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Chadova K, Velansky P. Lipidome of the Brown Macroalga Undaria pinnatifida: Influence of Season and Endophytic Infection. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:466. [PMID: 37755079 PMCID: PMC10532667 DOI: 10.3390/md21090466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
An analysis of the lipidome of the brown alga Undaria pinnatifida (Laminariales) was performed' more than 900 molecular species were identified in 12 polar lipids and 1 neutral lipid using HPLC/MS-MS. The seasonal changes of U. pinnatifida lipidome were determined. It was shown that acclimatization to winter and spring was accompanied by an increase in the unsaturation of both polar and neutral lipids. In autumn and summer, on the contrary, the contents of more saturated molecular species of all lipid classes increased. Based on the data obtained, a scheme for the polar and neutral lipid synthesis in brown algae was proposed. In addition, the influence of infection with the brown filamentous endophyte Laminariocolax aecidioides (Ectocarpales) on U. pinnatifida lipidome was studied. It was found that infection has the most noticeable effect on the molecular species composition of triacylglycerides, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylhydroxyethylglycine of the host macrophyte. In infected samples of algae, changes in the composition of triacylglycerides were revealed both in areas with the presence of an endophyte and in adjacent intact tissues, which may indicate the occurrence of a secondary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia Chadova
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia;
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2
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Liang Y, Huang Y, Liu C, Chen K, Li M. Functions and interaction of plant lipid signalling under abiotic stresses. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2023; 25:361-378. [PMID: 36719102 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are the primary form of energy storage and a major component of plasma membranes, which form the interface between the cell and the extracellular environment. Several lipids - including phosphoinositide, phosphatidic acid, sphingolipids, lysophospholipids, oxylipins, and free fatty acids - also serve as substrates for the generation of signalling molecules. Abiotic stresses, such as drought and temperature stress, are known to affect plant growth. In addition, abiotic stresses can activate certain lipid-dependent signalling pathways that control the expression of stress-responsive genes and contribute to plant stress adaptation. Many studies have focused either on the enzymatic production and metabolism of lipids, or on the mechanisms of abiotic stress response. However, there is little information regarding the roles of plant lipids in plant responses to abiotic stress. In this review, we describe the metabolism of plant lipids and discuss their involvement in plant responses to abiotic stress. As such, this review provides crucial background for further research on the interactions between plant lipids and abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Landscape Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization in Lijiang River Basin, Guangxi Normal University, College of Life Science, Guilin, China
| | - Y Huang
- Guilin University of Electronic Technology, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guilin, China
| | - C Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Landscape Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization in Lijiang River Basin, Guangxi Normal University, College of Life Science, Guilin, China
| | - K Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - M Li
- Department of Biotechnology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Hoffmann DY, Shachar-Hill Y. Do betaine lipids replace phosphatidylcholine as fatty acid editing hubs in microalgae? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1077347. [PMID: 36743481 PMCID: PMC9892843 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1077347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Acyl editing refers to a deacylation and reacylation cycle on a lipid, which allows for fatty acid desaturation and modification prior to being removed and incorporated into other pools. Acyl editing is an important determinant of glycerolipid synthesis and has been well-characterized in land plants, thus this review begins with an overview of acyl editing in plants. Much less is known about acyl editing in algae, including the extent to which acyl editing impacts lipid synthesis and on which lipid substrate(s) it occurs. This review compares what is known about acyl editing on its major hub phosphatidylcholine (PC) in land plants with the evidence for acyl editing of betaine lipids such as diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine (DGTS), the structural analog that replaces PC in several species of microalgae. In land plants, PC is also known to be a major source of fatty acids and diacylglycerol (DAG) for synthesis of the neutral lipid triacylglycerol (TAG). We review the evidence that DGTS contributes substantially to TAG accumulation in algae as a source of fatty acids, but not as a precursor to DAG. We conclude with evidence of acyl editing on other membrane lipid substrates in plants and algae apart from PC or DGTS, and discuss future analyses to elucidate the role of DGTS and other betaine lipids in acyl editing in microalgae.
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4
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Iwai M, Yamada-Oshima Y, Asami K, Kanamori T, Yuasa H, Shimojima M, Ohta H. Recycling of the major thylakoid lipid MGDG and its role in lipid homeostasis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1341-1356. [PMID: 34618048 PMCID: PMC8566231 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), the most abundant lipid in thylakoid membranes, is involved in photosynthesis and chloroplast development. MGDG lipase has an important role in lipid remodeling in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. However, the process related to turnover of the lysogalactolipid that results from MGDG degradation, monogalactosylmonoacylglycerol (MGMG), remains to be clarified. Here we identified a homolog of Arabidopsis thaliana lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT) and characterized two independent knockdown (KD) alleles in C. reinhardtii. The enzyme designated as C. reinhardtiiLysolipid Acyltransferase 1 (CrLAT1) has a conserved membrane-bound O-acyl transferase domain. LPCAT from Arabidopsis has a key role in deacylation of phosphatidylcholine (PC). Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, however, lacks PC, and thus we hypothesized that CrLAT1 has some other important function in major lipid flow in this organism. In the CrLAT1 KD mutants, the amount of MGMG was increased, but triacylglycerols (TAGs) were decreased. The proportion of more saturated 18:1 (9) MGDG was lower in the KD mutants than in their parental strain, CC-4533. In contrast, the proportion of MGMG has decreased in the CrLAT1 overexpression (OE) mutants, and the proportion of 18:1 (9) MGDG was higher in the OE mutants than in the empty vector control cells. Thus, CrLAT1 is involved in the recycling of MGDG in the chloroplast and maintains lipid homeostasis in C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Iwai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yui Yamada-Oshima
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kota Asami
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanamori
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hideya Yuasa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Mie Shimojima
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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5
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Sikorskaya TV, Efimova KV, Imbs AB. Lipidomes of phylogenetically different symbiotic dinoflagellates of corals. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 181:112579. [PMID: 33166751 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The structural base of all membranes of symbiotic dinoflagellates (SD) is composed of glycolipids and betaine lipids, whereas triacylglycerols (TG) constitute an energy reserve and are involved in biosynthesis of glycolipids. Since data on the SD lipidome and the host's influence on symbionts' lipidome are scanty, we analyzed and compared the lipidomes of SD isolated from the zoantharian Palythoa tuberculosa and the alcyonarian Sinularia heterospiculata. A sequencing of nuclear gene regions showed that both cnidarians hosted the dinoflagellates Cladocopium sp. (subclades C1 and C3), but the zoantharian also contained the dinoflagellates Durusdinium trenchii (clade D). The presence of the thermotolerant D. trenchii resulted in a higher unsaturation of mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDG and DGDG), but a lower unsaturation of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG). The same features were earlier described for same SD from a reef-building coral. Hence, the profile of glycolipid molecules, which form SD thylakoid membranes, seems to be species-specific and does not depend on the host's taxonomic position. In contrast, the betaine lipid molecular species profile of diacylglyceryl-3-O-carboxyhydroxymethylcholine (DGCC), which forms SD cell membranes, can be influenced by the host. The profiles of the TG molecular species from freshly isolated SD have been determined for the first time. These molecular species can be divided on the basis of the acyl group in sn-2 position. The TG with 16:0 acyl group in sn-2 position may enrich total TG of a cnidarian colony and originate from SD cytoplasm. In contrast, TG 18:3/18:4/18:3 may be biosynthetically related with DGDG and concentrated in SD plastoglobules. Our data may be useful for further investigations of natural and technogenic variations in microalgal lipids and symbiont-host interactions in marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana V Sikorskaya
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russian Federation.
| | - Kseniya V Efimova
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russian Federation; Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology of Aquatic Organisms, Far Eastern Federal University, 690091, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey B Imbs
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
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Fuentes-Ramírez EO, Vázquez-Acevedo M, Cabrera-Orefice A, Guerrero-Castillo S, González-Halphen D. The plastid proteome of the nonphotosynthetic chlorophycean alga Polytomella parva. Microbiol Res 2020; 243:126649. [PMID: 33285428 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The unicellular, free-living, nonphotosynthetic chlorophycean alga Polytomella parva, closely related to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Volvox carteri, contains colorless, starch-storing plastids. The P. parva plastids lack all light-dependent processes but maintain crucial metabolic pathways. The colorless alga also lacks a plastid genome, meaning no transcription or translation should occur inside the organelle. Here, using an algal fraction enriched in plastids as well as publicly available transcriptome data, we provide a morphological and proteomic characterization of the P. parva plastid, ultimately identifying several plastid proteins, both by mass spectrometry and bioinformatic analyses. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD022051. Altogether these results led us to propose a plastid proteome for P. parva, i.e., a set of proteins that participate in carbohydrate metabolism; in the synthesis and degradation of starch, amino acids and lipids; in the biosynthesis of terpenoids and tetrapyrroles; in solute transport and protein translocation; and in redox homeostasis. This is the first detailed plastid proteome from a unicellular, free-living colorless alga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma O Fuentes-Ramírez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico.
| | - Miriam Vázquez-Acevedo
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico.
| | - Alfredo Cabrera-Orefice
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Sergio Guerrero-Castillo
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein-Zuid 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; University Children's Research@Kinder-UKE, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Diego González-Halphen
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico.
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Hirashima T, Jimbo H, Kobayashi K, Wada H. A START domain-containing protein is involved in the incorporation of ER-derived fatty acids into chloroplast glycolipids in Marchantia polymorpha. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:436-441. [PMID: 33246557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The appropriate regulation of thylakoid lipid synthesis is essential for the function of chloroplasts. In plant cells, membrane lipids synthesized in the ER are utilized as a precursor for the synthesis of chloroplast glycolipids. This pathway is thought to be mediated by the transport of glycerolipids synthesized in the ER into chloroplasts. However, we have little knowledge about the proteins involved in the lipid transfer between these organelles in plant cells. Here we show a protein, STAR2, containing the START (Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer) domain known to function as a lipid transporter, is involved in the incorporation of ER-derived fatty acids into chloroplast glycolipids in Marchantia polymorpha. We found that STAR2 localizes on the chloroplast envelope membrane as a punctuate structure and is required for the increase of C20 fatty acids, which are synthesized in the ER, in chloroplast glycolipids in response to phosphate deprivation. Our results indicate that STAR2 of M. polymorpha is likely to be involved in the lipid transfer from ER to chloroplast, presumably as a lipid transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hirashima
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Jimbo
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Koichi Kobayashi
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hajime Wada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
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Xu F, Pan J. Potassium channel KCN11 is required for maintaining cellular osmolarity during nitrogen starvation to control proper cell physiology and TAG accumulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:129. [PMID: 32699552 PMCID: PMC7372795 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01769-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen (N) starvation in algae induces a variety of structural and metabolic changes including accumulation of triacylglycerol (TAG). Given the promising prospect of using algae as feedstock for biofuel production, accumulation of TAG upon N starvation becomes an ideal system to study TAG biosynthesis. Under nitrogen-depleted conditions, algae also accumulate compatible solutes such as sugar and certain amino acids, which is expected to elevate osmolarity in the cytoplasm. However, how osmoregulation is maintained and how it impacts on carbon metabolism, especially TAG accumulation under N starvation, are not well understood. RESULTS We show here that potassium channel KCN11 localized in the contractile vacuole (CV) mediates osmoregulation during N starvation and loss of KCN11 profoundly affects cell physiology and TAG biosynthesis. KCN11 level is increased and the CV pulsation is accelerated. Loss of KCN11 induces aberrant CV cycle, inhibition of cell growth, increase of cell size, inhibition of chlorophyll loss and TAG accumulation. These effects are rescued by addition of sucrose to raise osmolarity in the culture medium, indicating that osmoregulation is required for cell adaptation to N starvation. Metabolomic analysis shows reduction of acetyl-CoA and accumulation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in kcn11 mutant relative to the control under N starvation, indicating that defects in acetyl-CoA biosynthesis and some metabolic steps from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to TAG contribute to the decreased TAG accumulation due to loss of osmoregulation. CONCLUSIONS This work provides novel insight of osmoregulation during N starvation in the control of cell physiology and metabolism especially TAG accumulation. According to these findings, we propose that osmolarity should be carefully monitored during the industrial production of biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi China
| | - Junmin Pan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong China
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Lavell AA, Benning C. Cellular Organization and Regulation of Plant Glycerolipid Metabolism. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1176-1183. [PMID: 30690552 PMCID: PMC6553661 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Great strides have been made in understanding how membranes and lipid droplets are formed and maintained in land plants, yet much more is to be learned given the complexity of plant lipid metabolism. A complicating factor is the multi-organellar presence of biosynthetic enzymes and unique compositional requirements of different membrane systems. This necessitates a rich network of transporters and transport mechanisms that supply fatty acids, membrane lipids and storage lipids to their final cellular destination. Though we know a large number of the biosynthetic enzymes involved in lipid biosynthesis and a few transport proteins, the regulatory mechanisms, in particular, coordinating expression and/or activity of the majority remain yet to be described. Plants undergoing stress alter their membranes' compositions, and lipids such as phosphatidic acid have been implicated in stress signaling. Additionally, lipid metabolism in chloroplasts supplies precursors for jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, and perturbations in lipid homeostasis has consequences on JA signaling. In this review, several aspects of plant lipid metabolism are discussed that are currently under investigation: cellular transport of lipids, regulation of lipid biosynthesis, roles of lipids in stress signaling, and lastly the structural and oligomeric states of lipid enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Lavell
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - C Benning
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Corresponding author: E-mail, ; Fax, 517-353-9168
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Warakanont J, Li-Beisson Y, Benning C. LIP4 Is Involved in Triacylglycerol Degradation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1250-1259. [PMID: 30796452 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of the storage compound triacylglycerol (TAG) is a crucial process in response to environmental stimuli. In microalgae, this process is important for re-growth when conditions become favorable after cells have experienced stresses. Mobilization of TAG is initiated by actions of lipases causing the release of glycerol and free fatty acids, which can be further broken down for energy production or recycled to synthesize membrane lipids. Although key enzymes in the process, TAG lipases remain to be characterized in the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Here, we describe the functional analysis of a putative TAG lipase, i.e. LIP4, which shares 44% amino acid identity with the major TAG lipase in Arabidopsis (SUGAR DEPENDENT1-SDP1). The LIP4 transcript level was downregulated during nitrogen deprivation when TAG accumulates, but was upregulated during nitrogen resupply (NR) when TAG was degraded. Both artificial microRNA and insertional mutants showed a delay in TAG mobilization during NR. The difference in TAG degradation was more pronounced when the cultures were incubated without acetate in the dark. Furthermore, the lip4 insertional mutants over-accumulated TAG during optimal growth conditions. Taken together, the results suggest to us that LIP4 likely acts as a TAG lipase and plays a role in TAG homeostasis in Chlamydomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaruswan Warakanont
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Lad Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, Marseille F, France
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, Marseille F, France
| | - Christoph Benning
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Plant Research Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Kong F, Yamaoka Y, Ohama T, Lee Y, Li-Beisson Y. Molecular Genetic Tools and Emerging Synthetic Biology Strategies to Increase Cellular Oil Content in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1184-1196. [PMID: 30715500 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae constitute a highly diverse group of eukaryotic and photosynthetic microorganisms that have developed extremely efficient systems for harvesting and transforming solar energy into energy-rich molecules such as lipids. Although microalgae are considered to be one of the most promising platforms for the sustainable production of liquid oil, the oil content of these organisms is naturally low, and algal oil production is currently not economically viable. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlamydomonas) is an established algal model due to its fast growth, high transformation efficiency, and well-understood physiology and to the availability of detailed genome information and versatile molecular tools for this organism. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the development of genetic manipulation tools for Chlamydomonas, from gene delivery methods to state-of-the-art genome-editing technologies and fluorescent dye-based high-throughput mutant screening approaches. Furthermore, we discuss practical strategies and toolkits that enhance transgene expression, such as choice of expression vector and background strain. We then provide examples of how advanced genetic tools have been used to increase oil content in Chlamydomonas. Collectively, the current literature indicates that microalgal oil content can be increased by overexpressing key enzymes that catalyze lipid biosynthesis, blocking lipid degradation, silencing metabolic pathways that compete with lipid biosynthesis and modulating redox state. The tools and knowledge generated through metabolic engineering studies should pave the way for developing a synthetic biological approach to enhance lipid productivity in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fantao Kong
- Department of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yasuyo Yamaoka
- Department of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Takeshi Ohama
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology (KUT), Tosayamada, Kochi, Japan
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F, France
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Li-Beisson Y, Thelen JJ, Fedosejevs E, Harwood JL. The lipid biochemistry of eukaryotic algae. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 74:31-68. [PMID: 30703388 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Algal lipid metabolism fascinates both scientists and entrepreneurs due to the large diversity of fatty acyl structures that algae produce. Algae have therefore long been studied as sources of genes for novel fatty acids; and, due to their superior biomass productivity, algae are also considered a potential feedstock for biofuels. However, a major issue in a commercially viable "algal oil-to-biofuel" industry is the high production cost, because most algal species only produce large amounts of oils after being exposed to stress conditions. Recent studies have therefore focused on the identification of factors involved in TAG metabolism, on the subcellular organization of lipid pathways, and on interactions between organelles. This has been accompanied by the development of genetic/genomic and synthetic biological tools not only for the reference green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii but also for Nannochloropsis spp. and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Advances in our understanding of enzymes and regulatory proteins of acyl lipid biosynthesis and turnover are described herein with a focus on carbon and energetic aspects. We also summarize how changes in environmental factors can impact lipid metabolism and describe present and potential industrial uses of algal lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F-13108, France.
| | - Jay J Thelen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
| | - Eric Fedosejevs
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
| | - John L Harwood
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
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Li N, Zhang Y, Meng H, Li S, Wang S, Xiao Z, Chang P, Zhang X, Li Q, Guo L, Igarashi Y, Luo F. Characterization of Fatty Acid Exporters involved in fatty acid transport for oil accumulation in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:14. [PMID: 30651755 PMCID: PMC6330502 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1332-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past few decades, microalgae biofuel has become one of the most interesting sources of renewable energy. However, the higher cost of microalgae biofuel compared to that of petroleum prevented microalgae biofuel production. Therefore, the research on increasing lipid productivity from microalgae becomes more important. The lipid production source, triacylglycerol biosynthesis in microalgae requires short chain fatty acids as substrates, which are synthesized in chloroplasts. However, the transport mechanism of fatty acids from microalgae chloroplasts to cytosol remains unknown. RESULTS cDNAs from two homologs of the Arabidopsis fatty acid exporter 1 (FAX1) were cloned from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and were named crfax1 and crfax2. Both CrFAXs were involved in fatty acid transport, and their substrates were mainly C16 and C18 fatty acids. Overexpression of both CrFAXs increased the accumulation of the total lipid content in algae cells, and the fatty acid compositions were changed under normal TAP or nitrogen deprivation conditions. Overexpression of both CrFAXs also increased the chlorophyll content. The MGDG content was decreased but the TAG, DAG, DGDG and other lipid contents were increased in CrFAXs overexpression strains. CONCLUSION These results reveal that CrFAX1 and CrFAX2 were involved in mediating fatty acid export for lipids biosynthesis in C. reinhardtii. In addition, overexpression of both CrFAXs obviously increased the intracellular lipid content, especially the triacylglycerol content in microalgae, which provides a potential technology for the production of more biofuels using microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Li
- Research Center of Bioremediation and Bioenergy, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715 People’s Republic of China
- Academy of Agricultural Science, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Research Center of Bioremediation and Bioenergy, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongjun Meng
- Research Center of Bioremediation and Bioenergy, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengting Li
- Research Center of Bioremediation and Bioenergy, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shufeng Wang
- Research Center of Bioremediation and Bioenergy, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongchun Xiao
- Academy of Agricultural Science, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715 People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Chang
- Research Center of Bioremediation and Bioenergy, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Research Center of Bioremediation and Bioenergy, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Yasuo Igarashi
- Research Center of Bioremediation and Bioenergy, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715 People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Luo
- Research Center of Bioremediation and Bioenergy, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715 People’s Republic of China
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LaBrant E, Barnes AC, Roston RL. Lipid transport required to make lipids of photosynthetic membranes. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2018; 138:345-360. [PMID: 29961189 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic membranes provide much of the usable energy for life on earth. To produce photosynthetic membrane lipids, multiple transport steps are required, including fatty acid export from the chloroplast stroma to the endoplasmic reticulum, and lipid transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the chloroplast envelope membranes. Transport of hydrophobic molecules through aqueous space is energetically unfavorable and must be catalyzed by dedicated enzymes, frequently on specialized membrane structures. Here, we review photosynthetic membrane lipid transport to the chloroplast in the context of photosynthetic membrane lipid synthesis. We independently consider the identity of transported lipids, the proteinaceous transport components, and membrane structures which may allow efficient transport. Recent advances in lipid transport of chloroplasts, bacteria, and other systems strongly suggest that lipid transport is achieved by multiple mechanisms which include membrane contact sites with specialized protein machinery. This machinery is likely to include the TGD1, 2, 3 complex with the TGD5 and TGD4/LPTD1 systems, and may also include a number of proteins with domains similar to other membrane contact site lipid-binding proteins. Importantly, the likelihood of membrane contact sites does not preclude lipid transport by other mechanisms including vectorial acylation and vesicle transport. Substantial progress is needed to fully understand all photosynthetic membrane lipid transport processes and how they are integrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan LaBrant
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 Vine St, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Allison C Barnes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 Vine St, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Rebecca L Roston
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 Vine St, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
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Yang M, Meng Y, Chu Y, Fan Y, Cao X, Xue S, Chi Z. Triacylglycerol accumulates exclusively outside the chloroplast in short-term nitrogen-deprived Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:1478-1487. [PMID: 30266428 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In microalgae, triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis occurs by parallel pathways involving both the chloroplast and endoplasmic reticulum. A better understanding of contribution of each pathway to TAG assembly facilitates enhanced TAG production via rational genetic engineering of microalgae. Here, using a UPLC-MS(/MS) coupled with TLC-GC-based lipidomic platform, the early response of the major glycerolipids to nitrogen stress was analyzed at both the cellular and chloroplastidic levels in the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Subcellular lipidomic analysis demonstrated that TAG was accumulated exclusively outside the chloroplast, and remained unaltered inside the chloroplast after 4 h of nitrogen starvation. This study ascertained the existence of the glycolipid, digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), outside the chloroplast and the betaine lipid, diacylglycerol-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine (DGTS), inside the chloroplast. The newly synthesized DGDG and DGTS prominently increased at the extra-chloroplastidic compartments and served as the major precursors for TAG biosynthesis. In particular, DGDG contributed to the extra-chloroplastidic TAG assembly in form of diacylglycerol (DAG) and DGTS in form of acyl groups. The chloroplastidic membrane lipid, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), was proposed to primarily offer DAG for TAG formation outside the chloroplast. This study provides valuable insights into the subcellular glycerolipidomics and unveils the acyl flux into the extra-chloroplastidic TAG in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yang
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Yingying Meng
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yadong Chu
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Yan Fan
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xupeng Cao
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Song Xue
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Zhanyou Chi
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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16
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Sturme MH, Gong Y, Heinrich JM, Klok AJ, Eggink G, Wang D, Xu J, Wijffels RH. Transcriptome analysis reveals the genetic foundation for the dynamics of starch and lipid production in Ettlia oleoabundans. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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Marchand J, Heydarizadeh P, Schoefs B, Spetea C. Ion and metabolite transport in the chloroplast of algae: lessons from land plants. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2153-2176. [PMID: 29541792 PMCID: PMC5948301 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2793-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are endosymbiotic organelles and play crucial roles in energy supply and metabolism of eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms (algae and land plants). They harbor channels and transporters in the envelope and thylakoid membranes, mediating the exchange of ions and metabolites with the cytosol and the chloroplast stroma and between the different chloroplast subcompartments. In secondarily evolved algae, three or four envelope membranes surround the chloroplast, making more complex the exchange of ions and metabolites. Despite the importance of transport proteins for the optimal functioning of the chloroplast in algae, and that many land plant homologues have been predicted, experimental evidence and molecular characterization are missing in most cases. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about ion and metabolite transport in the chloroplast from algae. The main aspects reviewed are localization and activity of the transport proteins from algae and/or of homologues from other organisms including land plants. Most chloroplast transporters were identified in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, reside in the envelope and participate in carbon acquisition and metabolism. Only a few identified algal transporters are located in the thylakoid membrane and play role in ion transport. The presence of genes for putative transporters in green algae, red algae, diatoms, glaucophytes and cryptophytes is discussed, and roles in the chloroplast are suggested. A deep knowledge in this field is required because algae represent a potential source of biomass and valuable metabolites for industry, medicine and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Marchand
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications (MIMMA), Mer Molécules Santé, IUML, FR 3473 CNRS, Le Mans University, 72000, Le Mans, France
| | - Parisa Heydarizadeh
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications (MIMMA), Mer Molécules Santé, IUML, FR 3473 CNRS, Le Mans University, 72000, Le Mans, France
| | - Benoît Schoefs
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications (MIMMA), Mer Molécules Santé, IUML, FR 3473 CNRS, Le Mans University, 72000, Le Mans, France.
| | - Cornelia Spetea
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Endoplasmic reticulum acyltransferase with prokaryotic substrate preference contributes to triacylglycerol assembly in Chlamydomonas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:1652-1657. [PMID: 29382746 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1715922115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the unique features of triacylglycerol (TAG) metabolism in microalgae may be necessary to realize the full potential of these organisms for biofuel and biomaterial production. In the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii a chloroplastic (prokaryotic) pathway has been proposed to play a major role in TAG precursor biosynthesis. However, as reported here, C. reinhardtii contains a chlorophyte-specific lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase, CrLPAAT2, that localizes to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes. Unlike canonical, ER-located LPAATs, CrLPAAT2 prefers palmitoyl-CoA over oleoyl-CoA as the acyl donor substrate. RNA-mediated suppression of CrLPAAT2 indicated that the enzyme is required for TAG accumulation under nitrogen deprivation. Our findings suggest that Chlamydomonas has a distinct glycerolipid assembly pathway that relies on CrLPAAT2 to generate prokaryotic-like TAG precursors in the ER.
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19
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Li-Beisson Y, Neunzig J, Lee Y, Philippar K. Plant membrane-protein mediated intracellular traffic of fatty acids and acyl lipids. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 40:138-146. [PMID: 28985576 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In plants, de novo synthesis of fatty acids (FAs) occurs in plastids, whereas assembly and modification of acyl lipids is accomplished in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and plastids as well as in mitochondria. Subsequently, lipophilic compounds are distributed within the cell and delivered to their destination site. Thus, constant acyl-exchanges between subcellular compartments exist. These can occur via several modes of transport and plant membrane-intrinsic proteins for FA/lipid transfer have been shown to play an essential role in delivery and distribution. Lately, substantial progress has been made in identification and characterization of transport proteins for lipid compounds in plant organelle membranes. In this review, we focus on our current understanding of protein mediated lipid traffic between organelles of land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Li-Beisson
- CEA, CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille, UMR 7265, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F-13108, France
| | - Jens Neunzig
- Saarland University, Center for Human- and Molecular Biology - Plant Biology, Campus A 2.4, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Katrin Philippar
- Saarland University, Center for Human- and Molecular Biology - Plant Biology, Campus A 2.4, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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20
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Lipid turnover between membrane lipids and neutral lipids via inhibition of diacylglyceryl N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine synthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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21
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Yang M, Jiang JP, Xie X, Chu YD, Fan Y, Cao XP, Xue S, Chi ZY. Chloroplasts Isolation from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under Nitrogen Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1503. [PMID: 28900438 PMCID: PMC5581827 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols are produced in abundance through chloroplast and endoplasmic reticulum pathways in some microalgae exposed to stress, though the relative contribution of either pathway remains elusive. Characterization of these pathways requires isolation of the organelles. In this study, an efficient and reproducible approach, including homogenous batch cultures of nitrogen-deprived algal cells in photobioreactors, gentle cell disruption using a simple custom-made disruptor with mechanical shear force, optimized differential centrifugation and Percoll density gradient centrifugation, was developed to isolate chloroplasts from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii subjected to nitrogen stress. Using this approach, the maximum limited stress duration was 4 h and the stressed cells exhibited 19 and 32% decreases in intracellular chlorophyll and nitrogen content, respectively. Chloroplasts with 48 - 300 μg chlorophyll were successfully isolated from stressed cells containing 10 mg chlorophyll. These stressed chloroplasts appeared intact, as monitored by ultrastructure observation and a novel quality control method involving the fatty acid biomarkers. This approach can provide sufficient quantities of intact stressed chloroplasts for subcellular biochemical studies in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yang
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesDalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Dalian University of TechnologyDalian, China
| | - Jun-Peng Jiang
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesDalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xi Xie
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research InstituteDalian, China
| | - Ya-Dong Chu
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesDalian, China
| | - Yan Fan
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesDalian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xu-Peng Cao
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesDalian, China
| | - Song Xue
- Marine Bioengineering Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of SciencesDalian, China
| | - Zhan-You Chi
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Dalian University of TechnologyDalian, China
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22
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Jaeger D, Winkler A, Mussgnug JH, Kalinowski J, Goesmann A, Kruse O. Time-resolved transcriptome analysis and lipid pathway reconstruction of the oleaginous green microalga Monoraphidium neglectum reveal a model for triacylglycerol and lipid hyperaccumulation. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:197. [PMID: 28814974 PMCID: PMC5556983 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0882-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oleaginous microalgae are promising production hosts for the sustainable generation of lipid-based bioproducts and as bioenergy carriers such as biodiesel. Transcriptomics of the lipid accumulation phase, triggered efficiently by nitrogen starvation, is a valuable approach for the identification of gene targets for metabolic engineering. RESULTS An explorative analysis of the detailed transcriptional response to different stages of nitrogen availability was performed in the oleaginous green alga Monoraphidium neglectum. Transcript data were correlated with metabolic data for cellular contents of starch and of different lipid fractions. A pronounced transcriptional down-regulation of photosynthesis became apparent in response to nitrogen starvation, whereas glucose catabolism was found to be up-regulated. An in-depth reconstruction and analysis of the pathways for glycerolipid, central carbon, and starch metabolism revealed that distinct transcriptional changes were generally found only for specific steps within a metabolic pathway. In addition to pathway analyses, the transcript data were also used to refine the current genome annotation. The transcriptome data were integrated into a database and complemented with data for other microalgae which were also subjected to nitrogen starvation. It is available at https://tdbmn.cebitec.uni-bielefeld.de. CONCLUSIONS Based on the transcriptional responses to different stages of nitrogen availability, a model for triacylglycerol and lipid hyperaccumulation is proposed, which involves transcriptional induction of thioesterases, differential regulation of lipases, and a re-routing of the central carbon metabolism. Over-expression of distinct thioesterases was identified to be a potential strategy to increase the oleaginous phenotype of M. neglectum, and furthermore specific lipases were identified as potential targets for future metabolic engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jaeger
- Algae Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anika Winkler
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jan H. Mussgnug
- Algae Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Alexander Goesmann
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-Universität, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Olaf Kruse
- Algae Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Algae Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Universitaetsstrasse 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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Yamaoka Y, Achard D, Jang S, Legéret B, Kamisuki S, Ko D, Schulz-Raffelt M, Kim Y, Song WY, Nishida I, Li-Beisson Y, Lee Y. Identification of a Chlamydomonas plastidial 2-lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase and its use to engineer microalgae with increased oil content. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:2158-2167. [PMID: 27133096 PMCID: PMC5096022 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite a strong interest in microalgal oil production, our understanding of the biosynthetic pathways that produce algal lipids and the genes involved in the biosynthetic processes remains incomplete. Here, we report that Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Cre09.g398289 encodes a plastid-targeted 2-lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (CrLPAAT1) that acylates the sn-2 position of a 2-lysophosphatidic acid to form phosphatidic acid, the first common precursor of membrane and storage lipids. In vitro enzyme assays showed that CrLPAAT1 prefers 16:0-CoA to 18:1-CoA as an acyl donor. Fluorescent protein-tagged CrLPAAT1 was localized to the plastid membrane in C. reinhardtii cells. Furthermore, expression of CrLPAAT1 in plastids led to a > 20% increase in oil content under nitrogen-deficient conditions. Taken together, these results demonstrate that CrLPAAT1 is an authentic plastid-targeted LPAAT in C. reinhardtii, and that it may be used as a molecular tool to genetically increase oil content in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyo Yamaoka
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Dorine Achard
- Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Sunghoon Jang
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Bertrand Legéret
- Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Shogo Kamisuki
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-Ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Donghwi Ko
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Miriam Schulz-Raffelt
- Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Yeongho Kim
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Won-Yong Song
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Ikuo Nishida
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-Ku, Saitama, Japan
- JST, CREST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea.
- Department of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea.
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24
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Hori K, Nobusawa T, Watanabe T, Madoka Y, Suzuki H, Shibata D, Shimojima M, Ohta H. Tangled evolutionary processes with commonality and diversity in plastidial glycolipid synthesis in photosynthetic organisms. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1294-1308. [PMID: 27108062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In photosynthetic organisms, the photosynthetic membrane constitutes a scaffold for light-harvesting complexes and photosynthetic reaction centers. Three kinds of glycolipids, namely monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol, and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, constitute approximately 80-90% of photosynthetic membrane lipids and are well conserved from tiny cyanobacteria to the leaves of huge trees. These glycolipids perform a wide variety of functions beyond biological membrane formation. In particular, the capability of adaptation to harsh environments through regulation of membrane glycolipid composition is essential for healthy growth and development of photosynthetic organisms. The genome analysis and functional genetics of the model seed plant Arabidopsis thaliana have yielded many new findings concerning the biosynthesis, regulation, and functions of glycolipids. Nevertheless, it remains to be clarified how the complex biosynthetic pathways and well-organized functions of glycolipids evolved in early and primitive photosynthetic organisms, such as cyanobacteria, to yield modern photosynthetic organisms like land plants. Recently, genome data for many photosynthetic organisms have been made available as the fruit of the rapid development of sequencing technology. We also have reported the draft genome sequence of the charophyte alga Klebsormidium flaccidum, which is an intermediate organism between green algae and land plants. Here, we performed a comprehensive phylogenic analysis of glycolipid biosynthesis genes in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms including K. flaccidum. Based on the results together with membrane lipid analysis of this alga, we discuss the evolution of glycolipid synthesis in photosynthetic organisms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Lipid Biology edited by Kent D. Chapman and Ivo Feussner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Hori
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
| | - Takashi Nobusawa
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan
| | - Tei Watanabe
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yuka Madoka
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shibata
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Mie Shimojima
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohta
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan; Tokyo Institute of Technology, Earth-Life Science Institute, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
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Li N, Xu C, Li-Beisson Y, Philippar K. Fatty Acid and Lipid Transport in Plant Cells. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:145-158. [PMID: 26616197 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) and lipids are essential - not only as membrane constituents but also for growth and development. In plants and algae, FAs are synthesized in plastids and to a large extent transported to the endoplasmic reticulum for modification and lipid assembly. Subsequently, lipophilic compounds are distributed within the cell, and thus are transported across most membrane systems. Membrane-intrinsic transporters and proteins for cellular FA/lipid transfer therefore represent key components for delivery and dissemination. In addition to highlighting their role in lipid homeostasis and plant performance, different transport mechanisms for land plants and green algae - in the model systems Arabidopsis thaliana, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii - are compared, thereby providing a current perspective on protein-mediated FA and lipid trafficking in photosynthetic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Li
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation (RCBB), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, P.R. China
| | - Changcheng Xu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 50 Bell Avenue, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Biotechnology, The French Atomic and Alternative Energy Commission, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Katrin Philippar
- Department of Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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