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Dermatas A, Rozos G, Zaralis K, Dadamogia A, Fotou K, Bezirtzoglou E, Akrida-Demertzi K, Demertzis P, Voidarou C(C. Overview of Ecology and Aspects of Antibiotic Resistance in Campylobacter spp. Isolated from Free-Grazing Chicken Tissues in Rural Households. Microorganisms 2024; 12:368. [PMID: 38399772 PMCID: PMC10892918 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Rural households all over the world rear backyard chicken mainly for their own consumption and, to a lesser extent, for barter trade. These chickens represent a staple dish with numerous culinary variations and a cheap source of protein. Although some Campylobacter species, and particularly Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli, have been associated with industrial poultry carcasses, studies concerning the ecology of this genus in rural households do not exist. To assess the prevalence of Campylobacter species in the tissues of backyard chickens, samples were collected from birds Gallus domesticus bred in households in the rural area of Epirus (Greece), and Campylobacter strains were isolated by quantitative methods at 37 °C and 42 °C. In total, 256 strains were identified, belonging to 17 Campylobacter species, with C. jejuni and C. coli being the most prevalent. From the four ecological parameters studied (size of the flock, presence of small ruminants in the same household, presence of other poultry species in the same household, and feeding leftovers of the household), the size of the flock and the presence of small ruminants and/or pigs in the same household mostly affected the distribution of these strains. To study the phenotypical resistance against 14 antibiotics, 215 strains were selected. The results showed a high prevalence of multidrug-resistance (MDR) strains extending to all classes of antibiotics. Further genome analysis revealed the presence of genes coding resistance (blaOxA-61, tet(O), tet(A) cmeA, cmeB, cmeC, and gyrA (Thr-86-Ile mutation)), with the efflux pump CmeABC being the most prevalent. All antimicrobial resistance-encoded genes co-circulated, except for blaOXA-61, which moved independently. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of two out of three antibiotics (representing different classes) were reduced when the strains tested were exposed to carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), a known efflux pump inhibitor. The same result was obtained with the addition of CCCP to the MIC values of bile salts. These results lead to the conclusion that Campylobacter species are present in an impressive diversity in backyard chicken tissues and that they exert a significant resistance to antibiotics, raising a potential danger for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyrios Dermatas
- Food Chemistry Laboratory, Section of Industrial and Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (A.D.); (K.A.-D.); (P.D.)
| | - Georgios Rozos
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47132 Arta, Greece; (G.R.); (A.D.); (K.F.)
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, 53100 Florina, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Zaralis
- Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, 53100 Florina, Greece;
| | - Aikaterini Dadamogia
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47132 Arta, Greece; (G.R.); (A.D.); (K.F.)
| | - Konstantina Fotou
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47132 Arta, Greece; (G.R.); (A.D.); (K.F.)
| | - Eugenia Bezirtzoglou
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Konstantoula Akrida-Demertzi
- Food Chemistry Laboratory, Section of Industrial and Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (A.D.); (K.A.-D.); (P.D.)
| | - Panagiotis Demertzis
- Food Chemistry Laboratory, Section of Industrial and Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (A.D.); (K.A.-D.); (P.D.)
| | - Chrysoula (Chrysa) Voidarou
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, 47132 Arta, Greece; (G.R.); (A.D.); (K.F.)
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Gentile N, Carrasquer F, Marco-Fuertes A, Marin C. Backyard poultry: exploring non-intensive production systems. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103284. [PMID: 38056053 PMCID: PMC10749279 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of backyard poultry historically encompassed "food-producing animals." Nevertheless, a recent shift in livestock production paradigms within developed countries is evident, as backyard poultry owners now raise their birds for purposes beyond self-consumption, raising animals in a familiar way, and fostering emotional bonds with them. Because backyard animals are frequently privately owned, and the resulting products are typically not marketed, very little information is available about the demographic profile of backyard owners and information on flocks' characteristics, husbandry, and welfare. Thus, this review aims to clarify the characteristics of backyard poultry, highlighting the prevalent infectious diseases and the zoonotic risk to which farmers are exposed. According to the FAO, there are different types of poultry production systems: intensive, sub-intensive, and extensive. The system conditions, requirements, and the resulting performance differ extensively due to the type of breed, feeding practices, prevalence of disease, prevention and control of diseases, flock management, and the interactions among all these factors. The presence and transmission of infectious diseases in avian species is a problem that affects both the animals themselves and public health. Bacterial (Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Mycoplasma), parasitic (helminths, louses, and mites), and viral (Avian influenza, Newcastle, Marek, Infectious Bronchitis, Gumboro, Infectious Laringotracheitis, and Fowlpox) are the most important pathogens involved in backyard poultry health. In addition, Avian influenza, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and E. coli, could be a risk for backyard farmers and/or backyard-derived products consumers. Thus, proper biosecurity implementation measures are mandatory to control them. While the principles and practices of on-farm biosecurity may be well-versed among commercial farmers, hobbyists, and backyard farmers might not be familiar with the necessary steps to protect their flocks from infectious diseases and curb their transmission. This sector represents the fourth category of poultry farming, characterized by the lowest biosecurity standards. Consequently, it is imperative to address the legal status of backyard poultry, educate owners about biosecurity measures, and promote proper veterinary care and disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicla Gentile
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy; Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Carrasquer
- H&N International GmbH, 27472 Cuxhaven, Germany; Institute of Science and Animal Technology, Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Marco-Fuertes
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| | - Clara Marin
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain.
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Awad A, Yeh HY, Ramadan H, Rothrock MJ. Genotypic characterization, antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence determinants of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from pastured poultry farms. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1271551. [PMID: 38029099 PMCID: PMC10668334 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1271551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Campylobacter is the leading bacterial pathogen that causes foodborne illnesses worldwide. Pasture farming is regarded as an important source of agricultural production for small farming communities. Consumer preference for pasture-raised animal products has increased; however, there is a paucity of information on the microbiological quality of pasture-raised poultry products. The purpose of this study was to explore genetic relatedness of thermophilic Campylobacter isolates, to assess antibiotic resistance phenotypically and genotypically, and to screen the presence of virulence determinants of Campylobacter isolates from pasture-raised poultry farms from southeastern United States. Methods Ninety-seven Campylobacter isolates previously identified by Q7 BAX® System Real-Time PCR were genotyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Campylobacter isolates were then evaluated for their phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility against nine antimicrobial agents using Sensititre plates. Additionally, Campylobacter isolates were tested for the presence of antimicrobial resistance-associated elements. Furthermore, Campylobacter isolates were screened for the presence of 13 genes encoding putative virulence factors by PCR. These included genes involved in motility (flaA and flhA), adhesion and colonization (cadF, docC, racR, and virB11), toxin production (cdtA, cdtB, cdtC, wlaN, and ceuE) and invasion (ciaB and iamA). Results Among 97 Campylobacter isolates, Campylobacter jejuni (n = 79) and Campylobacter coli (n = 18) were identified. By MLST, C. jejuni isolates were assigned to seven clonal complexes. Among them, ST-353, ST-607 and ST-21 were the most common STs recognized. All C. coli (n = 18) isolates were included in CC-828. Interestingly, eight STs identified were not belonging any previous identified clonal complex. Campylobacter isolates displayed a high resistance rate against tetracycline (81.4%), while a low rate of resistance was observed against macrolides (azithromycin and erythromycin), quinolones and fluoroquinolones (nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin), aminoglycosides (gentamicin), ketolide (telithromycin), amphenicol (florfenicol) and lincomycin (clindamycin). Thirteen isolates (13.54%) were pan-susceptible to all tested antibiotics, while nine isolates were multi-antimicrobial resistant (MAR; resist to three or more antimicrobial classes). Interestingly, there were no isolates resistant to all antimicrobial classes. Thr86Ile mutation was identified in all quinolones resistant strains. Erythromycin encoding gene (ermB) was identified in 75% of erythromycin resistant isolates. The A2075 mutation was detected in one erythromycin resistant strain, while A2074 could not be identified. The tetO gene was identified in 93.7% of tetracycline resistant isolates and six tetracycline susceptible isolates. In conclusion, the results of this study revealed that Campylobacter isolates from pasture-raised poultry farms showed the ST relatedness to Campylobacter isolates commonly associated with humans, indicating pasture-raised broiler flocks, similar to conventionally-reared broiler flocks, as a potential vector for antibiotic-resistant and pathogenic strains of thermophilic Campylobacter to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Awad
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hung-Yueh Yeh
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hazem Ramadan
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Michael J. Rothrock
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
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Che M, Birk T, Hansen LT. Prevalence and Transmission of Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin (ESC) Resistance Genes in Escherichia coli Isolated from Poultry Production Systems and Slaughterhouses in Denmark. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1602. [PMID: 37998804 PMCID: PMC10668726 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant Escherichia coli is a global concern. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and transmission of ESC-resistant E. coli in the Danish broiler production system. Samples from two vertically integrated Production Systems (1 and 2) and two slaughterhouses (A and B) were analyzed (n = 943) for the occurrence of ESC-resistant E. coli from 2015 to 2018. ESC-resistant E. coli isolates were whole-genome sequenced (WGS) for characterization of the multi-locus sequence type (MLST), antibiotic resistance genes, virulence genes, and plasmid replicon types. An ad hoc core genome (cg) MLST based on 2513 alleles was used to examine the genetic relatedness among isolates. The prevalence of ESC-resistant E. coli in the conventional Production System 1 was 2.7%, while in Production System 2 the prevalence was 26.7% and 56.5% for samples from the conventional and organic production, respectively. The overall prevalence of ESC-resistant E. coli in broiler thigh and fecal samples ranged from 19.3% in Slaughterhouse A to 22.4% in Slaughterhouse B. In total, 162 ESC-resistant E. coli were isolated and shown to belong to 16 different sequence types (STs). The most prevalent STs were ST2040 (n = 85) and ST429 (n = 22). Seven ESC resistance genes were detected: blaCMY-2 (n = 119), blaTEM-52B (n = 16), blaCTX-M-1 (n = 5), blaTEM-52C (n = 3), blaCTX-M-14 (n = 1), blaSHV-12 (n = 1), and up-regulation of ampC (n = 16), with an unknown resistance gene in one isolate (n = 1). The carriage of blaCMY-2 in 119 isolates was primarily associated with IncI1 (n = 87), and IncK plasmids (n = 31). Highly similar blaCMY-2 carrying E. coli isolates from ST429 were found in production systems as well as in slaughterhouses. In conclusion, findings from this study indicate that ESC-resistant E. coli are transferred vertically from farms in the production systems to slaughterhouses with the potential to enter the food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyao Che
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Tina Birk
- Department of Technology, University College Copenhagen, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark;
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Blomvall L, Kaukonen E, Kurittu P, Heikinheimo A, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M. Food chain information and post-mortem findings in fattening Turkey flocks. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Saeed MA, Saqlain M, Waheed U, Ehtisham-Ul-Haque S, Khan AU, Rehman AU, Sajid M, Atif FA, Neubauer H, El-Adawy H. Cross-Sectional Study for Detection and Risk Factor Analysis of ESBL-Producing Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Associated with Backyard Chickens in Pakistan. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050934. [PMID: 37237837 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia (E.) coli in backyard chicken farming in Pakistan is of serious concern. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance patterns and risk factors associated with ESBL avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) isolated from backyard chickens in the Jhang district, Punjab, Pakistan. In total, 320 cloacal swabs were collected from four breeds of backyard chicken (Aseel, Golden, Misri and Necked Neck). ESBL E. coli were phenotypically identified using double disc synergy test (DDST) and corresponding genes were confirmed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR). Out of the 320 samples, 164 (51.3%) were confirmed as E. coli, while 74 (45.1%) were characterized as ESBL E. coli. The frequency of isolation of ESBL E. coli was highest in Aseel chickens (35.1%). Of the 164 confirmed E. coli, 95.1%, 78.6%, 76.8%, 71.3%, 70.1%, 68.9%, 60.4% and 57.3% were resistant against tylosin, doxycycline, cefotaxime, enrofloxacin, colistin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol and gentamicin, respectively. The ESBL gene types detected and their corresponding proportions were blaCTX-M (54.1 %, 40/74), blaTEM, (12.2%, 9/74) and co-existence (blaCTX-M and blaTEM) were shown in 33.8% (25/74). The blaCTX-M gene sequence showed homology to blaCTX-M-15 from clinical isolates. The mean multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) was found to be higher among ESBL E. coli (0.25) when compared to non-ESBL E. coli (0.17). Both free-range husbandry management system (p = 0.02, OR: 30.00, 95% CI = 1.47-611.79) and high antimicrobial usage in the last 6 months (p = 0.01, OR: 25.17, 95% CI = 1.81-348.71) were found significantly associated with isolation of ESBL-producing E. coli in the tested samples using binary logistic regression analysis. This study confirmed the potential of backyard chickens as a reservoir for ESBL E. coli in the Jhang district, Punjab, Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adnan Saeed
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, CVAS Campus, 12-Km Chiniot Road, Jhang 35200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saqlain
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, CVAS Campus, 12-Km Chiniot Road, Jhang 35200, Pakistan
| | - Usman Waheed
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, CVAS Campus, 12-Km Chiniot Road, Jhang 35200, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ehtisham-Ul-Haque
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, CVAS Campus, 12-Km Chiniot Road, Jhang 35200, Pakistan
| | - Aman Ullah Khan
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, CVAS Campus, 12-Km Chiniot Road, Jhang 35200, Pakistan
| | - Aziz Ur Rehman
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, CVAS Campus, 12-Km Chiniot Road, Jhang 35200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajid
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, CVAS Campus, 12-Km Chiniot Road, Jhang 35200, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Ahmad Atif
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, CVAS Campus, 12-Km Chiniot Road, Jhang 35200, Pakistan
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 35516, Egypt
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Mudenda S, Matafwali SK, Malama S, Munyeme M, Yamba K, Katemangwe P, Siluchali G, Mainda G, Mukuma M, Bumbangi FN, Mirisho R, Muma JB. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Enterococcus species isolated from laying hens in Lusaka and Copperbelt provinces of Zambia: a call for AMR surveillance in the poultry sector. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2022; 4:dlac126. [PMID: 36570686 PMCID: PMC9772873 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlac126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of antimicrobials in layer poultry production for improved production, growth promotion, prophylaxis and treatment purposes has contributed to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in poultry. In Zambia, there is a paucity of information on the prevalence and AMR patterns of Enterococcus species isolated from laying hens. Objectives This study investigated the prevalence and AMR patterns of enterococci isolated in layer hens in Lusaka and Copperbelt provinces of Zambia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2020 to April 2021. Three hundred and sixty-five pooled cloacal swab samples were collected from 77 layer poultry farms. Enterococci identification and confirmation were performed using Analytical Profile Index (API 20 STREP) and 16S rRNA sequencing, respectively. A panel of nine antibiotics was used for antibiotic susceptibility testing and interpreted according to the CLSI 2020 guidelines. Data were analysed using SPSS version 23 and WHONET 2020. Results A total of 308 (83%) single Enterococcus species isolates were obtained and showed resistance to tetracycline (80.5%), erythromycin (53.6%), quinupristin/dalfopristin (53.2%), ampicillin (36.72%), vancomycin (32.8%), linezolid (30.2%), ciprofloxacin (11.0%), nitrofurantoin (6.5%) and chloramphenicol (3.9%). The prevalence of enterococci resistant to at least one antibiotic was 99.4% (n = 306), of which 86% (n = 265) were MDR. Conclusions This study found a high prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant enterococci. The presence of MDR requires urgent intervention and implementation of AMR surveillance strategies and antimicrobial stewardship programmes in layer poultry production in Zambia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steward Mudenda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.,Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Scott Kaba Matafwali
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sydney Malama
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Musso Munyeme
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Kaunda Yamba
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology Laboratory, University Teaching Hospitals, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Patrick Katemangwe
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Godfrey Siluchali
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.,Department of Anatomy and Physiological Sciences, Institute of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Geoffrey Mainda
- Department of Veterinary Services, Central Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Mercy Mukuma
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Flavien Nsoni Bumbangi
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Eden University, P.O. Box 37727, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Robert Mirisho
- Department of Public Health, St Francis University College of Health and Allied Sciences, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - John Bwalya Muma
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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Schoder D, Guldimann C, Märtlbauer E. Asymptomatic Carriage of Listeria monocytogenes by Animals and Humans and Its Impact on the Food Chain. Foods 2022; 11:3472. [PMID: 36360084 PMCID: PMC9654558 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans and animals can become asymptomatic carriers of Listeria monocytogenes and introduce the pathogen into their environment with their feces. In turn, this environmental contamination can become the source of food- and feed-borne illnesses in humans and animals, with the food production chain representing a continuum between the farm environment and human populations that are susceptible to listeriosis. Here, we update a review from 2012 and summarize the current knowledge on the asymptomatic carrier statuses in humans and animals. The data on fecal shedding by species with an impact on the food chain are summarized, and the ways by which asymptomatic carriers contribute to the risk of listeriosis in humans and animals are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Schoder
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Science, Institute of Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Veterinarians without Borders Austria, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Guldimann
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Food Safety and Analytics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Erwin Märtlbauer
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Milk Hygiene, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
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Singh M, Mollier RT, Paton RN, Pongener N, Yadav R, Singh V, Katiyar R, Kumar R, Sonia C, Bhatt M, Babu S, Rajkhowa DJ, Mishra VK. Backyard poultry farming with improved germplasm: Sustainable food production and nutritional security in fragile ecosystem. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.962268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 3 billion people were unable to afford a healthy diet in 2019 because of poverty and inequality. Most of these people live in Asia and Africa. Furthermore, 30% of the world population was affected by moderate to severe food insecurity in 2020, and most of this population lives in low- and middle-income countries. The world is at a critical juncture, and there is an urgent need for transformative food systems that ensure the empowerment of poor and vulnerable population groups, often smallholders with limited access to resources or those living in remote locations, as well as the empowerment of women, children, and youth (FAO, 2018). The backyard poultry production system (BPPS), as practiced by 80% of the world's rural population, can be that transformative change in low- and middle-income countries. Although the BPPS has low productivity, it still plays an important role in the food and nutritional security of rural people living in fragile ecosystems. Backyard poultry has been recognized as a tool for poverty alleviation and women empowerment besides ensuring food and nutritional security for rural poor. Poultry meat and eggs are the cheapest and best source of good quality protein, minerals, and vitamins. The introduction of improved backyard poultry germplasm has improved the productivity of this system in resource-poor settings and thereby improved the income and nutritional security of poor households. With these birds, the availability, access, utilization, and stability of food security have improved at household and national levels. Diseases, predation, non-availability of improved germplasm, lack of access to markets, and lack of skills are the major constraints to the adoption of improved backyard poultry. These constraints can be addressed by involving a network of community animal service providers. The improved backyard poultry germplasm will dominate the backyard poultry production system in the future and will be a tool for ensuring food and nutritional security on a sustainable basis, more particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
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Prevalence and molecular characterization of Eimeria species affecting backyard poultry of Jammu region, North India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:296. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Osteomyelitis in a slaughter turkey flock caused by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis sequence type ST42. Vet Microbiol 2022; 269:109424. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Antimicrobial Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Virulence Genes in Enterococcus Species from Small Backyard Chicken Flocks. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030380. [PMID: 35326843 PMCID: PMC8944505 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Backyard birds are small flocks that are more common in developing countries. They are used for poultry meat and egg production. However, they are also implicated in the maintenance and transmission of several zoonotic diseases, including multidrug-resistant bacteria. Enterococci are one of the most common zoonotic bacteria. They colonize numerous body sites and cause a wide range of serious nosocomial infections in humans. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the diversity in Enterococcus spp. in healthy birds and to determine the occurrence of multidrug resistance (MDR), multi-locus sequence types, and virulence genes and biofilm formation. From March 2019 to December 2020, cloacal swabs were collected from 15 healthy backyard broiler flocks. A total of 90 enterococci strains were recovered and classified according to the 16S rRNA sequence into Enterococcus faecalis (50%); Enterococcus faecium (33.33%), Enterococcus hirae (13.33%), and Enterococcus avium (3.33%). The isolates exhibited high resistance to tetracycline (55.6%), erythromycin (31.1%), and ampicillin (30%). However, all of the isolates were susceptible to linezolid. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was identified in 30 (33.3%) isolates. The enterococci AMR-associated genes ermB, ermA, tetM, tetL, vanA, cat, and pbp5 were identified in 24 (26.6%), 11 (12.2%), 39 (43.3%), 34 (37.7%), 1 (1.1%), 4 (4.4%), and 23 (25.5%) isolates, respectively. Of the 90 enterococci, 21 (23.3%), 27 (30%), and 36 (40%) isolates showed the presence of cylA, gelE, and agg virulence-associated genes, respectively. Seventy-three (81.1%) isolates exhibited biofilm formation. A statistically significant correlation was obtained for biofilm formation versus the MAR index and MDR. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) identified eleven and eight different STs for E. faecalis and E. faecium, respectively. Seven different rep-family plasmid genes (rep1–2, rep3, rep5–6, rep9, and rep11) were detected in the MDR enterococci. Two-thirds (20/30; 66.6%) of the enterococci were positive for one or two rep-families. In conclusion, the results show that healthy backyard chickens could act as a reservoir for MDR and virulent Enterococcus spp. Thus, an effective antimicrobial stewardship program and further studies using a One Health approach are required to investigate the role of backyard chickens as vectors for AMR transmission to humans.
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Guo Y, Ryan U, Feng Y, Xiao L. Association of Common Zoonotic Pathogens With Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:810142. [PMID: 35082774 PMCID: PMC8784678 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.810142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal farming has intensified significantly in recent decades, with the emergence of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) in industrialized nations. The congregation of susceptible animals in CAFOs can lead to heavy environmental contamination with pathogens, promoting the emergence of hyper-transmissible, and virulent pathogens. As a result, CAFOs have been associated with emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, hepatitis E virus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Streptococcus suis, livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Cryptosporidium parvum in farm animals. This has led to increased transmission of zoonotic pathogens in humans and changes in disease patterns in general communities. They are exemplified by the common occurrence of outbreaks of illnesses through direct and indirect contact with farm animals, and wide occurrence of similar serotypes or subtypes in both humans and farm animals in industrialized nations. Therefore, control measures should be developed to slow down the dispersal of zoonotic pathogens associated with CAFOs and prevent the emergence of new pathogens of epidemic and pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Guo
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Una Ryan
- Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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14
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Keerthirathne TP, Ross K, Fallowfield H, Whiley H. Examination of Australian backyard poultry for Salmonella, Campylobacter and Shigella spp., and related risk factors. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 69:13-22. [PMID: 34482641 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, foodborne illness is a significant public health issue in both developed and developing countries. Salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis and shigellosis are common foodborne gastrointestinal illnesses caused by the bacteria Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Shigella spp. respectively. These zoonotic diseases are frequently linked to eggs and poultry products. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of these pathogens in Australian backyard poultry flocks and to determine risk factors for these pathogens. Poultry faeces samples were collected from 82 backyards and screened for Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Shigella spp. using qPCR. A questionnaire was administered to the backyard poultry owners to assess their knowledge regarding management of poultry and eggs and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to the presence of zoonotic pathogens in the flocks. One composite faecal sample was collected from each backyard (82 samples). Composite sampling here means taking one or more grab samples from a backyard to make up approximately 10 grams. Four per cent of samples, that is 4% backyards tested, were positive for Salmonella spp., 10% were positive for Campylobacter spp. and none were positive for Shigella spp. A higher infection rate was seen in multi-aged flocks (24%) compared with the single-aged flocks (3%). The survey found that many participants were engaging in risky food safety behaviours with 46% of participants responding that they washed their eggs with running water or still water instead of wiping the dirt off with a damp cloth to clean the eggs and 19% stored their eggs at room temperature. This study demonstrated that backyard poultry may pose a potential risk for salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis. Additionally, Australian public health and food safety regulations should be modified and effectively implemented to address the risks associated with backyard poultry husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirstin Ross
- Environmental Health, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Howard Fallowfield
- Environmental Health, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Harriet Whiley
- Environmental Health, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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15
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Prevalence of Select Intestinal Parasites in Alabama Backyard Poultry Flocks. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11040939. [PMID: 33810349 PMCID: PMC8066009 DOI: 10.3390/ani11040939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary As biosecurity is generally low in backyard chicken flocks, infections with various pathogens are common. This puts other poultry nearby, including commercial flocks, at risk. Some chicken pathogens can also infect humans and cause disease. In this study, backyard poultry flocks were tested for parasites. Eighty-four fecal samples, 82 from chickens and two from turkeys, from 64 backyard flocks throughout the state of Alabama were collected in the summers of 2017 and 2018. The most frequently observed parasites were coccidia, unicellular parasites capable of causing diarrhea. Eggs of various roundworms were observed in 20.3–26.6% of the flocks. These parasites were usually present in low numbers only. Other detected parasites were the flagellates Histomonas meleagridis and Tetratrichomonas gallinarum in 4.7% and 18.8% of flocks. Both can cause severe disease in poultry. Detected parasites that can cause disease in humans were Cryptosporidium spp. in 18.8% of the flocks and Blastocystis spp. in 87.5% of the flocks. The results will help to provide information that can be used to design outreach programs to improve the health and wellbeing of birds in backyard flocks. Abstract Keeping chickens as backyard pets has become increasingly popular in the United States in recent years. However, biosecurity is generally low in backyard flocks. As a consequence, they can serve as reservoirs for various pathogens that pose a risk for commercial poultry or human health. Eighty-four fecal samples, 82 from chickens and two from turkeys, from 64 backyard flocks throughout the state of Alabama were collected in the summers of 2017 and 2018. Coccidia oocysts were seen in 64.1% of flocks with oocyst counts in most samples below 10,000 oocysts per gram. Eggs of Ascaridia spp. or Heterakis gallinarum were observed in 20.3% of the flocks, and eggs of Capillaria spp. in 26.6% of the flocks. Egg counts were low, rarely exceeding 1000 eggs per gram. DNA extracted directly from fecal samples was investigated by PCR for other relevant parasites. The results showed that 4.7% of flocks were positive for Histomonas meleagridis, 18.8% of flocks for Tetratrichomonas gallinarum, 18.8% of flocks for Cryptosporidium spp. and 87.5% of flocks for Blastocystis spp. The results will help to provide information that can be used to design outreach programs to improve health and wellbeing of birds in backyard flocks.
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16
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Greening SS, Rawdon TG, Mulqueen K, French NP, Gates MC. Using multiple data sources to explore disease transmission risk between commercial poultry, backyard poultry, and wild birds in New Zealand. Prev Vet Med 2021; 190:105327. [PMID: 33740595 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The movements of backyard poultry and wild bird populations are known to pose a disease risk to the commercial poultry industry. However, it is often difficult to estimate this risk due to the lack of accurate data on the numbers, locations, and movement patterns of these populations. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the use of three different data sources when investigating disease transmission risk between poultry populations in New Zealand including (1) cross-sectional survey data looking at the movement of goods and services within the commercial poultry industry, (2) backyard poultry sales data from the online auction site TradeMe®, and (3) citizen science data from the wild bird monitoring project eBird. The cross-sectional survey data and backyard poultry sales data were transformed into network graphs showing the connectivity of commercial and backyard poultry producers across different geographical regions. The backyard poultry network was also used to parameterise a Susceptible-Infectious (SI) simulation model to explore the behaviour of potential disease outbreaks. The citizen science data was used to create an additional map showing the spatial distribution of wild bird observations across New Zealand. To explore the potential for diseases to spread between each population, maps were combined into bivariate choropleth maps showing the overlap between movements within the commercial poultry industry, backyard poultry trades and, wild bird observations. Network analysis revealed that the commercial poultry network was highly connected with geographical clustering around the urban centres of Auckland, New Plymouth and Christchurch. The backyard poultry network was also a highly active trade network and displayed similar geographic clustering to the commercial network. In the disease simulation models, the high connectivity resulted in all suburbs becoming infected in 96.4 % of the SI simulations. Analysis of the eBird data included reports of over 80 species; the majority of which were identified as coastal seabirds or wading birds that showed little overlap with either backyard or commercial poultry. Overall, our study findings highlight how the spatial patterns of trading activity within the commercial poultry industry, alongside the movement of backyard poultry and wild birds, have the potential to contribute significantly to the spread of diseases between these populations. However, it is clear that in order to fully understand this risk landscape, further data integration is needed; including the use of additional datasets that have further information on critical variables such as environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina S Greening
- Massey University School of Veterinary Science, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Thomas G Rawdon
- Diagnostic and Surveillance Services Directorate, Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Kerry Mulqueen
- Poultry Industry Association of New Zealand (PIANZ), Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P French
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Massey University School of Veterinary Science, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand; New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - M Carolyn Gates
- Massey University School of Veterinary Science, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
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17
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Brochu NM, Guerin MT, Varga C, Lillie BN, Brash ML, Susta L. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS, AND HUSBANDRY AND BIOSECURITY PRACTICES OF SMALL POULTRY FLOCKS IN ONTARIO, CANADA. Avian Dis 2021; 65:287-294. [PMID: 33592104 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-20-00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
As part of a two-year, disease surveillance project of small poultry flocks, owners of birds submitted for postmortem examination to the Animal Health Laboratory were asked to complete a questionnaire designed to gather information on the characteristics of the flock and its environment, how the flock was managed, and biosecurity measures used. A total of 153 unique questionnaires were received. Personal consumption of meat or eggs was the most common reason for owning a small flock (69.3%). Almost all owners (97.4%) reported having chickens on their property, while 21.6% had waterfowl, 15.7% had turkeys, and 15.7% had game birds. Nearly seventy percent (69.9%) of the flocks had some degree of outdoor access. For those with indoor access, the most common bedding material provided was soft wood shavings (70.2%). Kitchen waste or leftovers were offered to 65.3% of flocks, and well water was the most common source of drinking water (80.6%). For flocks with indoor access, dedicated shoes and clothes were used when entering or cleaning the coop by less than half of owners, and shoes were rarely disinfected before or after contact with the flock. Most owners (93.8%) reported washing their hands after contact with their birds, although only 48.3% reported washing their hands before contact. Among owners who sourced birds from a hatchery, only 36.8% indicated that the birds had been vaccinated and 21.1% were unsure if vaccines had been administered. Among owners using medication (60.5%), the use of antibiotics was common (60.9%). Overall, questionnaire responses describe a wide range of husbandry and biosecurity practices, often suboptimal, and point out the need for educational material for Ontario small flock owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Brochu
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Michele T Guerin
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Csaba Varga
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1 (At time of study);Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA, 61802 (Present)
| | - Brandon N Lillie
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Marina L Brash
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Leonardo Susta
- University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary College Associate Professor Pathobiology PAHL Building 89 Corner of McGilvray and Gordon CANADA Guelph Ontario N1G2G2 +1(519)824-4120 X54323
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18
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Foster-Nyarko E, Alikhan NF, Ravi A, Thomson NM, Jarju S, Kwambana-Adams BA, Secka A, O’Grady J, Antonio M, Pallen MJ. Genomic diversity of Escherichia coli isolates from backyard chickens and guinea fowl in the Gambia. Microb Genom 2021; 7:mgen000484. [PMID: 33253086 PMCID: PMC8115903 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chickens and guinea fowl are commonly reared in Gambian homes as affordable sources of protein. Using standard microbiological techniques, we obtained 68 caecal isolates of Escherichia coli from 10 chickens and 9 guinea fowl in rural Gambia. After Illumina whole-genome sequencing, 28 sequence types were detected in the isolates (4 of them novel), of which ST155 was the most common (22/68, 32 %). These strains span four of the eight main phylogroups of E. coli, with phylogroups B1 and A being most prevalent. Nearly a third of the isolates harboured at least one antimicrobial resistance gene, while most of the ST155 isolates (14/22, 64 %) encoded resistance to ≥3 classes of clinically relevant antibiotics, as well as putative virulence factors, suggesting pathogenic potential in humans. Furthermore, hierarchical clustering revealed that several Gambian poultry strains were closely related to isolates from humans. Although the ST155 lineage is common in poultry from Africa and South America, the Gambian ST155 isolates belong to a unique cgMLST cluster comprising closely related (38-39 alleles differences) isolates from poultry and livestock from sub-Saharan Africa - suggesting that strains can be exchanged between poultry and livestock in this setting. Continued surveillance of E. coli and other potential pathogens in rural backyard poultry from sub-Saharan Africa is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezer Foster-Nyarko
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard Road, Fajara, Gambia
| | | | - Anuradha Ravi
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | | | - Sheikh Jarju
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard Road, Fajara, Gambia
| | - Brenda A. Kwambana-Adams
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard Road, Fajara, Gambia
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Mucosal Pathogens, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Arss Secka
- West Africa Livestock Innovation Centre (WALIC), MB 14, Banjul, Gambia
| | - Justin O’Grady
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - Martin Antonio
- Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard Road, Fajara, Gambia
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Mark John Pallen
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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Ayala AJ, Yabsley MJ, Hernandez SM. A Review of Pathogen Transmission at the Backyard Chicken-Wild Bird Interface. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:539925. [PMID: 33195512 PMCID: PMC7541960 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.539925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Habitat conversion and the expansion of domesticated, invasive species into native habitats are increasingly recognized as drivers of pathogen emergence at the agricultural-wildlife interface. Poultry agriculture is one of the largest subsets of this interface, and pathogen spillover events between backyard chickens and wild birds are becoming more commonly reported. Native wild bird species are under numerous anthropogenic pressures, but the risks of pathogen spillover from domestic chickens have been historically underappreciated as a threat to wild birds. Now that the backyard chicken industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world, it is imperative that the principles of biosecurity, specifically bioexclusion and biocontainment, are legislated and implemented. We reviewed the literature on spillover events of pathogens historically associated with poultry into wild birds. We also reviewed the reasons for biosecurity failures in backyard flocks that lead to those spillover events and provide recommendations for current and future backyard flock owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J. Ayala
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Michael J. Yabsley
- Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Sonia M. Hernandez
- Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Athens, GA, United States
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20
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Shah DH, Board MM, Crespo R, Guard J, Paul NC, Faux C. The occurrence of Salmonella, extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli and carbapenem resistant non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria in a backyard poultry flock environment. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:742-753. [PMID: 32710700 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Increase in the number of small-scale backyard poultry flocks in the USA has substantially increased human-to-live poultry contact, leading to increased public health risks of the transmission of multi-drug resistant (MDR) zoonotic and food-borne bacteria. The objective of this study was to detect the occurrence of Salmonella and MDR Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) in the backyard poultry flock environment. A total of 34 backyard poultry flocks in Washington State (WA) were sampled. From each flock, one composite coop sample and three drag swabs from nest floor, waterer-feeder, and a random site with visible faecal smearing, respectively, were collected. The samples were processed for isolation of Salmonella and other fermenting and non-fermenting GNB under ceftiofur selection. Each isolate was identified to species level using MALDI-TOFF and tested for resistance against 16 antibiotics belonging to eight antibiotic classes. Salmonella serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- was isolated from one (3%) out of 34 flocks. Additionally, a total of 133 ceftiofur resistant (CefR ) GNB including Escherichia coli (53), Acinetobacter spp. (45), Pseudomonas spp. (22), Achromobacter spp. (8), Bordetella trematum (1), Hafnia alvei (1), Ochrobactrum intermedium (1), Raoultella ornithinolytica (1), and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (1) were isolated. Of these, 110 (82%) isolates displayed MDR. Each flock was found positive for the presence of one or more CefR GNB. Several MDR E. coli (n = 15) were identified as extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) positive. Carbapenem resistance was detected in non-fermenting GNB including Acinetobacter spp. (n = 20), Pseudomonas spp. (n = 11) and Stenotrophomonas maltophila (n = 1). ESBL positive E. coli and carbapenem resistant non-fermenting GNB are widespread in the backyard poultry flock environment in WA State. These GNB are known to cause opportunistic infections, especially in immunocompromised hosts. Better understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of these GNB in the backyard poultry flock settings is needed to identify potential risks of transmission to people in proximity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra H Shah
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Melissa M Board
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Rocio Crespo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Jean Guard
- US National Poultry Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Narayan C Paul
- Texas A & M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Cynthia Faux
- Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Assessing Antibiotic Residues in Poultry Eggs from Backyard Production Systems in Chile, First Approach to a Non-Addressed Issue in Farm Animals. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10061056. [PMID: 32575363 PMCID: PMC7341250 DOI: 10.3390/ani10061056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eggs are the main product generated from backyard poultry production systems (BPS) because they can quickly be consumed and sold to meet essential family needs. Nevertheless, antimicrobial residues can accumulate in this product. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of antimicrobial residues in eggs produced by poultry kept in BPS in central Chile. To assess this, eggs were obtained from 83 BPS and analysed to evaluate the presence of antibiotic residues (families: tetracyclines, beta-lactams, aminoglycosides and macrolides), using a Four-Plate Test screening method for the detection, based on a bacterial growth inhibition method. Results show a lack of biosecurity procedures at BPS level, making these systems susceptible to the dissemination of antimicrobial residues. These include intensive animal production units in the proximity, and the presence of shared watercourses with other farms. Furthermore, 66% of the surveyed owners are indicated as giving pharmacological treatments to their chickens. Eggs from 61 BPS were positive for at least one antimicrobial. Fifty-three BPS were positive for more than one antimicrobial, and one BPS was positive for all four antimicrobials tested. Consequently, there is a risk that poultry eggs produced in BPS in central Chile carry residues of different families of antimicrobials.
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22
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Varga C, Guerin MT, Brash ML, Slavic D, Boerlin P, Susta L. Antimicrobial resistance in fecal Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolates: a two-year prospective study of small poultry flocks in Ontario, Canada. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:464. [PMID: 31864357 PMCID: PMC6925488 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2187-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although keeping small poultry flocks is increasingly popular in Ontario, information on the antimicrobial susceptibility of enteric bacteria of such flocks is lacking. The current study was conducted on small poultry flocks in Ontario between October 2015 and September 2017, and samples were submitted on a voluntary basis to Ontario’s Animal Health Laboratory. From each submission, a pooled cecal sample was obtained from all the birds of the same species from the same flock and tested for the presence of two common enteric pathogens, E. coli and Salmonella. Three different isolates from each E. coli-positive sample and one isolate from each Salmonella-positive sample were selected and tested for susceptibility to 14 antimicrobials using a broth microdilution technique. Results A total of 433 fecal E. coli isolates (358 chicken, 27 turkey, 24 duck, and 24 game bird) and 5 Salmonella isolates (3 chicken, 1 turkey, and 1 duck) were recovered. One hundred and sixty-seven chicken, 5 turkey, 14 duck, and 15 game bird E. coli isolates were pan-susceptible. For E. coli, a moderate to high proportion of isolates were resistant to tetracycline (43% chicken, 81% turkey, 42% duck, and 38% game bird isolates), streptomycin (29% chicken, 37% turkey, and 33% game bird isolates), sulfonamides (17% chicken, 37% turkey, and 21% duck isolates), and ampicillin (16% chicken and 41% turkey isolates). Multidrug resistance was found in 37% of turkey, 20% of chicken, 13% of duck, and 8% of game bird E. coli isolates. Salmonella isolates were most frequently resistant to streptomycin, tetracycline, and sulfonamides. Resistance to cephalosporins, carbapenems, macrolides, and quinolones was infrequent in both E. coli and Salmonella isolates. Cluster and correlation analyses identified streptomycin-tetracycline-sulfisoxazole-trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as the most common resistance pattern in chicken E. coli isolates. Turkey E. coli isolates compared to all the other poultry species had higher odds of resistance to tetracycline and ampicillin, and a higher multidrug resistance rate. Conclusions Escherichia coli isolates were frequently resistant to antimicrobials commonly used to treat poultry bacterial infections, which highlights the necessity of judicious antimicrobial use to limit the emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Varga
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61802, USA.
| | - Michele T Guerin
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Marina L Brash
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Durda Slavic
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Patrick Boerlin
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Leonardo Susta
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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23
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Varga C, Guerin MT, Brash ML, Slavic D, Boerlin P, Susta L. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolated from small poultry flocks in Ontario, Canada: A two-year surveillance study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221429. [PMID: 31465474 PMCID: PMC6715200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter, common in poultry, is a global public health issue. The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistant Campylobacter has been linked to the use of antimicrobials in food animals. Small poultry flocks are becoming increasingly popular not only as a source of food but also as pets, yet not all small flock owners are aware of proper antimicrobial use practices and safe food handling protocols. This trend could contribute to antimicrobial resistance. In order to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter in small poultry flocks, we analyzed data from birds that had been submitted to a diagnostic laboratory in Ontario between October 2015 and September 2017. A pooled cecal sample was obtained from each submission and cultured for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Three isolates were recovered from each positive sample and tested for susceptibility to nine antimicrobials using a broth microdilution method. Overall, 176 isolates were recovered (141 chicken, 21 turkey, 6 duck, and 8 game bird). A high frequency of resistance to tetracycline was observed in the C. jejuni isolates from chickens (77%) and turkeys (100%), and in the C. coli isolates from turkeys (50%) and game birds (40%). Campylobacter jejuni isolates had higher odds of resistance to tetracycline (OR = 3.54, P ≤ 0.01) compared to C. coli isolates. Overall, there was a low frequency of resistance to quinolones and a very low frequency of resistance to macrolides. Multidrug resistance was uncommon. The high prevalence of tetracycline resistance emphasizes the importance of prudent antimicrobial use in small flocks. Although low, the presence of resistance to macrolides and quinolones, which are used to treat campylobacteriosis in humans, highlights the need for proper food safety and infection control practices by small flock owners to prevent exposure to antimicrobial resistant Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Varga
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michele T. Guerin
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marina L. Brash
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Durda Slavic
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick Boerlin
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leonardo Susta
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Rothrock MJ, Locatelli A, Feye KM, Caudill AJ, Guard J, Hiett K, Ricke SC. A Microbiomic Analysis of a Pasture-Raised Broiler Flock Elucidates Foodborne Pathogen Ecology Along the Farm-To-Fork Continuum. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:260. [PMID: 31448296 PMCID: PMC6692657 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
While conventionally grown poultry continues to dominate the U. S. poultry industry, there is an increasing demand for locally-grown, "all natural" alternatives. The use of next generation sequencing allows for not only the gross (e.g., community structure) but also fine-scale (e.g., taxa abundances) examination of these complex microbial communities. This data provides a better understanding of how a pasture flock's microbiome changes throughout the production life cycle and how that change in microbial ecology changes foodborne pathogens in alternative poultry production systems. In order to understand this ecology better, pooled broiler samples were taken during the entire flock life cycle, from pre-hatch gastrointestinal samples (N = 12) to fecal samples from the brood (N = 5), and pasture (N = 10) periods. Additional samples were taken during processing, including skin and feather rinsates (N = 12), ceca (N = 12), and whole carcass rinses (N = 12), and finally whole carcasss rinsates of final products (N = 3). Genomic DNA was extracted, 16S rDNA microbiome sequencing was conducted (Illumina MiSeq), and microbiomes were analyzed and compared using QIIME 1.9.1 to determine how microbiomes shifted throughout production continuum, as well as what environmental factors may be influencing these shifts. Significant microbiome shifts occurred during the life cycle of the pasture broiler flock, with the brood and pasture fecal samples and cecal samples being very distinct from the other pre-hatch, processing, and final product samples. Throughout these varied microbiomes, there was a stable core microbiome containing 13 taxa. Within this core microbiome, five taxa represented known foodborne pathogens (Salmonella, Campylobacter) or potential/emerging pathogens (Pseudomonas, Enterococcus, Acinetobacter) whose relative abundances varied throughout the farm-to-fork continuum, although all were more prevalent in the fecal samples. Additionally, of the 25 physiochemical and nutrient variables measured from the fecal samples, the carbon to nitrogen ratio was one of the most significant variables to warrant further investigations because it impacted both general fecal microbial ecology and Campylobacter and Enterococcus taxa within the core fecal microbiomes. These findings demonstrate the need for further longitudinal, farm-to-fork studies to understand the ecology of the microbial ecology of pasture production flocks to improve animal, environmental, and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Rothrock
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U. S. National Poultry Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Athens, GA, United States
| | - Aude Locatelli
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U. S. National Poultry Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kristina M. Feye
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Andrew J. Caudill
- Department of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jean Guard
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U. S. National Poultry Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kelli Hiett
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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25
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Cadmus KJ, Mete A, Harris M, Anderson D, Davison S, Sato Y, Helm J, Boger L, Odani J, Ficken MD, Pabilonia KL. Causes of mortality in backyard poultry in eight states in the United States. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:318-326. [PMID: 31084344 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719848718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of common diseases of backyard poultry flocks is important to providing poultry health information to flock owners, veterinarians, and animal health officials. We collected autopsy reports over a 3-y period (2015-2017) from diagnostic laboratories in 8 states in the United States; 2,509 reports were collected, involving autopsies of 2,687 birds. The primary cause of mortality was categorized as infectious, noninfectious, neoplasia or lymphoproliferative disease, or undetermined. Neoplasia or lymphoproliferative disease was the most common primary diagnosis and involved 42% of the total birds autopsied; 63% of these cases were diagnosed as Marek's disease or leukosis/sarcoma. Bacterial, parasitic, and viral organisms were commonly detected, involving 42%, 28%, and 7% of the birds autopsied, respectively, with 2 or more organisms detected in 69% of birds. Our findings demonstrate the importance of educating flock owners about disease prevention and biosecurity practices. The detection of zoonotic bacteria including paratyphoid salmonellae, Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Mycobacterium avium, and the detection of lead and other heavy metals, indicate public health risks to flock owners and consumers of backyard flock egg and meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyran J Cadmus
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Aslı Mete
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Macallister Harris
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Doug Anderson
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Sherrill Davison
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Yuko Sato
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Julie Helm
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Lore Boger
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Jenee Odani
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Martin D Ficken
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
| | - Kristy L Pabilonia
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (Cadmus, Harris, Pabilonia).,California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA (Mete).,Georgia Poultry Laboratory Network, Gainesville, GA (Anderson).,University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA (Davison).,College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA (Sato).,Livestock Poultry Health, Clemson University, Columbia, SC (Helm).,Pennsylvania Veterinary Laboratory, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, PA (Boger).,College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI (Odani).,Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Gonzalez, TX (Ficken)
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26
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Verkola M, Pietola E, Järvinen A, Lindqvist K, Kinnunen PM, Heikinheimo A. Low prevalence of zoonotic multidrug-resistant bacteria in veterinarians in a country with prudent use of antimicrobials in animals. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:667-678. [PMID: 31232511 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of multidrug-resistant zoonotic bacteria in animals has been increasing worldwide. Working in close contact with livestock increases the risk of carriage of these bacteria. We investigated the occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmidic AmpC beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL/pAmpC-PE) and livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) in Finnish veterinarians (n = 320). In addition to microbiological samples, background information was collected. Bacterial whole genome sequencing was performed to deduce sequence types (STs), spa types and resistance genes of the isolates. In total, 3.0% (9/297) of the veterinarians carried ESBL producing Escherichia coli, with one ESBL producing E. coli isolate producing also AmpC. Seven different STs, sequences of several different plasmid groups as well as several different blaESBL/pAmpC genes existed in different combinations. No carbapenemase or colistin resistance genes were detected. MRSA was detected in 0.3% (1/320) of the samples. The strain belonged to LA-MRSA clonal complex (CC) 398 (ST398, spa type 011, lacking Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes). In conclusion, this study shows low carriage of multidrug-resistant zoonotic bacteria in Finnish veterinarians. However, finding LA-MRSA for the first time in a sample from a veterinarian in a country with prudent use of animal antimicrobials and regarding the recent rise of LA-MRSA on Finnish pig farms, a strong recommendation to protect people working in close contact with animals carrying LA-MRSA CC398 is given. Further studies are needed to explain why the prevalence of LA-MRSA in veterinarians is lower in Finland than in other European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Verkola
- Elintarvikehygienian ja ympäristöterveyden osasto, Eläinlääketieteellinen tiedekunta, Helsingin yliopisto, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eeva Pietola
- Elintarvikehygienian ja ympäristöterveyden osasto, Eläinlääketieteellinen tiedekunta, Helsingin yliopisto, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Asko Järvinen
- Infektiosairauksien linja, Tulehduskeskus, Helsingin yliopistollinen keskussairaala ja Helsingin yliopisto, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristian Lindqvist
- Yliopistopalvelut, Lähipalvelutiimi Viikki, Helsingin yliopisto, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula M Kinnunen
- Eläinlääketieteellisten biotieteiden osasto, Eläinlääketieteellinen tiedekunta, Helsingin yliopisto, Helsinki, Finland.,Ruokavirasto, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annamari Heikinheimo
- Elintarvikehygienian ja ympäristöterveyden osasto, Eläinlääketieteellinen tiedekunta, Helsingin yliopisto, Helsinki, Finland.,Ruokavirasto, Helsinki, Finland
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27
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Tansawai U, Walsh TR, Niumsup PR. Extended spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli among backyard poultry farms, farmers, and environments in Thailand. Poult Sci 2019; 98:2622-2631. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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28
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Brochu NM, Guerin MT, Varga C, Lillie BN, Brash ML, Susta L. A two-year prospective study of small poultry flocks in Ontario, Canada, part 2: causes of morbidity and mortality. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:336-342. [PMID: 30973078 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719843575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-commercial poultry flocks (referred to as "small flocks") have become increasingly popular in Canada. Despite this popularity, little is known about the main causes of morbidity and mortality (health status) in these flocks. We assessed the baseline prevalence of infectious and non-infectious diseases among Ontario's small poultry flocks by conducting a prospective surveillance study over a 2-y period. With the owner's consent, for each bird ( n = 245) submitted to the Animal Health Laboratory, we performed a postmortem examination, including ancillary tests to reach a diagnosis. Infectious diseases were the most common primary cause of clinical signs or death (62%), with multifactorial respiratory diseases (21%) and Marek's disease (11%) being most frequent. Multifactorial respiratory diseases were commonly caused by coinfection with bacteria (e.g., Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae, Escherichia coli, Avibacterium spp.) and viruses, such as infectious bronchitis and infectious laryngotracheitis viruses. No federally reportable diseases were diagnosed. The health status of small flocks in Ontario has not been reported previously, to our knowledge, and the data presented herein will produce helpful baseline information for the development of technology transfer material directed to owners and veterinarians, which will ultimately aid in the control of diseases among these flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M Brochu
- Departments of Pathobiology (Brochu, Lillie, Susta).,Population Medicine (Guerin), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Brash), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Varga)
| | - Michele T Guerin
- Departments of Pathobiology (Brochu, Lillie, Susta).,Population Medicine (Guerin), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Brash), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Varga)
| | - Csaba Varga
- Departments of Pathobiology (Brochu, Lillie, Susta).,Population Medicine (Guerin), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Brash), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Varga)
| | - Brandon N Lillie
- Departments of Pathobiology (Brochu, Lillie, Susta).,Population Medicine (Guerin), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Brash), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Varga)
| | - Marina L Brash
- Departments of Pathobiology (Brochu, Lillie, Susta).,Population Medicine (Guerin), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Brash), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Varga)
| | - Leonardo Susta
- Departments of Pathobiology (Brochu, Lillie, Susta).,Population Medicine (Guerin), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Veterinary College, and Animal Health Laboratory (Brash), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Varga)
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29
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Dame-Korevaar A, Fischer EAJ, van der Goot J, Stegeman A, Mevius D. Transmission routes of ESBL/pAmpC producing bacteria in the broiler production pyramid, a literature review. Prev Vet Med 2018; 162:136-150. [PMID: 30621893 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Plasmid mediated Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase and AmpC Beta-Lactamase (ESBL/pAmpC) producing bacteria are resistant to beta-lactam antimicrobials and are widespread in humans, the environment and animals. Animals, especially broilers, are an important reservoir of ESBL/pAmpC producing bacteria. To control ESBL/pAmpC prevalence in broilers, transmission within the entire broiler production pyramid should be considered. This study, including 103 articles originating from two electronic databases, searched for evidence for possible routes of transmission of ESBL/pAmpC producing bacteria in the broiler production pyramid. Possible routes of transmission were categorised as 1) vertical between generations, 2) at hatcheries, 3) horizontal on farm, and 4) horizontal between farms and via the environment of farms. This review presents indications for transmission of ESBL/pAmpC producing bacteria for each of these routes. However, the lack of quantitative results in the literature did not allow an estimation of the relative contribution or magnitude of the different routes. Future research should be specifically targeted towards such information as it is crucial to guide reduction strategies for the spread of ESBL/pAmpC producing bacteria in the broiler production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Dame-Korevaar
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Egil A J Fischer
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeanet van der Goot
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan Stegeman
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dik Mevius
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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30
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Toro M, Rivera D, Toledo V, Campos-Vargas R, Allard MW, Hamilton-West C, Moreno-Switt AI. Genomics of Salmonella contaminating backyard production systems reveals persistence and transmission of genetically related Salmonella on a farm basis. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:1008-1014. [PMID: 30264433 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Animals raised in backyard productive systems (BPS) have been frequently associated with Salmonella outbreaks. Several serovars have caused these events, showing that different BPSs can be contaminated by distinct Salmonella serovars. The aim of this study was to characterize the genomic diversity of Salmonella isolates obtained from BPSs in Central Chile to understand their genomic relatedness. A whole-genome SNP-based phylogenetic analysis of 22 Salmonella isolates from 12 locations revealed that S. Typhimurium isolates clustered based on the BPS that they were originally isolated from, and the same was established for S. Enteritidis isolates. Furthermore, our genomic analysis shows that animals from different species (i.e., a chicken, a duck and a pig) carried genetically related S. Typhimurium strains within the same BPS. Moreover, some of these genetically related isolates were obtained in different years (2013 and 2014), indicating that farm-specific Salmonella can persist in BPSs for multiple years and that interspecies transmission is plausible in this environment. Understanding the dynamics of interspecies transmission of Salmonella serovars within a contaminated BPS is fundamental to the design of mitigation strategies to reduce outbreaks of human Salmonella associated with backyard production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magaly Toro
- Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dácil Rivera
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Viviana Toledo
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Reinaldo Campos-Vargas
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marc W Allard
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland
| | - Christopher Hamilton-West
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea I Moreno-Switt
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus on Interdisciplinary Approach to Antimicrobial Resistance, Santiago, Chile
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Jajere SM, Lawal JR, Atsanda NN, Hamisu TM, Goni MD. Prevalence and burden of gastrointestinal helminthes among grey-breasted helmet guinea fowls ( Numida meleagris galeata) encountered in Gombe state, Nigeria. Int J Vet Sci Med 2018; 6:73-79. [PMID: 30255082 PMCID: PMC6147383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This cross sectional survey was conducted from July to December 2015 in order to investigate the burden of gastrointestinal helminthes among guinea fowls in Gombe, Northeastern Nigeria. A total of six hundred fowls (viscera) were purchased from six randomly selected slaughter slabs. Out of the 600 birds examined, 479 (79.83%; 95% CI: 76.4, 82.9) were found harbouring one or more gastrointestinal helminthes. Of this, 238 birds (39.7%; 35.8, 43.6) were infected by nematode species and 392 birds (65.3%; 61.4, 69.0) by cestode species. A total of nine nematodes and seven cestodes species were recovered from these birds. There was no any trematode observed among the studied birds. The prevalences of the nematodes identified in descending order were: Ascaridia galli 56.7% (52.7, 60.6); Ascaridia numidae 38.0% (34.2, 42.0); Heterakis gallinarum 17.2% (14.4, 20.4); Heterakis meleagridis 8.3% (6.4, 10.8); Strongyloides avium 3.5% (2.3, 5.3); Subulura brumpti 3.2% (2.0, 5.0); Gongylonema ingluvicola 2.2% (1.3, 3.7) and both Dispharynx spiralis and Tetrameres numidae had 0.7% (0.3, 1.7). While for cestodes: Raillietina tetragona 72.8% (69.1, 76.2); Raillietina echinobothrida 67.3% (63.5, 71.0); Raillietina cesticillus 50% (46.0, 54.0); Raillietina magninumida 25.7% (22.3, 29.3); Hymenolopsis cantaniana 17.3% (14.5, 20.6); Davainea nana 4.2% (2.8, 6.1) and the lowest was observed in Choanotaenia infundibulum with 2% (1.2, 3.5). Infection rates did not differ significantly based on sex (P > 0.05). However, the occurrence of mixed infection as compared with single infection was statistically significant in both cestodes and nematodes (P < 0.001). The results obtained indicated high prevalence of gastrointestinal helminthes among guinea fowls. These birds may serve as important source of helminthes to other commercial birds in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh M Jajere
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069 Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Jallailudeen R Lawal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069 Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Naphtali N Atsanda
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069 Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Tasiu M Hamisu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069 Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed D Goni
- Unit of Biostatistics and Research Methodology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Clothier KA, Kim P, Mete A, Hill AE. Frequency, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella in small poultry flocks in California. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:471-475. [PMID: 29405899 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718755418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Backyard poultry operations are increasingly popular and commonplace in both rural and suburban locations. Although Salmonella surveillance programs are well established for large commercial poultry systems, information on smaller operations is lacking. We identified the occurrence and serotype distribution of Salmonella spp. recovered from backyard flock cases submitted to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (Davis, CA) in 2012-2015, and evaluated minimum inhibitory concentration for 12 antimicrobials as well as the lesions associated with Salmonella spp. in these cases. From records of 2,347 backyard flock cases with 2,627 samples, 44 samples (1.7%) were positive for Salmonella spp. DNA by PCR, and 41 (1.6%) of these samples yielded a Salmonella isolate by culture for further characterization. Seventeen different serotypes, including 3 isolates identified to the serogroup level, were identified from these isolates. Antimicrobial resistance was infrequent; however, 2 multidrug-resistant isolates were identified. Enteric or systemic lesions associated with Salmonella recovery were uncommon, with 77.3% of cases having no disease attributable to Salmonella. Recovered serotypes overlap with those seen in commercial poultry as well as in foodborne outbreaks reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in humans. Zoonotic risks via contact and food product contamination make monitoring of backyard flocks for Salmonella a critical part of flock surveillance programs, and we propose a potential sampling scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A Clothier
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Lab System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Peony Kim
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Lab System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Aslı Mete
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Lab System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Ashley E Hill
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Lab System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
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Samanta I, Joardar SN, Das PK. Biosecurity Strategies for Backyard Poultry: A Controlled Way for Safe Food Production. FOOD CONTROL AND BIOSECURITY 2018. [PMCID: PMC7149579 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811445-2.00014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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ESBL-producing Escherichia coli
and Its Rapid Rise among Healthy People. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2017; 5:122-150. [PMID: 32231938 DOI: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2017011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since around the 2000s, Escherichia coli (E. coli) resistant to both oxyimino-cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones has remarkably increased worldwide in clinical settings. The kind of E. coli is also identified in patients suffering from community-onset infectious diseases such as urinary tract infections. Moreover, recoveries of multi-drug resistant E. coli from the feces of healthy people have been increasingly documented in recent years, although the actual state remains uncertain. These E. coli isolates usually produce extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), as well as acquisition of amino acid substitutions in the quinolone-resistance determining regions (QRDRs) of GyrA and/or ParC, together with plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants such as Qnr, AAC(6')-Ib-cr, and QepA. The actual state of ESBL-producing E. coli in hospitalized patients has been carefully investigated in many countries, while that in healthy people still remains uncertain, although high fecal carriage rates of ESBL producers in healthy people have been reported especially in Asian and South American countries. The issues regarding the ESBL producers have become very complicated and chaotic due to rapid increase of both ESBL variants and plasmids mediating ESBL genes, together with the emergence of various "epidemic strains" or "international clones" of E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae harboring transferable-plasmids carrying multiple antimicrobial resistance genes. Thus, the current state of ESBL producers outside hospital settings was overviewed together with the relation among those recovered from livestock, foods, pets, environments and wildlife from the viewpoint of molecular epidemiology. This mini review may contribute to better understanding about ESBL producers among people who are not familiar with the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatening rising globally.
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Pohjola L, Tammiranta N, Ek-Kommonen C, Soveri T, Hänninen ML, Fredriksson Ahomaa M, Huovilainen A. A survey for selected avian viral pathogens in backyard chicken farms in Finland. Avian Pathol 2016; 46:166-172. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1232804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Pohjola
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
| | - N. Tammiranta
- Veterinary Virology, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Helsinki, Finland
| | - C. Ek-Kommonen
- Veterinary Virology, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T. Soveri
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
| | - M. L. Hänninen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M. Fredriksson Ahomaa
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A. Huovilainen
- Veterinary Virology, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Helsinki, Finland
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