1
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Chocano-Coralla EJ, Vidali L. Myosin XI, a model of its conserved role in plant cell tip growth. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:505-515. [PMID: 38629612 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, organelle and vesicle transport, positioning, and interactions play crucial roles in cytoplasmic organization and function. These processes are governed by intracellular trafficking mechanisms. At the core of that trafficking, the cytoskeleton and directional transport by motor proteins stand out as its key regulators. Plant cell tip growth is a well-studied example of cytoplasm organization by polarization. This polarization, essential for the cell's function, is driven by the cytoskeleton and its associated motors. This review will focus on myosin XI, a molecular motor critical for vesicle trafficking and polarized plant cell growth. We will center our discussion on recent data from the moss Physcomitrium patens and the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. The biochemical properties and structure of myosin XI in various plant species are discussed, highlighting functional conservation across species. We further explore this conservation of myosin XI function in the process of vesicle transport in tip-growing cells. Existing evidence indicates that myosin XI actively organizes actin filaments in tip-growing cells by a mechanism based on vesicle clustering at their tips. A hypothetical model is presented to explain the essential function of myosin XI in polarized plant cell growth based on vesicle clustering at the tip. The review also provides insight into the in vivo localization and dynamics of myosin XI, emphasizing its role in cytosolic calcium regulation, which influences the polymerization of F-actin. Lastly, we touch upon the need for additional research to elucidate the regulation of myosin function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Vidali
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, U.S.A
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2
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Zhang R, Xu Y, Yi R, Shen J, Huang S. Actin cytoskeleton in the control of vesicle transport, cytoplasmic organization, and pollen tube tip growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:9-25. [PMID: 37002825 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tubes extend rapidly via tip growth. This process depends on a dynamic actin cytoskeleton, which has been implicated in controlling organelle movements, cytoplasmic streaming, vesicle trafficking, and cytoplasm organization in pollen tubes. In this update review, we describe the progress in understanding the organization and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and the function of the actin cytoskeleton in controlling vesicle traffic and cytoplasmic organization in pollen tubes. We also discuss the interplay between ion gradients and the actin cytoskeleton that regulates the spatial arrangement and dynamics of actin filaments and the organization of the cytoplasm in pollen tubes. Finally, we describe several signaling components that regulate actin dynamics in pollen tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihui Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanan Xu
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ran Yi
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiangfeng Shen
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shanjin Huang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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3
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Uyehara AN, Rasmussen CG. Redundant mechanisms in division plane positioning. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151308. [PMID: 36921356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Redundancies in plant cell division contribute to the maintenance of proper division plane orientation. Here we highlight three types of redundancy: 1) Temporal redundancy, or correction of earlier defects that results in proper final positioning, 2) Genetic redundancy, or functional compensation by homologous genes, and 3) Synthetic redundancy, or redundancy within or between pathways that contribute to proper division plane orientation. Understanding the types of redundant mechanisms involved provides insight into current models of division plane orientation and opens up new avenues for exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee N Uyehara
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, USA
| | - Carolyn G Rasmussen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, USA.
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4
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Galotto G, Wisanpitayakorn P, Bibeau JP, Liu YC, Furt F, Pierce EC, Simpson PJ, Tüzel E, Vidali L. Myosin XI drives polarized growth by vesicle focusing and local enrichment of F-actin in Physcomitrium patens. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2509-2529. [PMID: 34890463 PMCID: PMC8932395 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In tip-growing plant cells, growth results from myosin XI and F-actin-mediated deposition of cell wall polysaccharides contained in secretory vesicles. Previous evidence showed that myosin XI anticipates F-actin accumulation at the cell's tip, suggesting a mechanism where vesicle clustering via myosin XI increases F-actin polymerization. To evaluate this model, we used a conditional loss-of-function strategy by generating moss (Physcomitrium patens) plants harboring a myosin XI temperature-sensitive allele. We found that loss of myosin XI function alters tip cell morphology, vacuolar homeostasis, and cell viability but not following F-actin depolymerization. Importantly, our conditional loss-of-function analysis shows that myosin XI focuses and directs vesicles at the tip of the cell, which induces formin-dependent F-actin polymerization, increasing F-actin's local concentration. Our findings support the role of myosin XI in vesicle focusing, possibly via clustering and F-actin organization, necessary for tip growth, and deepen our understanding of additional myosin XI functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Galotto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey P Bibeau
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
| | - Yen-Chun Liu
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
| | - Fabienne Furt
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
| | - Ellen C Pierce
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
| | - Parker J Simpson
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
| | - Erkan Tüzel
- Bioengineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - Luis Vidali
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609, USA
- Author for communication:
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5
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Bibeau JP, Galotto G, Wu M, Tüzel E, Vidali L. Quantitative cell biology of tip growth in moss. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:227-244. [PMID: 33825083 PMCID: PMC8492783 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Here we review, from a quantitative point of view, the cell biology of protonemal tip growth in the model moss Physcomitrium patens. We focus on the role of the cytoskeleton, vesicle trafficking, and cell wall mechanics, including reviewing some of the existing mathematical models of tip growth. We provide a primer for existing cell biological tools that can be applied to the future study of tip growth in moss. Polarized cell growth is a ubiquitous process throughout the plant kingdom in which the cell elongates in a self-similar manner. This process is important for nutrient uptake by root hairs, fertilization by pollen, and gametophyte development by the protonemata of bryophytes and ferns. In this review, we will focus on the tip growth of moss cells, emphasizing the role of cytoskeletal organization, cytoplasmic zonation, vesicle trafficking, cell wall composition, and dynamics. We compare some of the existing knowledge on tip growth in protonemata against what is known in pollen tubes and root hairs, which are better-studied tip growing cells. To fully understand how plant cells grow requires that we deepen our knowledge in a variety of forms of plant cell growth. We focus this review on the model plant Physcomitrium patens, which uses tip growth as the dominant form of growth at its protonemal stage. Because mosses and vascular plants shared a common ancestor more than 450 million years ago, we anticipate that both similarities and differences between tip growing plant cells will provide mechanistic information of tip growth as well as of plant cell growth in general. Towards this mechanistic understanding, we will also review some of the existing mathematical models of plant tip growth and their applicability to investigate protonemal morphogenesis. We attempt to integrate the conclusions and data across cell biology and physical modeling to our current state of knowledge of polarized cell growth in P. patens and highlight future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Bibeau
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Giulia Galotto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Erkan Tüzel
- Bioengineering Department, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luis Vidali
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA.
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6
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Tian X, Wang X, Li Y. Myosin XI-B is involved in the transport of vesicles and organelles in pollen tubes of Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:1145-1161. [PMID: 34559914 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The movement of organelles and vesicles in pollen tubes depends on F-actin. However, the molecular mechanism through which plant myosin XI drives the movement of organelles is still controversial, and the relationship between myosin XI and vesicle movement in pollen tubes is also unclear. In this study, we found that the siliques of the myosin xi-b/e mutant were obviously shorter than those of the wild-type (WT) and that the seed set of the mutant was severely deficient. The pollen tube growth of myosin xi-b/e was significantly inhibited both in vitro and in vivo. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching showed that the velocity of vesicle movement in the pollen tube tip of the myosin xi-b/e mutant was lower than that of the WT. It was also found that peroxisome movement was significantly inhibited in the pollen tubes of the myosin xi-b/e mutant, while the velocities of the Golgi stack and mitochondrial movement decreased relatively less in the pollen tubes of the mutant. The endoplasmic reticulum streaming in the pollen tube shanks was not significantly different between the WT and the myosin xi-b/e mutant. In addition, we found that myosin XI-B-GFP colocalized obviously with vesicles and peroxisomes in the pollen tubes of Arabidopsis. Taken together, these results indicate that myosin XI-B may bind mainly to vesicles and peroxisomes, and drive their movement in pollen tubes. These results also suggest that the mechanism by which myosin XI drives organelle movement in plant cells may be evolutionarily conserved compared with other eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xingjuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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7
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Li Y, Deng Z, Kamisugi Y, Chen Z, Wang J, Han X, Wei Y, He H, Terzaghi W, Cove DJ, Cuming AC, Chen H. A minus-end directed kinesin motor directs gravitropism in Physcomitrella patens. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4470. [PMID: 34294690 PMCID: PMC8298521 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gravity is a critical environmental factor regulating directional growth and morphogenesis in plants, and gravitropism is the process by which plants perceive and respond to the gravity vector. The cytoskeleton is proposed to play important roles in gravitropism, but the underlying mechanisms are obscure. Here we use genetic screening in Physcomitrella patens, to identify a locus GTRC, that when mutated, reverses the direction of protonemal gravitropism. GTRC encodes a processive minus-end-directed KCHb kinesin, and its N-terminal, C-terminal and motor domains are all essential for transducing the gravity signal. Chimeric analysis between GTRC/KCHb and KCHa reveal a unique role for the N-terminus of GTRC in gravitropism. Further study shows that gravity-triggered normal asymmetric distribution of actin filaments in the tip of protonema is dependent on GTRC. Thus, our work identifies a microtubule-based cellular motor that determines the direction of plant gravitropism via mediating the asymmetric distribution of actin filaments. Gravitropism is the process by which plants perceive and respond to gravity. Here the authors identify a minus-end-directed kinesin required for gravity-triggered actin filament rearrangement and negative gravitropic response in the moss Physcomitrella patens, thus linking a microtubule-based cellular motor to gravitropism via actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoguo Deng
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Zhiren Chen
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Han
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxiao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hang He
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - David J Cove
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Haodong Chen
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. .,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China.
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8
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Orr RG, Furt F, Warner EL, Agar EM, Garbarino JM, Cabral SE, Dubuke ML, Butt AM, Munson M, Vidali L. Rab-E and its interaction with myosin XI are essential for polarised cell growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1924-1936. [PMID: 33098085 PMCID: PMC8168425 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental process of polarised exocytosis requires the interconnected activity of molecular motors trafficking vesicular cargo within a dynamic cytoskeletal network. In plants, few mechanistic details are known about how molecular motors, such as myosin XI, associate with their secretory cargo to support the ubiquitous processes of polarised growth and cell division. Live-cell imaging coupled with targeted gene knockouts and a high-throughput RNAi assay enabled the first characterisation of the loss of Rab-E function. Yeast two-hybrid and subsequent in silico structural prediction uncovered a specific interaction between Rab-E and myosin XI that is conserved between P. patens and A. thaliana. Rab-E co-localises with myosin XI at sites of active exocytosis, and at the growing tip both proteins are spatiotemporally coupled. Rab-E is required for normal plant growth in P. patens and the rab-E and myosin XI phenotypes are rescued by A. thaliana's Rab-E1c and myosin XI-K/E, respectively. Both PpMyoXI and AtMyoXI-K interact with PpRabE14, and the interaction is specifically mediated by PpMyoXI residue V1422. This interaction is required for polarised growth. Our results suggest that the interaction of Rab-E and myosin XI is a conserved feature of polarised growth in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Orr
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Fabienne Furt
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Erin L Warner
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Erin M Agar
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Jennifer M Garbarino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Sarah E Cabral
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Michelle L Dubuke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Allison M Butt
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Mary Munson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Luis Vidali
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
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9
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Duan Z, Tanaka M, Kanazawa T, Haraguchi T, Takyu A, Era A, Ueda T, Ito K, Tominaga M. Characterization of ancestral myosin XI from Marchantia polymorpha by heterologous expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:460-473. [PMID: 32717107 PMCID: PMC7689712 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed duplications and diversification of myosin XI genes between angiosperms and bryophytes; however, the functional differentiation and conservation of myosin XI between them remain unclear. Here, we identified a single myosin XI gene from the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha (Mp). The molecular properties of Mp myosin XI are similar to those of Arabidopsis myosin XIs responsible for cytoplasmic streaming, suggesting that the motor function of myosin XI is able to generate cytoplasmic streaming. In cultured Arabidopsis cells, transiently expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fused Mp myosin XI was observed as some intracellular structures moving along the F-actin. These intracellular structures were co-localized with motile endoplasmic reticulum (ER) strands, suggesting that Mp myosin XI binds to the ER and generates intracellular transport in Arabidopsis cells. The tail domain of Mp myosin XI was co-localized with that of Arabidopsis myosin XI-2 and XI-K, suggesting that all these myosin XIs bind to common cargoes. Furthermore, expression of GFP-fused Mp myosin XI rescued the defects of growth, cytoplasmic streaming and actin organization in Arabidopsis multiple myosin XI knockout mutants. The heterologous expression experiments demonstrated the cellular and physiological competence of Mp myosin XI in Arabidopsis. However, the average velocity of organelle transport in Marchantia rhizoids was 0.04 ± 0.01 μm s-1 , which is approximately one-hundredth of that in Arabidopsis cells. Taken together, our results suggest that the molecular properties of myosin XI are conserved, but myosin XI-driven intracellular transport in vivo would be differentiated from bryophytes to angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongrui Duan
- Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and SciencesWaseda University2‐2 Wakamatsu‐cho, Shinjuku‐kuTokyo162‐8480Japan
| | - Misato Tanaka
- Graduate School of Science and EngineeringWaseda University2‐2 Wakamatsu‐cho, Shinjuku‐kuTokyo162‐8480Japan
| | - Takehiko Kanazawa
- Division of Cellular DynamicsNational Institute for Basic BiologyNishigonaka 38, MyodaijiOkazakiAichi444‐8585Japan
- Department of Basic BiologySOKENDAINishigonaka 38, MyodaijiOkazakiAichi444‐8585Japan
| | - Takeshi Haraguchi
- Department of BiologyGraduate School of ScienceChiba UniversityInage‐kuChiba263‐8522Japan
| | - Akiko Takyu
- Department of BiologyGraduate School of ScienceChiba UniversityInage‐kuChiba263‐8522Japan
| | - Atsuko Era
- Department of Biological SciencesGraduate School of ScienceThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyo113‐0033Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Division of Cellular DynamicsNational Institute for Basic BiologyNishigonaka 38, MyodaijiOkazakiAichi444‐8585Japan
- Department of Basic BiologySOKENDAINishigonaka 38, MyodaijiOkazakiAichi444‐8585Japan
| | - Kohji Ito
- Department of BiologyGraduate School of ScienceChiba UniversityInage‐kuChiba263‐8522Japan
| | - Motoki Tominaga
- Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and SciencesWaseda University2‐2 Wakamatsu‐cho, Shinjuku‐kuTokyo162‐8480Japan
- Graduate School of Science and EngineeringWaseda University2‐2 Wakamatsu‐cho, Shinjuku‐kuTokyo162‐8480Japan
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10
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Galotto G, Abreu I, Sherman C, Liu B, Gonzalez-Guerrero M, Vidali L. Chitin Triggers Calcium-Mediated Immune Response in the Plant Model Physcomitrella patens. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:911-920. [PMID: 32240064 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-20-0064-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A characteristic feature of a plant immune response is the increase of the cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) concentration following infection, which results in the downstream activation of immune response regulators. The bryophyte Physcomitrella patens has been shown to mount an immune response when exposed to bacteria, fungi, or chitin elicitation, in a manner similar to the one observed in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nevertheless, whether the response of P. patens to microorganism exposure is Ca2+ mediated is currently unknown. Here, we show that P. patens plants treated with chitin oligosaccharides exhibit Ca2+ oscillations, and that a calcium ionophore can stimulate the expression of defense-related genes. Treatment with chitin oligosaccharides also results in an inhibition of growth, which can be explained by the depolymerization of the apical actin cytoskeleton of tip growing cells. These results suggest that chitin-triggered calcium oscillations are conserved and were likely present in the common ancestor of bryophytes and vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Galotto
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, U.S.A
| | - Isidro Abreu
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catherine Sherman
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, U.S.A
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, U.S.A
| | - Boyuan Liu
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, U.S.A
| | - Manuel Gonzalez-Guerrero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biotechnology-Plant Biology, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Vidali
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, U.S.A
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, U.S.A
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11
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Mousavi SI, Pearce KM, Scarlata S, Tüzel E. Re-track: Software to analyze the retraction and protrusion velocities of neurites, filopodia and other structures. Anal Biochem 2020; 596:113626. [PMID: 32081618 PMCID: PMC9195366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have developed new software, Re-track, that will quantify the rates of retraction and protrusion of structures emanating from the central core of a cell, such as neurites or filopodia. Re-Track, uses time-lapse images of cells in TIFF format and calculates the velocity of retraction or protrusion of a selected structure. The software uses a flexible moving boundary and has the ability to correct this boundary throughout analysis. Re-Track is fast, platform independent, and user friendly, and it can be used to follow biological events such as changes in neuronal connections, tip-growing cells such as moss, adaptive migration of cells, and similar behavior in non-biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Iman Mousavi
- Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Katherine M Pearce
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Suzanne Scarlata
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA.
| | - Erkan Tüzel
- Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA.
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12
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Bibeau JP, Furt F, Mousavi SI, Kingsley JL, Levine MF, Tüzel E, Vidali L. In vivo interactions between myosin XI, vesicles and filamentous actin are fast and transient in Physcomitrella patens. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.234682. [PMID: 31964706 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.234682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton and active membrane trafficking machinery are essential for polarized cell growth. To understand the interactions between myosin XI, vesicles and actin filaments in vivo, we performed fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and showed that the dynamics of myosin XIa at the tip of the spreading earthmoss Physcomitrella patens caulonemal cells are actin-dependent and that 50% of myosin XI is bound to vesicles. To obtain single-particle information, we used variable-angle epifluorescence microscopy in protoplasts to demonstrate that protein myosin XIa and VAMP72-labeled vesicles localize in time and space over periods lasting only a few seconds. By tracking data with Hidden Markov modeling, we showed that myosin XIa and VAMP72-labeled vesicles exhibit short runs of actin-dependent directed transport. We also found that the interaction of myosin XI with vesicles is short-lived. Together, this vesicle-bound fraction, fast off-rate and short average distance traveled seem be crucial for the dynamic oscillations observed at the tip, and might be vital for regulation and recycling of the exocytosis machinery, while simultaneously promoting vesicle focusing and vesicle secretion at the tip, necessary for cell wall expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Bibeau
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Fabienne Furt
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - S Iman Mousavi
- Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - James L Kingsley
- Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Max F Levine
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Erkan Tüzel
- Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA.,Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA.,Bioengineering Department, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Luis Vidali
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA .,Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
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13
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van Gisbergen P, Wu SZ, Cheng X, Pattavina KA, Bezanilla M. In vivo analysis of formin dynamics in the moss P. patens reveals functional class diversification. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs233791. [PMID: 31969472 PMCID: PMC10679510 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.233791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Formins are actin regulators critical for diverse processes across eukaryotes. With many formins in plants and animals, it has been challenging to determine formin function in vivo We found that the phylogenetically distinct class I integral membrane formins (denoted For1) from the moss P.patens enrich at sites of membrane turnover, with For1D more tightly associated with the plasma membrane than For1A. To probe formin function, we generated formin-null lines with greatly reduced formin complexity. We found that For1A and For1D help to anchor actin near the cell apex, with For1A contributing to formation of cytosolic actin, while For1D contributes to plasma membrane-associated actin. At the cortex, For1A and For1D localized to motile puncta and differentially impacted actin dynamics. We found that class I cortical formin mobility depended on microtubules and only moderately on actin, whereas class II formin (denoted For2) mobility solely depended on actin. Moreover, cortical For2A tightly correlated with the puncta labeled by the endocytic membrane dye FM4-64, and null mutants in class I formins did not affect uptake of a similar dye, FM1-43, suggesting that class I and II formins are involved in distinct membrane trafficking pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter van Gisbergen
- Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Shu-Zon Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Xiaohang Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Kelli A Pattavina
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Magdalena Bezanilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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14
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Orr RG, Cheng X, Vidali L, Bezanilla M. Orchestrating cell morphology from the inside out - using polarized cell expansion in plants as a model. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 62:46-53. [PMID: 31546159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular organization forms the basis of changes in the extracellular matrix. In walled cells, these changes are essential for morphogenesis and growth. The highly polarized cells of mosses and liverworts together with root hairs and pollen tubes are geometrically simple cells that develop in the absence of complex tissue-scale signaling, providing an excellent model to study cell polarity. Recent advances present a unifying theme where the cytoskeleton and its associated motors work in coordination with vesicle trafficking. This coordination results in a recycling system near the cell tip, where endocytosed molecules are sorted and combined with exocytic cargo driving growth. Interestingly, functional similarities between filamentous fungi and plants promise to advance our understanding of cell polarization and growth across kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Orr
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester MA, 01609, United States
| | - Xiaohang Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States
| | - Luis Vidali
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester MA, 01609, United States
| | - Magdalena Bezanilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, United States.
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15
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Abstract
Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) is an important tool used by cell biologists to study the diffusion and binding kinetics of vesicles, proteins, and other molecules in the cytoplasm, nucleus, or cell membrane. Although many FRAP models have been developed over the past decades, the influence of the complex boundaries of 3D cellular geometries on the recovery curves, in conjunction with regions of interest and optical effects (imaging, photobleaching, photoswitching, and scanning), has not been well studied. Here, we developed a 3D computational model of the FRAP process that incorporates particle diffusion, cell boundary effects, and the optical properties of the scanning confocal microscope, and validated this model using the tip-growing cells of Physcomitrella patens. We then show how these cell boundary and optical effects confound the interpretation of FRAP recovery curves, including the number of dynamic states of a given fluorophore, in a wide range of cellular geometries-both in two and three dimensions-namely nuclei, filopodia, and lamellipodia of mammalian cells, and in cell types such as the budding yeast, Saccharomyces pombe, and tip-growing plant cells. We explored the performance of existing analytical and algorithmic FRAP models in these various cellular geometries, and determined that the VCell VirtualFRAP tool provides the best accuracy to measure diffusion coefficients. Our computational model is not limited only to these cells types, but can easily be extended to other cellular geometries via the graphical Java-based application we also provide. This particle-based simulation-called the Digital Confocal Microscopy Suite or DCMS-can also perform fluorescence dynamics assays, such as number and brightness, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, and raster image correlation spectroscopy, and could help shape the way these techniques are interpreted.
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16
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Li J, Kim T, Szymanski DB. Multi-scale regulation of cell branching: Modeling morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2018; 451:40-52. [PMID: 30529250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and development are driven by extended phases of irreversible cell expansion generating cells that increase in volume from 10- to 100-fold. Some specialized cell types define cortical sites that reinitiate polarized growth and generate branched cell morphology. This structural specialization of individual cells has a major importance for plant adaptation to diverse environments and practical importance in agricultural contexts. The patterns of cell shape are defined by highly integrated cytoskeletal and cell wall systems. Microtubules and actin filaments locally define the material properties of a tough outer cell wall to generate complex shapes. Forward genetics, powerful live cell imaging experiments, and computational modeling have provided insights into understanding of mechanisms of cell shape control. In particular, finite element modeling of the cell wall provides a new way to discover which cell wall heterogeneities generate complex cell shapes, and how cell shape and cell wall stress can feedback on the cytoskeleton to maintain growth patterns. This review focuses on cytoskeleton-dependent cell wall patterning during cell branching, and how combinations of multi-scale imaging experiments and computational modeling are being used to unravel systems-level control of morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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17
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Wu SZ, Yamada M, Mallett DR, Bezanilla M. Cytoskeletal discoveries in the plant lineage using the moss Physcomitrella patens. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1683-1693. [PMID: 30382556 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0470-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in cell biology have been largely driven by pioneering work in model systems, the majority of which are from one major eukaryotic lineage, the opisthokonts. However, with the explosion of genomic information in many lineages, it has become clear that eukaryotes have incredible diversity in many cellular systems, including the cytoskeleton. By identifying model systems in diverse lineages, it may be possible to begin to understand the evolutionary origins of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. Within the plant lineage, cell biological studies in the model moss, Physcomitrella patens, have over the past decade provided key insights into how the cytoskeleton drives cell and tissue morphology. Here, we review P. patens attributes that make it such a rich resource for cytoskeletal cell biological inquiry and highlight recent key findings with regard to intracellular transport, microtubule-actin interactions, and gene discovery that promises for many years to provide new cytoskeletal players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Zon Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Moe Yamada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Darren R Mallett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Magdalena Bezanilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 78 College Street, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
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18
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Wu SZ, Bezanilla M. Actin and microtubule cross talk mediates persistent polarized growth. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3531-3544. [PMID: 30061106 PMCID: PMC6168251 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201802039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
How the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons work together during diverse cellular functions is unclear. Wu et al. describe an apical actin pool in plant cells organized by a microtubule template at the site of polarized growth. Disconnecting the two cytoskeletons by removing class VIII myosins alters both cytoskeletal structures and impairs polarized growth. Coordination between actin and microtubules is important for numerous cellular processes in diverse eukaryotes. In plants, tip-growing cells require actin for cell expansion and microtubules for orientation of cell expansion, but how the two cytoskeletons are linked is an open question. In tip-growing cells of the moss Physcomitrella patens, we show that an actin cluster near the cell apex dictates the direction of rapid cell expansion. Formation of this structure depends on the convergence of microtubules near the cell tip. We discovered that microtubule convergence requires class VIII myosin function, and actin is necessary for myosin VIII–mediated focusing of microtubules. The loss of myosin VIII function affects both networks, indicating functional connections among the three cytoskeletal components. Our data suggest that microtubules direct localization of formins, actin nucleation factors, that generate actin filaments further focusing microtubules, thereby establishing a positive feedback loop ensuring that actin polymerization and cell expansion occur at a defined site resulting in persistent polarized growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Zon Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
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19
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Nebenführ A, Dixit R. Kinesins and Myosins: Molecular Motors that Coordinate Cellular Functions in Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 69:329-361. [PMID: 29489391 PMCID: PMC6653565 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Kinesins and myosins are motor proteins that can move actively along microtubules and actin filaments, respectively. Plants have evolved a unique set of motors that function as regulators and organizers of the cytoskeleton and as drivers of long-distance transport of various cellular components. Recent progress has established the full complement of motors encoded in plant genomes and has revealed valuable insights into the cellular functions of many kinesin and myosin isoforms. Interestingly, several of the motors were found to functionally connect the two cytoskeletal systems and thereby to coordinate their activities. In this review, we discuss the available genetic, cell biological, and biochemical data for each of the plant kinesin and myosin families from the context of their subcellular mechanism of action as well as their physiological function in the whole plant. We particularly emphasize work that illustrates mechanisms by which kinesins and myosins coordinate the activities of the cytoskeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Nebenführ
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-0840, USA;
| | - Ram Dixit
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, USA;
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20
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Simultaneous imaging and functional studies reveal a tight correlation between calcium and actin networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E2869-E2878. [PMID: 29507239 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711037115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tip-growing cells elongate in a highly polarized manner via focused secretion of flexible cell-wall material. Calcium has been implicated as a vital factor in regulating the deposition of cell-wall material. However, deciphering the molecular and mechanistic calcium targets in vivo has remained challenging. Here, we investigated intracellular calcium dynamics in the moss Physcomitrella patens, which provides a system with an abundant source of genetically identical tip-growing cells, excellent cytology, and a large molecular genetic tool kit. To visualize calcium we used a genetically encoded cytosolic FRET probe, revealing a fluctuating tipward gradient with a complex oscillatory profile. Wavelet analysis coupled with a signal-sifting algorithm enabled the quantitative comparison of the calcium behavior in cells where growth was inhibited mechanically, pharmacologically, or genetically. We found that cells with suppressed growth have calcium oscillatory profiles with longer frequencies, suggesting that there is a feedback between the calcium gradient and growth. To investigate the mechanistic basis for this feedback we simultaneously imaged cytosolic calcium and actin, which has been shown to be essential for tip growth. We found that high cytosolic calcium promotes disassembly of a tip-focused actin spot, while low calcium promotes assembly. In support of this, abolishing the calcium gradient resulted in dramatic actin accumulation at the tip. Together these data demonstrate that tipward calcium is quantitatively linked to actin accumulation in vivo and that the moss P. patens provides a powerful system to uncover mechanistic links between calcium, actin, and growth.
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21
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Direct observation of the effects of cellulose synthesis inhibitors using live cell imaging of Cellulose Synthase (CESA) in Physcomitrella patens. Sci Rep 2018; 8:735. [PMID: 29335590 PMCID: PMC5768717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18994-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Results from live cell imaging of fluorescently tagged Cellulose Synthase (CESA) proteins in Cellulose Synthesis Complexes (CSCs) have enhanced our understanding of cellulose biosynthesis, including the mechanisms of action of cellulose synthesis inhibitors. However, this method has been applied only in Arabidopsis thaliana and Brachypodium distachyon thus far. Results from freeze fracture electron microscopy of protonemal filaments of the moss Funaria hygrometrica indicate that a cellulose synthesis inhibitor, 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB), fragments CSCs and clears them from the plasma membrane. This differs from Arabidopsis, in which DCB causes CSC accumulation in the plasma membrane and a different cellulose synthesis inhibitor, isoxaben, clears CSCs from the plasma membrane. In this study, live cell imaging of the moss Physcomitrella patens indicated that DCB and isoxaben have little effect on protonemal growth rates, and that only DCB causes tip rupture. Live cell imaging of mEGFP-PpCESA5 and mEGFP-PpCESA8 showed that DCB and isoxaben substantially reduced CSC movement, but had no measureable effect on CSC density in the plasma membrane. These results suggest that DCB and isoxaben have similar effects on CSC movement in P. patens and Arabidopsis, but have different effects on CSC intracellular trafficking, cell growth and cell integrity in these divergent plant lineages.
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22
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Sun H, Furt F, Vidali L. Myosin XI localizes at the mitotic spindle and along the cell plate during plant cell division in Physcomitrella patens. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 506:409-421. [PMID: 29339158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell division is a fundamental biological process that has been extensively investigated in different systems. Similar to most eukaryotic cells, plant cells assemble a mitotic spindle to separate replicated chromosomes. In contrast, to complete cell division, plant cells assemble a phragmoplast, which is composed of aligned microtubules and actin filaments. This structure helps transport vesicles containing new cell wall material, which then fuse to form the cell plate; the cell plate will expand to create the new dividing cell wall. Because vesicles are known to be transported by myosin motors during interphase, we hypothesized this could also be the case during cell division and we investigated the localization of the plant homologue of myosin V - myosin XI, in cell division. In this work, we used the protonemal cells of the moss Physcomitrella patens as a model, because of its simple cellular morphology and ease to generate transgenic cell lines expressing fluorescent tagged proteins. Using a fluorescent protein fusion of myosin XI, we found that, during mitosis, this molecule appears to associate with the kinetochores immediately after nuclear envelope breakdown. Following metaphase, myosin XI stays associated with the spindle's midzone during the rest of mitosis, and when the phragmoplast is formed, it concentrates at the cell plate. Using an actin polymerization inhibitor, latrunculin B, we found that the association of myosin XI with the mitotic spindle and the phragmoplast are only partially dependent on the presence of filamentous actin. We also showed that myosin XI on the spindle partially overlaps with a v-SNARE vesicle marker but is not co-localized with the endoplasmic reticulum and a RabA vesicle marker. These observations suggest an actin-dependent and an actin-independent behavior of myosin XI during cell division, and provide novel insights to our understanding of the function of myosin XI during plant cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Fabienne Furt
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Luis Vidali
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA.
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23
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Kleist TJ, Cartwright HN, Perera AM, Christianson ML, Lemaux PG, Luan S. Genetically encoded calcium indicators for fluorescence imaging in the moss Physcomitrella: GCaMP3 provides a bright new look. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 15:1235-1237. [PMID: 28658532 PMCID: PMC5595717 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Kleist
- Department of Plant BiologyCarnegie Institution for ScienceStanfordCAUSA
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
| | | | - Adele M. Perera
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
- Department of Environmental SciencePolicy& ManagementUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
| | | | - Peggy G. Lemaux
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyBerkeleyCAUSA
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24
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Abstract
The eukaryotic actin cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic framework that is involved in many biological processes, such as cell growth, division, morphology, and motility. G-actin polymerizes into microfilaments that associate into bundles, patches, and networks, which, in turn, organize into higher order structures that are fundamental for the course of important physiological events. Actin rings are an example for such higher order actin entities, but this term represents an actually diverse set of subcellular structures that are involved in various processes. This review especially sheds light on a crucial type of non-constricting ring-like actin networks, and categorizes them under the term 'actin fringe'. These 'actin fringes' are visualized as highly dynamic and yet steady structures in the tip of various polarized growing cells. The present comprehensive overview compares the actin fringe characteristics of rapidly elongating pollen tubes with several related actin arrays in other cell types of diverse species. The current state of knowledge about various actin fringe functions is summarized, and the key role of this structure in the polar growth process is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavian O H Stephan
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Bavaria 91058, Germany
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25
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Griffing LR, Lin C, Perico C, White RR, Sparkes I. Plant ER geometry and dynamics: biophysical and cytoskeletal control during growth and biotic response. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:43-56. [PMID: 26862751 PMCID: PMC5216105 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0945-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an intricate and dynamic network of membrane tubules and cisternae. In plant cells, the ER 'web' pervades the cortex and endoplasm and is continuous with adjacent cells as it passes through plasmodesmata. It is therefore the largest membranous organelle in plant cells. It performs essential functions including protein and lipid synthesis, and its morphology and movement are linked to cellular function. An emerging trend is that organelles can no longer be seen as discrete membrane-bound compartments, since they can physically interact and 'communicate' with one another. The ER may form a connecting central role in this process. This review tackles our current understanding and quantification of ER dynamics and how these change under a variety of biotic and developmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence R Griffing
- Biology Department, Texas A&M University, 3258 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Congping Lin
- Mathematics Research Institute, Harrison Building, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Chiara Perico
- Biosciences, CLES, Exeter University, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Rd, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Rhiannon R White
- Biosciences, CLES, Exeter University, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Rd, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Imogen Sparkes
- Biosciences, CLES, Exeter University, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Rd, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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26
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Abstract
Recently developed live-cell markers provide an opportunity to explore the dynamics and localization of proteins in maize, an important crop and model for monocot development. A step-by-step method is outlined for observing and analyzing the process of division in maize cells. The steps include plant growth conditions, sample preparation, time-lapse setup, and calculation of division rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn G Rasmussen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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27
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Chang M, Huang S. Arabidopsis ACT11 modifies actin turnover to promote pollen germination and maintain the normal rate of tube growth. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 83:515-527. [PMID: 26096143 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Actin is an ancient conserved protein that is encoded by multiple isovariants in multicellular organisms. There are eight functional actin genes in the Arabidopsis genome, and the precise function and mechanism of action of each isovariant remain poorly understood. Here, we report the characterization of ACT11, a reproductive actin isovariant. Our studies reveal that loss of function of ACT11 causes a delay in pollen germination, but enhances pollen tube growth. Cytological analysis revealed that the amount of filamentous actin decreased, and the rate of actin turnover increased in act11 pollen. Convergence of actin filaments upon the germination aperture was impaired in act11 pollen, consistent with the observed delay of germination. Reduction of actin dynamics with jasplakinolide suppressed the germination and tube growth phenotypes in act11 pollen, suggesting that the underlying mechanisms involve an increase in actin dynamics. Thus, we demonstrate that ACT11 is required to maintain the rate of actin turnover in order to promote pollen germination and maintain the normal rate of pollen tube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shanjin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing, 100101, China
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28
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Shen Z, Liu YC, Bibeau JP, Lemoi KP, Tüzel E, Vidali L. The kinesin-like proteins, KAC1/2, regulate actin dynamics underlying chloroplast light-avoidance in Physcomitrella patens. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:106-19. [PMID: 25351786 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In plants, light determines chloroplast position; these organelles show avoidance and accumulation responses in high and low fluence-rate light, respectively. Chloroplast motility in response to light is driven by cytoskeletal elements. The actin cytoskeleton mediates chloroplast photorelocation responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. In contrast, in the moss Physcomitrella patens, both, actin filaments and microtubules can transport chloroplasts. Because of the surprising evidence that two kinesin-like proteins (called KACs) are important for actin-dependent chloroplast photorelocation in vascular plants, we wanted to determine the cytoskeletal system responsible for the function of these proteins in moss. We performed gene-specific silencing using RNA interference in P. patens. We confirmed existing reports using gene knockouts, that PpKAC1 and PpKAC2 are required for chloroplast dispersion under uniform white light conditions, and that the two proteins are functionally equivalent. To address the specific cytoskeletal elements responsible for motility, this loss-of-function approach was combined with cytoskeleton-targeted drug studies. We found that, in P. patens, these KACs mediate the chloroplast light-avoidance response in an actin filament-dependent, rather than a microtubule-dependent manner. Using correlation-decay analysis of cytoskeletal dynamics, we found that PpKAC stabilizes cortical actin filaments, but has no effect on microtubule dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Shen
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01609, USA
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29
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Hepler PK, Winship LJ. The pollen tube clear zone: clues to the mechanism of polarized growth. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:79-92. [PMID: 25431342 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tubes usually exhibit a prominent region at their apex called the "clear zone" because it lacks light refracting amyloplasts. A robust, long clear zone often associates with fast growing pollen tubes, and thus serves as an indicator of pollen tube health. Nevertheless we do not understand how it arises or how it is maintained. Here we review the structure of the clear zone, and attempt to explain the factors that contribute to its formation. While amyloplasts and vacuolar elements are excluded from the clear zone, virtually all other organelles are present including secretory vesicles, mitochondria, Golgi dictyosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Secretory vesicles aggregate into an inverted cone appressed against the apical plasma membrane. ER elements move nearly to the extreme apex, whereas mitochondria and Golgi dictyosomes move less far forward. The cortical actin fringe assumes a central position in the control of clear zone formation and maintenance, given its role in generating cytoplasmic streaming. Other likely factors include the tip-focused calcium gradient, the apical pH gradient, the influx of water, and a host of signaling factors (small G-proteins). We think that the clear zone is an emergent property that depends on the interaction of several factors crucial for polarized growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Hepler
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, USA
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Buchnik L, Abu-Abied M, Sadot E. Role of plant myosins in motile organelles: is a direct interaction required? JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 57:23-30. [PMID: 25196231 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant organelles are highly motile, with speed values of 3-7 µm/s in cells of land plants and about 20-60 µm/s in characean algal cells. This movement is believed to be important for rapid distribution of materials around the cell, for the plant's ability to respond to environmental biotic and abiotic signals and for proper growth. The main machinery that propels motility of organelles within plant cells is based on the actin cytoskeleton and its motor proteins the myosins. Most plants express multiple members of two main classes: myosin VIII and myosin XI. While myosin VIII has been characterized as a slow motor protein, myosins from class XI were found to be the fastest motor proteins known in all kingdoms. Paradoxically, while it was found that myosins from class XI regulate most organelle movement, it is not quite clear how or even if these motor proteins attach to the organelles whose movement they regulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limor Buchnik
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, PO Box 6, Bet-Dagan, 50250, Israel
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Madison SL, Nebenführ A. Understanding myosin functions in plants: are we there yet? CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:710-717. [PMID: 24446546 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Myosins are motor proteins that drive movements along actin filaments and have long been assumed to be responsible for cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells. This conjecture is now firmly established by genetic analysis in the reference species, Arabidopsis thaliana. This work and similar approaches in the moss, Physcomitrella patens, also established that myosin-driven movements are necessary for cell growth and polarity, organelle distribution and shape, and actin organization and dynamics. Identification of a mechanistic link between intracellular movements and cell expansion has proven more challenging, not the least because of the high level of apparent genetic redundancy among myosin family members. Recent progress in the creation of functional complementation constructs and identification of interaction partners promises a way out of this dilemma.
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Park E, Nebenführ A. Myosin XIK of Arabidopsis thaliana accumulates at the root hair tip and is required for fast root hair growth. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76745. [PMID: 24116145 PMCID: PMC3792037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin motor proteins are thought to carry out important functions in the establishment and maintenance of cell polarity by moving cellular components such as organelles, vesicles, or protein complexes along the actin cytoskeleton. In Arabidopsis thaliana, disruption of the myosin XIK gene leads to reduced elongation of the highly polar root hairs, suggesting that the encoded motor protein is involved in this cell growth. Detailed live-cell observations in this study revealed that xik root hairs elongated more slowly and stopped growth sooner than those in wild type. Overall cellular organization including the actin cytoskeleton appeared normal, but actin filament dynamics were reduced in the mutant. Accumulation of RabA4b-containing vesicles, on the other hand, was not significantly different from wild type. A functional YFP-XIK fusion protein that could complement the mutant phenotype accumulated at the tip of growing root hairs in an actin-dependent manner. The distribution of YFP-XIK at the tip, however, did not match that of the ER or several tip-enriched markers including CFP-RabA4b. We conclude that the myosin XIK is required for normal actin dynamics and plays a role in the subapical region of growing root hairs to facilitate optimal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsook Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Andreas Nebenführ
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
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