it had not appeared in the Balkans. In June 2016, LSD spread throughout Serbia. This study analyses the first LSD occurrence, epizootic features, applied diagnostic procedures and control measures in five districts in south-east Serbia (Pcinja, Jablanica, Pirot, Toplica and Nisava). In total, there were 225 LSD outbreaks reported in Serbia, out of which 189 (84%) were located in the study area. The highest number of outbreaks was registered in Pcinja district (169), where LSD was first registered. The median distance and time between the nearest previous outbreak sites were calculated (4.32 km and 9 days). The median altitude of outbreak locations was 992 m with more than 90% above 500 m (p ≤ 0.001). The average herd morbidity rate in the study area was 13.6% and the herd mortality rate was recorded only in Pcinja (0.5%) and Jablanica (1.6%) districts. Samples taken from the cattle suspected to LSD were subjected to real time PCR analysis. Out of 233 samples tested for LSDV 132 (56.7%) were positive. The LSDV genome was identified in skin nodules (85.4%), blood (72.7%) and nasal swabs (62.5%). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the LSDV strain circulating in Serbia fell within the cluster of field LSDV found worldwide. In response to the LSD epizootic, animal trade and movement were prohibited, complete stamping out, disinfection, disinsection and an entire bovine population vaccination using the homologous Neethling live attenuated vaccine (OBP, South Africa) were conducted. A month and a half after the completion of the vaccination campaign, the LSD epizootic was stopped, and no new cases have been reported since.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Manić
- Veterinary Specialized Institute Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | | | | | - Jakov Nišavić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan Bacić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamaš Petrović
- Scientific Veterinary Institute Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Sonja Obrenović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Machado G, Korennoy F, Alvarez J, Picasso-Risso C, Perez A, VanderWaal K. Mapping changes in the spatiotemporal distribution of lumpy skin disease virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2045-2057. [PMID: 31127984 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is an infectious disease of cattle transmitted by arthropod vectors which results in substantial economic losses due to impact on production efficiency and profitability, and represents an emerging threat to international trade of livestock products and live animals. Since 2015, the disease has spread into the Northern Hemisphere including Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation and the Balkans. The rapid expansion of LSDV in those regions represented the emergence of the virus in more temperate regions than those in which LSDV traditionally occurred. The goal of this study was to assess the risk for further LSDV spread through the (a) analysis of environmental factors conducive for LSDV, and (b) estimate of the underlying LSDV risk, using a combination of ecological niche modelling and fine spatiotemporally explicit Bayesian hierarchical model on LSDV outbreak occurrence data. We used ecological niche modelling to estimate the potential distribution of LSDV outbreaks for 2014-2016. That analysis resulted in a spatial representation of environmental limits where, if introduced, LSDV is expected to efficiently spread. The Bayesian space-time model incorporated both environmental factors and the changing spatiotemporal distribution of the disease to capture the dynamics of disease spread and predict areas in which there is an increased risk for LSDV occurrence. Variables related to the average temperature, precipitation, wind speed, as well as land cover and host densities were important drivers explaining the observed distribution of LSDV in both modelling approaches. Areas of elevated LSDV risks were identified mainly in Russia, Turkey, Serbia and Bulgaria. The results suggest that, if current ecological and epidemiological conditions persist, further spread of LSDV in Eurasia may be expected. The results presented here advance our understanding of the ecological requirements of LSDV in temperate regions and may help in the design and implementation of prevention and surveillance strategies in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Machado
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Fedor Korennoy
- Federal Center for Animal Health (FGBI ARRIAH), Vladimir, Russia
| | - Julio Alvarez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Picasso-Risso
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Andres Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
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38
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Sprygin A, Pestova Y, Wallace DB, Tuppurainen E, Kononov AV. Transmission of lumpy skin disease virus: A short review. Virus Res 2019; 269:197637. [PMID: 31152757 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral transboundary disease endemic throughout Africa and of high economic importance that affects cattle and domestic water buffaloes. Since 2012, the disease has spread rapidly and widely throughout the Middle Eastern and Balkan regions, southern Caucasus and parts of the Russian Federation. Before vaccination campaigns took their full effect, the disease continued spreading from region to region, mainly showing seasonal patterns despite implementing control and eradication measures. The disease is capable of appearing several hundred kilometers away from initial (focal) outbreak sites within a short time period. These incursions have triggered a long-awaited renewed scientific interest in LSD resulting in the initiation of novel research into broad aspects of the disease, including epidemiology, modes of transmission and associated risk factors. Long-distance dispersal of LSDV seems to occur via the movement of infected animals, but distinct seasonal patterns indicate that arthropod-borne transmission is most likely responsible for the swift and aggressive short-distance spread of the disease. Elucidating the mechanisms of transmission of LSDV will enable the development of more targeted and effective actions for containment and eradication of the virus. The mode of vector-borne transmission of the disease is most likely mechanical, but there is no clear-cut evidence to confirm or disprove this assumption. To date, the most likely vectors for LSDV transmission are blood-sucking arthropods such as stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans), mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti), and hard ticks (Rhipicephalus and Amblyomma species). New evidence suggests that the ubiquitous, synanthropic house fly, Musca domestica, may also play a role in LSDV transmission, but this has not yet been tested in a clinical setting. The aim of this review is to compile and discuss the earlier as well as the most recent research data on the transmission of LSDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sprygin
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia.
| | - Ya Pestova
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | - D B Wallace
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, P/Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X4, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - E Tuppurainen
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia; Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, P/Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X4, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - A V Kononov
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
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Kononov A, Prutnikov P, Shumilova I, Kononova S, Nesterov A, Byadovskaya O, Pestova Y, Diev V, Sprygin A. Determination of lumpy skin disease virus in bovine meat and offal products following experimental infection. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1332-1340. [PMID: 30811855 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) has recently expanded its range northwards to include the Balkans, Turkey and Russia. Because there was no solid evidence conclusively verifying the transmission mechanism in the field and LSDV viraemic animals with overt and asymptomatic presentation of disease and their products may represent a risk as an indirect transmission pathway. In this work, we used PCR positivity and infectivity in clinical and subclinical infection to evaluate the safety of meat and offal products from cows infected with the virulent LSDV strain Russia/Dagestan/2015. At day 21 post infection, seven of the 12 animals developed the generalized disease, and four animals became subclinically infected without apparent clinical signs. Upon examination and necropsy, the animals with the generalized disease had skin lesions; noticeably enlarged lymph nodes; and lesions in the lungs, trachea and testicles; whereas subclinically ill animals exhibited only enlarged lymph nodes and fever. For both disease presentations, testing of skeletal meat by PCR and virus isolation showed that the skeletal meat did not contain live virus or viral genome, whereas in cattle with generalized disease, meat with gross pathology physically connected under the site of a skin lesion was positive for the live virus. In subclinical infection, only enlarged lymph nodes carried the infectious virus, while the other internal organs tested in both types of disease manifestation were negative except for the testicles. Overall, our findings demonstrate that clinically and subclinically infected animals are reservoirs of live LSDV in lymph nodes and testicles, whereas deep skeletal meat in both types of infection do not carry live virus and the risk of transmission through this product seems very low. The detection of LSDV in testicular tissues in subclinically ill animals is concerning because of the potential to spread infection through contaminated semen. This aspect requires reconsideration of surveillance programmes to identify these Trojan horses of LSDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kononov
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | - P Prutnikov
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | - I Shumilova
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | - S Kononova
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | - A Nesterov
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | | | - Ya Pestova
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | - V Diev
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
| | - A Sprygin
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir, Russia
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40
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Calistri P, DeClercq K, Gubbins S, Klement E, Stegeman A, Cortiñas Abrahantes J, Antoniou SE, Broglia A, Gogin A. Lumpy skin disease: III. Data collection and analysis. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05638. [PMID: 32626261 PMCID: PMC7009259 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2018, no lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks were reported in the Balkan region, after the decline reported in 2017 (385) compared to 2016 (7,483). This confirms the effectiveness of the vaccination campaign based on the LSD homologous vaccine strain which continued throughout 2018 with over 2.5 million animals vaccinated, keeping the mean vaccination coverage above 70%. In 2018, LSD outbreaks were reported in Russia, Turkey and Georgia. In Russia, the LSD epidemics expanded northward and eastward, while in Turkey, the most affected region was in the east. LSD is spreading in Turkey since 2013, despite large vaccination campaigns with heterologous vaccine performed since 2014. This might support the hypothesis that the use of heterologous vaccines results in insufficient protection, and therefore, the use of homologous LSD vaccine in Turkey should be considered to prevent further spread. As the LSD epidemic in Turkey is a risk for reintroduction into the EU, it is recommended to continue the vaccination campaigns in 2019 in the high‐risk areas of Balkan region. Spread rates of LSD within a village were estimated from outbreak data for Albania, which can be used to inform the level of vaccination required to control an outbreak in a village. In terms of vaccine safety, the reports from the field suggest that, compared to the large number of animals vaccinated in the Balkan region since 2015, a very limited number of side effects have been recorded so far, although from published literature, local or even systemic side effects in some animals may occur after vaccination. However, due to inadequate study design in the reviewed studies, there is no consensus on the magnitude of such effects and on their real consequences on production.
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Saegerman C, Bertagnoli S, Meyer G, Ganière JP, Caufour P, De Clercq K, Jacquiet P, Hautefeuille C, Etore F, Casal J. Risk of introduction of Lumpy Skin Disease into France through imports of cattle. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:957-967. [PMID: 30578746 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The lumpy skin disease (LSD) virus belongs to the genus Capripoxvirus and causes a disease in cattle with economic impacts. In November 2014, the disease was first reported in Europe (in Cyprus); it was then reported in Greece (in August 2015) and has spread through different Balkan countries since 2016. Although vector transmission is predominant in at-risk areas, long-distance transmission usually occurs through movements of infected cattle. In order to estimate the threat for France, a quantitative import risk analysis (QIRA) model was developed to assess the risk of LSD being introduced into France by imports of cattle. Based on available information and using a stochastic model, the probability of a first outbreak of LSD in France following the import of batches of infected live cattle for breeding or fattening was estimated to be 5.4 × 10-4 (95% probability interval [PI]: 0.4 × 10-4 ; 28.7 × 10-4 ) in summer months (during high vector activity) and 1.8 × 10-4 (95% PI: 0.14 × 10-4 ; 15 × 10-4 ) in winter months. The development of a stochastic QIRA made it possible to quantify the risk of LSD being introduced into France through imports of live cattle. This tool is of prime importance because the LSD situation in the Balkans is continuously changing. Indeed, this model can be updated to process new information on the changing health situation in addition to new data from the TRAde Control and Expert System (TRACES, EU database). This model is easy to adapt to different countries and to other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit for Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to veterinary sciences (UREAR-ULg), Centre of Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,Members of the Expert Committee for Animal Health and Welfare, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphane Bertagnoli
- National Veterinary School of Toulouse, INRA UMR1225 IHAP, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Gilles Meyer
- Members of the Expert Committee for Animal Health and Welfare, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France.,National Veterinary School of Toulouse, INRA UMR1225 IHAP, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Ganière
- Members of the Expert Committee for Animal Health and Welfare, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France.,ONIRIS, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Jacquiet
- National Veterinary School of Toulouse, INRA UMR1225 IHAP, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Hautefeuille
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Florence Etore
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jordi Casal
- Members of the Expert Committee for Animal Health and Welfare, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France.,Departament de Sanitat I Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona/IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
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42
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Casal J, Saegerman C, Bertagnoli S, Meyer G, Ganière JP, Caufour P, De Clercq K, Jacquiet P, Hautefeuille C, Etore F, Napp S. A simple method to estimate the number of doses to include in a bank of vaccines. The case of Lumpy Skin Disease in France. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210317. [PMID: 30682041 PMCID: PMC6347152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple method to estimate the size of the vaccine bank needed to control an epidemic of an exotic infectious disease in case of introduction into a country is presented. The method was applied to the case of a Lumpy Skin disease (LSD) epidemic in France. The size of the stock of vaccines needed was calculated based on a series of simple equations that use some trigonometric functions and take into account the spread of the disease, the time required to obtain good vaccination coverage and the cattle density in the affected region. Assuming a 7-weeks period to vaccinate all the animals and a spread of the disease of 7.3 km/week, the vaccination of 740 716 cattle would be enough to control an epidemic of LSD in France in 90% of the simulations (608 196 cattle would cover 75% of the simulations). The results of this simple method were then validated using a dynamic simulation model, which served as reference for the calculation of the vaccine stock required. The differences between both models in different scenarios, related with the time needed to vaccinate the animals, ranged from 7% to 10.5% more vaccines using the simple method to cover 90% of the simulations, and from 9.0% to 13.8% for 75% of the simulations. The model is easy to use and may be adapted for the control of different diseases in different countries, just by using some simple formulas and few input data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Casal
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Expert Committee in Animal Health and Welfare from ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Expert Committee in Animal Health and Welfare from ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Gilles Meyer
- Expert Committee in Animal Health and Welfare from ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean Pierre Ganière
- Expert Committee in Animal Health and Welfare from ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
- ONIRIS, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Caufour
- UMR Cirad-Inra ASTRE, Department BIOS, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Unit Vesicular and Exotic Diseases, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
| | | | - Claire Hautefeuille
- Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Florence Etore
- Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sebastián Napp
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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43
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Allepuz A, Casal J, Beltrán-Alcrudo D. Spatial analysis of lumpy skin disease in Eurasia-Predicting areas at risk for further spread within the region. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:813-822. [PMID: 30520550 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Data from affected lumpy skin disease (LSD) locations between July 2012 and September 2018 in the Balkans, Caucasus, and Middle East were retrieved from FAO's Global Animal Disease Information System (EMPRES-i) from the European Commission's Animal Disease Notification System (ADNS) and completed with data from the official veterinary services of some countries. During this period, a total of 7,593 locations from 22 countries were affected. Within this period, over 46,000 cattle were clinically affected by LSD, 3,700 animals died and 17,500 were slaughtered due to culling policies to stop the spread of the disease. Most outbreaks occurred in 2016, between the months of May and November. The affected region was divided into a grid of 10 × 10 km cells and we fit a spatial regression model to analyse the association between the reported LSD outbreaks and climatic variables, land cover, and cattle density. The results showed big differences in the odds of being LSD positive due to the type of land cover: the odds of a cell being LSD positive was increased in areas mostly covered with croplands, grassland, or shrubland. The odds was also increased for higher cattle density, as well as areas with higher annual mean temperature and higher temperature diurnal range. The resulting model was utilized to predict the LSD risk in neighbouring unaffected areas in Europe, the Caucasus, and Central Asia, identifying several areas with high risk of spread. Results from this study provide useful information for the design of surveillance and awareness systems, and preventive measures, e.g., vaccination programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Allepuz
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jordi Casal
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Daniel Beltrán-Alcrudo
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Budapest, Hungary
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44
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Tuppurainen ESM, Antoniou SE, Tsiamadis E, Topkaridou M, Labus T, Debeljak Z, Plavšić B, Miteva A, Alexandrov T, Pite L, Boci J, Marojevic D, Kondratenko V, Atanasov Z, Murati B, Acinger-Rogic Z, Kohnle L, Calistri P, Broglia A. Field observations and experiences gained from the implementation of control measures against lumpy skin disease in South-East Europe between 2015 and 2017. Prev Vet Med 2018; 181:104600. [PMID: 30581092 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The first epidemics of lumpy skin disease (LSD) reported in Europe in 2015 severely affected the cattle farming sector in several Balkan countries. After the first incursion into Greece in 2015, the disease quickly spread across the Balkan region with over 7000 outbreaks reported by the end of 2016. Thanks to a coordinated regional control and eradication policy, the spread of the disease was halted by the end of 2017. Regional large-scale vaccination campaign with effective homologous vaccines and high vaccination coverage revealed to be essential for the successful control the disease, supported by other measures such as early detection of outbreaks, total or partial stamping out and restrictions on cattle movements. The aim of this paper is to discuss the field observations, challenges and lessons learnt while dealing with the first LSD epidemics in Europe. The cross-border collaboration by the veterinary authorities of all affected countries, coordinated by the European Commission and the technical support provided by many other international organizations played a fundamental role in stopping the spread of a disease that otherwise could have expanded further to the European territory causing a large damage to the whole European cattle farming industry. The experience obtained during the control of LSD epidemics indicates that in the future LSD spread can be effectively halted, provided that appropriate surveillance plans and vigilance remains in place in the areas at risk of re-incursion, especially those bordering endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S M Tuppurainen
- Independent Veterinary Consultant for Lumpy skin disease, Sheeppox and Goatpox, Finland.
| | - S-E Antoniou
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Animal Health Directorate, DG Veterinary Services, Hellenic Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece
| | - E Tsiamadis
- Veterinary Directorate, Regional Unit of Thessaloniki, Region of Central Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece and Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M Topkaridou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Directorate of Rural Economy and Veterinary Medicine of Evros, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - T Labus
- Department for Animal Health, Welfare and Traceability, Veterinary Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Z Debeljak
- Veterinary Specialist Institute "Kraljevo", Zicka 34, 36000, Kraljevo, Serbia
| | - B Plavšić
- Department for Animal Health, Welfare and Traceability, Veterinary Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - A Miteva
- Bulgarian Food Safety Agency, Pencho Slaveikov 15A, 1606 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - T Alexandrov
- Bulgarian Food Safety Agency, Pencho Slaveikov 15A, 1606 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - L Pite
- Sector of Epidemiology and Identification and Registration, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Sheshi Skënderbej 2, Tirana 1000, Albania
| | - J Boci
- Sector of Epidemiology and Identification and Registration, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Sheshi Skënderbej 2, Tirana 1000, Albania
| | - D Marojevic
- Administration for Food Safety, Veterinary and Phytosanitary affairs of Montenegro, Montenegro
| | - V Kondratenko
- Food and Veterinary Agency, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
| | - Z Atanasov
- Food and Veterinary Agency, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
| | - B Murati
- Food and Veterinary Agency, Kosovo⁎
| | - Z Acinger-Rogic
- Veterinary and Food Safety Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture, Croatia
| | - L Kohnle
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - P Calistri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Abruzzo e Molise "Giuseppe Caporale", Teramo, Italy
| | - A Broglia
- European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy
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45
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Taylor RA, Berriman ADC, Gale P, Kelly LA, Snary EL. A generic framework for spatial quantitative risk assessments of infectious diseases: Lumpy skin disease case study. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:131-143. [PMID: 30102842 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The increase in availability of spatial data and the technological advances to handle such data allow for subsequent improvements in our ability to assess risk in a spatial setting. We provide a generic framework for quantitative risk assessments of disease introduction that capitalizes on these new data. It can be adopted across multiple spatial scales, for any pathogen, method of transmission or location. The framework incorporates the risk of initial infection in a previously uninfected location due to registered movement (e.g., trade) and unregistered movement (e.g., daily movements of wild animals). We discuss the steps of the framework and the data required to compute it. We then outline how this framework is applied for a single pathway using lumpy skin disease as a case study, a disease which had an outbreak in the Balkans in 2016. We calculate the risk of initial infection for the rest of Europe in 2016 due to trade. We perform the risk assessment on 3 spatial scales-countries, regions within countries and individual farms. We find that Croatia (assuming no vaccination occurred) has the highest mean probability of infection, with Italy, Hungary and Spain following. Including import detection of infected trade does reduce risk but this reduction is proportionally lower for countries with highest risk. The risk assessment results are consistent across the spatial scales, while in addition, at the finer spatial scales, it highlights specific areas or individual locations of countries on which to focus surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Gale
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, UK
| | - Louise A Kelly
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, UK.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Emma L Snary
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, UK
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46
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Casal J, Allepuz A, Miteva A, Pite L, Tabakovsky B, Terzievski D, Alexandrov T, Beltrán-Alcrudo D. Economic cost of lumpy skin disease outbreaks in three Balkan countries: Albania, Bulgaria and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2016-2017). Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1680-1688. [PMID: 29992738 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an emerging viral disease that was detected for the first time in the Balkan Peninsula in Greece in 2015. In April 2016, there was a reoccurrence in Greece and the spread of the disease for the first time into Bulgaria, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Kosovo, Albania and Montenegro. The veterinary services of the countries responded with different strategies to control the disease, mostly based on mass vaccination campaigns and diverse stamping out approaches. During 2017, the epidemic was mostly controlled except for outbreaks reported in Albania, Greece and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The study aims to quantify the cost of disease and control measures in three selected Balkan countries, that is, Albania, Bulgaria and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, which were differently affected by the disease, had different animal production structures and implemented different control strategies. The total cost for the three countries was 20.9 million Euro (EUR 20.9 m), mostly incurred in 2016 (EUR 16.6 m), when the disease was spreading throughout the Balkan region. In 2017 (data until October), the cost was EUR 4.0 m, mainly due to vaccination costs. Bulgaria was the country with the highest total cost at EUR 8.6 m, followed by the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (EUR 6.7 m) and Albania (EUR 5.3 m). According to our data, the average cost per affected herd in 2016 was EUR 869, EUR 6,994 and EUR 3,071 in Albania, Bulgaria and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, respectively. The cost per animal in the affected herds was EUR 539, 147 and 258, respectively. The results from this study are useful to understand the cost of LSD outbreaks in the region, which might contribute to improve the surveillance and control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Casal
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Allepuz
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleksandra Miteva
- Animal Health & Welfare Directorate, Bulgarian Food Safety Agency, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ledi Pite
- Sector of Epidemiology and Identification Registration, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Tirana, Albania
| | - Blagojco Tabakovsky
- Department for animal Health and Animal Welfare, Food and Veterinary Agency of Republic of Macedonia, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Dimitar Terzievski
- Department for animal Health and Animal Welfare, Food and Veterinary Agency of Republic of Macedonia, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Tsvyatko Alexandrov
- Animal Health & Welfare Directorate, Bulgarian Food Safety Agency, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Daniel Beltrán-Alcrudo
- Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Food and Agriculture Organization, Budapest, Hungary
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47
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Phylogenetic analysis of the lumpy skin disease viruses in northwest of Iran. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:1851-1858. [PMID: 29948777 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1634-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a devastating viral disease of cattle which has recently spread from Africa into the countries of the Middle East. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships among lumpy skin disease viruses (LSDV) isolated from different regions of Iran and the origin and spread of these viruses. In this study, a total of 234 blood samples from clinically affected animals from four provinces in the northwest of Iran were screened for LSDV using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). From 80 positive samples for LSDV detected by PCR, the partial P32 gene (759 bp) of 12 isolates were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. LSD viruses were grouped in three subclusters with an overall 97.1-100% nucleotide identity. LSDVs isolated from Gilan showed lowest nucleotide identity with the other LSDVs. Four isolates of LSDV including KO-1, EA-1, EA-3, and WA-3 showed 100% similarity with each other and also with the Neethling strain. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the identified LSDVs were closely related to each other and had high-sequence homology with other LSDV isolates from Africa. It was concluded that LSD outbreak probably occurred in the northwest of Iran by LSDVs entering the country from Iraq and P32 nucleotide sequence information obtained in the present study is a valuable resource in understanding the genetic nature and molecular epidemiology of local LSDV isolates which can be used for future vaccine development based on the circulating strains in the region.
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48
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Molini U, Aikukutu G, Khaiseb S, Haindongo NN, Lilungwe AC, Cattoli G, Dundon WG, Lamien CE. Molecular characterization of lumpy skin disease virus in Namibia, 2017. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2525-2529. [PMID: 29869033 PMCID: PMC6132926 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3891-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Between January and July 2017, lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks were reported in cattle in Namibia. DNA was extracted from skin biopsies taken from 32 cattle, and the RNA polymerase 30 kDa subunit (RPO30) gene of the LSD virus (LSDV) was successfully amplified by PCR. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the newly sequenced LSDV isolates from Namibia were identical to LSDV isolates identified previously in Burkina Faso, Egypt, Greece, Niger, Serbia and South Africa. Given that only unvaccinated herds were affected by LSD, it is recommended that the current vaccination programmes in Namibia be re-evaluated to allow nationwide coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Molini
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, P. Bag 18137, Windhoek, Namibia.
| | - Gottlieb Aikukutu
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, P. Bag 18137, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Siegfried Khaiseb
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, P. Bag 18137, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Naindji N Haindongo
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Luther Street, P. Bag 13184, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Angela C Lilungwe
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Luther Street, P. Bag 13184, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - William G Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles E Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
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49
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Corradini A, Trevisani M, Dosa G, Padovani A. Information management and ante-mortem inspection procedures for the emerging diseases control: Experiences acquired in the epidemiological surveillance of bluetongue and lumpy skin disease. Ital J Food Saf 2018; 7:6922. [PMID: 29732326 PMCID: PMC5913700 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2018.6922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of exotic, emerging and reemerging diseases, has become, in the last years, one of the most important threats to the animal productions and public health, representing a new challenge for the European Community. In a global-market framework, where trade and contacts between countries are simplified, effective and well-developed surveillance systems are necessary. Multiple factors are, in fact, associated with the emergence of new, known or exotic diseases in this new economic panorama and for these reasons controls on animal imports, traceability and timeliness detection of infected animals should be considered the basis of a sound surveillance. In this work, we focused our attention on the management of Bluetongue and on the risk of introduction of the Lumpy Skin Disease in Italy, in order to describe the national and European surveillance systems for these diseases. In particular, we underlined the crucial role of information that reach the Official Veterinarian at the slaughterhouse concerning the epidemiological situation of the sending countries. Information that are important for the management of the ante-mortem inspection and for increasing the awareness of the Veterinary Inspectors of their role in the surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Corradini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum- Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, Bologna
| | - Marcello Trevisani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum- Università di Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, Bologna
| | - Geremia Dosa
- Complex Operative Unit of Veterinary Hygiene, Department of Public Health, Local Health Unit of Imola
| | - Anna Padovani
- Collective Prevention and Public Health Service, Department of Public Health, Region Emilia Romagna, Italy
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50
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Complete Genome Sequence of the Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Isolated from the First Reported Case in Greece in 2015. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/29/e00550-17. [PMID: 28729259 PMCID: PMC5522926 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00550-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) causes an economically important disease in cattle. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of the first LSDV isolate identified in mainland Europe. LSDV isolate Evros/GR/15 was isolated from the first cases reported on 18 August 2015 in the Evros region, Greece.
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