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Hung YF, Liu PC, Lin CH, Lin CN, Wu HY, Chiou MT, Liu HJ, Yang CY. Molecular detection of emerging porcine circovirus in Taiwan. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35579. [PMID: 39170437 PMCID: PMC11336776 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine Circovirus type (PCV) 2 is an important pathogen that has been circulating worldwide and has cuased serious economic loss in pig industry. However, both PCV3 and PCV4 are newly emerging viruses. In Taiwan, PCV2 has been one of the critical pathogens in pig frams and PCV3 has been detected since 2016; however, the epidemiolog of PCV3 in Taiwan remains unclear and PCV4 has yet to be identified. Therefore, in order to detect the positive rate of PCV2, to investigate the epidemiolog of PCV3 in the pig farms, and to examine whether pigs were infected with PCV4 in Taiwan, a total of 128 samples from 46 clinical cases of pigs were collected from September 2020 to December 2021. The case detection rates were 54.3 % for PCV2, 43.5 % for PCV3, and 2.2 % for PCV4. The results suggested that the positivity rates for both PCV2 and PCV3 were still high in Taiwan. In addition, PCV3 was detected among cases from all 7 sampled counties and in 11 of the 16 sampling months, suggesting that PCV3 may lead to endemic pig disease in Taiwan. Surprisingly, the PCV4 was also detected, suggesting the first PCV4 case in Taiwan. The complete genomes derived from the identified PCV3 and PCV4 strains were subsequently sequenced followed by phylogenetic analysis. The results suggested that the 17 identified PCV3 strains could be divided into Taiwanese-like and Japanese-like strains. In addition, the amino acid residues at positions 27, 80, and 212 in the identified PCV4 cap protein were asparagine, isoleucine, and methionine, respectively, and thus the identified PCV4 was catalorized into clade PCV4b. Consequently, it is concluded that (i) the prevalence of PCV2 and PCV3 is still high in Taiwanese pigs, (ii) PCV3 has may be an endemic infection in Taiwan and can be classified into Japanese-like and Taiwanese-like strains, (iii) PCV4 was detected for the first time in Taiwanese pigs and can be classified into PCV4b. It remains unclear how PCV2, PCV3, and PCV4 were introduced to Taiwan, and thus continuous investigation of emerging pathogens in pigs is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fan Hung
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Nan Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912301, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Wu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tang Chiou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912301, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Jen Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yao Yang
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402202, Taiwan
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Dundon WG, Molini U, Franzo G. Six underreported viral diseases of domesticated and wild swine in Africa: Implications and perspectives. Vet Microbiol 2024; 294:110120. [PMID: 38749211 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Pig production is increasing annually in Africa as it is recognized as a significant source of income, livelihood and food security, particularly in rural communities. Understanding the circulating swine pathogens is crucial for the success of this emerging industry. Although there is extensive data available on the African swine fever virus due to its devastating impact on pig production, knowledge about the presence of other viral swine pathogens on the continent is still extremely limited. This review discusses what is currently known about six swine pathogens in Africa: classical swine fever virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine circovirus-2, porcine circovirus-3, porcine parvovirus-1, and pseudorabies virus. Gaps in our knowledge are identified and topics of future focus discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Center, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, Vienna 1400, Austria.
| | - Umberto Molini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia; Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Private Bag 18137, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Italy
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Reséndiz-Sandoval M, Vázquez-García VA, Contreras-Vega K, Melgoza-González EA, Mata-Haro V, Gimenez-Lirola L, Hernández J. A Retrospective Analysis of Porcine Circovirus Type 3 in Samples Collected from 2008 to 2021 in Mexico. Viruses 2023; 15:2225. [PMID: 38005901 PMCID: PMC10674543 DOI: 10.3390/v15112225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is a nonenveloped virus of the Circoviridae family. This virus has been identified in pigs of different ages and pigs with several clinical manifestations of the disease or even in apparently healthy pigs. While PCV3 was first reported in 2015, several retrospective studies have reported the virus before that year. The earliest report indicates that PCV3 has been circulated in swine farms since 1996. In this study, we evaluated the presence of PCV3 in samples collected in Mexico in 2008, 2015, 2020, and 2021. This study assessed PCV3 DNA by qPCR and antibodies against CAP protein by indirect ELISA. The results showed that PCV3 (DNA and anti-CAP antibodies) was detected in the samples collected from 2008 to 2021. The highest prevalence was in 2008 (100%), and the lowest was in 2015 (negative). Genetic analysis of ORF2 showed that the virus identified belonged to genotype a, as most of the viruses identified thus far. PCV3 was detected in samples from piglets with respiratory signs and growth retardation, sows with reproductive failure, or asymptomatic piglets and sows. Pigs with respiratory signs, growth retardation, or reproductive failure had a higher prevalence of antibodies and qPCR-positive samples. In conclusion, this study showed that PCV3 has been circulating in Mexico since 2008 and that PCV3 DNA and antibodies were more prevalent in samples from pigs with clinical manifestations of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Reséndiz-Sandoval
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico; (M.R.-S.); (V.A.V.-G.); (K.C.-V.); (E.A.M.-G.)
| | - Verónica A. Vázquez-García
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico; (M.R.-S.); (V.A.V.-G.); (K.C.-V.); (E.A.M.-G.)
| | - Kenneth Contreras-Vega
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico; (M.R.-S.); (V.A.V.-G.); (K.C.-V.); (E.A.M.-G.)
| | - Edgar A. Melgoza-González
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico; (M.R.-S.); (V.A.V.-G.); (K.C.-V.); (E.A.M.-G.)
| | - Verónica Mata-Haro
- Laboratorio de Microbiología e Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico;
| | - Luis Gimenez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jesús Hernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico; (M.R.-S.); (V.A.V.-G.); (K.C.-V.); (E.A.M.-G.)
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Dei Giudici S, Mura L, Bonelli P, Hawko S, Angioi PP, Sechi AM, Denti S, Sulas A, Burrai GP, Madrau MP, Antuofermo E, Oggiano A. Evidence of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Genetic Shift from PCV2b to PCV2d Genotype in Sardinia, Italy. Viruses 2023; 15:2157. [PMID: 38005836 PMCID: PMC10674684 DOI: 10.3390/v15112157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the etiological agent of a disease syndrome named Porcine Circovirus disease (PCVD), representing an important threat for the pig industry. The increasing international trade of live animals and the development of intensive pig farming seem to have sustained the spreading of PCVD on a global scale. Recent classification criteria allowed the identification of nine different PCV2 genotypes (PCV2a-i). PCV2a was the first genotype detected with the highest frequency from the late 1990s to 2000, which was then superseded by PCV2b (first genotype shift). An ongoing genotype shift is now determining increasing prevalence rates of PCV2d, in replacement of PCV2b. In Italy, a complete genotype replacement was not evidenced yet. The present study was carried out on 369 samples originating from domestic pigs, free-ranging pigs, and wild boars collected in Sardinia between 2020 and 2022, with the aim to update the last survey performed on samples collected during 2009-2013. Fifty-seven complete ORF2 sequences were obtained, and the phylogenetic and network analyses evidenced that 56 out of 57 strains belong to the PCV2d genotype and only one strain to PCV2b, thus showing the occurrence of a genotype shift from PCV2b to PCV2d in Sardinia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Dei Giudici
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (L.M.); (P.B.); (P.P.A.); (A.M.S.); (S.D.); (A.S.); (M.P.M.); (A.O.)
| | - Lorena Mura
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (L.M.); (P.B.); (P.P.A.); (A.M.S.); (S.D.); (A.S.); (M.P.M.); (A.O.)
| | - Piero Bonelli
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (L.M.); (P.B.); (P.P.A.); (A.M.S.); (S.D.); (A.S.); (M.P.M.); (A.O.)
| | - Salwa Hawko
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (S.H.); (G.P.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Pier Paolo Angioi
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (L.M.); (P.B.); (P.P.A.); (A.M.S.); (S.D.); (A.S.); (M.P.M.); (A.O.)
| | - Anna Maria Sechi
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (L.M.); (P.B.); (P.P.A.); (A.M.S.); (S.D.); (A.S.); (M.P.M.); (A.O.)
| | - Stefano Denti
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (L.M.); (P.B.); (P.P.A.); (A.M.S.); (S.D.); (A.S.); (M.P.M.); (A.O.)
| | - Antonella Sulas
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (L.M.); (P.B.); (P.P.A.); (A.M.S.); (S.D.); (A.S.); (M.P.M.); (A.O.)
| | - Giovanni Pietro Burrai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (S.H.); (G.P.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Maria Paola Madrau
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (L.M.); (P.B.); (P.P.A.); (A.M.S.); (S.D.); (A.S.); (M.P.M.); (A.O.)
| | - Elisabetta Antuofermo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (S.H.); (G.P.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Annalisa Oggiano
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (L.M.); (P.B.); (P.P.A.); (A.M.S.); (S.D.); (A.S.); (M.P.M.); (A.O.)
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Wang M, Yu Y, Wu J, Wang S, Giménez-Lirola LG, Piñeyro P, Wang Y, Cui H, He X, Zimmerman JJ, Tu Y, Cai X, Wang G. Genetic and In Vitro Characteristics of a Porcine Circovirus Type 3 Isolate from Northeast China. Vet Sci 2023; 10:517. [PMID: 37624304 PMCID: PMC10459391 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10080517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is an emerging virus first discovered in the United States in 2015, and since then, PCV3 has been found in many regions of the world, including America, Asia, and Europe. Although several PCV3 investigations have been carried out, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the pathogenicity of PCV3, mostly due to the limited number of PCV3 isolates that are readily available. In this study, PCV3-DB-1 was isolated in PK-15 cells and characterized in vitro. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of PCV-like particles, and in situ hybridization RNA analysis demonstrated the replication of PCV3 in PK-15 cell culture. Based on phylogenetic analysis of PCV3 isolates from the Heilongjiang province of China, PCV3-DB-1 with 24 alanine and 27 lysine in the Cap protein was originally isolated and determined to belong to the clade PCV3a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghang Wang
- Heilongjiang Research Center for Veterinary Biopharmaceutical Technology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (M.W.)
| | - Ying Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jianan Wu
- Heilongjiang Research Center for Veterinary Biopharmaceutical Technology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (M.W.)
| | - Shujie Wang
- Heilongjiang Research Center for Veterinary Biopharmaceutical Technology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (M.W.)
| | - Luis G Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Pablo Piñeyro
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Heilongjiang Research Center for Veterinary Biopharmaceutical Technology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (M.W.)
| | - Hongliang Cui
- Heilongjiang Research Center for Veterinary Biopharmaceutical Technology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (M.W.)
| | - Xijun He
- Heilongjiang Research Center for Veterinary Biopharmaceutical Technology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (M.W.)
| | - Jeffrey J. Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Yabin Tu
- Heilongjiang Research Center for Veterinary Biopharmaceutical Technology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (M.W.)
| | - Xuehui Cai
- Heilongjiang Research Center for Veterinary Biopharmaceutical Technology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (M.W.)
| | - Gang Wang
- Heilongjiang Research Center for Veterinary Biopharmaceutical Technology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (M.W.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271002, China
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Detection and Complete Genomic Analysis of Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) in Diarrheic Pigs from the Dominican Republic: First Report on PCV3 from the Caribbean Region. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020250. [PMID: 36839522 PMCID: PMC9959359 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing detection of Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3, family Circoviridae) in clinically ill pigs worldwide has raised concerns on the implications of the virus on porcine health and the pork industry. Although pork production constitutes an important component of the livestock economy and is a major source of animal protein in the Caribbean Islands, there are no reports on PCV3 in pigs from the region so far. In the present study, PCV3 was detected in 21% (21/100) of diarrheic pigs (sampled at three farms) from the Caribbean nation of the Dominican Republic (DR). Although the sample size varied between porcine age groups, the highest PCV3 detection rates (35.3% each, respectively) were observed in piglets and growers. Co-infections with PCV2 and porcine adenovirus were observed in 38.09% and 9.52% of the PCV3 positive samples, respectively. The complete genomes of 11 DR PCV3 strains were analyzed in the present study, revealing a unique deletion (corresponding to nucleotide residue at position 1165 of reference PCV3 sequences) in one of the DR PCV3 sequences. Based on sequence identities and phylogenetic analysis (open reading frame 2 and complete genome sequences), the DR PCV3 strains were assigned to genotype PCV3a, and shared high sequence homologies (>98% identities) between themselves and with those of other PCV3a (Clade-1) strains, corroborating previous observations on the genetic stability of PCV3 worldwide. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the detection and molecular characterization of PCV3 in pigs from the Caribbean region, providing important insights into the expanding global distribution of the virus, even in isolated geographical regions (the Island of Hispaniola). Our findings warrant further investigations on the molecular epidemiology and economic implications of PCV3 in pigs with diarrhea and other clinical conditions across the Caribbean region.
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Histopathological Changes and Inflammatory Response in Specific Pathogen-Free (SPF) with Porcine Circovirus Type 3 Infection. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030530. [PMID: 36766419 PMCID: PMC9913417 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first report of PCV3 virus infection in 2016, it has been linked to multisystemic inflammation, reproductive failure, cardiac pathology, and clinical indications resembling porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS). However, the pathogenesis and clinical significance of PCV3 is still unclear. In this study, a PCV3 infection model was created using SPF pigs, and histopathology and fluorescence quantitative PCR were utilized to examine PCV3's pathogenicity. Reductions in body weight gain and fever were observed during this study. However, other clinical signs such as Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome were not observed through the study. Viremia was detected in the PCV3-inoculated group from 17 days post-inoculation (p.i.) until the end of the study. Nasal shedding was detected from 21 to 35 dpi and fecal shedding was detected during 25-33 days and 39 days, respectively. Gross lesions and histological evaluation were detected in various tissues and organs, including the lung, heart, kidney, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, small intestine, and testis. The heart, lung, liver, kidney, lymph nodes, and spleen showed pathological changes. The pathological features include swelling, inflammation, cell degeneration, necrosis, and hemorrhage. The lesions are consistent with multisystemic inflammation. Tissue viral load results showed only heart, lung, liver, kidney, lymph nodes, and spleen was positive by qRT-PCR. Moreover, the pro-inflammation cytokines in serum increased a lot in the PCV3-inoculated group compared to the control group, demonstrating that the induced inflammation response may be the cause of tissue damage in PCV3-infection. This study demonstrated that PCV3 can produce mild pathological damage to multiple organs, especially multisystemic inflammatory cell infiltration and prolonged viremia, viral shedding in nasal secretions. This is the first in vivo characterization of PCV3 infection in the SPF piglets model using isolated PCV3 strain, and this is also the first time to show the gross and pathological lesion with all tissue and organs in the PCV3-inoculated group. Our findings might serve as a starting point for more investigation into PCV3's pathogenic mechanism.
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Cobos À, Sibila M, Alomar J, Pérez M, Huerta E, Segalés J. Retrospective assessment of porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from pigs affected by different clinical-pathological conditions. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:51. [PMID: 36471405 PMCID: PMC9720923 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) is a recently discovered pathogen of swine that has been associated with several conditions. However, many questions remain unanswered regarding its infection, especially in terms of pathogenesis and disease impact. The aim of the present study was to retrospectively investigate the presence of PCV-3 genome by real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH) on selected formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of pigs affected by different clinical conditions and histological lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Conditions investigated included porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), periweaning failure-to-thrive syndrome (PFTS), congenital tremors type AII, reproductive disorders, and pigs affected by systemic periarteritis/arteritis, myocarditis, or encephalitis. Studied cases (n = 587) were investigated from a diagnostic database (n = 4162) that comprised samples collected within the period 1998-2021. From each condition/lesion, 10 to 12 cases were subsequently selected and tested by qPCR and ISH (72 cases total). RESULTS A total of 587 cases fulfilled inclusion criteria of the different studied conditions and were distributed among the seven groups. For the further selected cases, PCV-3 genome was found by qPCR in 12/12 periarteritis, 5/10 reproductive disease, 5/10 PFTS, 3/10 myocarditis, 1/10 encephalitis and 1/10 congenital tremor cases. PCV-3 was not found in any of the PDNS cases assessed. In periarteritis cases, tissues more commonly affected were mesenteric arteries and kidney. Reproductive disease cases associated to PCV-3 genome consistently displayed myocarditis. The lesions and labelling distribution of PFTS cases with presence of PCV-3 genome were comparable to those of the periarteritis group. qPCR and ISH yielded similar results within each studied case and were statistically comparable. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that periarteritis is the hallmark lesion of PCV-3-SD, and that mesenteric lymph node and kidney appeared to be the most reliable organs to confirm the presence of PCV-3 genome in cases with periarteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Àlex Cobos
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Marina Sibila
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Jaume Alomar
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Mónica Pérez
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Eva Huerta
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
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9
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Ku X, Zhang C, Li P, Yu X, Sun Q, Xu F, Qian P, He Q. Epidemiological and genetic characteristics of porcine circovirus 3 in 15 provinces and municipalities of China between 2016 and 2020. Virol J 2022; 19:187. [PMID: 36376944 PMCID: PMC9661739 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01893-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is a newly emerging virus and has been found associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome in pigs. Compared with PCV2, research into PCV3 cap gene sequencing is deficient. To investigate the prevalence and genotype distribution of PCV3, we collected 1291 samples from 211 pig farms throughout 15 provinces and municipalities. 312 out of 1291 samples were tested positive by PCR. We further sequenced and analyzed 164 PCR-positive samples. The majority (61.8%) of isolates we sequenced belong to genotype PCV3c. PCV3c is also the dominant genotype in Hubei, Hunan, Hebei province and Chongqing city. We found 3 sites under positive selection and located in predicted epitope peptide, revealing that the pig’s immunity may be a reason those sites are undergoing highly positive selection.
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10
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Hu X, Chen Z, Li Y, Ding Z, Zeng Q, Wan T, Wu H. Detection of Porcine Circovirus 1/2/3 and Genetic Analysis of Porcine Circovirus 2 in Wild Boar from Jiangxi Province of China. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162021. [PMID: 36009613 PMCID: PMC9404430 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of disorders that harm pig production are linked to porcine circoviruses, including PCV2. PCV2 infection is a substantial contributor to porcine-circovirus-associated illnesses (PCAS) and the post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), which have a significant negative economic impact on pig production. Additionally, PCV infection has been labeled as a global concern to cattle and wildlife. This study’s objectives were to examine the prevalence of PCV1/2/3 in Jiangxi Province, China, and to clarify the epidemiological significance of wild boar in PCV epidemiology. The 2020 hunting seasons resulted in the collection of 138 wild boar samples for PCV1/2/3 detection, which was followed by the genetic clarification of PCV2 strains. According to our data, 21.7% (30/138) of the population had PCV1 positivity, 22.5% (31/138) had PCV2 positivity, and 5.8% (8/138) had PCV3 positivity. Additionally, 10 out of 138 wild boar samples had PCV1 and PCV2 co-infections, while 5 out of 138 wild boar samples had PCV2 and PC3 co-infections. Nineteen full-length PCV2 genomes measuring 1767 nt were recovered from various animal tissues using conventional PCR. Eighteen out of nineteen PCV2 strains were identified as PCV2b by phylogenetic tree analysis, which was completed by the reference strain HLJ2015 obtained from domestic pigs in 2015. Additionally, one genotype of PCV2d JX11-2020 (MW889021) shared a sub-branch with the referenced strain TJ (AY181946), which was isolated in domestic pigs in 2002. This finding raises the possibility that domestic pigs could contract PCV2 strains from wild boar, posing a serious threat to the Jiangxi province of China’s pig production industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Hu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Zhen Ding
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Qinghua Zeng
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Tong Wan
- College of Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Huansheng Wu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Zhimin Street, Qingshan Lake, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Science and Technology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Correspondence:
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11
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Yang Z, Marthaler DG, Rovira A. Frequency of porcine circovirus 3 detection and histologic lesions in clinical samples from swine in the United States. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:602-611. [PMID: 35674058 PMCID: PMC9266519 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221099538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is widespread in pigs worldwide. Diverse clinical signs and lesions have been associated with PCV3, but the role of PCV3 as a cause of disease in swine remains unclear. We investigated the association of PCV3 with clinical signs and histologic lesions in 730 diagnostic swine cases between February 2016 and January 2018. The cases contained 2,177 samples submitted from 474 sites located in 21 states in the United States. PCR assay results were positive for PCV3 for 577 of 2,177 (27%) samples, 255 of 730 (35%) cases, 181 of 474 (38%) sites, and 17 of 21 (81%) states. We detected PCV3 in 19 of 28 specimen types and in pigs of all ages and clinical presentations, including healthy pigs, with the highest detection rate in adult pigs. PCV3 detection was not associated with respiratory, gastrointestinal, or CNS signs, weight loss, or sudden death. Of 58 types of histologic lesions evaluated, PCV3 detection was associated with myocarditis, cardiac vasculitis, and interstitial pneumonia in growing pigs. A high PCV3 detection rate was observed in aborted fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, St Paul, MN, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Albert Rovira
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
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12
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High Prevalence of Porcine Circovirus 3 in Hungarian Pig Herds: Results of a Systematic Sampling Protocol. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061219. [PMID: 35746692 PMCID: PMC9228016 DOI: 10.3390/v14061219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is an emerging pathogen that has been reported worldwide in all ages of healthy and clinically ill pigs. The presence of this virus in Hungary has been confirmed in a commercial farm experiencing reproductive failures, but there were no data on the circulation of PCV3 in the country. Here we report the prevalence and the genetic diversity of PCV3 in Hungarian herds. To estimate the prevalence, 1855 serum samples, 176 oral fluid and 97 processing fluid samples were collected in a systematic, cross-sectional method from 20 large scale swineherds and tested by real-time qPCR. PCV3 was present in at least one type of diagnostic matrix in 19 out of the 20 (95%) pig farms. The highest detection rates were observed in the processing fluid samples (61%), but 41% of the oral fluid and 23% of the serum samples were positive. The virus was found in all age groups, and slightly more adult animals were infected than growing pigs, but the viral burden was lower amongst them. Phylogenetic analysis of nine complete genomes, obtained from either the sampled herds or organ samples of PCV3-positive carcasses, showed high nucleotide identity between the detected sequences, which all belonged to the PCV3a genotype. Our results indicate that PCV3 is widespread in Hungary, but in most cases, the virus seems to circulate subclinically, infecting all age groups and production phases without the presence of apparent clinical disease.
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13
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The Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of PCV3 and PCV2 in Colombia and PCV4 Survey during 2015–2016 and 2018–2019. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060633. [PMID: 35745487 PMCID: PMC9228467 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Four genotypes of circovirus have been recognized in swine, with PCV2 and PCV3 being the most associated with clinical manifestations, while PCV4 does not have a defined disease. In addition, PCV2 is associated with different syndromes grouped as diseases associated with porcine circovirus (PCVAD), while PCV3 causes systemic and reproductive diseases. In the present study, we retrospectively detected PCV2, PCV3, and PCV4 in Colombia during two periods: A (2015–2016) and B (2018–2019). During period A, we evaluated stool pools from the 32 Colombian provinces, finding a higher prevalence of PCV3 compared to PCV2 as well as PCV2/PCV3 co-infection. Furthermore, we determined that PCV3 had been circulating since 2015 in Colombia. Regarding period B, we evaluated sera pools and tissues from abortions and stillborn piglets from the five provinces with the highest pig production. The highest prevalence found was for PCV3 in tissues followed by sera pools, while PCV2 was lower and only in sera pools. In addition, PCV2/PCV3 co-infection in sera pools was also found for this period. The complete genome sequences of PCV3 and PCV3-ORF2 placed the Colombian isolates within clade 1 as the majority in the world. For PCV2, the predominant genotype currently in Colombia is PCV2d. Likewise, in some PCV3-ORF2 sequences, a mutation (A24V) was found at the level of the Cap protein, which could be involved in PCV3 immunogenic recognition. Regarding PCV4, retrospective surveillance showed that there is no evidence of the presence of this virus in Colombia.
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14
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Yue W, Li Y, Zhang X, He J, Ma H. Prevalence of Porcine Circoviruses in Slaughterhouses in Central Shanxi Province, China. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:820914. [PMID: 35677933 PMCID: PMC9169519 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.820914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPorcine circovirus disease is currently the greatest threat to pig farming. Four main porcine circovirus genotypes are circulating worldwide.ObjectiveThe study aimed to assess the prevalence of porcine circovirus genotypes in the central part of Shanxi province.MethodsWe investigated the prevalence of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3), and porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4). Porcine circoviruses were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the lung tissues of 180 pigs from 7 slaughterhouses in central Shanxi, China.ResultsThe prevalence of PCV2, PCV3, and PCV4 were 56.8, 80, and 9.4%, respectively, and the negative rate was 10% for all three pathogens. The co-infection with PCV2 + PCV3, PCV2 + PCV4, PCV3 + PCV4, and PCV2 + PCV3 + PCV4 were 47.2, 7.4, 7.4, and 5.6%, respectively. Among PCV4-positive samples, the positive rate of PCV4 + PCV2 was 52.9% (9/17), whereas that of PCV4 + PCV3 was 100% (17/17). On the other hand, PCV2 and PCV3 were detected in 57.1% (93/163) and in 78.5% (128/163) of PCV4-negative samples, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that PCV2, PCV3, and PCV4 were not in the same clade and were distant from each other.ConclusionThe high positive rates of PCV3, PCV2 + PCV3, and PCV3 + PCV4 suggest that PCV3 may play a decisive role in PCV2 and PCV4 infections. Therefore, further control of PCV3 is needed to reduce the spread of the virus.
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15
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Fanelli A, Pellegrini F, Camero M, Catella C, Buonavoglia D, Fusco G, Martella V, Lanave G. Genetic Diversity of Porcine Circovirus Types 2 and 3 in Wild Boar in Italy. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:953. [PMID: 35454199 PMCID: PMC9031215 DOI: 10.3390/ani12080953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus (PCV) infection is associated with relevant economic impact to the pig industry. To date, four species of PCV (PCV1 to 4) have been identified but only PCV2 has been associated firmly with disease in pigs. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of PCV2 and PCV3 in the wild boar population in Basilicata region, Southern Italy, since this region is characterized by large forested and rural areas and the anthropic pressure is lower than in other Italian regions. Liver samples from 82 hunted wild boar were collected in 2021 from 3 different hunting districts. Sixty (73%, 95%CI: 63-82) samples tested positive for PCVs by quantitative PCR. In detail, 22 (27%, 95%CI: 18-37) were positive for PCV2, 58 (71%, 95%CI: 60-79) for PCV3, and 20 (24.4%, 95%CI 16-35) for both PCV2 and PCV3. On genome sequencing, different types and sub-types of PCV2 and PCV3 were identified, remarking a genetic diversity and hinting to a global circulation for the identified PCV strains. Overall, the high prevalence suggests that PCV2 and PCV3 infections are endemic in the wild boar population, posing risks for semi-intensive and free-range pig farming, typical of this region, due to contact with PCV-infected wild boar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Fanelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy; (F.P.); (M.C.); (C.C.); (D.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Francesco Pellegrini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy; (F.P.); (M.C.); (C.C.); (D.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy; (F.P.); (M.C.); (C.C.); (D.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Cristiana Catella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy; (F.P.); (M.C.); (C.C.); (D.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Domenico Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy; (F.P.); (M.C.); (C.C.); (D.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy;
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy; (F.P.); (M.C.); (C.C.); (D.B.); (V.M.)
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy; (F.P.); (M.C.); (C.C.); (D.B.); (V.M.)
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16
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Five years of porcine circovirus 3: what have we learned about the clinical disease, immune pathogenesis, and diagnosis. Virus Res 2022; 314:198764. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Ge M, Ren J, Xie YL, Zhao D, Fan FC, Song XQ, Li MX, Xiao CT. Prevalence and Genetic Analysis of Porcine Circovirus 3 in China From 2019 to 2020. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:773912. [PMID: 34926645 PMCID: PMC8671461 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.773912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3), a virus belonging to the Circoviridae family, is considered to be associated with respiratory and neurological signs, cardiac and multisystemic inflammation, reproductive failure, and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome-like disease in pigs (Sus scrofa). In this study, epidemiological and serological investigations of PCV3 in clinically healthy pigs from different regions of China were performed. Overall, 42.87% (1,101/2,568) of pigs were positive for PCV3 Cap antibody via indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, with a higher prevalence of PCV3 in multiparous sows (62.22%, 881/1,416) and fattening pigs (28.96%, 159/549) than in suckling piglets (8.96%, 32/357) and nursery pigs (11.79%, 29/246). Of the 2,568 samples, 255 were further tested for PCV3 DNA using real-time polymerase chain reaction, and 63.14% of these were positive, with nearly half having <10 virus copies. The PCV3 DNA and antibody positivity rates were high in the pig serum samples; however, the virus titers and antibody levels were both low, indicating that the humoral immune response of PCV3-infected pigs was weak or lagging, and persistent or repeated infections could occur. Additionally, the complete genomes of 23 PCV3 strains were sequenced and analyzed, which showed nucleotide identities of 98.5~100.0%, 98.6~100.0%, and 99.2~100.0% in the complete genome, open reading frame (ORF)2, and ORF1 sequences, respectively, and amino acid identities of 96.7~100.0% and 99.3~100.0% in the capsid and replicase proteins, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on ORF2 nucleotide sequences indicated that the PCV3 strains obtained in the present study could be classified into three sub-clades, with most strains clustered into clade 3c, indicating that PCV3c is the dominant subtype in the regions of China investigated. In general, the present study revealed a high prevalence and high genetic divergence of PCV3 among Chinese pig herds, and indicated that the potential effect of PCV3 on the pig industry may be a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi-Lin Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Dun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang-Cheng Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Man-Xiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Veterinary Drugs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Chao-Ting Xiao
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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18
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Prevalence of Infection with Porcine Circovirus Types 2 and 3 in the Wild Boar Population in the Campania Region (Southern Italy). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113215. [PMID: 34827947 PMCID: PMC8614320 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, porcine circovirus (PCV) infection has been documented as an important and emerging health concern for livestock and wildlife worldwide. The purpose of the present study was to assess the molecular prevalence of PCV-2 and PCV-3 and to clarify the epidemiological role of wild boars in the circulation of this virus in Campania, Southern Italy. For this purpose, samples from several organs were collected during the hunting season 2017-2018 from 148 wild boars in the Campania region. Quantitative real-time PCR was used for the detection and quantification of PCV-2 and PCV-3 genomes. The combined prevalence of PCV-2 and PCV-3 was 74.32% in the wild boars tested. The proportions of wild boars positive for PCV-2 or PCV-3, or coinfected, were 47.30%, 49.32%, and 22.30%, respectively. No link was detected between PCV positivity and location, but gender was a risk factor for the disease (female; p < 0.0001; OR 0.29). Furthermore, our study provides a snapshot of PCV-2 and PCV-3 circulation in wild boars in the Campania region: our findings can help us to better understand the role of wildlife in PCV circulation.
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19
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Visuthsak W, Woonwong Y, Thanantong N, Poolperm P, Boonsoongnern A, Ratanavanichrojn N, Jirawattanapong P, Soda N, Kaminsonsakul T, Phuttapatimok S, Sukmak M. PCV3 in Thailand: Molecular epidemiology and relationship with PCV2. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2980-2989. [PMID: 34406701 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 has been circulating throughout the world and since their first report, various clinical signs and disease developments have been documented. The virus is similar to the closely related PCV2 and is associated with several clinical signs called porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVAD). PCV2 or PCV3 is occasionally reported with clinical signs such as PDNS, respiratory signs and reproductive failure. Retrospective research conducted in Thailand revealed that both PCV2 and PCV3 have been circulation for decades. However, awareness about PCV3 infection has just arisen in recent years because of the similarities observed in disease circulation and clinical signs that have led to concerns. This study was conducted to find the relationship between the quantity of PCV2 and PCV3 in Thai pigs displaying the clinical signs related to PCVAD. A total of 479 serum samples with different production phases and clinical signs were sent to Kamphaeng Saen Veterinary Diagnostic Center (KVDC) for qPCR to detect the presence of PCV2 or PCV3. There was no relationship between the PCV3 and PCVAD-related clinical signs. Also, the relationship between PCV2 and PCV3 with no clinical signs suggested that both viruses might come from the same reservoir or have been circulating in Thailand for a long time, leading to common incidents in finding. The viral load of PCV2 was significantly different among the pig groups with and without clinical signs. The capsid sequence analysis of PCV3 revealed that 22 capsid sequences obtained from this study were found as clusters within PCV3a with a minor variation. Additional control measures are further needed to reduce the findings of the viruses. A future study with a control experiment may be needed to clarify the pathogenesis of PCV3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wansika Visuthsak
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/MHESI), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yonlayong Woonwong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Narut Thanantong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Pariwat Poolperm
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Alongkot Boonsoongnern
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Nattavut Ratanavanichrojn
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Pichai Jirawattanapong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Nantana Soda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kamphaeng Saen Veterinary Diagnostic Center (KVDC), Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Tanyanant Kaminsonsakul
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kamphaeng Saen Veterinary Diagnostic Center (KVDC), Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sahathat Phuttapatimok
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kamphaeng Saen Veterinary Diagnostic Center (KVDC), Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Manakorn Sukmak
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Center of Excellence on Agricultural Biotechnology: (AG-BIO/MHESI), Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kamphaeng Saen Veterinary Diagnostic Center (KVDC), Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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20
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Saporiti V, Franzo G, Sibila M, Segalés J. Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) as a causal agent of disease in swine and a proposal of PCV-3 associated disease case definition. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2936-2948. [PMID: 34184834 PMCID: PMC9291921 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV‐3) was discovered in 2015 using next‐generation sequencing (NGS) methods. Since then, the virus has been detected worldwide in pigs displaying several clinical–pathological outcomes as well as in healthy animals. The objective of this review is to critically discuss the evidence existing so far regarding PCV‐3 as a swine pathogen. In fact, a significant number of publications claim PCV‐3 as a disease causal infectious agent, but very few of them have shown strong evidence of such potential causality. The most convincing proofs of disease association are those that demonstrate a clinical picture linked to multisystemic lymphoplasmacytic to lymphohistiocytic perivascular inflammation and presence of viral nucleic acid within these lesions. Based on these evidence, individual case definitions for PCV‐3‐reproductive disease and PCV‐3‐systemic disease are proposed to standardize diagnostic criteria for PCV‐3‐associated diseases. However, the real frequency of these clinical–pathological conditions linked to the novel virus is unknown, and the most frequent outcome of PCV‐3 infection is likely subclinical based on its worlwide distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Saporiti
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Pathogenic Characterization of a Porcine Circovirus Type 3 Isolate from Heilongjiang, China. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:9434944. [PMID: 34257749 PMCID: PMC8253634 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9434944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The clinical outcome of porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) infection is still controversial. Herein, a novel PCV3 isolate (PCV3-China/DB-1/2017) with the molecular characterization of 24A and 27K in the Cap protein was used to inoculate three-week-old cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived piglets. The nine PCV3 DB-1 inoculated piglets exhibited no obvious clinical symptoms or macroscopic lesions. PCV3 displayed a broad histotropism, including the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, brain, lymph nodes, and tonsil, and the lungs and lymph nodes contained a higher quantity of viral genomes compared to that of the other organs. From 7 days after PCV3 DB-1 inoculation, the piglets showed obvious IgG antibody responses against PCV3 rCap-VLPs. The cumulative results demonstrated that PCV3 trend to low pathogenicity.
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Abstract
AbstractPorcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3), which was first detected in the United States of America in 2015, is a potential threat to the swine industry. However, the prevalence of PCV3 in Shanxi Province, China, is unclear. In this research, the prevalence and genetic diversity of PCV3 were investigated in above area. Lung tissue samples (n = 491) from 19 pig slaughterhouses across 11 cities throughout Shanxi Province were analyzed for PCV3 infection by PCR in 2019. The results showed that PCV3 positive rates in slaughterhouses and individuals were 100% (19/19) and 86.76% (426/491), respectively. PCV2 and PCV3 double-positive rates in slaughterhouses and individuals were 100% (19/19) and 59.27% (291/491), respectively. PCR positive samples were further sequenced and 8 PCV3 isolates were identified. The nucleotide homology of these isolates with other PCV3 isolates in NCBI database was 97.45–99.90%. A phylogenetic analysis, based on the complete genomic sequence and ORF2, divided these PCV3 strains into 2 major groups. Based on A24/V and R27/K amino acid mutations of capsid protein, the 8 identified PCV3 strains were separated to 2 clades. This was the first detailed investigation into the epidemiology of PCV3 in Shanxi Province. Our findings enabled us to assess the possibility of widespread transmission from this region. Thus, current findings establish a basis for further studies of genetic variations in PCV3 strains circulating in China.
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Tan CY, Lin CN, Ooi PT. What do we know about porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) diagnosis so far?: A review. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:2915-2935. [PMID: 34110095 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) was first discovered in 2016, almost concomitantly by two groups of researchers in the United States. The novel case was reported in a group of sows with chronic reproductive problems with clinical presentation alike porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), where metagenomic sequencing revealed a genetically divergent porcine circovirus designated PCV3. The discovery of PCV3 in a PDNS case, which used to be considered as part of PCVAD attributed to PCV2 (porcine circovirus 2), has garnered attention and effort in further research of the novel virus. Just when an infectious molecular DNA clone of PCV3 has been developed and successfully used in an in vivo pathogenicity study, yet another novel PCV strain surfaced, designated PCV4 (porcine circovirus 4). So far, PCV3 has been reported in domestic swine population globally at low to moderate prevalence, from almost all sample types including organ tissues, faecal, semen and colostrum samples. PCV3 has been associated with a myriad of clinical presentations, from PDNS to porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). This review paper summarizes the studies on PCV3 to date, with focus on diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chew Yee Tan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chao-Nan Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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Porcine Circovirus 3a Field Strains in Free-Living Wild Boars in Paraná State, Brazil. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061634. [PMID: 34073023 PMCID: PMC8227967 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) was first identified in pigs in the USA and was subsequently detected in several other countries, including Brazil. PCV-3 can be associated with diseases in pigs. To date, there are only a few reports of PCV-3 in wild boars worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the presence of PCV-3 in wild boars in Paraná state, Brazil. The results revealed that PCV-3 was present in the serum and lungs of the sampled boars. The complete genome of the PCV-3a strain was determined and compared with other PCV-3 strains around the world. Phylogenetic analysis has shown a close relationship to the strains already described in domestic and wild pigs. At this moment, there is no evidence that PCV-3 causes disease in wild boars. However, the monitoring of circulation of PCV-3 in wild boars is important for pig industry biosecurity because these animals share pathogens with domestic pigs. Abstract Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) was identified in domestic pigs worldwide. Although PCV-3 has also been detected in wild boars, information regarding its circulation in this free-living animal species is scarce. To investigate PCV-3 occurrence in free-living wild boars in Brazil, 70 serum samples collected between January 2017 and June 2019 in Paraná state, Brazil were analyzed by PCR assay. Amplicons measuring 330 bp in length were amplified in seven (10.0%) of the serum samples and confirmed to be PCV3-specific by nucleotide (nt) sequencing. As the amplified products from the serum samples yielded only intermediate levels of viral DNA, lung samples from the seven PCR-positive wild boars were also evaluated by PCR. Of these samples, five lung samples were positive and provided high levels of viral DNA. The three lung samples that presented the highest levels of viral DNA were selected for amplification and sequencing of the whole PCV-3 genome. The three full-length sequences obtained were grouped in PCV-3 clade “a”, and the sequences exhibited 100% nucleotide similarity among them. The PCV-3 field strains of this study showed nucleotide and amino acid similarities of 98.5–99.8% and 98.8–100%, respectively, with whole-genome PCV-3 sequences from around the world.
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Retrospective surveillance of porcine circovirus 4 in pigs in Inner Mongolia, China, from 2016 to 2018. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1951-1959. [PMID: 33987752 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05088-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel circovirus designated "porcine circovirus type 4" (PCV4) was recently reported in pigs with severe clinical disease in Hunan Province, China. Relatively little is known about the molecular epidemiology of this recently discovered virus. In order to assess the prevalence of PCV4 infection in pigs and to analyze its genomic characteristics, 1683 clinical samples were collected in Inner Mongolia, China, from 2016 to 2018. The overall infection rate of PCV4 was 1.6% (27/1683) at the sample level and 21.6% (11/51) at the farm level, with rates ranging from 3.2% (1/31) to 20.0% (6/30) on different PCV4-positive pig farms. In addition, the PCV4 infection rates at both the sample and farm level increased from 2016 to 2018. This also showed that PCV4 was present in pigs in 2016 in China and therefore did not arrive later than this date. Additionally, our findings showed that PCV4 infections had no association with PCV2 or PCV3 infections. We sequenced the complete genomes of three PCV4 strains and found that the PCV4 strains had a high degree of genetic stability but shared less than 80% sequence identity with other circoviruses. We identified six amino acid mutations in the Rep protein and seven in the Cap protein. Phylogenetic analysis based on Cap and Rep sequences confirmed that the PCV4 strains grouped in an independent branch. Our findings provide important information about the prevalence and genetic characteristics of PCV4 strains.
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Temeeyasen G, Lierman S, Arruda BL, Main R, Vannucci F, Gimenez-Lirola LG, Piñeyro PE. Pathogenicity and immune response against porcine circovirus type 3 infection in caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 33206034 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a novel PCV species (PCV3) has been detected in cases associated with sow mortality, lesions consistent with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, reproductive failure and multisystemic inflammation. The pathogenesis and clinical significance of PCV3 is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the immunopathogenesis of PCV3 in CD/CD pigs. Four treatment groups, PCV3 (n=6), PCV3-KLH (n=6), control (n=3) and control-KLH (n=3), were included with PCV3-positive tissue homogenate (gc=3.38×1012 ml-1 and gc=1.04×1011 ml-1), confirmed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and next-generation sequencing. Clinical signs, viremia, viral shedding, systemic cytokines, humoral (IgG) and T-cellular response were evaluated for 42 days. At necropsy, tissues were collected for histological evaluation and PCV3 detection by qPCR and in situ hybridization. No significant clinical signs were observed through the study. Viremia was detected in both PCV3-inoculated groups from 3 days post-inoculation (p.i.) until the end of the study. Nasal shedding was detected from 3 to 28 days p.i. and faecal shedding was transient. PCV3 induced an early (7 days p.i.) and sustained (42 days p.i.) IgG response. No significant T-cell response was observed. Histological evaluation demonstrated lesions consistent with multisystemic inflammation and perivasculitis. All tissues evaluated were positive by qPCR and virus replication was confirmed by positive in situ hybridization. This study demonstrated the potential role of PCV3 in subclinical infection, producing a mild, multisystemic inflammatory response, prolonged viremia detectable for 42 days p.i., presence of IgG humoral response and viral shedding in nasal secretions. More research is required to understand and elucidate potential co-factors necessary in the manifestation and severity of clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun Temeeyasen
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, IA, USA
| | - Shay Lierman
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, IA, USA
| | - Bailey L Arruda
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, IA, USA
| | - Rodger Main
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, IA, USA
| | - Fabio Vannucci
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Ave, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Luis G Gimenez-Lirola
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, IA, USA
| | - Pablo E Piñeyro
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, IA, USA
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Vargas-Bermúdez DS, Vargas-Pinto MA, Mogollón JD, Jaime J. Field infection of a gilt and its litter demonstrates vertical transmission and effect on reproductive failure caused by porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3). BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:150. [PMID: 33832500 PMCID: PMC8028087 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02862-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PCV3 is a member of the Circovirus family, associated with disease and mortality in pigs. It is not clear whether PCV3 putatively causes clinical symptoms and disease. In the present case, we reported a gilt infected with PCV3 associated with reproductive failures, vertical transmission, tissue lesions, viral replication by in situ hybridization, and the hypothesis that some strains of PCV3 clade one are associated with reproductive failures at the field level. CASE PRESENTATION In May 2019, a pig farm in Colombia reported increased reproductive failures, and the presence of PCV3 in gilts and sows was established in a single form or coinfections, mainly with PCV2 and PPV7. Ten sows with a single infection with PCV3 were found, and one gilt with a pre-farrowing serum viral load above 103 was studied. This gilt was followed up during the pre-farrowing, farrowing period and on her litter for 6 weeks. During dystocic farrowing, a mummy and ten piglets were released, including two weak-born piglets. The highest viral loads for PCV3 were found in the mummy and the placenta. In the weak-born piglets, there were viral loads both in serum and in tissues, mainly in the mesenteric ganglia and lung. Replication of PCV3 in these tissues was demonstrated by in situ hybridizations. PCV3 was also found in the precolostrum sera of piglets and colostrum, showing vertical transmission. The viral load in piglets decreased gradually until week six of life. The viral genome's complete sequencing was made from the mummy, and its analysis classified it as PCV3 clade one. CONCLUSIONS This report confirms that PCV3 can cause disease at the field level, and putatively, in this case, we find the generation of reproductive failures. The ability of PCV3 to cause disease as a putative pathogen may be associated with the viral load present in the pig and the strain that is affecting the farm. For this case, we found that viral loads above 103 (4.93 log genomic copies / mL) in the gilt were associated with clinical manifestation and that some PCV3 strains belonging to clade one are more associated with the reproductive presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S Vargas-Bermúdez
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia. Departamento de Salud Animal, Centro de Investigación en Inmunología e Infectología Veterinaria (CI3V)., Carrera 30 No. 45-03, Bogotá, CP 11001, Colombia
| | - Mayra A Vargas-Pinto
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia. Departamento de Salud Animal, Centro de Investigación en Inmunología e Infectología Veterinaria (CI3V)., Carrera 30 No. 45-03, Bogotá, CP 11001, Colombia
| | - José Darío Mogollón
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia. Departamento de Salud Animal, Centro de Investigación en Inmunología e Infectología Veterinaria (CI3V)., Carrera 30 No. 45-03, Bogotá, CP 11001, Colombia
| | - Jairo Jaime
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia. Departamento de Salud Animal, Centro de Investigación en Inmunología e Infectología Veterinaria (CI3V)., Carrera 30 No. 45-03, Bogotá, CP 11001, Colombia.
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Porcine Circovirus 3 Detection in Aborted Fetuses and Stillborn Piglets from Swine Reproductive Failure Cases. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020264. [PMID: 33572209 PMCID: PMC7915229 DOI: 10.3390/v13020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) has been widely detected in healthy and diseased pigs; among different pathologic conditions, the strongest evidence of association comes from reproductive disease cases. However, simple viral detection does not imply the causality of the clinical conditions. Detection of PCV-3 within lesions may provide stronger evidence of causality. Thus, this study aimed to assess the frequency of PCV-3 detection in tissues from fetuses/stillborn piglets in cases of reproductive problems in domestic swine, as well as the histopathologic assessment of fetal tissues. Fetuses or stillborn piglets from 53 cases of reproductive failure were collected and analyzed by PCV-3 qPCR. The presence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2), and porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) was also checked. PCV-3 qPCR positive samples with a high viral load were tested by PCV-3 in situ hybridization (ISH), sequenced, and phylogenetically analyzed. PCV-3 DNA was detected in 18/53 (33.9%) reproductive failure cases and in 16 of them PCV-3 was the only pathogen found. PCV-2 DNA was found in 5/53 (9.4%), PRRSV RNA in 4/53 (7.5%) and PPV1 was not detected. Four out of the six PCV-3 qPCR-positive cases with Ct value <30 were positive when tested by ISH. In these samples, PCV-3 was detected within mild histopathologic lesions, such as arteritis and periarteritis in multiple tissues. The present work emphasizes the need to include PCV-3 as a potential causative agent of reproductive failure in swine.
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Porcine Circovirus Type 3 in Pig Farms Experiencing Diarrhea in Jiangxi, China: Prevalence, Genome Sequence and Pathogenicity. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122324. [PMID: 33297459 PMCID: PMC7762375 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is a new species of PCV that was associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), respiratory disease, cardiac and multisystem inflammation in nursery and finishing pigs, and reproductive failure problems, including abortion, mummified fetuses, and stillbirth in sows. To date, the reports on the PCV3 present in diarrhea pigs are limited and the genetic characteristics of PCV3 from diarrheal pigs and pathogenicity on pigs were inconsistent. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PCV3 in pigs with/without diarrhea, to analyze the genome sequence of PCV3 from diarrheal pigs, and to inquire into the associated pathogenicity of PCV3 to piglets experimentally infected with PCV3-positive intestinal contents. The results demonstrated that PCV3 was widely circulating in diarrheal suckling and weaned piglets. Clinical signs, gross lesions, and histological changes were observed in suckling piglets inoculated with PCV3. The complete genome of a PCV3a strain was determined and two mutations (V24A and K27R) were present when compared with PCV3b strains. The findings of this study increase the knowledge of the epidemiology, viral genetics, pathogenicity, and pathogenesis of PCV3. Abstract Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) infections have been reported in different clinical presentations. However, the prevalence and pathogenicity of PCV3 associated with diarrhea in piglets have been limited. Herein, we present an investigation and genome analyses of PCV3 in piglets experiencing diarrhea, and observed clinical signs, gross lesions, and histological changes in pigs negative for all known pathogens associated with diarrhea but positive for PCV3 alone. Among the feces (n = 141) tested, 16.31% (23/141) were positive for PCV3. Of which, 27.28% (15/55) and 14.29% (5/35) were present in diarrheal samples from suckling and weaned piglets, respectively. Moderate to severe atrophic villi was confined in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, and significantly decreased average heights of villi, and the depths of crypt were observed in PCV3-infected piglets. The complete genome of a representative strain of PCV3, designated as JX/CH/2018, was determined. Multialignment analysis indicated that JX/CH/2018 had 97.7–99.7% nucleotide identity at the complete genome level, and 97.2–100% at the amino acid level of the capsid protein when compared with reference PCV3 strains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the PCV3 strain identified in this study belonged to PCV3a lineage. The present study demonstrated that PCV3 is a common virus in diarrheal suckling and weaned piglets.
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Cruz A, Rodrigues I, Souza A, Knackfuss F, Silveira R, Castro T. Molecular detection and clinical aspects of porcine circovirus 3 infection in pigs from Brazil. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-11924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) DNA has been detected in serum samples from apparently healthy pigs as well as pigs with different clinical conditions. Molecular detection of PCV-3 was observed in swine serum samples from Southeastern - Brazil using a nested PCR designed specifically for this study. The epidemiology and clinical aspects of PCV-3 infection were evaluated. The samples originated from 154 pigs of both genders from different production phases and with different clinical presentations, sampled from 31 pig farms visited between 2013 and 2018. In this study, PCV-3 was detected in 26.7% of samples from all populations across varying ages. Statistical association (P=0.0285) was observed only between animals with respiratory signs and PCV-3; no PCV-3-positive animal had diarrhea. No statistical association was observed between PCV-3 and age, or gender of the pigs. Because PCV-3 is a newly discovered virus, there is very little information about its epidemiology. We hope that these data can help in future studies investigating PCV-3 epidemiology.
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Plut J, Jamnikar-Ciglenecki U, Golinar-Oven I, Knific T, Stukelj M. A molecular survey and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 3 using oral fluid, faeces and serum. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:281. [PMID: 32778107 PMCID: PMC7419202 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02489-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine circovirus type 3 is the most recently discovered porcine circovirus, and an emerging pathogen. In this study the status of its presence on some Slovenian farms is reported. The effectiveness of the vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2 was assessed against porcine circovirus type 3. Group samples of oral fluid, faeces and individual serum samples were taken from six different pig categories and tested for presence of viral DNA, using both real time and conventional PCR. Positive samples were subjected to direct Sanger sequencing. Nucleotide sequences were analyzed and compared to GenBank PCV3 sequences. Results Positive samples were sent for genome sequencing, which confirmed the presence of virus in all different pig categories on five farms. A high to moderate correlation of strong statistical significance was found between individual serum samples, oral fluid and faeces. Slovenian PCV3 was found to be distributed in a way similar to that of other countries. Slovenian PCV3 nt sequences are highly related, sharing more than 99.5% nt identity. On one farm a commercially available vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2 was used on 3-week-old pigs. It did not affect the presence of porcine circovirus type 3 in oral fluid or sera of any of the seven age groups of pigs, each with two control groups. Conclusions The results constitute the first discovery of the virus in Slovenia. Genome sequencing has revealed a high degree of similarity between Slovenian and GenBank isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Plut
- Clinic for Ruminants and Pigs, Clinic for Reproduction and Farm Animals, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Urska Jamnikar-Ciglenecki
- Department of Food Safety, Institute of Safe Food, Animal Nutrition and Environment, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Golinar-Oven
- Clinic for Ruminants and Pigs, Clinic for Reproduction and Farm Animals, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Knific
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marina Stukelj
- Clinic for Ruminants and Pigs, Clinic for Reproduction and Farm Animals, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Tan CY, Opaskornkul K, Thanawongnuwech R, Arshad SS, Hassan L, Ooi PT. First molecular detection and complete sequence analysis of porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) in Peninsular Malaysia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235832. [PMID: 32706778 PMCID: PMC7380639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is a newly emerging virus in the swine industry, first reported recently in 2016. PCV3 assembles into a 2000 bp circular genome; slightly larger than PCV1 (1758-1760 bp), PCV2 (1766-1769 bp) and PCV4 (1770 bp). Apart from being associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), PCV3 has been isolated from pigs with clinical signs of reproductive failures, myocarditis, porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) and neurologic disease. Given that PCV3 is increasingly reported in countries including Thailand and U.S. with whom Malaysia shares trade and geographical relationship; and that PCV3 is associated with several clinical presentations that affect productivity, there is a need to study the presence and molecular characteristics of PCV3 in Malaysian swine farms. Twenty-four commercial swine farms, three abattoirs and retail shops in Peninsular Malaysia were sampled using convenience sampling method. A total of 281 samples from 141 pigs, including 49 lung archive samples were tested for PCV3 by conventional PCR. Twenty-eight lung samples from wild boar population in Peninsular Malaysia were also included. Nucleotide sequences were analyzed for maximum likelihood phylogeny relationship and pairwise distances. Results revealed that PCV3 is present in Peninsular Malaysia at a molecular prevalence of 17.02%, with inguinal lymph nodes and lungs showing the highest molecular detection rates of 81.82% and 71.43% respectively. Despite wide reports of PCV3 in healthy animals and wild boars, no positive samples were detected in clinically healthy finishers and wild boar population of this study. PCV3 strain A1 and A2 were present in Malaysia, and Malaysian PCV3 strains were found to be phylogenetically related to Spanish, U.S. and Mexico strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chew Yee Tan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Keerati Opaskornkul
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siti Suri Arshad
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Latiffah Hassan
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Frequency of Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) in Healthy Primiparous and Multiparous Sows and Their Mummified Fetuses and Stillborn. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070533. [PMID: 32630733 PMCID: PMC7399965 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) has been suggested as a putative causal agent of swine reproductive disease. A number of different studies have pointed out this association, but there is still a lack of information regarding the normal rates of PCV-3 infection in farms with normal reproductive parameters. The objective of the present study was to assess the frequency of PCV-3 detection in primiparous and multiparous sows and in tissues from their respective fetuses from farms with average reproductive parameters. Sera from 57 primiparous and 64 multiparous sows from 3 different farms were collected at two time points. Brain and lung tissues from 49 mummies and 206 stillborn were collected at farrowing. Samples were tested by PCR, and when positive, quantified by quantitative PCR. Thirty-nine complete genomes were obtained and phylogenetically analyzed. All sera from multiparous sows were negative, while 19/57 (33.3%) primiparous sows were PCV-3 PCR positive. From the 255 tested fetuses, 86 (33.7%) had at least one tissue positive to PCV-3. The frequency of detection in fetuses from primiparous sows (73/91, 80.2%) was significantly higher than those from multiparous ones (13/164, 7.9%). It can be concluded that PCV-3 is able to cause intrauterine infections in absence of overt reproductive disorders.
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Ha Z, Li J, Xie C, Yu C, Hao P, Zhang Y, Xu W, Nan F, Xie Y, Li Y, Rong F, Wang G, Guo Y, Lu H, Jin N. Prevalence, pathogenesis, and evolution of porcine circovirus type 3 in China from 2016 to 2019. Vet Microbiol 2020; 247:108756. [PMID: 32768209 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) infection causes substantial economic losses in pig populations since its discovery in 2016. However, PCV3 molecular epidemiology remains need further study. In order to assess the prevalence of PCV3 infection in China, 4094 clinical samples from 271 pig farms in 10 provinces of China were evaluated by PCR. It was shown that the overall prevalence of PCV3 infection was 29.3 % (1200/4094) and 74.2 % (201/271) at sample and farm levels respectively, suggesting that PCV3 infection is prevalent in China. Furthermore, a statistical analysis showed PCV3 might exacerbate PCV2 and PRRSV infection rate and have a potential association with pig clinical disease. In addition, we sequenced the entire genome of 57 PCV3 strains; homology analysis showed that PCV3 strains have more than 96 % similarities at the nucleotide level, and PCV3 shares less than 60 % similarities with other circoviruses. By comparing the total 673 PCV3 strains from the NCBI GenBank, we found the major of amino acid mutations are located in predicted epitope regions and the mutations ratio changed during PCV3 evolution. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all isolates belonged to PCV3a and PCV3b, and increasing PCV3a and decreasing PCV3b trends were observed during PCV3 evolution. Overall, this study provides important insights for understanding PCV3 prevalence, pathogenesis, and evolution and will guide future efforts to develop effective preventive and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Ha
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jinfeng Li
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Changzhan Xie
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Chengdong Yu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Pengfei Hao
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Wang Xu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Fulong Nan
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yubiao Xie
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Yanwei Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Fulong Rong
- Harbin Pharmaceutical Group Bio-vaccine Co., Ltd, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Guanyu Wang
- Hulunbuir Animal Disease Control Center, Hulunbuir, 021000, China
| | - Yingcheng Guo
- Jilin Fengman Area Animal Prevention and Control Center, Jilin, 132013, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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35
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Tochetto C, de Lima DA, Varela APM, Ortiz LC, Loiko MR, Scheffer CM, Paim WP, Cibulski SP, Cerva C, Herpich J, Schmidt C, Franco AC, Mayer FQ, Roehe PM. Investigation on porcine circovirus type 3 in serum of farrowing sows with stillbirths. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104316. [PMID: 32531497 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Since its first identification in 2016, porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) has been detected in healthy and/or diseased swine in many countries worldwide. In a previous study by our group, PCV3 was detected in sera of sows which had at least one stillborn piglet in the last parturition. As such, it became important to investigate if the presence of PCV3 in sows' sera could be associated to the occurrence of stillbirths. With that aim, the frequency of PCV3 infections and viral DNA loads in sows' sera was investigated through a real-time quantitative PCR in 89 serum samples of just farrowed sows with or without stillbirths. PCV3 genomes were identified in most samples, with genome loads ranging between less than 10 to 200,000 copies per mL of serum. No significant differences were observed either in the frequency of infection or PCV3 viral loads in sows with or without stillbirths. Thus, no association could be established between PCV3 infection of sows at farrowing and stillbirths' occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Tochetto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básica da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Diane Alves de Lima
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básica da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Muterle Varela
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básica da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lucía Cano Ortiz
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básica da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Márcia Regina Loiko
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básica da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Camila Mengue Scheffer
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básica da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Willian Pinto Paim
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Samuel Paulo Cibulski
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristine Cerva
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Juliana Herpich
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básica da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Candice Schmidt
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básica da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Claúdia Franco
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básica da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Quoos Mayer
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Michel Roehe
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básica da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Wide Range of the Prevalence and Viral Loads of Porcine Circovirus Type 3 (PCV3) in Different Clinical Materials from 21 Polish Pig Farms. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050411. [PMID: 32466099 PMCID: PMC7281387 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) was described in different clinical cases and healthy pigs. However, little is known about its circulation in pig farms. In order to assess PCV3 prevalence in 21 Polish farms, serum, feces, and oral fluid samples were examined by quantitative real-time PCR. In total, 1451 pairs of serum and feces from the same animals, as well as 327 samples of oral fluids were analyzed. The results showed that PCV3 is more commonly detected in oral fluids (37.3% positives) than in serum (9.7% positives) or feces (15.0% positives) samples. The viral loads detected in these materials ranged from 102.5–107.2 genome equivalent copies/mL. Although in most farms PCV3 was detected post weaning, in nine farms, the virus was also found in groups of suckling piglets, and in six of them viremia was detected. In four farms with reproductive failure, fetal materials were also obtained. PCV3 was detected in 36.0% of fetuses or stillborn piglets (9/25) with viral loads of 103.1–1010.4 genome equivalent copies/mL. In summary, the virus circulation may show different patterns, and congenital or early infection is not uncommon. Precise quantification of PCV3 loads in clinical materials seems to be necessary for the study and diagnosis of the infection.
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Saporiti V, Huerta E, Correa-Fiz F, Grosse Liesner B, Duran O, Segalés J, Sibila M. Detection and genotyping of Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) and detection of Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) in sera from fattening pigs of different European countries. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2521-2531. [PMID: 32356364 PMCID: PMC7754154 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PCV‐2 is considered one of the most economically important viral agents in swine worldwide. Recently, PCV‐3 has been found in pigs affected by different disorders and in healthy animals. The objective of this epidemiological work was to describe the frequency of detection of PCV‐2 and PCV‐3 in pig farms of 9 European countries. Moreover, a second aim was to assess the most frequent PCV‐2 genotypes found in the studied farms. Sera from 5 to 10 pigs per farm were collected from 2 to 11 farms per studied country. A total of 624 sera of fattening pigs (10–25 week old) from 64 farms from Spain (n = 11), Belgium (n = 10), France (n = 8), Germany (n = 8), Italy (n = 7), Denmark (n = 8), the Netherlands (n = 5), Ireland (n = 5) and Sweden (n = 2) were analysed by conventional PCR. In addition, one or two PCV‐2‐positive samples per farm were genotyped by sequencing the ORF2 gene. PCV‐3 PCR‐positive samples with relatively low Ct values were also sequenced and phylogenetically analysed. PCV‐2 DNA was detected in pig sera from all European tested countries, but Sweden. A total of 132 out of 624 (21%) sera were positive for PCV‐2 PCR, corresponding to 30 out of the 64 (47%) tested farms. PCV‐3 DNA was detected in 52 out of 624 (8%) sera, corresponding also to 30 out of the 64 (47%) studied farms from all tested countries. A total of 48 PCV‐2 PCR‐positive samples were successfully sequenced and genotyped, being PCV‐2d the most frequently genotype found (n = 28), followed by PCV‐2b (n = 11) and PCV‐2a (n = 9). These results pointed out PCV‐2d as the most prevalent genotype currently in Europe. The PCV‐3 phylogenetic analysis showed high identity (>98%) among sequences from all the analysed countries. The relatively low co‐infection (3%), likely suggest an independent circulation patterns of PCV‐2 and PCV‐3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Saporiti
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Eva Huerta
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Florencia Correa-Fiz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Oliver Duran
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH AH Swine, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain
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38
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Full-genome sequences of porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) and high prevalence in mummified fetuses from commercial farms in Brazil. Microb Pathog 2020; 141:104027. [PMID: 32007620 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The clinical implications of recently discovered porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) infections are still unknown. The potential role of this emerging virus in reproductive loss in swine has been described. Herein, we report a high prevalence of PCV3 in mummified fetuses from sows maintained in modern farms in Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná, Goiás, and Mato Grosso do Sul states, Brazil. For this analysis, 276 mummified fetuses from 11 commercial swine farms were included. The presence of PCV3 DNA was confirmed using PCR, and the complete sequence of five different viral strains was obtained. Sequences of PCV3 genomes available on GenBank were then used for phylogenetic tree construction. Of the 276 mummified fetuses examined, 270 (nearly 97%) were positive for PCV3. In 93.1% of the fetuses, co-infections with at least one of the following agents were identified: porcine parvovirus (PPV), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and Leptospira spp. Twelve fetuses were positive for PCV3 alone. The amino acid sequence of the capsid gene for the five viral strains shared 98-100% homology among them. Analysis of the DNA sequence indicates that the viruses identified in this study belong to the PCV3a1 subgroup. In summary, PCV3 DNA was detected in mummified fetuses at a surprisingly high rate. The role of PCV3 in porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) is still uncertain. However, considering that PCV3 has been detected in a variety of conditions, even in healthy animals, the present results confirm the need to investigate PCV3 as a causative agent of fetal mummification in swine.
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Wang Y, Noll L, Lu N, Porter E, Stoy C, Zheng W, Liu X, Peddireddi L, Niederwerder M, Bai J. Genetic diversity and prevalence of porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) and type 2 (PCV2) in the Midwest of the USA during 2016-2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1284-1294. [PMID: 31886622 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, reports indicated that PCV3 may be involved in porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)-like disease similar to that linked to PCV2. A total of 2,125 porcine samples from 910 cases were collected during 2016-2018 and tested for presence of PCV3 and PCV2 by real-time PCR assays. Results showed high prevalence of PCV3 and PCV2: 28.4% samples from 41.2% cases were PCV3 positive and 16.4% samples from 16.7% cases were PCV2 positive. The overall coinfection rate was 5.4% and 8.4% at the sample and case level, respectively. Temporal analysis indicated that PCV3 positive case rate increased from 31.6% in 2016, 40.9% in 2017, to 55.6% in 2018. Although its prevalence was lower, PCV2-positive case rate in 2018 (28.8%) doubled that in 2017 (14.4%). The coinfection case rate also increased from 3.4% in 2016, 8.0% in 2017 to 16.1% in 2018. The high positive rate of PCV3 (56.9%) and PCV2 (33.8%) in oral fluids, PCV3 in foetuses (57.1%) and PCV2 in tonsils (54.8%) implied viral transmission route and tissue tropism. In phylogenetic analysis, two small PCV3 clusters (1 and 2) were separated but others were clustered with low bootstrapping values indicating overall low genetic diversity. Genotypes, PCV2a-h, were confirmed by analysing 2,944 strains, with a new genotype proposed as PCV2i. In this study, 61 PCV3 unique whole genomes were sequenced; 12 belonged to a separate cluster that were characterized by five consistent amino acid changes in the capsid protein (24V, 27K, 56D, 98R and 168K) and may be associated with potential differences in immunogenicity. Among the 43 unique PCV2 whole genomes sequenced, 31 belonged to PCV2d, 7 to PCV2a and 5 to PCV2b. Thus, our study demonstrates that PCV2d is the predominant genotype and PCV3 is widely circulating in the Midwest of the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wang
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Lance Noll
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Nanyan Lu
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Bioinformatics Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Elizabeth Porter
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Colin Stoy
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Wanglong Zheng
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xuming Liu
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Lalitha Peddireddi
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Megan Niederwerder
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Zhang HH, Hu WQ, Li JY, Liu TN, Zhou JY, Opriessnig T, Xiao CT. Novel circovirus species identified in farmed pigs designated as Porcine circovirus 4, Hunan province, China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:1057-1061. [PMID: 31823481 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In pigs, three circovirus species within the genus Circovirus have been identified so far, including the non-pathogenic Porcine circovirus 1 (PCV1), the pathogenic Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and the recently identified Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3). In April 2019, a new circovirus with a distinct relationship to other circoviruses was identified in several pigs with severe clinical disease in Hunan province, China. The size of the viral genome, tentatively designated as porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4), is 1,770 nucleotides (nt). PCV4 shows the highest genomic identity to mink circovirus (66.9%) and has identities of 43.2%-51.5% to the other PCV genomes. Two major genes, a replicase (Rep) gene spanning 891 nt and a capsid (Cap) gene spanning 687 nt, were predicted. Furthermore, a TaqMan® real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the replicase gene was developed to investigate the prevalence of PCV4 in 187 clinical samples from Hunan province, China. The results revealed an overall PCV4 prevalence of 12.8%, with the highest positive rates in nasal swabs (28.5%, 6/21) followed by serum samples (13.4%, 11/82). The clinical significance and pathogenesis of this virus needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Zhang
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen-Qin Hu
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie-Yu Li
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Tian-Ning Liu
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Ji-Yong Zhou
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Chao-Ting Xiao
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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Molecular Detection and Genetic Diversity of porcine Circovirus Type 3 in Commercial Pig Farms in Xinjiang Province, China. J Vet Res 2019; 63:481-488. [PMID: 31934656 PMCID: PMC6950430 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2019-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is a newly discovered porcine circovirus. The molecular characteristics and genetic evolution of PCV3 in Xinjiang province, China still being unclear, the aim of the study was their elucidation. Material and Methods A total of 393 clinical samples were collected from pigs on commercial farms in nine different regions of Xinjiang and phylogenetic analysis based on full-length Cap genes was performed. Results The prevalence at farm level was 100%, while in all the tested samples it was 22.39%. Nine PCV3 strains were detected in Xinjiang province and they shared 98.9–99.3% nucleotide and 97.5–100.0% Cap gene amino acid sequence identities with other epidemic strains from China and abroad. Compared with other epidemic strains of PCV3, there were 26 base mutation sites in the Cap gene in the nine Xinjiang strains, resulting in the mutation of amino acids at positions 20, 24, 75, 77, 108, 111 and 206. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these strains can be divided into two different genetic groups, to the first of which five strains affiliated and divided between subgroups 1.1 and 1.2, and to the second of which the other four strains affiliated and similarly divided between subgroups 2.1 and 2.2. Conclusion PCV3 circulates widely among commercial pig farms in Xinjiang province, China, and displays obvious genetic diversity. The results provide epidemiological information useful for the prevention and control of PCV3 infection in the pig industry.
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Savic B, Milicevic V, Radanovic O, Zdravkovic N, Stevancevic O, Kureljusic B, Nesic K. Identification and genetic characterization of porcine circovirus 3 on pig farms in Serbia. Arch Virol 2019; 165:193-199. [PMID: 31701223 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04455-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUD The presence of PCV3 genome has been detected in pigs affected by different clinical and pathological conditions as well as in healthy animals. Its presence has been reported in many countries of North and South America, Asia and Europe. However, there is no evidence of the presence and genetic characteristics of PCV3 in many European countries and especially the countries of the Balkan Peninsula. PURPOSE The major objective of this study was to investigate the presence and obtain further genetic characterization of PCV-3 in the pig populations in Serbia. METHODS To demonstrate the presence of PCV-3 DNA a conventional PCR assay was performed. The samples where no PCR product was observed (n=32), were further tested with a real-time PCR assay. The six PCR samples that were strongly positive for PCV-3 were subjected to amplification and sequencing of their entire cap genes and complete viral genome. RESULTS We report on the first identification, genetic diversity and potential association in pathogenesis of some systemic and respiratory swine diseases of PCV-3 in Serbia. CONCLUSION The results imply that PCV-3 circulates widely in the pig population and has a high similarity with previously reported isolates. Detected PCV-3 can be associated with some swine systemic and respiratory diseases but these associations are strongly influenced by the clinical or pathological condition of the animals. Our findings demonstrate that there are certain PCV-3 loads in pigs suffering from active PRRSV infection, Glässer's disease, APP pleuropneumonia, pneumonic pasteurellosis and PRDC; however, the significance of this viral load, as well as the mechanism by which PCV-3 may act as a secondary agent in aggravating the severity during co-infections of these pathogens, requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozidar Savic
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine Belgrade, V. Toze 14, 11 000, Belgrade, Serbia. .,Agriculture Faculty Department for Veterinary Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Dositej Obradovic Square 8, 21 000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Vesna Milicevic
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine Belgrade, V. Toze 14, 11 000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Oliver Radanovic
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine Belgrade, V. Toze 14, 11 000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nemanja Zdravkovic
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine Belgrade, V. Toze 14, 11 000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ognjen Stevancevic
- Agriculture Faculty Department for Veterinary Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Dositej Obradovic Square 8, 21 000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Ksenija Nesic
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine Belgrade, V. Toze 14, 11 000, Belgrade, Serbia
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43
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Franzo G, He W, Correa‐Fiz F, Li G, Legnardi M, Su S, Segalés J. A Shift in Porcine Circovirus 3 (PCV-3) History Paradigm: Phylodynamic Analyses Reveal an Ancient Origin and Prolonged Undetected Circulation in the Worldwide Swine Population. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1901004. [PMID: 31763138 PMCID: PMC6865002 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The identification of a new circovirus (Porcine circovirus 3, PCV-3) has raised a remarkable concern because of some analogies with Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2). Preliminary results suggest an extremely recent PCV-3 emergence and high mutation rate. Retrospective studies prove its circulation at least since the early 1990s, revealing that PCV-3 could have been infecting pigs for an even longer period. Therefore, a new evaluation, based on an updated collection of PCV-3 sequences spanning more than 20 years, is performed using a phylodynamic approach. The obtained results overrule the previous PCV-3 history concept, indicating an ancient origin. These evidences are associated with an evolutionary rate far lower (10-5-10-6 substitution/site/year) than the PCV-2 one. Accordingly, the action of selective pressures on PCV-3 open reading frames (ORFs) seems to be remarkably lower compared to those acting on PCV-2, suggesting either a reduced PCV-3 plasticity or a less efficient host-induced natural selection. A complex and not-directional viral flow network is evidenced through phylogeographic analysis, indicating a long lasting circulation rather than a recent emergence followed by spreading. Being recent emergence has been ruled out, efforts should be devoted to understand whether its recent discovery is simply due to improved detection capabilities or to the breaking of a previous equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal MedicineProduction and Health (MAPS)University of PaduaViale, dell'Università 1635020Legnaro (PD)Italy
| | - Wanting He
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food SafetyJiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyInstitute of ImmunologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210000China
| | - Florencia Correa‐Fiz
- IRTACentre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA‐UAB)Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra08913Spain
| | - Gairu Li
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food SafetyJiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyInstitute of ImmunologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210000China
| | - Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal MedicineProduction and Health (MAPS)University of PaduaViale, dell'Università 1635020Legnaro (PD)Italy
| | - Shuo Su
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food SafetyJiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyInstitute of ImmunologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210000China
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UABCentre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA‐UAB)Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra08913Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia AnimalsFacultat de VeterinàriaUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra08913Spain
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44
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Franzo G, Segalés J, Klaumann F, Legnardi M, Mweu MM, Mahmmod YS. Diagnostic accuracy of two DNA-based molecular assays for detection of porcine circovirus 3 in swine population using Bayesian latent class analysis. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 69:417-423. [PMID: 31563139 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular-based tools sometimes are the only laboratory techniques available to detect a recently discovered agent, and their validation without the existence of previously described 'gold standard' methods poses a challenge for the diagnosticians. A good example within this scenario is the recently described porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) in the swine population worldwide, from which only few PCR methods have been described. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to estimate the diagnostic accuracy of a direct PCR (dPCR) and a real-time qPCR (qPCR) for detection of PCV-3 in Italian swine population. Bayesian latent class analysis approach was used to rigorously assess their features and applicability in routine diagnostic activity. Data on dPCR and qPCR were available from 116 domestic pigs, which were randomly selected from 55 farms located at different regions in Northern Italy. The sensitivity (Se) estimates of dPCR (94%; posterior credible interval (PCI%) 84-100) and qPCR (96%; PCI% 90-100) were high and similar. The estimated specificity (Sp) of both dPCR and qPCR assays was around 97%. dPCR and qPCR assays showed a high and comparable Se and Sp estimates for the detection of PCV-3 in Italian swine population. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The continuous discovery of new pathogens poses a challenge in the development and evaluation of adequate diagnostic tools. In fact, since molecular-based tools sometimes are the only available laboratory techniques, it is typically difficult to evaluate their diagnostic performances in the absence of a gold standard. The present study assesses this issue, demonstrating the excellent performances of two PCR-based assays for porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) detection using a Bayesian latent class analysis approach. Therefore, the molecular tests evaluated under this study constitute reliable tools for the routine diagnosis and surveillance programs of PCV-3 circulating in swine populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Franzo
- Departament of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - J Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - F Klaumann
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, UFRPE, Recife, Brazil
| | - M Legnardi
- Departament of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - M M Mweu
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Y S Mahmmod
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Infectious Diseases, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, Egypt
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45
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Saporiti V, Cruz TF, Correa-Fiz F, Núñez JI, Sibila M, Segalés J. Similar frequency of Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) detection in serum samples of pigs affected by digestive or respiratory disorders and age-matched clinically healthy pigs. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:199-205. [PMID: 31483952 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) has been identified in pigs affected by different disease conditions, although its pathogenicity remains unclear. The objective of the present study was to assess the frequency of PCV-3 infection in serum samples from animals suffering from post-weaning respiratory or digestive disorders as well as in healthy animals. A total of 315 swine serum samples were analysed for PCV-3 DNA detection by conventional PCR; positive samples were further assayed with a quantitative PCR and partially sequenced. Sera were obtained from 4 week- to 4 month-old pigs clinically diagnosed with respiratory (n = 129) or digestive (n = 126) disorders. Serum samples of age-matched healthy animals (n = 60) served as negative control. Pigs with clinical respiratory signs had a wide variety of pulmonary lesions including suppurative bronchopneumonia, interstitial pneumonia, fibrinous-necrotizing pneumonia and/or pleuritis. Animals with enteric signs displayed histopathological findings like villus atrophy and fusion, catarrhal enteritis and/or catarrhal colitis. Overall, PCV-3 DNA was detected in 19 out of 315 analysed samples (6.0%). Among the diseased animals, PCV-3 was found in 6.2% (8 out of 129) and 5.6% (7 out of 126) of pigs with respiratory and digestive disorders, respectively. The frequency of PCV-3 PCR positive samples among healthy pigs was 6.7% (4 out of 60). No apparent association was observed between PCR positive cases and any type of histopathological lesion. The phylogenetic analysis of the partial genome sequences obtained showed high identity among viruses from the three groups of animals studied. In conclusion, PCV-3 was present in the serum of diseased and healthy pigs to similar percentages, suggesting that this virus does not seem to be causally associated with respiratory or enteric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Saporiti
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Taís F Cruz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Florencia Correa-Fiz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose I Núñez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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46
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Klaumann F, Correa-Fiz F, Sibila M, Núñez JI, Segalés J. Infection dynamics of porcine circovirus type 3 in longitudinally sampled pigs from four Spanish farms. Vet Rec 2019; 184:619. [PMID: 31040218 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV-3) is a recently discovered virus in domestic pigs and wild boar. The virus has been described in pigs with different clinical/pathological presentations and healthy animals, but the dynamics of infection is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to longitudinally monitor PCV-3 infection in 152 pigs from four different healthy farms (A, B, C and D) by means of PCR in serum. The selected animals were sampled five (farm A) or six (farms B-D) times from weaning until the end of the fattening period. PCV-3 genome was found in pigs from all tested ages and farms; few animals had an apparent long-term infection (4-23 weeks). PCV-3 frequency of detection remained fairly uniform along tested ages within farms A and C, but was more variable among sampling times in farms B and D. Eight partial genome sequences were obtained from six different animals. Phylogenetic tree and pairwise distance analysis showed high similarity among sequences and with available genomes from different countries. This is the first study on PCV-3 infection dynamics in longitudinally sampled pigs. Most pigs got infection during their life, although PCV-3 did not appear to be linked with any specific age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francini Klaumann
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brazilia, DF, Brazil.,IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Florencia Correa-Fiz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Núñez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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47
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Franzo G, Grassi L, Tucciarone CM, Drigo M, Martini M, Pasotto D, Mondin A, Menandro ML. A wild circulation: High presence of Porcine circovirus 3 in different mammalian wild hosts and ticks. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1548-1557. [PMID: 30901142 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) has emerged as a potential threat for swine industry, being consistently reported in the presence of several clinical signs all around the world. Recently, its presence in wild boar has been demonstrated at high prevalence. This evidence is surprising since the lower density of wild populations might not be expected to sustain such efficient viral transmission. Porcine circoviruses were proven to exhibit a certain plasticity in the host tropism and were detected in unrelated species, like mice, dogs and ruminants. However, if this scenario applies also to wild animals remains to be established. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the presence of PCV-3 in wild ungulates other than wild boar and in related hematophagous ectoparasites. One hundred and nine animals were sampled from different hilly and mountain areas of Friuli Venezia Giulia, including 9 chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), 17 red deer (Cervus elaphus), 4 mouflons (Ovis musimon), 50 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and 29 wild boars (Sus scrofa). Additionally, host-matched ectoparasites were collected when present. Porcine circovirus 3 was diagnosed using molecular techniques and sequencing. This study results confirmed the high PCV-3 occurrence in wild boar and reported for the first time its presence, at low prevalence, in chamois and roe deer. Moreover, two ticks (Ixodes ricinus), one of which non-engorged, collected from PCV-3 negative roe deer, tested PCV-3 positive. The genetic characterization of some of the strains collected from non-swine hosts allowed to prove that, albeit clearly part of PCV-3 species, they were genetically unique, demonstrating the absence of among-samples contamination and thus confirming the actual presence of PCV-3 genome in these new hosts. Therefore, this study highlights an unexpected broad PCV-3 distribution and circulation in the wild, rising further questions on porcine circoviruses infectious cycle, epidemiology and origin, which will deserve additional investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Laura Grassi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Claudia Maria Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Michele Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Marco Martini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Daniela Pasotto
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mondin
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Menandro
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), University of Padua, Legnaro, Italy
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48
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Saraiva GL, Vidigal PMP, Assao VS, Fajardo MLM, Loreto ANS, Fietto JLR, Bressan GC, Lobato ZIP, Almeida MRD, Silva-Júnior A. Retrospective Detection and Genetic Characterization of Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) Strains Identified between 2006 and 2007 in Brazil. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030201. [PMID: 30818809 PMCID: PMC6466443 DOI: 10.3390/v11030201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is an emerging virus that was first identified in the United States in 2016. Since its first detection, PCV3 has already been found in America, Asia, and Europe. Although PCV3 has already been described in Brazil, knowledge of its detection and sequence variation before 2016 is limited, as well as its distribution in the main swine producing regions of Brazil. In this study, 67 porcine clinical samples collected from nine states in Brazil between 2006 and 2007 were analyzed for PCV3 infection by PCR. Results showed that 47.8% of the samples were PCV3 positive, across all nine states. Of the PCV3-positive samples, 37.5% were also positive for PCV2. Interestingly, no clinical signs were associated with samples that were detected singularly with PCV3 infection. Moreover, the positive PCV3 rate in healthy pigs was higher (29.8%) than that found in unhealthy pigs (17.9%), suggesting that most pigs could live with PCV3 infection without any clinical sign in the analyzed samples. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that PCV3 strains obtained in this study shared 94.44% to 99.83% sequence identity at the open reading frame 2 (ORF2) gene level with available strains from different countries. PCV3 Brazilian sequences collected in 2006 and 2007 shared 97.94% to 99.62% identity with the strains obtained in 2016. The results of neutrality and selective pressure tests indicated that the PCV3 Cap protein seems unable to tolerate high levels of variation on its sequence. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the Brazilian strains in PCV3a and PCV3b genotypes clusters, both including strains collected in America, Asia, and Europe. Taking the results together, multiple events of introduction of PCV3 may have occurred in Brazil, and Brazilian PCV3 strains may show genetic stability over the past 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Loreto Saraiva
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Pedro Marcus Pereira Vidigal
- Núcleo de Análise de Biomoléculas (NuBioMol), Centro de Ciências Biológicas (CCB), Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Viviane Sisdelli Assao
- Laboratório de Imunobiológicos e Virologia Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Murilo Leone Miranda Fajardo
- Laboratório de Imunobiológicos e Virologia Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Alerrandra Nunes Saraiva Loreto
- Laboratório de Imunobiológicos e Virologia Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Lopes Rangel Fietto
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Costa Bressan
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Zélia Inês Portela Lobato
- Escola de Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Márcia Rogéria de Almeida
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Abelardo Silva-Júnior
- Laboratório de Infectologia Molecular Animal, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Imunobiológicos e Virologia Animal, Departamento de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
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Vargas-Bermudez DS, Campos FS, Bonil L, Mogollon D, Jaime J. First detection of porcine circovirus type 3 in Colombia and the complete genome sequence demonstrates the circulation of PCV3a1 and PCV3a2. Vet Med Sci 2019; 5:182-188. [PMID: 30741489 PMCID: PMC6498525 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) was recently discovered and is a new species of the genus circovirus. Clinically, it is associated with absence of symptoms or with different clinical syndromes. It has been reported in different countries of America, Europe and Asia. Last year, in Colombia, some farms have reported symptoms similar to those caused by PCV2. Samples were taken from two farms located in the centre of the country, and the presence of PCV3 was determined by PCR in two samples, one from a pool of sera and another from mesenteric lymph node. The strains were fully sequenced (GenBank accession numbers MH327784 and MH327785) and classified into subgroups a1 and a2. According to this classification and its analysis, strain a2 is located within the group called “Linker” that may be evolving towards group “b”. In addition to the above, the two Colombian strains were compared with 104 strains reported in the GenBank database. The phylogenetic tree obtained grouped according to the classification of subgroups a1, a2, b1 and b2. It was found that subgroups a1 and a2 were well grouped when comparing whole genomes, but the same was not observed with the strains of group “b”. In the latter, no subgroups were evidenced when comparing complete genomes. It is suggested that a new classification of PCV3 subgroups should be proposed, based on whole genome sequences. This is the first report of PCV3 in Colombia and its complete genome sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S Vargas-Bermudez
- Departamento de Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | - Fabricio S Campos
- Laboratório de Bioinformática & Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Campus de Gurupi, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brasil
| | - Laura Bonil
- Departamento de Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | - Darío Mogollon
- Departamento de Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | - Jairo Jaime
- Departamento de Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
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50
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Franzo G, Kekarainen T, Llorens A, Correa-Fiz F, Segalés J. Exploratory metagenomic analyses of periweaning failure-to-thrive syndrome-affected pigs. Vet Rec 2019; 184:25. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.105125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS); University of Padua; Legnaro Italy
| | | | - Anna Llorens
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - Florencia Correa-Fiz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB; Bellaterra Spain
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