1
|
Zapata-Acevedo JF, Mantilla-Galindo A, Vargas-Sánchez K, González-Reyes RE. Blood-brain barrier biomarkers. Adv Clin Chem 2024; 121:1-88. [PMID: 38797540 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic interface that regulates the exchange of molecules and cells between the brain parenchyma and the peripheral blood. The BBB is mainly composed of endothelial cells, astrocytes and pericytes. The integrity of this structure is essential for maintaining brain and spinal cord homeostasis and protection from injury or disease. However, in various neurological disorders, such as traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis, the BBB can become compromised thus allowing passage of molecules and cells in and out of the central nervous system parenchyma. These agents, however, can serve as biomarkers of BBB permeability and neuronal damage, and provide valuable information for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Herein, we provide an overview of the BBB and changes due to aging, and summarize current knowledge on biomarkers of BBB disruption and neurodegeneration, including permeability, cellular, molecular and imaging biomarkers. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities for developing a biomarker toolkit that can reliably assess the BBB in physiologic and pathophysiologic states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Zapata-Acevedo
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias, Centro de Neurociencia Neurovitae-UR, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandra Mantilla-Galindo
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias, Centro de Neurociencia Neurovitae-UR, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Karina Vargas-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología Celular, Grupo de Neurociencia Traslacional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo E González-Reyes
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias, Centro de Neurociencia Neurovitae-UR, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bork PAR, Hauglund NL, Mori Y, Møllgård K, Hjorth PG, Nedergaard M. Modeling of brain efflux: Constraints of brain surfaces. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318444121. [PMID: 38598340 PMCID: PMC11032467 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318444121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluid efflux from the brain plays an important role in solute waste clearance. Current experimental approaches provide little spatial information, and data collection is limited due to short duration or low frequency of sampling. One approach shows tracer efflux to be independent of molecular size, indicating bulk flow, yet also decelerating like simple membrane diffusion. In an apparent contradiction to this report, other studies point to tracer efflux acceleration. We here develop a one-dimensional advection-diffusion model to gain insight into brain efflux principles. The model is characterized by nine physiological constants and three efflux parameters for which we quantify prior uncertainty. Using Bayes' rule and the two efflux studies, we validate the model and calculate data-informed parameter distributions. The apparent contradictions in the efflux studies are resolved by brain surface boundaries being bottlenecks for efflux. To critically test the model, a custom MRI efflux assay measuring solute dispersion in tissue and release to cerebrospinal fluid was employed. The model passed the test with tissue bulk flow velocities in the range 60 to 190 [Formula: see text]m/h. Dimensional analysis identified three principal determinants of efflux, highlighting brain surfaces as a restricting factor for metabolite solute clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. R. Bork
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen2200Denmark
| | - Natalie L. Hauglund
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen2200Denmark
| | - Yuki Mori
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen2200Denmark
| | - Kjeld Møllgård
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen2200Denmark
| | - Poul G. Hjorth
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby2800Denmark
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen2200Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aburto MR, Cryan JF. Gastrointestinal and brain barriers: unlocking gates of communication across the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 21:222-247. [PMID: 38355758 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00890-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Crosstalk between gut and brain has long been appreciated in health and disease, and the gut microbiota is a key player in communication between these two distant organs. Yet, the mechanisms through which the microbiota influences development and function of the gut-brain axis remain largely unknown. Barriers present in the gut and brain are specialized cellular interfaces that maintain strict homeostasis of different compartments across this axis. These barriers include the gut epithelial barrier, the blood-brain barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Barriers are ideally positioned to receive and communicate gut microbial signals constituting a gateway for gut-microbiota-brain communication. In this Review, we focus on how modulation of these barriers by the gut microbiota can constitute an important channel of communication across the gut-brain axis. Moreover, barrier malfunction upon alterations in gut microbial composition could form the basis of various conditions, including often comorbid neurological and gastrointestinal disorders. Thus, we should focus on unravelling the molecular and cellular basis of this communication and move from simplistic framing as 'leaky gut'. A mechanistic understanding of gut microbiota modulation of barriers, especially during critical windows of development, could be key to understanding the aetiology of gastrointestinal and neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María R Aburto
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Acharya P, Shrestha S, Joshi P, Choi NY, Lekkala VKR, Kang SY, Ni G, Lee MY. Dynamic culture of cerebral organoids using a pillar/perfusion plate for the assessment of developmental neurotoxicity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.11.584506. [PMID: 38559002 PMCID: PMC10979904 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.11.584506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite the potential toxicity of commercial chemicals to the development of the nervous system (known as developmental neurotoxicity or DNT), conventional in vitro cell models have primarily been employed for the assessment of acute neuronal toxicity. On the other hand, animal models used for the assessment of DNT are not physiologically relevant due to the heterogenic difference between humans and animals. In addition, animal models are low-throughput, time-consuming, expensive, and ethically questionable. Recently, human brain organoids have emerged as a promising alternative to assess the detrimental effects of chemicals on the developing brain. However, conventional organoid culture systems have several technical limitations including low throughput, lack of reproducibility, insufficient maturity of organoids, and the formation of the necrotic core due to limited diffusion of nutrients and oxygen. To address these issues and establish predictive DNT models, cerebral organoids were differentiated in a dynamic condition in a unique pillar/perfusion plate, which were exposed to test compounds to evaluate DNT potential. The pillar/perfusion plate facilitated uniform, dynamic culture of cerebral organoids with improved proliferation and maturity by rapid, bidirectional flow generated on a digital rocker. Day 9 cerebral organoids in the pillar/perfusion plate were exposed to ascorbic acid (DNT negative) and methylmercury (DNT positive) in a dynamic condition for 1 and 3 weeks, and changes in organoid morphology and neural gene expression were measured to determine DNT potential. As expected, ascorbic acid didn't induce any changes in organoid morphology and neural gene expression. However, exposure of day 9 cerebral organoids to methylmercury resulted in significant changes in organoid morphology and neural gene expression. Interestingly, methylmercury did not induce adverse changes in cerebral organoids in a static condition, thus highlighting the importance of dynamic organoid culture in DNT assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabha Acharya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Sunil Shrestha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | | | - Na Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | | | - Soo-Yeon Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Gabriel Ni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
- Bioprinting Laboratories Inc., Dallas, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pelz L, Dossou L, Kompier N, Jüttner R, Siemonsmeier G, Meyer N, Lowenstein ED, Lahmann I, Kettenmann H, Birchmeier C, Rathjen FG. The IgCAM BT-IgSF (IgSF11) is essential for connexin43-mediated astrocyte-astrocyte coupling in mice. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0283-23.2024. [PMID: 38388443 PMCID: PMC10957231 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0283-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The type I transmembrane protein BT-IgSF is predominantly localized in the brain and testes. It belongs to the CAR subgroup of Ig cell adhesion proteins, that are hypothesized to regulate connexin expression or localization. Here, we studied the putative link between BT-IgSF and connexins in astrocytes, ependymal cells and neurons of the mouse. Global knockout of BT-IgSF caused an increase in the clustering of connexin43 (Gja1), but not of connexin30 (Gjb6), on astrocytes and ependymal cells. Additionally, knockout animals displayed reduced expression levels of connexin43 protein in the cortex and hippocampus. Importantly, analysis of biocytin spread in hippocampal or cortical slices from mature mice of either sex revealed a decrease in astrocytic cell-cell coupling in the absence of BT-IgSF. Blocking either protein biosynthesis or proteolysis showed that the lysosomal pathway increased connexin43 degradation in astrocytes. Localization of connexin43 in subcellular compartments was not impaired in astrocytes of BT-IgSF mutants. In contrast to connexin43 the localization and expression of connexin36 (Gjd2) on neurons was not affected by the absence of BT-IgSF. Overall, our data indicate that the IgCAM BT-IgSF is essential for correct gap junction-mediated astrocyte-to-astrocyte cell communication.Significance Statement Astrocytes regulate a variety of physiological processes in the developing and adult brain that are essential for proper brain function. Astrocytes form extensive networks in the brain and communicate via gap junctions. Disruptions of gap junction coupling are found in several diseases such as neurodegeneration or epilepsy. Here, we demonstrate that the cell adhesion protein BT-IgSF is essential for gap junction mediated coupling between astrocytes in the cortex and hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pelz
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin DE-13092, Germany
| | - Laura Dossou
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin DE-13092, Germany
| | - Nine Kompier
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin DE-13092, Germany
| | - René Jüttner
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin DE-13092, Germany
| | | | - Niklas Meyer
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin DE-13092, Germany
| | | | - Ines Lahmann
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin DE-13092, Germany
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin DE-13092, Germany
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Carmen Birchmeier
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin DE-13092, Germany
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Fritz G. Rathjen
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin DE-13092, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Courtney Y, Head JP, Yimer ED, Dani N, Shipley FB, Libermann TA, Lehtinen MK. A choroid plexus apocrine secretion mechanism shapes CSF proteome and embryonic brain development. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.08.574486. [PMID: 38260341 PMCID: PMC10802501 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.08.574486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
We discovered that apocrine secretion by embryonic choroid plexus (ChP) epithelial cells contributes to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteome and influences brain development in mice. The apocrine response relies on sustained intracellular calcium signaling and calpain-mediated cytoskeletal remodeling. It rapidly alters the embryonic CSF proteome, activating neural progenitors lining the brain's ventricles. Supraphysiological apocrine secretion induced during mouse development by maternal administration of a serotonergic 5HT2C receptor agonist dysregulates offspring cerebral cortical development, alters the fate of CSF-contacting neural progenitors, and ultimately changes adult social behaviors. Critically, exposure to maternal illness or to the psychedelic drug LSD during pregnancy also overactivates the ChP, inducing excessive secretion. Collectively, our findings demonstrate a new mechanism by which maternal exposure to diverse stressors disrupts in utero brain development.
Collapse
|
7
|
Badaut J, Ghersi-Egea JF, Thorne RG, Konsman JP. Blood-brain borders: a proposal to address limitations of historical blood-brain barrier terminology. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:3. [PMID: 38183042 PMCID: PMC10770911 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00478-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Many neuroscientists use the term Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) to emphasize restrictiveness, often equating or reducing the notion of BBB properties to tight junction molecules physically sealing cerebral endothelial cells, rather than pointing out the complexity of this biological interface with respect to its selectivity and variety of exchange between the general blood circulation and the central nervous tissue. Several authors in the field find it unfortunate that the exquisitely dynamic interfaces between blood and brain continue to be viewed primarily as obstructive barriers to transport. Although the term blood-brain interface is an excellent descriptor that does not convey the idea of a barrier, it is important and preferable for the spreading of an idea beyond specialist communities to try to appeal to well-chosen metaphors. Recent evidence reviewed here indicates that blood-brain interfaces are more than selective semi-permeable membranes in that they display many dynamic processes and complex mechanisms for communication. They are thus more like 'geopolitical borders'. Furthermore, some authors working on blood-brain interface-relevant issues have started to use the word border, for example in border-associated macrophages. Therefore, we suggest adopting the term Blood-Brain Border to better communicate the flexibility of and movement across blood-brain interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Badaut
- Brain Molecular Imaging Lab, UMR 5536, CNRS, RMSB, University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France.
- Basic Science Department, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
| | - Jean-François Ghersi-Egea
- FLUID Team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Lyon-1 University, Bron, France.
| | - Robert G Thorne
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc, 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, 9-177 Weaver-Densford Hall, 308 Harvard St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Jan Pieter Konsman
- UMR 5164, CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Waddington SN, Peranteau WH, Rahim AA, Boyle AK, Kurian MA, Gissen P, Chan JKY, David AL. Fetal gene therapy. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024; 47:192-210. [PMID: 37470194 PMCID: PMC10799196 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Fetal gene therapy was first proposed toward the end of the 1990s when the field of gene therapy was, to quote the Gartner hype cycle, at its "peak of inflated expectations." Gene therapy was still an immature field but over the ensuing decade, it matured and is now a clinical and market reality. The trajectory of treatment for several genetic diseases is toward earlier intervention. The ability, capacity, and the will to diagnose genetic disease early-in utero-improves day by day. A confluence of clinical trials now signposts a trajectory toward fetal gene therapy. In this review, we recount the history of fetal gene therapy in the context of the broader field, discuss advances in fetal surgery and diagnosis, and explore the full ambit of preclinical gene therapy for inherited metabolic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Waddington
- EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - William H Peranteau
- The Center for Fetal Research, Division of General, Thoracic, and Fetal Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ahad A Rahim
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ashley K Boyle
- EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, GOS-Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Paul Gissen
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- National Institute of Health Research Great Ormond Street Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Jerry K Y Chan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Academic Clinical Program in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Experimental Fetal Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anna L David
- EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tybirk L, Hviid CVB, Knudsen CS, Parkner T. Serum GFAP - pediatric reference interval in a cohort of Danish children. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:2041-2045. [PMID: 37195150 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in blood is an emerging biomarker of brain injury and neurological disease. Its clinical use in children is limited by the lack of a reference interval (RI). Thus, the aim of the present study was to establish an age-dependent continuous RI for serum GFAP in children. METHODS Excess serum from routine allergy testing of 391 children, 0.4-17.9 years of age, was measured by a single-molecule array (Simoa) assay. A continuous RI was modelled using non-parametric quantile regression and presented both graphically and tabulated as discrete one-year RIs based on point estimates from the model. RESULTS Serum GFAP showed a strong age-dependency with declining levels and variability from infants to adolescents. The estimated median level decreased 66 % from four months to five years of age and another 65 % from five years to 17.9 years of age. No gender difference was observed. CONCLUSIONS The study establishes an age-dependent RI for serum GFAP in children showing high levels and variability in the first years of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Tybirk
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Claus Vinter Bødker Hviid
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Tina Parkner
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Recaioglu H, Kolk SM. Developing brain under renewed attack: viral infection during pregnancy. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1119943. [PMID: 37700750 PMCID: PMC10493316 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1119943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Living in a globalized world, viral infections such as CHIKV, SARS-COV-2, and ZIKV have become inevitable to also infect the most vulnerable groups in our society. That poses a danger to these populations including pregnant women since the developing brain is sensitive to maternal stressors including viral infections. Upon maternal infection, the viruses can gain access to the fetus via the maternofetal barrier and even to the fetal brain during which factors such as viral receptor expression, time of infection, and the balance between antiviral immune responses and pro-viral mechanisms contribute to mother-to-fetus transmission and fetal infection. Both the direct pro-viral mechanisms and the resulting dysregulated immune response can cause multi-level impairment in the maternofetal and brain barriers and the developing brain itself leading to dysfunction or even loss of several cell populations. Thus, maternal viral infections can disturb brain development and even predispose to neurodevelopmental disorders. In this review, we discuss the potential contribution of maternal viral infections of three relevant relative recent players in the field: Zika, Chikungunya, and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2, to the impairment of brain development throughout the entire route.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharon M. Kolk
- Faculty of Science, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Magrassi L, Brambilla F, Viganò R, Di Silvestre D, Benazzi L, Bellantoni G, Danesino GM, Comincini S, Mauri P. Proteomic Analysis on Sequential Samples of Cystic Fluid Obtained from Human Brain Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4070. [PMID: 37627098 PMCID: PMC10452907 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15164070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic formation in human primary brain tumors is a relatively rare event whose incidence varies widely according to the histotype of the tumor. Composition of the cystic fluid has mostly been characterized in samples collected at the time of tumor resection and no indications of the evolution of cystic content are available. We characterized the evolution of the proteome of cystic fluid using a bottom-up proteomic approach on sequential samples obtained from secretory meningioma (SM), cystic schwannoma (CS) and cystic high-grade glioma (CG). We identified 1008 different proteins; 74 of these proteins were found at least once in the cystic fluid of all tumors. The most abundant proteins common to all tumors studied derived from plasma, with the exception of prostaglandin D2 synthase, which is a marker of cerebrospinal fluid origin. Overall, the protein composition of cystic fluid obtained at different times from the same tumor remained stable. After the identification of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and the protein-protein interaction network analysis, we identified the presence of tumor-specific pathways that may help to characterize tumor-host interactions. Our results suggest that plasma proteins leaking from local blood-brain barrier disruption are important contributors to cyst fluid formation, but cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the tumor itself also contribute to the cystic fluid proteome and, in some cases, as with immunoglobulin G, shows tumor-specific variations that cannot be simply explained by differences in vessel permeability or blood contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Magrassi
- Neurosurgery, Dipartimento di Scienze Clinico-Chirurgiche e Pediatriche, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare—CNR, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Brambilla
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Institute for Biomedical Technologies (ITB-CNR), Segrate, 20090 Milan, Italy; (F.B.); (R.V.); (D.D.S.); (L.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Raffaello Viganò
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Institute for Biomedical Technologies (ITB-CNR), Segrate, 20090 Milan, Italy; (F.B.); (R.V.); (D.D.S.); (L.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Dario Di Silvestre
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Institute for Biomedical Technologies (ITB-CNR), Segrate, 20090 Milan, Italy; (F.B.); (R.V.); (D.D.S.); (L.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Louise Benazzi
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Institute for Biomedical Technologies (ITB-CNR), Segrate, 20090 Milan, Italy; (F.B.); (R.V.); (D.D.S.); (L.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Bellantoni
- Struttura Complessa di Neurochirurgia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Gian Marco Danesino
- Struttura Complessa di Radiologia Diagnostica per Immagini 2—Neuroradiologia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Sergio Comincini
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Pierluigi Mauri
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Institute for Biomedical Technologies (ITB-CNR), Segrate, 20090 Milan, Italy; (F.B.); (R.V.); (D.D.S.); (L.B.); (P.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Moos T, Thomsen MS, Burkhart A, Hede E, Laczek B. Targeted transport of biotherapeutics at the blood-brain barrier. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1823-1838. [PMID: 38059358 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2292697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The treatment of neurological diseases is significantly hampered by the lack of available therapeutics. A major restraint for the development of drugs is denoted by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which precludes the transfer of biotherapeutics to the brain due to size restraints. AREAS COVERED Novel optimism for transfer of biotherapeutics to the brain has been generated via development of targeted therapeutics to nutrient transporters expressed by brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs). Targeting approaches with antibodies acting as biological drug carriers allow for proteins and genetic material to enter the brain, and qualified therapy using targeted proteins for protein replacement has been observed in preclinical models and now emerging in the clinic. Viral vectors denote an alternative for protein delivery to the brain by uptake and transduction of BCECs, or by transport through the BBB leading to neuronal transduction. EXPERT OPINION The breaching of the BBB to large molecules has opened for treatment of diseases in the brain. A sturdier understanding of how biotherapeutics undergo transport through the BBB and how successful transport into the brain can be monitored is required to further improve the translation from successful preclinical studies to the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Torben Moos
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Maj Schneider Thomsen
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Annette Burkhart
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Eva Hede
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Bartosz Laczek
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fame RM, Xu H, Pragana A, Lehtinen M. Age-appropriate potassium clearance from perinatal cerebrospinal fluid depends on choroid plexus NKCC1. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:45. [PMID: 37328833 PMCID: PMC10276483 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00438-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the volume and electrolyte composition of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is vital for brain development and function. The Na-K-Cl co-transporter NKCC1 in the choroid plexus (ChP) plays key roles in regulating CSF volume by co-transporting ions and mediating same-direction water movements. Our previous study showed ChP NKCC1 is highly phosphorylated in neonatal mice as the CSF K+ level drastically decreases and that overexpression of NKCC1 in the ChP accelerates CSF K+ clearance and reduces ventricle size [1]. These data suggest that NKCC1 mediates CSF K+ clearance following birth in mice. In this current study, we used CRISPR technology to create a conditional NKCC1 knockout mouse line and evaluated CSF K+ by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). We demonstrated ChP-specific reduction of total and phosphorylated NKCC1 in neonatal mice following embryonic intraventricular delivery of Cre recombinase using AAV2/5. ChP-NKCC1 knockdown was accompanied by a delayed perinatal clearance of CSF K+. No gross morphological disruptions were observed in the cerebral cortex. We extended our previous results by showing embryonic and perinatal rats shared key characteristics with mice, including decreased ChP NKCC1 expression level, increased ChP NKCC1 phosphorylation state, and increased CSF K+ levels compared to adult. Collectively, these follow up data support ChP NKCC1's role in age-appropriate CSF K+ clearance during neonatal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryann M Fame
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Present Address: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Huixin Xu
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Aja Pragana
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Maria Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bovari-Biri J, Garai K, Banfai K, Csongei V, Pongracz JE. miRNAs as Predictors of Barrier Integrity. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13040422. [PMID: 37185497 PMCID: PMC10136429 DOI: 10.3390/bios13040422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The human body has several barriers that protect its integrity and shield it from mechanical, chemical, and microbial harm. The various barriers include the skin, intestinal and respiratory epithelia, blood-brain barrier (BBB), and immune system. In the present review, the focus is on the physical barriers that are formed by cell layers. The barrier function is influenced by the molecular microenvironment of the cells forming the barriers. The integrity of the barrier cell layers is maintained by the intricate balance of protein expression that is partly regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs) both in the intracellular space and the extracellular microenvironment. The detection of changes in miRNA patterns has become a major focus of diagnostic, prognostic, and disease progression, as well as therapy-response, markers using a great variety of detection systems in recent years. In the present review, we highlight the importance of liquid biopsies in assessing barrier integrity and challenges in differential miRNA detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judit Bovari-Biri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, 2 Rokus Str, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 20 Ifjusag Str, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Kitti Garai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, 2 Rokus Str, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 20 Ifjusag Str, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Banfai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, 2 Rokus Str, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 20 Ifjusag Str, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Veronika Csongei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, 2 Rokus Str, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 20 Ifjusag Str, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Judit E Pongracz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pecs, 2 Rokus Str, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 20 Ifjusag Str, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yang R, Wang J, Wang F, Zhang H, Tan C, Chen H, Wang X. Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity Damage in Bacterial Meningitis: The Underlying Link, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032852. [PMID: 36769171 PMCID: PMC9918147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in supportive care and antimicrobial treatment, bacterial meningitis remains the most serious infection of the central nervous system (CNS) that poses a serious risk to life. This clinical dilemma is largely due to our insufficient knowledge of the pathology behind this disease. By controlling the entry of molecules into the CNS microenvironment, the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a highly selective cellular monolayer that is specific to the CNS's microvasculature, regulates communication between the CNS and the rest of the body. A defining feature of the pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis is the increase in BBB permeability. So far, several contributing factors for BBB disruption have been reported, including direct cellular damage brought on by bacterial virulence factors, as well as host-specific proteins or inflammatory pathways being activated. Recent studies have demonstrated that targeting pathological factors contributing to enhanced BBB permeability is an effective therapeutic complement to antimicrobial therapy for treating bacterial meningitis. Hence, understanding how these meningitis-causing pathogens affect the BBB permeability will provide novel perspectives for investigating bacterial meningitis's pathogenesis, prevention, and therapies. Here, we summarized the recent research progress on meningitis-causing pathogens disrupting the barrier function of BBB. This review provides handy information on BBB disruption by meningitis-causing pathogens, and helps design future research as well as develop potential combination therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruicheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jundan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huipeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Qiu F, Dziegielewska KM, Huang Y, Habgood MD, Fitzpatrick G, Saunders NR. Developmental changes in the extent of drug binding to rat plasma proteins. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1266. [PMID: 36690711 PMCID: PMC9870879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28434-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Binding of therapeutics to proteins in blood plasma is important in influencing their distribution as it is their free (unbound) form that is able to cross cellular membranes to enter tissues and exert their actions. The concentration and composition of plasma proteins vary during pregnancy and development, resulting in potential changes to drug protein binding. Here, we describe an ultrafiltration method to investigate the extent of protein binding of six drugs (digoxin, paracetamol, olanzapine, ivacaftor, valproate and lamotrigine) and two water soluble inert markers (sucrose and glycerol) to plasma proteins from pregnant and developing rats. Results showed that the free fraction of most drugs was lower in the non-pregnant adult plasma where protein concentration is the highest. However, plasma of equivalent protein concentration to younger pups obtained by diluting adult plasma did not always exhibit the same extent of drug binding, reinforcing the likelihood that both concentration and composition of proteins in plasma influence drug binding. Comparison between protein binding and brain drug accumulation in vivo revealed a correlation for some drugs, but not others. Results suggests that plasma protein concentration should be considered when using medications in pregnant and paediatric patients to minimise potential for fetal and neonatal drug exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Qiu
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Yifan Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark D Habgood
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Georgia Fitzpatrick
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Norman R Saunders
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Saunders NR, Dziegielewska KM, Fame RM, Lehtinen MK, Liddelow SA. The choroid plexus: a missing link in our understanding of brain development and function. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:919-956. [PMID: 36173801 PMCID: PMC9678431 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00060.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the choroid plexus lag behind those of the more widely known blood-brain barrier, despite a much longer history. This review has two overall aims. The first is to outline long-standing areas of research where there are unanswered questions, such as control of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion and blood flow. The second aim is to review research over the past 10 years where the focus has shifted to the idea that there are choroid plexuses located in each of the brain's ventricles that make specific contributions to brain development and function through molecules they generate for delivery via the CSF. These factors appear to be particularly important for aspects of normal brain growth. Most research carried out during the twentieth century dealt with the choroid plexus, a brain barrier interface making critical contributions to the composition and stability of the brain's internal environment throughout life. More recent research in the twenty-first century has shown the importance of choroid plexus-generated CSF in neurogenesis, influence of sex and other hormones on choroid plexus function, and choroid plexus involvement in circadian rhythms and sleep. The advancement of technologies to facilitate delivery of brain-specific therapies via the CSF to treat neurological disorders is a rapidly growing area of research. Conversely, understanding the basic mechanisms and implications of how maternal drug exposure during pregnancy impacts the developing brain represents another key area of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norman R Saunders
- Department of Neuroscience, The Alfred Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Ryann M Fame
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
- Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
O’Shaughnessy KL, McMichael BD, Sasser AL, Bell KS, Riutta C, Ford JL, Stoker TE, Grindstaff RD, Pandiri AR, Gilbert ME. Thyroid hormone action controls multiple components of cell junctions at the ventricular zone in the newborn rat brain. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1090081. [PMID: 36843608 PMCID: PMC9950412 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1090081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) action controls brain development in a spatiotemporal manner. Previously, we demonstrated that perinatal hypothyroidism led to formation of a periventricular heterotopia in developing rats. This heterotopia occurs in the posterior telencephalon, and its formation was preceded by loss of radial glia cell polarity. As radial glia mediate cell migration and originate in a progenitor cell niche called the ventricular zone (VZ), we hypothesized that TH action may control cell signaling in this region. Here we addressed this hypothesis by employing laser capture microdissection and RNA-Seq to evaluate the VZ during a known period of TH sensitivity. Pregnant rats were exposed to a low dose of propylthiouracil (PTU, 0.0003%) through the drinking water during pregnancy and lactation. Dam and pup THs were quantified postnatally and RNA-Seq of the VZ performed in neonates. The PTU exposure resulted in a modest increase in maternal thyroid stimulating hormone and reduced thyroxine (T4). Exposed neonates exhibited hypothyroidism and T4 and triiodothyronine (T3) were also reduced in the telencephalon. RNA-Seq identified 358 differentially expressed genes in microdissected VZ cells of hypothyroid neonates as compared to controls (q-values ≤0.05). Pathway analyses showed processes like maintenance of the extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, and cell migration were significantly affected by hypothyroidism. Immunofluorescence also demonstrated that collagen IV, F-actin, radial glia, and adhesion proteins were reduced in the VZ. Immunohistochemistry of integrin αvβ3 and isoforms of both thyroid receptors (TRα/TRβ) showed highly overlapping expression patterns, including enrichment in the VZ. Taken together, our results show that TH action targets multiple components of cell junctions in the VZ, and this may be mediated by both genomic and nongenomic mechanisms. Surprisingly, this work also suggests that the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers may also be affected in hypothyroid newborns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. O’Shaughnessy
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Katherine L. O’Shaughnessy,
| | - Benjamin D. McMichael
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Aubrey L. Sasser
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Kiersten S. Bell
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Cal Riutta
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Jermaine L. Ford
- Chemical Characterization and Exposure Division, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Tammy E. Stoker
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Rachel D. Grindstaff
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Arun R. Pandiri
- Comparative and Molecular Pathogenesis Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Mary E. Gilbert
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Intraventricular hemorrhage induces inflammatory brain damage with blood-brain barrier dysfunction in immature rats. Pediatr Res 2023; 93:78-88. [PMID: 35428877 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to characterize a preclinical model of intraventricular hemorrhage-induced brain damage (IVH-BD) in extremely low birth weight newborns (ELBWN), to identify potential therapeutic targets based on its pathophysiology. METHODS IVH was induced in 1-day-old (P1) Wistar rats by left periventricular injection of clostridium collagenase (PVCC). At P6, P14, and P45 IVH-BD (area of damage, motor and cognitive deficits, Lactate/N-acetylaspartate ratio), white matter injury (WMI: ipsilateral hemisphere and corpus callosum atrophy, oligodendroglial population and myelin basic protein signal reduction), blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction (occludin and Mfsd2a expression, Gadolinium leakage) and inflammation (TNFα, TLR4, NFkB, and MMP9 expression; immune cell infiltration), excitotoxicity (Glutamate/N-acetylaspartate), and oxidative stress (protein nitrosylation) were assessed. Sham animals were similarly studied. RESULTS IVH-BD leads to long-term WMI, resulting in motor and cognitive impairment, thus reproducing IVH-BD features in ELBWN. BBB dysfunction with increased permeability was observed at P6 and P14, coincident with an increased inflammatory response with TLR4 overexpression, increased TNFα production, and increased immune cell infiltration, as well as increased excitotoxicity and oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS This model reproduced some key hallmarks of IVH-BD in ELBWN. Inflammation associated with BBB dysfunction appears as relevant therapeutic target to prevent IVH-BD-induced WMI. IMPACT Paraventricular injection of clostridium collagenase (PVCC) to 1-day-old Wistar rats uniquely reproduced the neuroimaging, histologic and functional characteristics of intraventricular hemorrhage-induced brain damage (IVH-BD) in extremely low birth weight newborns (ELBWN). PVCC-induced IVH triggered a prolonged inflammatory response associated with blood-brain barrier increased permeability, which in turn facilitates the infiltration of inflammatory cells. Thus, PVCC led to white matter injury (WMI) resulting in long-term motor and cognitive impairment. This model offers a valuable tool to obtain further insight into the mechanisms of IVH-BD in ELBWN and proposes some key therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen L, Zhao Y, Wei J, Huang W, Ma Y, Yang X, Liu Y, Wang J, Xia H, Lou Z. Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing for the Diagnosis of Neonatal Infectious Diseases. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0119522. [PMID: 36409152 PMCID: PMC9769891 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01195-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases pose a fatal risk to neonates. Timely and accurate pathogen detection is crucial for proper clinical diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. Limited sample volumes from neonatal patients seriously hindered the accurate detection of pathogens. Here, we unravel that metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and RNA can achieve unbiased detection of trace pathogens from different kinds of body fluid samples and blood samples. We enrolled 168 neonatal patients with suspected infections from whom blood samples (n = 153), cerebrospinal fluid samples (n = 127), and respiratory tract samples (RTSs) (including bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, sputa, and respiratory secretions) (n = 51) were collected and analyzed using mNGS. High rates of positivity (70.2%; 118/168) of mNGS were observed, and the coincidence rate against the final clinical diagnosis in positive mNGS cases reached 68.6% (81/118). The most common causative pathogens were Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 12), Escherichia coli (n = 12), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 8). mNGS using cfDNA and RNA can identify microbes that cannot be detected by conventional methods in different body fluid and blood samples, and more than 50% of these microbes were identified as causative pathogens. Further local polynomial regression fitting analysis revealed that the best timing for mNGS detection ranged from 1 to 3 days after the start of continuous antimicrobial therapy. Diagnosed and guided by mNGS results, the therapeutic regimens for 86 out of 117 neonatal patients were changed, most of whom (80/86) completely recovered and were discharged, while 44 out of 86 patients completely or partially stopped unnecessary medication. Our findings highlight the importance of mNGS in detecting causative DNA and RNA pathogens in infected neonatal patients. IMPORTANCE To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on evaluating the performance of mNGS using cfDNA and RNA from body fluid and blood samples for diagnosing neonatal infections. mNGS of RNA and cfDNA can achieve the unbiased detection and identification of trace pathogens from different kinds of neonatal body fluid and blood samples with a high total coincidence rate (226/331; 68.3%) against final clinical diagnoses by sample. The best timing for mNGS detection in neonatal infections ranged from 1 to 3 days, rather than 0 days, after the start of continuous antimicrobial therapy. Our findings highlight the importance of mNGS in detecting causative DNA and RNA pathogens, and the extensive application of mNGS for the diagnosis of neonatal infections can be expected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Xi’an Children’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | | | | | | | - Ying Ma
- Xi’an Children’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Xuefeng Yang
- Neonatal Intensive Care Department, Xi’an Children’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Xi’an Children’s Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Hugobiotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Han Xia
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Hugobiotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Lou
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Hugobiotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Qiu F, Huang Y, Saunders NR, Habgood MD, Dziegielewska KM. Age dependent contribution of entry via the CSF to the overall brain entry of small and large hydrophilic markers. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:90. [PMCID: PMC9661750 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Apparent permeability of the blood brain barrier to hydrophilic markers has been shown to be higher in the developing brain. Apart from synthesis in situ, any substance detected in the brain parenchyma can originate from two sources: directly through blood vessels of brain vasculature and/or indirectly by entry from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after transfer across the choroid plexuses. The relative quantitative contribution of these two routes to the overall brain entry remains unclear.
Methods
In rats at embryonic day 16, 19 and postnatal day 4 and young adults, a small (sucrose, mw. 342 Da) or a large (dextran, mw. 70 kDa) radiolabelled hydrophilic marker was injected intravenously for very short periods of time (30 s to 5 min) before collection of plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain samples. Results are presented as concentration ratios between radioactivity measured in CSF or brain and that in plasma (%).
Results
The dextran brain/plasma ratio five minutes post injection was similar (2–4%) from E16 to adulthood whereas the sucrose brain/plasma ratio was significantly higher in fetal brains, but was comparable to dextran values in the adult. Sucrose CSF/plasma ratios were also significantly higher in fetal animals and decreased with age. In very short experiments involving fetal animals, entry of sucrose into the CSF after only 30 s was similar to that of dextran and both markers showed similar brain/plasma ratios.
Conclusions
In the developing brain the apparent higher brain entry of a small hydrophilic marker such as sucrose can be attributed to its higher entry into the CSF and subsequent diffusion into the brain. By contrast, movement of a larger marker like 70 kDa dextran is restricted firstly by choroid plexus epithelial tight junctions and secondly by specialised junctions in the neuroependymal interface between the CSF and brain. Brain/plasma ratios of 70 kDa dextran were similar in fetal and adult rats. Therefore 70 kDa dextran should be considered an appropriate marker if brain residual vascular space is to be measured, especially in younger animals.
Collapse
|
22
|
Different Involvement of Vimentin during Invasion by Listeria monocytogenes at the Blood–Brain and the Blood–Cerebrospinal Fluid Barriers In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112908. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human central nervous system (CNS) is separated from the blood by distinct cellular barriers, including the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and the blood–cerebrospinal fluid (CFS) barrier (BCSFB). Whereas at the center of the BBB are the endothelial cells of the brain capillaries, the BCSFB is formed by the epithelium of the choroid plexus. Invasion of cells of either the BBB or the BCSFB is a potential first step during CNS entry by the Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (Lm). Lm possesses several virulence factors mediating host cell entry, such as the internalin protein family—including internalin (InlA), which binds E-cadherin (Ecad) on the surface of target cells, and internalin B (InlB)—interacting with the host cell receptor tyrosine kinase Met. A further family member is internalin (InlF), which targets the intermediate filament protein vimentin. Whereas InlF has been shown to play a role during brain invasion at the BBB, its function during infection at the BCSFB is not known. We use human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) and human choroid plexus epithelial papilloma (HIBCPP) cells to investigate the roles of InlF and vimentin during CNS invasion by Lm. Whereas HBMEC present intracellular and surface vimentin (besides Met), HIBCPP cells do not express vimentin (except Met and Ecad). Treatment with the surface vimentin modulator withaferin A (WitA) inhibited invasion of Lm into HBMEC, but not HIBCPP cells. Invasion of Lm into HBMEC and HIBCPP cells is, however, independent of InlF, since a deletion mutant of Lm lacking InlF did not display reduced invasion rates.
Collapse
|
23
|
Bell KS, O’Shaughnessy KL. The development and function of the brain barriers - an overlooked consideration for chemical toxicity. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:1000212. [PMID: 36329715 PMCID: PMC9622783 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.1000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the adult brain is protected from some infections and toxic molecules by the blood-brain and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers. Contrary to the immense data collected in other fields, it is deeply entrenched in environmental toxicology that xenobiotics easily permeate the developing brain because these barriers are either absent or non-functional in the fetus and newborn. Here we review the cellular and physiological makeup of the brain barrier systems in multiple species, and discuss decades of experiments that show they possess functionality during embryogenesis. We next present case studies of two chemical classes, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and bisphenols, and discuss their potential to bypass the brain barriers. While there is evidence to suggest these pollutants may enter the developing and/or adult brain parenchyma, many studies suffer from confounding technical variables which complicates data interpretation. In the future, a more formal consideration of brain barrier biology could not only improve understanding of chemical toxicokinetics but could assist in prioritizing environmental xenobiotics for their neurotoxicity risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiersten S. Bell
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States,Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Katherine L. O’Shaughnessy
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Katherine L. O’Shaughnessy,
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Van Assche IA, Lemiere J, Amant F, Van Calsteren K. Direct and indirect effects on child neurocognitive development when maternal cancer is diagnosed during pregnancy: What do we know so far? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 179:103824. [PMID: 36174901 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer during pregnancy threatens the lives of mother and foetus and its incidence is rising, making it an emerging medical challenge. Evidence on the direct impact of cancer therapies on neonatal outcomes resulted in general guidelines for maternal treatment that safeguards foetal development. Less focus has been placed on indirect factors, in pre- and postnatal periods, that may exert long-term impacts specifically on child neurocognition. Foetal development, in the context of maternal cancer during pregnancy, may be influenced directly by exposure to cancer diagnostics and (co-)treatment, or indirectly through maternal inflammation, malnutrition, hormonal fluctuations, prematurity, and psycho-biological stress. Maternal stress and insecure mother-infant bonding related to postpartum cancer treatment may further impact child cognitive-behavioural development. Understanding the independent and synergistic effects of the factors impacting neurocognitive development creates the opportunity to intervene during the oncological treatment to improve the child's long-term outcome, both by medical and psychosocial care and support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indra A Van Assche
- Department of Development and Regeneration: Woman and Child, KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jurgen Lemiere
- Department of Oncology: Pediatric Oncology, KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics: Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Frédéric Amant
- Department of Oncology: Gynaecological Oncology, KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology: Gynaecological Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium; Center for Gynaecologic Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Kristel Van Calsteren
- Department of Development and Regeneration: Woman and Child, KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology: Foetomaternal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Travier L, Singh R, Sáenz Fernández D, Deczkowska A. Microbial and immune factors regulate brain maintenance and aging. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 76:102607. [PMID: 35914431 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue aging can be viewed as a loss of normal maintenance; in advanced age, the mechanisms which keep the tissue healthy on daily bases fail to manage the accumulating "wear and tear", leading to gradual loss of function. In the brain, maintenance is provided primarily by three components: the blood-brain barrier, which allows the influx of certain molecules into the brain while excluding others, the circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid, and the phagocytic function of microglia. Indeed, failure of these systems is associated with cognitive loss and other hallmarks of brain aging. Interestingly, all three mechanisms are regulated not only by internal conditions within the aging brain, but remain highly sensitive to the peripheral signals, such as cytokines or microbiome-derived molecules, present in the systemic circulation. In this article, we discuss the contribution of such peripheral factors to brain maintenance and its loss in aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Travier
- Brain-Immune Communication Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1224, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Roshani Singh
- Brain-Immune Communication Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1224, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Sáenz Fernández
- Brain-Immune Communication Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1224, F-75015, Paris, France; Universitat de Barcelona, S-08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleksandra Deczkowska
- Brain-Immune Communication Lab, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1224, F-75015, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Matsuoka RL, Buck LD, Vajrala KP, Quick RE, Card OA. Historical and current perspectives on blood endothelial cell heterogeneity in the brain. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:372. [PMID: 35726097 PMCID: PMC9209386 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic brain activity requires timely communications between the brain parenchyma and circulating blood. Brain-blood communication is facilitated by intricate networks of brain vasculature, which display striking heterogeneity in structure and function. This vascular cell heterogeneity in the brain is fundamental to mediating diverse brain functions and has long been recognized. However, the molecular basis of this biological phenomenon has only recently begun to be elucidated. Over the past century, various animal species and in vitro systems have contributed to the accumulation of our fundamental and phylogenetic knowledge about brain vasculature, collectively advancing this research field. Historically, dye tracer and microscopic observations have provided valuable insights into the anatomical and functional properties of vasculature across the brain, and these techniques remain an important approach. Additionally, recent advances in molecular genetics and omics technologies have revealed significant molecular heterogeneity within brain endothelial and perivascular cell types. The combination of these conventional and modern approaches has enabled us to identify phenotypic differences between healthy and abnormal conditions at the single-cell level. Accordingly, our understanding of brain vascular cell states during physiological, pathological, and aging processes has rapidly expanded. In this review, we summarize major historical advances and current knowledge on blood endothelial cell heterogeneity in the brain, and discuss important unsolved questions in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota L Matsuoka
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Luke D Buck
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Keerti P Vajrala
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Kansas City University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA
| | - Rachael E Quick
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Olivia A Card
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Blondel S, Strazielle N, Amara A, Guy R, Bain C, Rose A, Guibaud L, Tiribelli C, Gazzin S, Ghersi-Egea JF. Vascular network expansion, integrity of blood-brain interfaces, and cerebrospinal fluid cytokine concentration during postnatal development in the normal and jaundiced rat. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:47. [PMID: 35672829 PMCID: PMC9172137 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe neonatal jaundice resulting from elevated levels of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood induces dramatic neurological impairment. Central oxidative stress and an inflammatory response have been associated with the pathophysiological mechanism. Cells forming the blood-brain barrier and the choroidal blood-CSF barrier are the first CNS cells exposed to increased plasma levels of unconjugated bilirubin. These barriers are key regulators of brain homeostasis and require active oxidative metabolism to fulfill their protective functions. The choroid plexus-CSF system is involved in neuroinflammatory processes. In this paper, we address the impact of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia on some aspects of brain barriers. We describe physiological changes in the neurovascular network, blood-brain/CSF barriers integrities, and CSF cytokine levels during the postnatal period in normobilirubinemic animals, and analyze these parameters in parallel in Gunn rats that are deficient in bilirubin catabolism and develop postnatal hyperbilirubinemia. METHODS Gunn rats bearing a mutation in UGT1a genes were used. The neurovascular network was analyzed by immunofluorescence stereomicroscopy. The integrity of the barriers was evaluated by [14C]-sucrose permeability measurement. CSF cytokine levels were measured by multiplex immunoassay. The choroid plexus-CSF system response to an inflammatory challenge was assessed by enumerating CSF leukocytes. RESULTS In normobilirubinemic animals, the neurovascular network expands postnatally and displays stage-specific regional variations in its complexity. Network expansion is not affected by hyperbilirubinemia. Permeability of the blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers to sucrose decreases between one- and 9-day-old animals, and does not differ between normobilirubinemic and hyperbilirubinemic rats. Cytokine profiles differ between CSF and plasma in all 1-, 9-, and 18-day-old animals. The CSF cytokine profile in 1-day-old animals is markedly different from that established in older animals. Hyperbilirubinemia perturbs these cytokine profiles only to a very limited extent, and reduces CSF immune cell infiltration triggered by systemic exposure to a bacterial lipopeptide. CONCLUSION The data highlight developmental specificities of the blood-brain barrier organization and of CSF cytokine content. They also indicate that a direct effect of bilirubin on the vascular system organization, brain barriers morphological integrity, and inflammatory response of the choroid plexus-CSF system is not involved in the alteration of brain functions induced by severe neonatal jaundice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathalie Strazielle
- Brain-i, Lyon, France
- Fluid Team Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon University, Bron, France
| | - Amel Amara
- Fluid Team Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon University, Bron, France
| | - Rainui Guy
- BIP Facility, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Bron, France
| | | | | | - Laurent Guibaud
- Fluid Team Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon University, Bron, France
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, AREA Science Park, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvia Gazzin
- Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, AREA Science Park, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jean-François Ghersi-Egea
- BIP Facility, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Bron, France.
- Fluid Team Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon University, Bron, France.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kucharz K, Kutuzov N, Zhukov O, Mathiesen Janiurek M, Lauritzen M. Shedding Light on the Blood-Brain Barrier Transport with Two-Photon Microscopy In Vivo. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1457-1468. [PMID: 35578062 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of brain disorders relies on efficient delivery of therapeutics to the brain, which is hindered by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The work of Prof. Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes was instrumental in understanding the principles of drug delivery to the brain and developing new tools to study it. Here, we show how some of the concepts developed in her research can be translated to in vivo 2-photon microscopy (2PM) studies of the BBB. We primarily focus on the methods developed in our laboratory to characterize the paracellular diffusion, adsorptive-mediated transcytosis, and receptor-mediated transcytosis of drug nanocarriers at the microscale, illustrating how 2PM can deepen our understanding of the mechanisms of drug delivery to the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kucharz
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikolay Kutuzov
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Oleg Zhukov
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Mathiesen Janiurek
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Lauritzen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
The brain harbors a unique ability to, figuratively speaking, shift its gears. During wakefulness, the brain is geared fully toward processing information and behaving, while homeostatic functions predominate during sleep. The blood-brain barrier establishes a stable environment that is optimal for neuronal function, yet the barrier imposes a physiological problem; transcapillary filtration that forms extracellular fluid in other organs is reduced to a minimum in brain. Consequently, the brain depends on a special fluid [the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)] that is flushed into brain along the unique perivascular spaces created by astrocytic vascular endfeet. We describe this pathway, coined the term glymphatic system, based on its dependency on astrocytic vascular endfeet and their adluminal expression of aquaporin-4 water channels facing toward CSF-filled perivascular spaces. Glymphatic clearance of potentially harmful metabolic or protein waste products, such as amyloid-β, is primarily active during sleep, when its physiological drivers, the cardiac cycle, respiration, and slow vasomotion, together efficiently propel CSF inflow along periarterial spaces. The brain's extracellular space contains an abundance of proteoglycans and hyaluronan, which provide a low-resistance hydraulic conduit that rapidly can expand and shrink during the sleep-wake cycle. We describe this unique fluid system of the brain, which meets the brain's requisites to maintain homeostasis similar to peripheral organs, considering the blood-brain-barrier and the paths for formation and egress of the CSF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kaag Rasmussen
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Humberto Mestre
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jeong B, Baek JY, Koo J, Park S, Ryu YK, Kim KS, Zhang S, Chung C, Dogan R, Choi HS, Um D, Kim TK, Lee WS, Jeong J, Shin WH, Lee JR, Kim NS, Lee DY. Maternal exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics causes brain abnormalities in progeny. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 426:127815. [PMID: 34823950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
As global plastic production continues to grow, microplastics released from a massive quantity of plastic wastes have become a critical environmental concern. These microplastic particles are found in a wide range of living organisms in a diverse array of ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the biological effects of polystyrene nanoplastic (PSNP) on development of the central nervous system using cultured neural stem cells (NSCs) and mice exposed to PSNP during developmental stages. Our study demonstrates that maternal administration of PSNP during gestation and lactating periods altered the functioning of NSCs, neural cell compositions, and brain histology in progeny. Similarly, PSNP-induced molecular and functional defects were also observed in cultured NSCs in vitro. Finally, we show that the abnormal brain development caused by exposure to high concentrations of PSNP results in neurophysiological and cognitive deficits in a gender-specific manner. Our data demonstrate the possibility that exposure to high amounts of PSNP may increase the risk of neurodevelopmental defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bohyeon Jeong
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jeong Yeob Baek
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jahong Koo
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Subin Park
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Young-Kyoung Ryu
- Laboratory animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Shim Kim
- Laboratory animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Seungjae Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences (Neurophysiology Laboratory, C-Lab), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - ChiHye Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences (Neurophysiology Laboratory, C-Lab), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Rumeysa Dogan
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Seok Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
| | - Dahun Um
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
| | - Tae-Kyung Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, South Korea
| | - Wang Sik Lee
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jinyoung Jeong
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea; Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Won-Ho Shin
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ran Lee
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Nam-Soon Kim
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Da Yong Lee
- Rare Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wiggers A, Ashina H, Hadjikhani N, Sagare A, Zlokovic BV, Lauritzen M, Ashina M. Brain barriers and their potential role in migraine pathophysiology. J Headache Pain 2022; 23:16. [PMID: 35081902 PMCID: PMC8903554 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-021-01365-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine is a ubiquitous neurologic disease that afflicts people of all ages. Its molecular pathogenesis involves peptides that promote intracranial vasodilation and modulate nociceptive transmission upon release from sensory afferents of cells in the trigeminal ganglion and parasympathetic efferents of cells in the sphenopalatine ganglion. Experimental data have confirmed that intravenous infusion of these vasoactive peptides induce migraine attacks in people with migraine, but it remains a point of scientific contention whether their site of action lies outside or within the central nervous system. In this context, it has been hypothesized that transient dysfunction of brain barriers before or during migraine attacks might facilitate the passage of migraine-inducing peptides into the central nervous system. Here, we review evidence suggestive of brain barrier dysfunction in migraine pathogenesis and conclude with lessons learned in order to provide directions for future research efforts.
Collapse
|
32
|
Chen HR, Chen CW, Kuo YM, Chen B, Kuan IS, Huang H, Lee J, Anthony N, Kuan CY, Sun YY. Monocytes promote acute neuroinflammation and become pathological microglia in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Theranostics 2022; 12:512-529. [PMID: 34976198 PMCID: PMC8692901 DOI: 10.7150/thno.64033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Monocytes belong to the mononuclear phagocyte system and are immune responders to tissue injury and infection. There were also reports of monocytes transforming to microglia-like cells. Here we explore the roles of monocytes in microglia ontogeny and the pathogenesis of neonatal cerebral hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury in mice. Methods: We used three genetic methods to track the development of monocytes, including CX3CR1GFP/+; CCR2RFP/+ reporter mice, adoptive transfer of GFP+ monocytes, and fate-mapping with CCR2-CreER mice, in neonatal mouse brains with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.3 mg/kg)-sensitized Vannucci HI. We also used genetic (CCR2RFP/ RFP, CCR2 knockout) and pharmacological methods (RS102895, a CCR2 antagonist) to test the roles of monocytic influx in LPS/HI brain injury. Results: CCR2+ monocytes entered the late-embryonic brains via choroid plexus, but rapidly became CX3CR1+ amoeboid microglial cells (AMCs). The influx of CCR2+ monocytes declined after birth, but recurred after HI or LPS-sensitized HI (LPS/HI) brain injury, particularly in the hippocampus. The CCR2-CreER-based fate-mapping showed that CCR2+ monocytes became CD68+ TNFα+ macrophages within 4 d after LPS/HI, and maintained as TNFα+ MHCII+ macrophages or persisted as Tmem119+ Sall1+ P2RY12+ ramified microglia for at least five months after injury. Genetic deletion of the chemokine receptor CCR2 markedly diminished monocytic influx, the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and brain damage. Post-LPS/HI application of RS102895 also reduced inflammatory responses and brain damage, leading to better cognitive functions. Conclusion: These results suggest that monocytes promote acute inflammatory responses and may become pathological microglia long after the neonatal LPS/HI insult. Further, blocking the influx of monocytes may be a potential therapy for neonatal brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ru Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ching-Wen Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yi-Min Kuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Brandon Chen
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Irena S. Kuan
- St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Henry Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jolly Lee
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Neil Anthony
- Emory Integrated Cellular Imaging, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chia-Yi Kuan
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yu-Yo Sun
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Triple-negative breast cancer brain metastasis: an update on druggable targets, current clinical trials, and future treatment options. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1298-1314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
34
|
Feyaerts D, Urbschat C, Gaudillière B, Stelzer IA. Establishment of tissue-resident immune populations in the fetus. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:747-766. [PMID: 35508672 PMCID: PMC9067556 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00931-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The immune system establishes during the prenatal period from distinct waves of stem and progenitor cells and continuously adapts to the needs and challenges of early postnatal and adult life. Fetal immune development not only lays the foundation for postnatal immunity but establishes functional populations of tissue-resident immune cells that are instrumental for fetal immune responses amidst organ growth and maturation. This review aims to discuss current knowledge about the development and function of tissue-resident immune populations during fetal life, focusing on the brain, lung, and gastrointestinal tract as sites with distinct developmental trajectories. While recent progress using system-level approaches has shed light on the fetal immune landscape, further work is required to describe precise roles of prenatal immune populations and their migration and adaptation to respective organ environments. Defining points of prenatal susceptibility to environmental challenges will support the search for potential therapeutic targets to positively impact postnatal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Feyaerts
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA USA
| | - Christopher Urbschat
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Division of Experimental Feto-Maternal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Brice Gaudillière
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA USA ,grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA USA
| | - Ina A. Stelzer
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chiou SYS, Kysenius K, Huang Y, Habgood MD, Koehn LM, Qiu F, Crouch PJ, Varshney S, Ganio K, Dziegielewska KM, Saunders NR. Lithium administered to pregnant, lactating and neonatal rats: entry into developing brain. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:57. [PMID: 34876168 PMCID: PMC8650431 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00285-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about the extent of drug entry into developing brain, when administered to pregnant and lactating women. Lithium is commonly prescribed for bipolar disorder. Here we studied transfer of lithium given to dams, into blood, brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in embryonic and postnatal animals as well as adults. Methods Lithium chloride in a clinically relevant dose (3.2 mg/kg body weight) was injected intraperitoneally into pregnant (E15–18) and lactating dams (birth-P16/17) or directly into postnatal pups (P0–P16/17). Acute treatment involved a single injection; long-term treatment involved twice daily injections for the duration of the experiment. Following terminal anaesthesia blood plasma, CSF and brains were collected. Lithium levels and brain distribution were measured using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry and total lithium levels were confirmed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. Results Lithium was detected in blood, CSF and brain of all fetal and postnatal pups following lithium treatment of dams. Its concentration in pups’ blood was consistently below that in maternal blood (30–35%) indicating significant protection by the placenta and breast tissue. However, much of the lithium that reached the fetus entered its brain. Levels of lithium in plasma fluctuated in different treatment groups but its concentration in CSF was stable at all ages, in agreement with known stable levels of endogenous ions in CSF. There was no significant increase of lithium transfer into CSF following application of Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitor (digoxin) in vivo, indicating that lithium transfer across choroid plexus epithelium is not likely to be via the Na+/K+ ATPase mechanism, at least early in development. Comparison with passive permeability markers suggested that in acute experiments lithium permeability was less than expected for diffusion but similar in long-term experiments at P2. Conclusions Information obtained on the distribution of lithium in developing brain provides a basis for studying possible deleterious effects on brain development and behaviour in offspring of mothers undergoing lithium therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12987-021-00285-w.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shene Yi-Shiuan Chiou
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Kai Kysenius
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Yifan Huang
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Mark David Habgood
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Liam M Koehn
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Fiona Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Peter J Crouch
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Swati Varshney
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Katherine Ganio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Katarzyna Magdalena Dziegielewska
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Norman Ruthven Saunders
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Walker SM, Malkmus S, Eddinger K, Steinauer J, Roberts AJ, Shubayev VI, Grafe MR, Powell SB, Yaksh TL. Evaluation of neurotoxicity and long-term function and behavior following intrathecal 1 % 2-chloroprocaine in juvenile rats. Neurotoxicology 2021; 88:155-167. [PMID: 34801587 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Spinally-administered local anesthetics provide effective perioperative anesthesia and/or analgesia for children of all ages. New preparations and drugs require preclinical safety testing in developmental models. We evaluated age-dependent efficacy and safety following 1 % preservative-free 2-chloroprocaine (2-CP) in juvenile Sprague-Dawley rats. Percutaneous lumbar intrathecal 2-CP was administered at postnatal day (P)7, 14 or 21. Mechanical withdrawal threshold pre- and post-injection evaluated the degree and duration of sensory block, compared to intrathecal saline and naive controls. Tissue analyses one- or seven-days following injection included histopathology of spinal cord, cauda equina and brain sections, and quantification of neuronal apoptosis and glial reactivity in lumbar spinal cord. Following intrathecal 2-CP or saline at P7, outcomes assessed between P30 and P72 included: spinal reflex sensitivity (hindlimb thermal latency, mechanical threshold); social approach (novel rat versus object); locomotor activity and anxiety (open field with brightly-lit center); exploratory behavior (rearings, holepoking); sensorimotor gating (acoustic startle, prepulse inhibition); and learning (Morris Water Maze). Maximum tolerated doses of intrathecal 2-CP varied with age (1.0 μL/g at P7, 0.75 μL/g at P14, 0.5 μL/g at P21) and produced motor and sensory block for 10-15 min. Tissue analyses found no significant differences across intrathecal 2-CP, saline or naïve groups. Adult behavioral measures showed expected sex-dependent differences, that did not differ between 2-CP and saline groups. Single maximum tolerated in vivo doses of intrathecal 2-CP produced reversible spinal anesthesia in juvenile rodents without detectable evidence of developmental neurotoxicity. Current results cannot be extrapolated to repeated dosing or prolonged infusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suellen M Walker
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, CA, USA; Developmental Neurosciences Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Great Ormond St Hospital Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Shelle Malkmus
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kelly Eddinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Joanne Steinauer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Amanda J Roberts
- Animal Models Core, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Veronica I Shubayev
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marjorie R Grafe
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Susan B Powell
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Dunton AD, Göpel T, Ho DH, Burggren W. Form and Function of the Vertebrate and Invertebrate Blood-Brain Barriers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212111. [PMID: 34829989 PMCID: PMC8618301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The need to protect neural tissue from toxins or other substances is as old as neural tissue itself. Early recognition of this need has led to more than a century of investigation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Many aspects of this important neuroprotective barrier have now been well established, including its cellular architecture and barrier and transport functions. Unsurprisingly, most research has had a human orientation, using mammalian and other animal models to develop translational research findings. However, cell layers forming a barrier between vascular spaces and neural tissues are found broadly throughout the invertebrates as well as in all vertebrates. Unfortunately, previous scenarios for the evolution of the BBB typically adopt a classic, now discredited 'scala naturae' approach, which inaccurately describes a putative evolutionary progression of the mammalian BBB from simple invertebrates to mammals. In fact, BBB-like structures have evolved independently numerous times, complicating simplistic views of the evolution of the BBB as a linear process. Here, we review BBBs in their various forms in both invertebrates and vertebrates, with an emphasis on the function, evolution, and conditional relevance of popular animal models such as the fruit fly and the zebrafish to mammalian BBB research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia D. Dunton
- Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (T.G.); (W.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Torben Göpel
- Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (T.G.); (W.B.)
| | - Dao H. Ho
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, HI 96859, USA;
| | - Warren Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; (T.G.); (W.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cui J, Xu H, Lehtinen MK. Macrophages on the margin: choroid plexus immune responses. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:864-875. [PMID: 34312005 PMCID: PMC8551004 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (ChP), an epithelial bilayer containing a network of mesenchymal, immune, and neuronal cells, forms the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BCSFB). While best recognized for secreting CSF, the ChP is also a hotbed of immune cell activity and can provide circulating peripheral immune cells with passage into the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we review recent studies on ChP immune cells, with a focus on the ontogeny, development, and behaviors of ChP macrophages, the principal resident immune cells of the ChP. We highlight the implications of immune cells for ChP barrier function, CSF cytokines and volume regulation, and their contribution to neurodevelopmental disorders, with possible age-specific features to be elucidated in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cui
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Huixin Xu
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Travier L, Alonso M, Andronico A, Hafner L, Disson O, Lledo PM, Cauchemez S, Lecuit M. Neonatal susceptibility to meningitis results from the immaturity of epithelial barriers and gut microbiota. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109319. [PMID: 34192531 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonates are highly susceptible to bacterial meningitis as compared to children and adults. Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a major cause of neonatal meningitis. Neonatal meningitis can result from GBS intestinal colonization and translocation across the intestinal barrier (IB). Here, we show that the immaturity of the neonatal intestinal microbiota leads to low resistance to GBS intestinal colonization and permissiveness of the gut-vascular barrier. Moreover, the age-dependent but microbiota-independent Wnt activity in intestinal and choroid plexus (CP) epithelia results in a lower degree of cell-cell junctions' polarization, which favors bacterial translocation. This study thus reveals that neonatal susceptibility to GBS meningitis results from the age-dependent immaturity of the intestinal microbiota and developmental pathways associated with neonatal tissue growth, which both concur to GBS gut colonization, systemic dissemination, and neuroinvasion. Whereas the activation of developmental pathways is intrinsic to neonates, interventions aimed at maturing the microbiota may help prevent neonatal meningitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Travier
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1117, Paris, France
| | - Mariana Alonso
- Laboratory for Perception and Memory, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 3571, Paris, France
| | - Alessio Andronico
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2000, Paris, France
| | - Lukas Hafner
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1117, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Disson
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1117, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Lledo
- Laboratory for Perception and Memory, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 3571, Paris, France
| | - Simon Cauchemez
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2000, Paris, France
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1117, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Paris, France; National Reference Centre and WHO Collaborating Centre Listeria, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, APHP, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Dani N, Herbst RH, McCabe C, Green GS, Kaiser K, Head JP, Cui J, Shipley FB, Jang A, Dionne D, Nguyen L, Rodman C, Riesenfeld SJ, Prochazka J, Prochazkova M, Sedlacek R, Zhang F, Bryja V, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Habib N, Regev A, Lehtinen MK. A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages. Cell 2021; 184:3056-3074.e21. [PMID: 33932339 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (ChP) in each brain ventricle produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and forms the blood-CSF barrier. Here, we construct a single-cell and spatial atlas of each ChP in the developing, adult, and aged mouse brain. We delineate diverse cell types, subtypes, cell states, and expression programs in epithelial and mesenchymal cells across ages and ventricles. In the developing ChP, we predict a common progenitor pool for epithelial and neuronal cells, validated by lineage tracing. Epithelial and fibroblast cells show regionalized expression by ventricle, starting at embryonic stages and persisting with age, with a dramatic transcriptional shift with maturation, and a smaller shift in each aged cell type. With aging, epithelial cells upregulate host-defense programs, and resident macrophages upregulate interleukin-1β (IL-1β) signaling genes. Our atlas reveals cellular diversity, architecture and signaling across ventricles during development, maturation, and aging of the ChP-brain barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Dani
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca H Herbst
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cristin McCabe
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gilad S Green
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Karol Kaiser
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Joshua P Head
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jin Cui
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frederick B Shipley
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ahram Jang
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Danielle Dionne
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Lan Nguyen
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Christopher Rodman
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Samantha J Riesenfeld
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jan Prochazka
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics and Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Prochazkova
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics and Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics and Laboratory of Transgenic Models of Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Feng Zhang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Vitezslav Bryja
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Orit Rozenblatt-Rosen
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Naomi Habib
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
| | - Aviv Regev
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gonzalez-Pardo O, Ordoñez A, Roa C. Contrast-induced encephalopathy in an infant. Radiol Case Rep 2021; 16:1065-1067. [PMID: 33717383 PMCID: PMC7921186 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2021.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrast-induced encephalopathy (CIE) is a well-known but rare complication following contrast media administration. Its nonspecific clinical manifestations hinder diagnosis, particularly in the pediatric population. The majority of cases are reversible, with clinical improvement and resolution of signs noted on diagnostic imaging. Here, we report the case of a 2-month-old patient with a history of complex cardiovascular disease who presented with a single episode of seizure after undergoing cardiac catheterization with nonionic iodinated contrast media. CIE is diagnosed based on the signs and symptoms exhibited by the patient and the findings on plain head computed tomography (CT) scan. Subsequently, the absence of neurological symptoms and disappearance of the imaging alterations on a control CT are documented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana Ordoñez
- Universidad de La Sabana, Cundinamarca, Colombia. South America
| | - Carlos Roa
- Fundación Clínica Shaio, Dg 115 A #70C-75, Bogota, Colombia. South America
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bourasset F, Auvity S, Thorne RG, Scherrmann JM. Brain Distribution of Drugs: Brain Morphology, Delivery Routes, and Species Differences. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 273:97-120. [PMID: 33474672 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuropharmacokinetics considers cerebral drug distribution as a critical process for central nervous system drug action as well as for drug penetration through the CNS barriers. Brain distribution of small molecules obeys classical rules of drug partition, permeability, binding to fluid proteins or tissue components, and tissue perfusion. The biodistribution of all drugs, including both small molecules and biologics, may also be influenced by specific brain properties related to brain anatomy and physiological barriers, fluid dynamics, and cellular and biochemical composition, each of which can exhibit significant interspecies differences. All of these properties contribute to select optimal dosing paradigms and routes of drug delivery to reach brain targets for classical small molecule drugs as well as for biologics. The importance of these properties for brain delivery and exposure also highlights the need for efficient new analytical technologies to more comprehensively investigate drug distribution in the CNS, a complex multi-compartmentalized organ system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanchon Bourasset
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1144, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Auvity
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S1144, Paris, France
| | - Robert G Thorne
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Jean-Michel Scherrmann
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Paris, Paris, France. .,INSERM UMR-S1144, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zimmermann P, Curtis N. Normal Values for Cerebrospinal Fluid in Neonates: A Systematic Review. Neonatology 2021; 118:629-638. [PMID: 34818234 DOI: 10.1159/000517630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of neonatal meningitis often rests on microscopic and biochemical findings in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). There is ongoing uncertainty about age-related normal values for CSF findings in neonates, and many previous studies have included infants in whom antibiotics were administered before lumbar puncture or in whom viral meningitis was not excluded. METHODS A systematic search was done using MEDLINE and EMBASE to identify original studies which investigated CSF normal values in either healthy neonates or febrile neonates in whom bacterial and viral meningitis were reliably excluded. RESULTS We identified seven studies investigating 270 term and 96 preterm neonates. There were minimal differences between preterm and term neonates in the CSF white blood cell (WBC) count and glucose concentration. In contrast, the CSF neutrophil count and protein concentration were influenced by gestational and chronological age. In the four studies that reported individual patient data, in 95% of cases the CSF WBC count was <12 cells/μL in preterm and <10 cells/μL in term neonates, the neutrophil count was <16 and 8 cells/μL, and the protein concentration was <210 and 110 mg/dL, respectively. CONCLUSION The normal range for CSF parameters in neonates is different to that in older infants, and some parameters are influenced by gestational and chronological age. CSF parameters alone are not sufficiently reliable to exclude meningitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Zimmermann
- Department of Paediatrics, Fribourg Hospital HFR, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel Curtis
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Cui J, Shipley FB, Shannon ML, Alturkistani O, Dani N, Webb MD, Sugden AU, Andermann ML, Lehtinen MK. Inflammation of the Embryonic Choroid Plexus Barrier following Maternal Immune Activation. Dev Cell 2020; 55:617-628.e6. [PMID: 33038331 PMCID: PMC7725967 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (ChP) regulates brain development by secreting instructive cues and providing a protective brain barrier. Here, we show that polyI:C-mediated maternal immune activation leads to an inflammatory response in the developing embryonic mouse brain that manifests as pro-inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and accumulation of ChP macrophages. Elevation of CSF-CCL2 was sufficient to drive ChP immune cell recruitment, activation, and proliferation. In addition, ChP macrophages abandoned their regular tiling pattern and relocated to the ChP-free margin where they breached the weakened epithelial barrier. We further found that these immune cells entered from the ChP into the brain via anatomically specialized "hotspots" at the distal tips of ChP villi. In vivo two-photon imaging demonstrated that surveillance behaviors in ChP macrophages had already emerged at this early stage of embryogenesis. Thus, the embryonic ChP forms a functional brain barrier that can mount an inflammatory response to external insults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cui
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frederick B Shipley
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Morgan L Shannon
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Osama Alturkistani
- IDDRC Cellular Imaging Core, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center and Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA, USA
| | - Neil Dani
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mya D Webb
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arthur U Sugden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark L Andermann
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Shipley FB, Dani N, Xu H, Deister C, Cui J, Head JP, Sadegh C, Fame RM, Shannon ML, Flores VI, Kishkovich T, Jang E, Klein EM, Goldey GJ, He K, Zhang Y, Holtzman MJ, Kirchhausen T, Wyart C, Moore CI, Andermann ML, Lehtinen MK. Tracking Calcium Dynamics and Immune Surveillance at the Choroid Plexus Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Interface. Neuron 2020; 108:623-639.e10. [PMID: 32961128 PMCID: PMC7847245 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (ChP) epithelium is a source of secreted signaling factors in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and a key barrier between blood and brain. Here, we develop imaging tools to interrogate these functions in adult lateral ventricle ChP in whole-mount explants and in awake mice. By imaging epithelial cells in intact ChP explants, we observed calcium activity and secretory events that increased in frequency following delivery of serotonergic agonists. Using chronic two-photon imaging in awake mice, we observed spontaneous subcellular calcium events as well as strong agonist-evoked calcium activation and cytoplasmic secretion into CSF. Three-dimensional imaging of motility and mobility of multiple types of ChP immune cells at baseline and following immune challenge or focal injury revealed a range of surveillance and defensive behaviors. Together, these tools should help illuminate the diverse functions of this understudied body-brain interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick B Shipley
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Neil Dani
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Huixin Xu
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher Deister
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Jin Cui
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joshua P Head
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cameron Sadegh
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ryann M Fame
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Morgan L Shannon
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vanessa I Flores
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas Kishkovich
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Emily Jang
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Eric M Klein
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Glenn J Goldey
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kangmin He
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael J Holtzman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tomas Kirchhausen
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Claire Wyart
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Christopher I Moore
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Mark L Andermann
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Maria K Lehtinen
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Interactions and Signal Transduction Pathways Involved during Central Nervous System Entry by Neisseria meningitidis across the Blood-Brain Barriers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228788. [PMID: 33233688 PMCID: PMC7699760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative diplococcus Neisseria meningitidis, also called meningococcus, exclusively infects humans and can cause meningitis, a severe disease that can lead to the death of the afflicted individuals. To cause meningitis, the bacteria have to enter the central nervous system (CNS) by crossing one of the barriers protecting the CNS from entry by pathogens. These barriers are represented by the blood–brain barrier separating the blood from the brain parenchyma and the blood–cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barriers at the choroid plexus and the meninges. During the course of meningococcal disease resulting in meningitis, the bacteria undergo several interactions with host cells, including the pharyngeal epithelium and the cells constituting the barriers between the blood and the CSF. These interactions are required to initiate signal transduction pathways that are involved during the crossing of the meningococci into the blood stream and CNS entry, as well as in the host cell response to infection. In this review we summarize the interactions and pathways involved in these processes, whose understanding could help to better understand the pathogenesis of meningococcal meningitis.
Collapse
|
47
|
Barnum SR, Bubeck D, Schein TN. Soluble Membrane Attack Complex: Biochemistry and Immunobiology. Front Immunol 2020; 11:585108. [PMID: 33240274 PMCID: PMC7683570 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.585108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The soluble membrane attack complex (sMAC, a.k.a., sC5b-9 or TCC) is generated on activation of complement and contains the complement proteins C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9 together with the regulatory proteins clusterin and/or vitronectin. sMAC is a member of the MACPF/cholesterol-dependent-cytolysin superfamily of pore-forming molecules that insert into lipid bilayers and disrupt cellular integrity and function. sMAC is a unique complement activation macromolecule as it is comprised of several different subunits. To date no complement-mediated function has been identified for sMAC. sMAC is present in blood and other body fluids under homeostatic conditions and there is abundant evidence documenting changes in sMAC levels during infection, autoimmune disease and trauma. Despite decades of scientific interest in sMAC, the mechanisms regulating its formation in healthy individuals and its biological functions in both health and disease remain poorly understood. Here, we review the structural differences between sMAC and its membrane counterpart, MAC, and examine sMAC immunobiology with respect to its presence in body fluids in health and disease. Finally, we discuss the diagnostic potential of sMAC for diagnostic and prognostic applications and potential utility as a companion diagnostic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Doryen Bubeck
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Bryniarski MA, Ren T, Rizvi AR, Snyder AM, Morris ME. Targeting the Choroid Plexuses for Protein Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12100963. [PMID: 33066423 PMCID: PMC7602164 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of therapeutic agents to the central nervous system is challenged by the barriers in place to regulate brain homeostasis. This is especially true for protein therapeutics. Targeting the barrier formed by the choroid plexuses at the interfaces of the systemic circulation and ventricular system may be a surrogate brain delivery strategy to circumvent the blood-brain barrier. Heterogenous cell populations located at the choroid plexuses provide diverse functions in regulating the exchange of material within the ventricular space. Receptor-mediated transcytosis may be a promising mechanism to deliver protein therapeutics across the tight junctions formed by choroid plexus epithelial cells. However, cerebrospinal fluid flow and other barriers formed by ependymal cells and perivascular spaces should also be considered for evaluation of protein therapeutic disposition. Various preclinical methods have been applied to delineate protein transport across the choroid plexuses, including imaging strategies, ventriculocisternal perfusions, and primary choroid plexus epithelial cell models. When used in combination with simultaneous measures of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics, they can yield important insight into pharmacokinetic properties within the brain. This review aims to provide an overview of the choroid plexuses and ventricular system to address their function as a barrier to pharmaceutical interventions and relevance for central nervous system drug delivery of protein therapeutics. Protein therapeutics targeting the ventricular system may provide new approaches in treating central nervous system diseases.
Collapse
|
49
|
Sandweiss AJ, Brandt VL, Zoghbi HY. Advances in understanding of Rett syndrome and MECP2 duplication syndrome: prospects for future therapies. Lancet Neurol 2020; 19:689-698. [PMID: 32702338 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The X-linked gene encoding MECP2 is involved in two severe and complex neurodevelopmental disorders. Loss of function of the MeCP2 protein underlies Rett syndrome, whereas duplications of the MECP2 locus cause MECP2 duplication syndrome. Research on the mechanisms by which MeCP2 exerts effects on gene expression in neurons, studies of animal models bearing different disease-causing mutations, and more in-depth observations of clinical presentations have clarified some issues even as they have raised further questions. Yet there is enough evidence so far to suggest possible approaches to therapy for these two diseases that could go beyond attempting to address specific signs and symptoms (of which there are many) and instead target the pathophysiology underlying MECP2 disorders. Further work could bring antisense oligonucleotides, deep brain stimulation, and gene therapy into the clinic within the next decade or so.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Sandweiss
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology and Developmental Neurosciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vicky L Brandt
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Huda Y Zoghbi
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology and Developmental Neurosciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Malcolm J, Fiala C, Djuric U, Diamandis P. Can gliomas provide insights into promoting synaptogenesis? Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:1920-1925. [PMID: 32457425 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0795-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Malcolm
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Clare Fiala
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ugljesa Djuric
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Phedias Diamandis
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|