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Tang LWT, DaSilva E, Lapham K, Obach RS. Evaluation of Icotinib as a Potent and Selective Inhibitor of Aldehyde Oxidase for Reaction Phenotyping in Human Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:565-573. [PMID: 38565303 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.124.001693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AO) is a molybdenum cofactor-containing cytosolic enzyme that has gained prominence due to its involvement in the developmental failure of several drug candidates in first-in-human trials. Unlike cytochrome P450s (P450) and glucuronosyltransferase, AO substrates have been plagued by poor in vitro to in vivo extrapolation, leading to low systemic exposures and underprediction of human dose. However, apart from measuring a drug's AO clearance rates, it is also important to determine the relative contribution to metabolism by this enzyme (fm,AO). Although hydralazine is the most well-studied time-dependent inhibitor (TDI) of AO and is frequently employed for AO reaction phenotyping in human hepatocytes to derive fm,AO, multiple studies have expressed concerns pertaining to its utility in providing accurate estimates of fm,AO values due to its propensity to significantly inhibit P450s at the concentrations typically used for reaction phenotyping. In this study, we characterized icotinib, a cyclized analog of erlotinib, as a potent TDI of AO-inactivating human liver cytosolic zoniporide 2-oxidation equipotently with erlotinib with a maximal inactivate rate/inactivator concentration at half maximal inactivation rate (K I) ratio of 463 and 501 minute-1mM-1 , respectively. Moreover, icotinib also exhibits selectivity against P450 and elicits significantly weaker inhibition against human liver microsomal UGT1A1/3 as compared with erlotinib. Finally, we evaluated icotinib as an inhibitor of AO for reaction phenotyping in cryopreserved human hepatocytes and demonstrated that it can yield more accurate prediction of fm,AO compared with hydralazine and induce sustained suppression of AO activity at higher cell densities, which will be important for reaction phenotyping endeavors of low clearance drugs SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In this study, we characterized icotinib as a potent time-dependent inhibitor of AO with ample selectivity margins against the P450s and UGT1A1/3 and demonstrated its utility for reaction phenotyping in human hepatocytes to obtain accurate estimates of fm,AO for victim DDI risk predictions. We envisage the adoption of icotinib in place of hydralazine in AO reaction phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Wei Tat Tang
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Ethan DaSilva
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Kimberly Lapham
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - R Scott Obach
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
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Izat N, Bolleddula J, Abbasi A, Cheruzel L, Jones RS, Moss D, Ortega-Muro F, Parmentier Y, Peterkin VC, Tian DD, Venkatakrishnan K, Zientek MA, Barber J, Houston JB, Galetin A, Scotcher D. Challenges and Opportunities for In Vitro-In Vivo Extrapolation of Aldehyde Oxidase-Mediated Clearance: Toward a Roadmap for Quantitative Translation. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1591-1606. [PMID: 37751998 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Underestimation of aldehyde oxidase (AO)-mediated clearance by current in vitro assays leads to uncertainty in human dose projections, thereby reducing the likelihood of success in drug development. In the present study we first evaluated the current drug development practices for AO substrates. Next, the overall predictive performance of in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of unbound hepatic intrinsic clearance (CLint,u) and unbound hepatic intrinsic clearance by AO (CLint,u,AO) was assessed using a comprehensive literature database of in vitro (human cytosol/S9/hepatocytes) and in vivo (intravenous/oral) data collated for 22 AO substrates (total of 100 datapoints from multiple studies). Correction for unbound fraction in the incubation was done by experimental data or in silico predictions. The fraction metabolized by AO (fmAO) determined via in vitro/in vivo approaches was found to be highly variable. The geometric mean fold errors (gmfe) for scaled CLint,u (mL/min/kg) were 10.4 for human hepatocytes, 5.6 for human liver cytosols, and 5.0 for human liver S9, respectively. Application of these gmfe's as empirical scaling factors improved predictions (45%-57% within twofold of observed) compared with no correction (11%-27% within twofold), with the scaling factors qualified by leave-one-out cross-validation. A road map for quantitative translation was then proposed following a critical evaluation on the in vitro and clinical methodology to estimate in vivo fmAO In conclusion, the study provides the most robust system-specific empirical scaling factors to date as a pragmatic approach for the prediction of in vivo CLint,u,AO in the early stages of drug development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Confidence remains low when predicting in vivo clearance of AO substrates using in vitro systems, leading to de-prioritization of AO substrates from the drug development pipeline to mitigate risk of unexpected and costly in vivo impact. The current study establishes a set of empirical scaling factors as a pragmatic tool to improve predictability of in vivo AO clearance. Developing clinical pharmacology strategies for AO substrates by utilizing mass balance/clinical drug-drug interaction data will help build confidence in fmAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihan Izat
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Jayaprakasam Bolleddula
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Armina Abbasi
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Robert S Jones
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Darren Moss
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Fatima Ortega-Muro
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Yannick Parmentier
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Vincent C Peterkin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Dan-Dan Tian
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Karthik Venkatakrishnan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Michael A Zientek
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Jill Barber
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - J Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
| | - Daniel Scotcher
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK (N.I., Ji.B., J.B.H., A.G., D.S.); EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts (Ja.B., K.V.); Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California (A.A.); Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (L.C., R.S.J.); Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (D.M.); GSK R&D, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain (F.O.M.); Technologie Servier, Orléans, France (Y.P.); AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (V.C.P.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (D.-D.T.); and Takeda Pharmaceuticals Limited, San Diego, California (M.A.Z.)
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Öeren M, Hunt PA, Wharrick CE, Tabatabaei Ghomi H, Segall MD. Predicting routes of phase I and II metabolism based on quantum mechanics and machine learning. Xenobiotica 2023:1-49. [PMID: 37966132 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2284251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
1. Unexpected metabolism could lead to the failure of many late-stage drug candidates or even the withdrawal of approved drugs. Thus, it is critical to predict and study the dominant routes of metabolism in the early stages of research. In this study, we describe the development and validation of a 'WhichEnzyme' model that accurately predicts the enzyme families most likely to be responsible for a drug-like molecule's metabolism. Furthermore, we combine this model with our previously published regioselectivity models for Cytochromes P450, Aldehyde Oxidases, Flavin-containing Monooxygenases, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and Sulfotransferases - the most important Phase I and Phase II drug metabolising enzymes - and a 'WhichP450' model that predicts the Cytochrome P450 isoform(s) responsible for a compound's metabolism. The regioselectivity models are based on a mechanistic understanding of these enzymes' actions, and use quantum mechanical simulations with machine learning methods to accurately predict sites of metabolism and the resulting metabolites. We train heuristic based on the outputs of the 'WhichEnzyme', 'WhichP450', and regioselectivity models to determine the most likely routes of metabolism and metabolites to be observed experimentally. Finally, we demonstrate that this combination delivers high sensitivity in identifying experimentally reported metabolites and higher precision than other methods for predicting in vivo metabolite profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Öeren
- Optibrium Limited, Cambridge Innovation Park, Denny End Road, Cambridge CB25 9GL, UK
| | - Peter A Hunt
- Optibrium Limited, Cambridge Innovation Park, Denny End Road, Cambridge CB25 9GL, UK
| | - Charlotte E Wharrick
- Optibrium Limited, Cambridge Innovation Park, Denny End Road, Cambridge CB25 9GL, UK
| | | | - Matthew D Segall
- Optibrium Limited, Cambridge Innovation Park, Denny End Road, Cambridge CB25 9GL, UK
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Lolla S, Gubbiyappa KS, Cheruku S, Bhikshapathi DVRN. Validation of an LC-MS/MS method for quantitation of fostemsavir in plasma. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2023; 120:107254. [PMID: 36863666 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2023.107254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel, sensitive and specific LC-MS/MS technique was developed and validated for the quantification of fostemsavir in human plasma and its pharmacokinetic application in rabbits. METHODS Chromatographic separation of the fostemsavir and fosamprenavir (internal standard) were achieved on Zorbax C18 (50 mm × 2 mm × 5 μm) column with 0.80 mL/min flow rate and coupled with API6000 triple quadrupole MS in multi reaction monitoring mode by applying mass transitions m/z 584.16/105.03 for fostemsavir and m/z 586.19/57.07 for the internal standard. RESULTS The calibration curve exhibited linearity in concentration range of 58.5-2340.0 ng/mL for fostemsavir. The LLOQ was 58.5 ng/mL. The validated LC-MS/MS process was effectively applied for the analysis of plasma in healthy rabbits for determinations of Fostemsavir. From the pharmacokinetic data, the mean of Cmax and Tmax were 198.19 ± 5.85 ng/mL and 2.42 ± 0.13, respectively. Plasma concentration reduced with t1/2 of 7.02 ± 0.14. AUC0→Last value obtained was 2374.87 ± 29.75 ng. h/ml, respectively. CONCLUSION In summary, the developed method has been successfully validated and pharmacokinetic parameters were demonstrated after oral administration of Fostemsavir to healthy rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Lolla
- Research Scholar, Gitam School of Pharmacy, GITAM Deemed to be University, Rudraram, Patancheru, Medak Dist, 502329, Telangana, India.
| | - Kumar Shiva Gubbiyappa
- Gitam School of Pharmacy, GITAM Deemed to be University, Rudraram, Patancheru, Medak Dist, 502329, Telangana, India
| | - Shankar Cheruku
- TRR College of Pharmacy, Meerpet, Hyderabad, Telangana 500097, India
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Cui X, Chen X, Pognan N, Sengupta T, Rahmanzadeh G, Kornberger R, Giovannini M. Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetic Drug Interaction of Capmatinib With Itraconazole and Rifampicin and Potential Impact on Renal Transporters in Healthy Subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 63:228-238. [PMID: 36087217 PMCID: PMC10092221 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Capmatinib is a highly specific, potent, and selective mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor inhibitor predominantly eliminated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and aldehyde oxidase. Here, we investigated the effects of a strong CYP3A inhibitor (itraconazole) and a strong CYP3A inducer (rifampicin) on single-dose pharmacokinetics of capmatinib. In addition, serum creatinine and cystatin C were monitored to assess the potential inhibition of renal transporters by capmatinib. This was an open-label, 2-cohort (inhibition and induction), 2-period (capmatinib alone and inhibition/induction periods) study in healthy subjects. In the inhibition cohort, capmatinib (400 mg/day) was given alone, then with itraconazole (200 mg/day for 10 days, 5-day lead-in before coadministration). In the induction cohort, capmatinib (400 mg/day) was given alone, then with rifampicin (600 mg/day for 9 days, 5-day lead-in before coadministration). Fifty-three subjects (inhibition cohort, n = 27; induction cohort, n = 26) were enrolled. Coadministration of itraconazole resulted in an increase of capmatinib area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity by 42% (geometric mean ratio [GMR], 1.42; 90%CI, 1.33-1.52) with no change in maximum plasma concentration (GMR, 1.03; 90%CI, 0.866-1.22). Coadministration of rifampicin resulted in a reduction of capmatinib area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity by 66.5% (GMR, 0.335; 90%CI, 0.300-0.374) and a decrease in maximum plasma concentration by 55.9% (GMR, 0.441; 90%CI, 0.387-0.502). After a single dose of capmatinib, a transient increase in serum creatinine was observed with no change in serum cystatin C concentration during the 3-day monitoring period. In conclusion, coadministration of itraconazole or rifampicin resulted in clinically relevant changes in systemic exposure to capmatinib. The transient increase in serum creatinine without any increase in cystatin C suggests inhibition of renal transport by capmatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Cui
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Xinhui Chen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Monica Giovannini
- Global Drug Development, Novartis Services Inc., East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
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Bhangare D, Rajput N, Jadav T, Sahu AK, Sengupta P. Mechanism of capmatinib degradation in stress conditions including degradation product characterization using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry and stability-indicating analytical method development. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9417. [PMID: 36226771 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Capmatinib (CMT) has been recently approved for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA). Till date, the degradation mechanism of CMT in different stress conditions is not known. Moreover, degradation products (DPs) of the drug are yet to be identified. Characterization study on degradation products of CMT has not been reported before. Furthermore, no previously reported literature is available on the stability-indicating method of CMT. METHODS Owing to the lack of such scientific reports, we developed a sensitive, stability-indicating method for CMT which can resolve it from all its degradation products. The method was validated as per the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH Q2 [R1]) guideline. We studied and established the degradation mechanism of CMT in different stress conditions. One degradation product (DP2) was isolated and characterized using 1 H NMR. RESULTS The degradation products (DP1, DP2 and DP3) of the drug have been identified and characterized for the first time by using high-resolution mass spectrometry and 1 H NMR spectroscopy. CMT was found to become degraded under acidic, basic and photolytic stress conditions in the solution phase to yield three major DPs. The drug was found to be stable in neutral hydrolysis, oxidation and thermal stress conditions. CONCLUSIONS DP1 was formed under acidic and basic hydrolytic conditions, whereas DP2 and DP3 were formed under photolytic conditions. Characterization of all the DPs has been carried out to establish their structures and understand the molecular mechanism behind the degradation of the drug. Few studies reported quantitative analysis of CMT and its metabolites in biological fluids. However, this is the first study to identify the unknown DPs of CMT and the mechanism of its degradation. Moreover, this article reports a stability-indicating analytical method for CMT which has not yet been reported in any literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Bhangare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, India
| | - Niraj Rajput
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, India
| | - Tarang Jadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, India
| | - Amit Kumar Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Ahmedabad (NIPER-A), Gandhinagar, India
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Zayed A, Jaber SA, Al Hroot J, Hawamdeh S, Ayoub NM, Qinna NA. HPLC with Fluorescence and Photodiode Array Detection for Quantifying Capmatinib in Biological Samples: Application to In Vivo and In Vitro Studies. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238582. [PMID: 36500674 PMCID: PMC9738601 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Capmatinib, a recently approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is used for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. We describe two new HPLC methods for capmatinib quantification in vivo and in vitro. HPLC with a fluorescence detection method was used to quantify capmatinib in plasma for the first time. The method was successfully applied in a pharmacokinetic study following a 10 mg/kg oral dose of capmatinib given to rats. The chromatographic separation was performed using a Eurospher II 100-3 C18H (50 × 4 mm, 3 µm) column and a mobile phase containing 10 mM of ammonium acetate buffer (pH 5.5): acetonitrile (70:30, v/v), at a flow rate of 2.0 mL min-1. The study also describes the use of HPLC-PDA for the first time for the determination of capmatinib in human liver microsomes and describes its application to study its metabolic stability in vitro. Our results were in agreement with those reported using LC-MS/MS, demonstrating the reliability of the method. The study utilized a Gemini-NX C18 column and a mobile phase containing methanol: 20 mM ammonium formate buffer pH 3.5 (53:47, v/v), delivered at a flow rate of 1.1 mL min-1. These methods are suitable for supporting pharmacokinetic studies, particularly in bioanalytical labs lacking LC-MS/MS capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Zayed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid 22110, Jordan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +962-2-7201-000 (ext. 23240)
| | - Sana’a A. Jaber
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Jomana Al Hroot
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Sahar Hawamdeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Nehad M. Ayoub
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Nidal A. Qinna
- University of Petra Pharmaceutical Center (UPPC), Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan
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Sun Y, Yang J, Li Y, Luo J, Sun J, Li D, Wang Y, Wang K, Yang L, Wu L, Sun X. Single low-dose INC280-loaded theranostic nanoparticles achieve multirooted delivery for MET-targeted primary and liver metastatic NSCLC. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:212. [PMID: 36457016 PMCID: PMC9717478 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01681-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with primary tumors and liver metastases have substantially reduced survival. Since mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) plays a significant role in the molecular mechanisms of advanced NSCLC, small molecule MET inhibitor capmatinib (INC280) hold promise for clinically NSCLC treatment. However, the major obstacles of MET-targeted therapy are poor drug solubility and off-tumor effects, even oral high-dosing regimens cannot significantly increase the therapeutic drug concentration in primary and metastatic NSCLC. METHODS We developed a multirooted delivery system INC280-PFCE nanoparticles (NPs) by loading INC280 into perfluoro-15-crown-5-ether for improving MET-targeted therapy. Biodistribution and anti-MET/antimetastatic effects of NPs were validated in orthotopic NSCLC and NSCLC liver metastasis models in a single low-dose. The efficacy of INC280-PFCE NPs was also explored in human NSCLC specimens. RESULTS INC280-PFCE NPs exhibited excellent antitumor ability in vitro. In orthotopic NSCLC models, sustained release and prolonged retention behaviors of INC280-PFCE NPs within tumors could be visualized in real-time by 19F magnetic resonance imaging (19F-MRI), and single pulmonary administration of NPs showed more significant tumor growth inhibition than oral administration of free INC280 at a tenfold higher dose. Furthermore, a single low-dose INC280-PFCE NPs administered intravenously suppressed widespread dissemination of liver metastasis without systemic toxicity. Finally, we verified the clinical translation potential of INC280-PFCE NPs in human NSCLC specimens. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated high anti-MET/antimetastatic efficacies, real-time MRI visualization and high biocompatibility of NPs after a single low-dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yige Sun
- grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268 Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150028 Heilongjiang China ,grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150028 Heilongjiang China
| | - Jie Yang
- grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268 Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150028 Heilongjiang China ,grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150028 Heilongjiang China
| | - Yingbo Li
- grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268 Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150028 Heilongjiang China ,grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150028 Heilongjiang China
| | - Jing Luo
- grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268 Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150028 Heilongjiang China ,grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150028 Heilongjiang China
| | - Jiemei Sun
- grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268 Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150028 Heilongjiang China ,grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150028 Heilongjiang China
| | - Daoshuang Li
- grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268 Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150028 Heilongjiang China ,grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150028 Heilongjiang China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268 Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150028 Heilongjiang China ,grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150028 Heilongjiang China
| | - Kai Wang
- grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268 Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150028 Heilongjiang China ,grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150028 Heilongjiang China
| | - Lili Yang
- grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268 Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150028 Heilongjiang China ,grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150028 Heilongjiang China
| | - Lina Wu
- grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268 Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150028 Heilongjiang China ,grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150028 Heilongjiang China
| | - Xilin Sun
- grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268 Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150028 Heilongjiang China ,grid.410736.70000 0001 2204 9268NHC Key Laboratory of Molecular Probe and Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRC), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150028 Heilongjiang China
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Management of Peripheral Edema in Patients with MET Exon 14-Mutated Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Treated with Small Molecule MET Inhibitors. Target Oncol 2022; 17:597-604. [PMID: 36087188 PMCID: PMC9512730 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-022-00912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) inhibitors, such as crizotinib, capmatinib, and tepotinib, are treatment options for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in adult patients whose tumors have a mutation that leads to MET exon 14 skipping. In clinical trials, these MET inhibitors were associated with a high incidence of peripheral edema, although this was generally mild-to-moderate in severity. There is limited information about the mechanism involved in MET inhibitor-induced peripheral edema. Perturbation of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/MET signaling may disrupt the permeability balance in the vascular endothelium and thus promote edema development. Another potential mechanism is through effects on renal function, although this is unlikely to be the primary mechanism. Because edema is common in cancer patients and may not necessarily be caused by the cancer treatment, or other conditions that have similar symptoms to peripheral edema, a thorough assessment is required to ascertain the underlying cause. Before starting MET-inhibitor therapy, patients should be educated about the possibility of developing peripheral edema. Patient limb volume should be measured before initiating treatment, to aid assessment if symptoms develop. Since the exact mechanism of MET inhibitor-induced edema is unknown, management is empiric, with common approaches including compression stockings, specific exercises, massage, limb elevation, and/or diuretic treatment. Although not usually required, discontinuation of MET inhibitor treatment generally resolves peripheral edema. Early diagnosis and management, as well as patient information and education, are vital to decrease the clinical burden associated with edema, and to reinforce capmatinib treatment adherence.
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10
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Zhao Q, Wu ZE, Li B, Li F. Recent advances in metabolism and toxicity of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 237:108256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Toselli F, Golding M, Nicolaï J, Gillent E, Chanteux H. Drug clearance by aldehyde oxidase: can we avoid clinical failure? Xenobiotica 2022; 52:890-903. [PMID: 36170034 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2129519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite increased awareness of aldehyde oxidase (AO) as a major drug-metabolising enzyme, predicting the pharmacokinetics of its substrates remains challenging. Several drug candidates have been terminated due to high clearance, which were subsequently discovered to be AO substrates. Even retrospective extrapolation of human clearance, from models more sensitive to AO activity, often resulted in underprediction.The questions of the current work thus were: Is there an acceptable degree of in vitro AO metabolism that does not result in high in vivo human clearance? And, if so, how can this be predicted?We built an in vitro/in vivo correlation using known AO substrates, combining multiple in vitro parameters to calculate the blood metabolic clearance mediated by AO (CLbAO). This value was compared with observed blood clearance (CLb-obs), establishing cut-off CLbAO values, to discriminate between low and high CLb-obs. The model was validated using additional literature compounds, and CLb-obs was predicted in the correct category.This simple, categorical, semi-quantitative yet multi-factorial model is readily applicable in drug discovery. Further, it is valuable for high-clearance compounds, as it predicts the CLb group, rather than an exact CLb value, for the substrates of this poorly-characterised enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johan Nicolaï
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Eric Gillent
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Hugues Chanteux
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
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12
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Vandyshev DY, Shikhaliev KS, Prezent MA, Kozaderov OA, Ovchinnikov OV, Smirnov MS, Ilyinova TN, Mangusheva DA, Iminova RR, Chetti P. ANALYSIS OF THE SPECTRAL-LUMINESCENT PROPERTIES OF IMIDAZO[1,2-b]PYRIDO[4,3-e][1,2,4]TRIAZIN-6(7Н)-ONES. LUMINESCENCE 2022; 37:1689-1700. [PMID: 35863912 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The article presents a method for the construction of a new tricyclic system of imidazo[1,2-b]pyrido[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazin-6(7Н)-ones based on subsequent reactions of the obtained 1,2-diamino-4-phenylimidazole ethyl ether of 3-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazin-2-carboxylic acid with dimethylformamide dimethylacetal and primary amines. The structures of the obtained compounds were confirmed using the data obtained by 1 Н and 13 С NMR, HRMS, and XRD. We analysed the dependence of the absorption and photoluminescence spectra on the structure of the compounds obtained using methods of quantum chemistry. The theoretical results were compared to the data of a real experiment. The article suggests a range of practical applications for imidazo[1,2-b]pyrido[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazin-6(7Н)-ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Yu Vandyshev
- Department of Organic Chemistry. Chemical Faculty. Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Khidmet S Shikhaliev
- Department of Organic Chemistry. Chemical Faculty. Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Prezent
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg A Kozaderov
- Department of Organic Chemistry. Chemical Faculty. Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Oleg V Ovchinnikov
- Department of Optics and Spectroscopy. Faculty of Physics. Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Mikhail S Smirnov
- Department of Optics and Spectroscopy. Faculty of Physics. Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Tatiana N Ilyinova
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Voronezh Medical State University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Daria A Mangusheva
- Department of Organic Chemistry. Chemical Faculty. Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Renata R Iminova
- Department of Organic Chemistry. Chemical Faculty. Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Prabhakar Chetti
- National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra, India
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13
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Khojasteh SC, Argikar UA, Cho S, Crouch R, Heck CJS, Johnson KM, Kalgutkar AS, King L, Maw HH, Seneviratne HK, Wang S, Wei C, Zhang D, Jackson KD. Biotransformation Novel Advances - 2021 year in review. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:207-245. [PMID: 35815654 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2097253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Biotransformation field is constantly evolving with new molecular structures and discoveries of metabolic pathways that impact efficacy and safety. Recent review by Kramlinger et al (2022) nicely captures the future (and the past) of highly impactful science of biotransformation (see the first article). Based on the selected articles, this review was categorized into three sections: (1) new modalities biotransformation, (2) drug discovery biotransformation, and (3) drug development biotransformation (Table 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Non-clinical Development, Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sungjoon Cho
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Rachel Crouch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Carley J S Heck
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lloyd King
- Quantitative Drug Discovery, UCB Biopharma UK, 216 Bath Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Hlaing Holly Maw
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, MS412a, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Klarissa D Jackson
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Rendić SP, Crouch RD, Guengerich FP. Roles of selected non-P450 human oxidoreductase enzymes in protective and toxic effects of chemicals: review and compilation of reactions. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2145-2246. [PMID: 35648190 PMCID: PMC9159052 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This is an overview of the metabolic reactions of drugs, natural products, physiological compounds, and other (general) chemicals catalyzed by flavin monooxygenase (FMO), monoamine oxidase (MAO), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO), and molybdenum hydroxylase enzymes (aldehyde oxidase (AOX) and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR)), including roles as substrates, inducers, and inhibitors of the enzymes. The metabolism and bioactivation of selected examples of each group (i.e., drugs, “general chemicals,” natural products, and physiological compounds) are discussed. We identified a higher fraction of bioactivation reactions for FMO enzymes compared to other enzymes, predominately involving drugs and general chemicals. With MAO enzymes, physiological compounds predominate as substrates, and some products lead to unwanted side effects or illness. AOX and XOR enzymes are molybdenum hydroxylases that catalyze the oxidation of various heteroaromatic rings and aldehydes and the reduction of a number of different functional groups. While neither of these two enzymes contributes substantially to the metabolism of currently marketed drugs, AOX has become a frequently encountered route of metabolism among drug discovery programs in the past 10–15 years. XOR has even less of a role in the metabolism of clinical drugs and preclinical drug candidates than AOX, likely due to narrower substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, 37204, USA
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
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15
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Fogli S, Tabbò F, Capuano A, Re MD, Passiglia F, Cucchiara F, Scavone C, Gori V, Novello S, Schmidinger M, Danesi R. The expanding family of c-Met inhibitors in solid tumors: a comparative analysis of their pharmacologic and clinical differences. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 172:103602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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16
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Basit A, Fan PW, Khojasteh SC, Murray BP, Smith BJ, Heyward S, Prasad B. Comparison of tissue abundance of non-cytochrome P450 drug metabolizing enzymes by quantitative proteomics between humans and laboratory animal species. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:197-203. [PMID: 34969659 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of animal pharmacokinetic models as surrogates for humans relies on the assumption that the drug disposition mechanisms are similar between preclinical species and humans. However, significant cross-species differences exist in the tissue distribution and protein abundance of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and transporters. We quantified non-cytochrome P450 (non-CYP) DMEs across commonly used preclinical species (cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys, beagle dog, Sprague Dawley and Wistar Han rats, and CD1 mouse) and compared these data with previously obtained human data. Aldehyde oxidase (AOX) was abundant in humans and monkeys while poorly expressed in rodents, and not expressed in dogs. Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) abundance was highest in the liver while CES2 was primarily expressed in the intestine in all species with notable species differences. For example, hepatic CES1 was 3-fold higher in humans than in monkeys, but hepatic CES2 was 3-5-fold higher in monkeys than in humans. Hepatic glucuronosyltransferase 1A2 (UGT1A2) abundance was ~4 fold higher in dog compared to rat, whereas UGT1A3 abundance was 3-5-fold higher in the dog liver than its orthologue in the human and monkey liver. UGT1A6 abundance was 5-6-fold higher in human liver compared to monkey and dog liver. Hepatic sulfotransferase 1B1 (SULT1B1) abundance was 5-7-fold higher in rats compared to the rest of the species. These quantitative non-CYP proteomics data can be used to explain unique toxicological profiles across species and can be integrated into physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for the mechanistic explanation of pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of xenobiotics in animal species. Significance Statement We characterized the quantitative differences in non-cytochrome P450 (non-CYP) drug metabolizing enzymes across commonly used preclinical species (cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys, beagle dog, Sprague Dawley and Wistar Han rats, and CD1 mouse) and compared these data with previously obtained human data. Unique differences in non-CYP enzymes across species were observed, which can be used to explain significant pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic differences between experimental animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, United States
| | - Peter W Fan
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., United States
| | | | | | - Bill J Smith
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Gilead Sciences Inc., United States
| | | | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, WSU, United States
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17
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Hida T. A profile on capmatinib in treating adult patients with metastatic NSCLC tumors with MET exon 14 skipping mutations. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2021.1999585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toyoaki Hida
- Lung Cancer Center, Central Japan International Medical Center, Minokamo, Japan
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18
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Yu Y, Liu A, Dhawan G, Mei H, Zhang W, Izawa K, Soloshonok VA, Han J. Fluorine-containing pharmaceuticals approved by the FDA in 2020: Synthesis and biological activity. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Moreno V, Greil R, Yachnin J, Majem M, Wermke M, Arkenau HT, Basque JR, Nidamarthy PK, Kapoor S, Cui X, Giovannini M. Pharmacokinetics and safety of capmatinib with food in patients with MET-dysregulated advanced solid tumors. Clin Ther 2021; 43:1092-1111. [PMID: 34053700 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the Phase II GEOMETRY mono-1 study, the potent and selective mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) inhibitor capmatinib exhibited considerable efficacy in MET exon 14 skipping (METex14)-mutated metastatic non-small cell lung cancer at a dose of 400 mg BID. The current recommended dose is 400 mg BID in tablet formulation, with or without food. This article reports the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile, safety, and tolerability of capmatinib 300 and 400 mg BID given with food in MET-dysregulated advanced solid tumors. METHODS This multicenter, open-label, Phase I study enrolled adult patients with MET-dysregulated advanced solid tumors. In the dose escalation phase, capmatinib tablets were orally administered at a dose of 300 mg BID with food; if tolerated, the dose escalation cohort of 400 mg BID was to be opened to enrollment. In the expansion phase, patients were to be enrolled at the higher of the tolerated doses. Tablets were taken within 30 minutes of an unrestricted meal type, except on cycle 1 day 1 (C1D1) and cycle 1 day 7 (C1D7), when they were given with a high-fat meal. The primary objectives were to determine the higher of the tolerated study doses and assess PK variables, with a secondary objective of safety. FINDINGS Overall, 35 patients (300 mg BID, n = 8; 400 mg BID, n = 27) with MET-dysregulated advanced solid tumors were enrolled; all patients had received prior antineoplastic therapy, and the most common primary site was lung (45.7%). Among PK-evaluable patients, the median Tmax for capmatinib after administration with a high-fat meal (on C1D1/C1D7) was 4.0 to 5.6 hours across doses. At steady state (C1D7), capmatinib accumulation was low across dose levels (geometric mean of accumulation ratios, 1.29-1.69), with an increase in exposure (AUCtau and Cmax) from 300 to 400 mg BID. There were no occurrences of dose-limiting toxicity. All patients experienced at least 1 adverse event, and treatment-related adverse events occurred in 28 patients (80%; 300 mg BID, n = 6; 400 mg BID, n = 22), the most frequent of which were fatigue (37.1%) and nausea (34.3%). IMPLICATIONS Capmatinib tablet formulation at a dose of up to 400 mg BID with food is well tolerated in patients with MET-dysregulated advanced solid tumors, with safety observations consistent with the existing profile under fasted conditions. These findings support the capmatinib dosing recommendation of 400 mg BID with or without food. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02925104.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Moreno
- START Madrid-FJD, Hospital Fundación Jímenez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Richard Greil
- IIIrd Medical Department, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jeffrey Yachnin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margarita Majem
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin Wermke
- Medical Clinic I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, NCT/UCC Early Clinical Trial Unit, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hendrik-Tobias Arkenau
- Medical Oncology, Sarah Cannon Research Institute UK, London, United Kingdom; Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Shruti Kapoor
- Novartis Healthcare Private Limited, Hyderabad, India
| | - Xiaoming Cui
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey
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Chen X, Cui X, Pognan N, Quinlan M, Kapoor S, Rahmanzadeh G, Giovannini M, Marbury TC. Pharmacokinetics of capmatinib in participants with hepatic impairment: A phase 1, open-label, single-dose, parallel-group study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 88:91-102. [PMID: 34046915 PMCID: PMC9291822 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Capmatinib, a mesenchymal–epithelial transition factor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and aldehyde oxidase. In individuals with hepatic impairment, alterations in hepatobiliary excretion and metabolism could lead to higher capmatinib exposure. We compared the pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of capmatinib 200 mg administered to participants with varying degrees of hepatic impairment vs. matched controls with normal hepatic function. Methods This phase 1, multicentre, open‐label, parallel‐group study enrolled adult participants with normal hepatic function and mild, moderate and severe hepatic impairments. Eligible participants received a single oral dose of 200 mg capmatinib. The pharmacokinetic parameters of capmatinib were analysed and compared across participants with impaired and normal hepatic function. Results Of 31 enrolled participants, 29 had an evaluable pharmacokinetic profile: normal (n = 9); mild (n = 6); moderate (n = 8); severe (n = 6). Compared with the normal group, geometric mean (GM) maximum (peak) observed plasma drug concentration after single‐dose administration decreased by 27.6% in the mild group (GM ratio [GMR] = 0.724; 90% confidence interval [CI]: 0.476–1.10), by 17.2% in the moderate group (GMR = 0.828; 90% CI: 0.563–1.22) and remained unchanged in the severe group (GMR = 1.02; 90% CI: 0.669–1.55). Compared with the normal group, GM area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time zero to infinity decreased by 23.3% in the mild group (GMR = 0.767; 90% CI: 0.532–1.11), by 8.6% in the moderate group (GMR = 0.914; 90% CI: 0.652–1.28) and increased by 24% in the severe group (GMR = 1.24; 90% CI: 0.858–1.78). Conclusion Mild, moderate and severe hepatic impairment did not have a clinically relevant impact on capmatinib pharmacokinetics. No new safety findings are reported in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Chen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Xiaoming Cui
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Michelle Quinlan
- Global Drug Development, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shruti Kapoor
- Global Drug Development, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Monica Giovannini
- Global Drug Development, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
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