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Kharitonova T, Shvarts YG, Verbovoy AF, Orlova NS, Puzyreva VP, Strokov IA. Efficacy and safety of the combined metabolic medication, containing inosine, nicotinamide, riboflavin and succinic acid, for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy: a multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group clinical trial (CYLINDER). BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2022; 10:10/3/e002785. [PMID: 35680173 PMCID: PMC9185393 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2022-002785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antioxidants may have positive impact on diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN), presumably due to alleviation of oxidative stress. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combination of antioxidants: succinic acid, inosine, nicotinamide, and riboflavin (SINR) in the treatment of DPN. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, men and women aged 45-74 years with type 2 diabetes and symptomatic DPN, with initial Total Symptom Score (TSS) ˃5, were randomized into experimental (n=109) or placebo (n=107) group. Patients received study medication/placebo intravenously for 10 days, followed by oral administration for 75 days. Statistical significance was defined as a two-tailed p<0.05. RESULTS In SINR group, mean TSS change after 12 weeks was -2.65 (±1.46) vs -1.73 (±1.51) in the placebo group (p<0.0001; t-test). Reduction of symptoms in the SINR group was achieved regardless of hemoglobin A1c levels, but better results were observed in patients with initial TSS <7.5. The analysis of TSS subscores revealed statistically significant between-group differences by dynamics of the intensity of paresthesia and of numbness starting from day 11 (p=0.035 and p=0.001, respectively; mixed model); by day 57, statistically significant between-group differences were detected also by dynamics of burning intensity (p=0.005; mixed model). Study limitations are small effect size, moderate proportion of patients with severe DPN symptoms, subjective assessment of outcomes, exclusion of participants who received injectable glucose-lowering medications other than insulins, and patients with uncontrolled and type 1 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS The combination of SINR effectively alleviates DPN symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT04649203; Unique Protocol ID: CTF-III-DM-2019).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Kharitonova
- Department of Acute Cerebrovascular Pathology and Emergency Neurology, Sankt-Peterburgskij naucno-issledovatel'skij institut skoroj pomosi imeni I I Dzanelidze, Sankt Peterburg, Russian Federation
| | - Yury G Shvarts
- Department of Faculty Therapy, City Clinical Hospital, Saratov, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey F Verbovoy
- Department of Endocrinilogy, Limited Liability Company 'Center Diabetes', Samara, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia S Orlova
- Endocrinologist, 'Eco-Safety' Medical Center, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Valentina P Puzyreva
- City Endocrinology Center, City Hospital No 4, Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Igor A Strokov
- Department of Nervous Diseases and Neurosurgery, Sechenov University, Moskva, Russian Federation
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Chandrasekaran K, Najimi N, Sagi AR, Yarlagadda S, Salimian M, Arvas MI, Hedayat AF, Kevas Y, Kadakia A, Russell JW. NAD + Precursors Repair Mitochondrial Function in Diabetes and Prevent Experimental Diabetic Neuropathy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4887. [PMID: 35563288 PMCID: PMC9102948 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon degeneration in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is associated with impaired NAD+ metabolism. We tested whether the administration of NAD+ precursors, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) or nicotinamide riboside (NR), prevents DPN in models of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. NMN was administered to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and STZ-induced diabetic mice by intraperitoneal injection at 50 or 100 mg/kg on alternate days for 2 months. mice The were fed with a high fat diet (HFD) for 2 months with or without added NR at 150 or 300 mg/kg for 2 months. The administration of NMN to STZ-induced diabetic rats or mice or dietary addition of NR to HFD-fed mice improved sensory function, normalized sciatic and tail nerve conduction velocities, and prevented loss of intraepidermal nerve fibers in skin samples from the hind-paw. In adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons isolated from HFD-fed mice, there was a decrease in NAD+ levels and mitochondrial maximum reserve capacity. These impairments were normalized in isolated DRG neurons from NR-treated mice. The results indicate that the correction of NAD+ depletion in DRG may be sufficient to prevent DPN but does not significantly affect glucose tolerance, insulin levels, or insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krish Chandrasekaran
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.C.); (N.N.); (A.R.S.); (S.Y.); (M.S.); (M.I.A.); (A.F.H.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Neda Najimi
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.C.); (N.N.); (A.R.S.); (S.Y.); (M.S.); (M.I.A.); (A.F.H.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Avinash R. Sagi
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.C.); (N.N.); (A.R.S.); (S.Y.); (M.S.); (M.I.A.); (A.F.H.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Sushuma Yarlagadda
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.C.); (N.N.); (A.R.S.); (S.Y.); (M.S.); (M.I.A.); (A.F.H.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Mohammad Salimian
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.C.); (N.N.); (A.R.S.); (S.Y.); (M.S.); (M.I.A.); (A.F.H.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Muhammed Ikbal Arvas
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.C.); (N.N.); (A.R.S.); (S.Y.); (M.S.); (M.I.A.); (A.F.H.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Ahmad F. Hedayat
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.C.); (N.N.); (A.R.S.); (S.Y.); (M.S.); (M.I.A.); (A.F.H.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Yanni Kevas
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.C.); (N.N.); (A.R.S.); (S.Y.); (M.S.); (M.I.A.); (A.F.H.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Anand Kadakia
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.C.); (N.N.); (A.R.S.); (S.Y.); (M.S.); (M.I.A.); (A.F.H.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
| | - James W. Russell
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (K.C.); (N.N.); (A.R.S.); (S.Y.); (M.S.); (M.I.A.); (A.F.H.); (Y.K.); (A.K.)
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- CAMC Institute for Academic Medicine, 415 Morris Street Suite 300, Charleston, WV 25301, USA
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Mohammed MA, Attia HN, El-Gengaihi SE, Maklad YA, Ahmed KA, Kachlicki P. Comprehensive metabolomic, lipidomic and pathological profiles of baobab (Adansonia digitata) fruit pulp extracts in diabetic rats. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 201:114139. [PMID: 34000580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Baobab fruit pulp Adansonia digitata (AD) has received attention due to its numerous nutritional and medicinal values. In the current study, tentative identification was performed due to limited information available on its phytochemical composition. Phytochemicals from AD fruit pulp were obtained using successive organic solvent fractionation. The LC-MSMS analysis led to identification of 91 metabolites from methanol, butanol and ethyl acetate extracts. Moreover, 20 compounds were identified in the petroleum ether extract based on high resolution ion masses. In vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of selected extracts were investigated using enzyme activity and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, respectively. Biological screening of the antidiabetic effects of target extracts was performed against streptozotocin-induced diabetes in experimental animals, following daily oral treatment for 3 successive weeks. Serum glucose, insulin, adiponectin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipid peroxide, cholesterol and HDL levels were measured. Finally, histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations of pancreas were carried out. Results revealed that animal groups treated daily with butanol (BuOH) and petroleum ether extracts of AD (oil) exhibited a significant improvement in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism as well as antioxidant effect. Both extracts revealed superior effects with respect to the total (TT) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extracts. Histopathological and immunohistochemical findings supported these results, showing marked protection of the pancreas. Thus, baobab oil and butanolic extract of the fruit pulp protected animals against STZ-induced diabetic changes, in addition to attenuation of lipid peroxidation, hypercholesterolemia and oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona A Mohammed
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, Pharmaceutical Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Hanan Naeim Attia
- Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department (Pharmacology Group), Pharmaceutical Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Souad E El-Gengaihi
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, Pharmaceutical Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yousreya A Maklad
- Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department (Pharmacology Group), Pharmaceutical Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Kawkab A Ahmed
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Piotr Kachlicki
- Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences (Metabolomics Group), Poznan, Poland
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Xu J, Zhang L, Jiang R, Hu K, Hu D, Liao C, Jiang S, Yang Y, Huang J, Tang L, Li L. Nicotinamide improves NAD + levels to protect against acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury in mice. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:1938-1946. [PMID: 33949241 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211014573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose causes acute liver injury (ALI). Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential coenzyme, and NAD+ is oxidized type which synthesized from nicotinamide (NAM). The present study aimed to investigate the role of NAD+ in ALI and protective property of NAM. The mice were subjected to different doses APAP. After 8 hours, the serum activities of alaninetransaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), the hepatic NAD+ level and nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) expression were determined. Then, the mice were pretreated with NAM (800 mg/kg), the hepatoprotective effects and the key antioxidative molecules were evaluated. Our findings indicated that APAP resulted in remarkable NAD+ depletion in a dose-dependent manner accompanied by NAMPT downregulation, and NAM pretreatment significantly elevated the NAD+ decline due to upregulation of NAMPT. Moreover, the downregulated Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap1), upregulated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its translocation activation after NAM administration were confirmed, which were in accordance with improved superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) levels. Finally, NAM dramatically exhibited hepatoprotective effects by reducing the liver index and necrotic area. This study has suggested that APAP impairs liver NAD+ level and NAM is able to improve hepatic NAD+ to activate antioxidant pathway against APAP-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - R Jiang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - K Hu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - D Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - C Liao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - S Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Y Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - J Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - L Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - L Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Alkhudhayri S, Sajini R, Alharbi B, Qabbani J, Al‐Hindi Y, Fairaq A, Yousef A. Investigating the beneficial effect of aliskiren in attenuating neuropathic pain in diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2021; 4:e00209. [PMID: 33855212 PMCID: PMC8029555 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Worldwide, diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a major complication of diabetes mellitus. The direct renin inhibitor aliskiren is recognized as a treatment for cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients, but little is known about its potential benefits in cases of diabetic neuropathy. Accordingly, we investigated the effects of aliskiren (ALIS) and gliclazide (GLZ) and their combination therapy on peripheral neuropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods In total, 112 adult Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this study. Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin (STZ), whereas the control group was treated with an equal volume of citrate buffer. The diabetic rats were divided randomly into six groups according to the proposed treatment regime: diabetic control (DC), gliclazide (GLZ), aliskiren (ALIS), ramipril (RAM), (GLZ + ALIS) and (GLZ + RAM). Behavioural responses to thermal (hot-plate) and mechanical (tail-pinch) pain were evaluated. After eight weeks of daily treatments, the animals were fasted and sacrificed. The blood samples were collected, with the serum separated and subjected to various biochemical and enzyme analyses so as to assess the effect of the treatments on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Results After 8 weeks, aliskiren alone and in combination with gliclazide therapy had a significant effect (P < .001) in reducing blood glucose levels and showed increased hot-plate and tail-flick latencies compared with the diabetic control group. The threshold of mechanical hyperalgesia was also significantly elevated (P < .001). Conclusions/Interpretations These data suggest that either aliskerin alone or in combination with gliclazide can protect against the development and progression of diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rania Sajini
- Faculty of pharmacyUniversity of Umm Al‐QuraMakkahSaudi Arabia
| | | | - Jumana Qabbani
- Faculty of pharmacyUniversity of Umm Al‐QuraMakkahSaudi Arabia
| | - Yosra Al‐Hindi
- Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of Umm Al‐QuraMakkahSaudi Arabia
| | - Arwa Fairaq
- Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of Umm Al‐QuraMakkahSaudi Arabia
| | - Amal Yousef
- Faculty of MedicineCairo UniversityGizaEgypt
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Maiese K. Nicotinamide as a Foundation for Treating Neurodegenerative Disease and Metabolic Disorders. Curr Neurovasc Res 2021; 18:134-149. [PMID: 33397266 PMCID: PMC8254823 DOI: 10.2174/1567202617999210104220334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders impact more than one billion individuals worldwide and are intimately tied to metabolic disease that can affect another nine hundred individuals throughout the globe. Nicotinamide is a critical agent that may offer fruitful prospects for neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus. Nicotinamide protects against multiple toxic environments that include reactive oxygen species exposure, anoxia, excitotoxicity, ethanolinduced neuronal injury, amyloid (Aß) toxicity, age-related vascular disease, mitochondrial dysfunction, insulin resistance, excess lactate production, and loss of glucose homeostasis with pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. However, nicotinamide offers cellular protection in a specific concentration range, with dosing outside of this range leading to detrimental effects. The underlying biological pathways of nicotinamide that involve the silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (SIRT1), the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), and mammalian forkhead transcription factors (FoxOs) may offer insight for the clinical translation of nicotinamide into a safe and efficacious therapy through the modulation of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy. Nicotinamide is a highly promising target for the development of innovative strategies for neurodegenerative disorders and metabolic disease, but the benefits of this foundation depend greatly on gaining a further understanding of nicotinamide's complex biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New York, New York 10022
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Shinouchi R, Shibata K, Hashimoto T, Jono S, Hasumi K, Nobe K. SMTP-44D improves diabetic neuropathy symptoms in mice through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00648. [PMID: 33215875 PMCID: PMC7677968 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is one of the major complications of diabetes. However, there are few approved effective therapies for painful or insensate DN. Recent studies have implicated oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathogenesis of DN, and suppressing these could be an important therapeutic strategy. We previously reported that Stachybotrys microspora triprenyl phenol-44D (SMTP-44D) exhibits both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of SMTP-44D in a mouse model of streptozotocin-induced DN. SMTP-44D was administered for 3 weeks after the disease induction, and its effects were evaluated on the basis of mechanical and thermal thresholds, blood flow in the bilateral hind paw, and blood flow and conduction velocity in the sciatic nerve. Furthermore, the levels of inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and malondialdehyde (MDA), in the sciatic nerve were assessed. Neurological degeneration was assessed by measuring myelin thickness and g-ratio in the sciatic nerve. SMTP-44D treatment significantly improved allodynia, hyperalgesia, blood flow, and conduction velocity in DN model mice in a dose-dependent manner. Neurological degeneration was also significantly improved, accompanied by decreased levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, 57.8%; IL-1β, 51.4%; IL-6, 62.8%; and MDA, 40.7% reduction rate against the diabetes mellitus + normal saline group). Thus, SMTP-44D can improve allodynia and hyperalgesia in DN without affecting the body weight and blood glucose levels, which may be due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In conclusion, SMTP-44D could be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Shinouchi
- Division of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmacology, Toxicology & TherapeuticsSchool of PharmacyShowa UniversityShinagawa‐kuTokyoJapan
- Pharmacology Research CenterShowa UniversityShinagawa‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Keita Shibata
- Division of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmacology, Toxicology & TherapeuticsSchool of PharmacyShowa UniversityShinagawa‐kuTokyoJapan
- Pharmacology Research CenterShowa UniversityShinagawa‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Terumasa Hashimoto
- Division of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmacology, Toxicology & TherapeuticsSchool of PharmacyShowa UniversityShinagawa‐kuTokyoJapan
- Pharmacology Research CenterShowa UniversityShinagawa‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Shiori Jono
- Division of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmacology, Toxicology & TherapeuticsSchool of PharmacyShowa UniversityShinagawa‐kuTokyoJapan
- Pharmacology Research CenterShowa UniversityShinagawa‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Keiji Hasumi
- Department of Applied Biological ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyFuchu‐shiTokyoJapan
- TMS Co., LtdFuchu‐shiTokyoJapan
| | - Koji Nobe
- Division of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmacology, Toxicology & TherapeuticsSchool of PharmacyShowa UniversityShinagawa‐kuTokyoJapan
- Pharmacology Research CenterShowa UniversityShinagawa‐kuTokyoJapan
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El-Ebidi AM, Saleem TH, Saadi MGED, Mahmoud HA, Mohamed Z, Sherkawy HS. Cyclophilin A (CyPA) as a Novel Biomarker for Early Detection of Diabetic Nephropathy in an Animal Model. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:3807-3819. [PMID: 33116728 PMCID: PMC7585800 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s260293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common single cause of the end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Cyclophilin A (CyPA) is an 18-kD protein. The connection between diabetic nephropathy (DN) and the secreted form of CyPA (sCyPA) has been elucidated in this study that aims to investigate sCyPA correlation with renal dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-four male adult Wistar rats weighing 180-220 g were used. Animals were divided into a study group and a control group, 17 rats in each. Streptozotocin (STZ) and nicotine amide were used to damage some pancreatic cells for induction of type 2 DM. Comparison was made between the study and the control groups. Moreover, a comparison was made between the members of the study group before and after induction of DN. RESULTS The rat model that exhibited a higher concentration of urinary sCyPA was detected early in the eighth week. There was a significantly higher level of 24-h urinary CyPA in the study group compared to the control group (p-value=0.004) and there was a significant elevation in the 24-h urinary Cyp-A in the study group after injection of STZ compared to the values before injection (p-value <0.001). Immunohistochemical analysis of renal tissue revealed that the mean expression of CyPA was higher in the study group than in the control group. For the urinary 24-h CYP-A, using a cutoff of 1.15 ng/mL, the accuracy was 72.4%, sensitivity was (77.8%) and specificity was (67%). CONCLUSION According to this animal study, we proved that CyPA is a valuable marker for DN. It is a more sensitive, noninvasive and rapid biomarker for early detection of any renal affection in human diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Mahmoud El-Ebidi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Tahia H Saleem
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-din Saadi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Kasr Al-Aini School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Zeinab Mohamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Hoda S Sherkawy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
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9
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Gerazova-Efremova K, Kjovkarovska SD, Domazetovska S, Miova B. Nicotinamide and heat preconditioning - Effects on hepatic HSP70, carbohydrate and oxidative disturbances in STZ-induced diabetic rats. J Therm Biol 2020; 91:102645. [PMID: 32716886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nicotinamide (NA) is known to have antioxidant potential and partially to protect insulin-secreting cells against diabetogenic agent STZ (streptozotocin). In a combination to heat stress (HS), NA is also known to induce heat-shock proteins (HSPs) production. Heat preconditioning (HP) and HSPs have cytoprotective effects against development of cellular injury caused by application of subsequent stressor. We aimed to determine if pretreatment with NA and HP (as HSP70 -inducers) can affect STZ-induced diabetic disturbances in rats. METHODS NA-pretreatment (250 mg/kg b.w., 7 days) and heat preconditioning (41 ± 1 °C, 45 min) of diabetic rats was performed. The changes in hepatic carbohydrate- and antioxidative-related enzymes and substrates were investigated. RESULTS NA-pretreatment, alone or in combination with HS, resulted in significant increase of HSP70 concentration in the liver of control and diabetic rats. Compared to diabetic controls, pretreatment with NA, in combination with HP, resulted in decrease of blood and liver glucose, increase of glycogen and glucose-6-phosphate level, increase of glycogenolytic/glycolytic enzymes, decrease of gluconeogenic enzymes, as well as an increase of glutathione content and glutathione peroxidase, decrease of glutathione reductase and catalase activities. CONCLUSIONS NA is a potent HSP70 coinducer, alone or in a combination with HS in the liver of both control and diabetic rats. Pretreatment with NA, accompanied by HP, has a pronounced corrective effect on STZ-induced diabetes disturbances in the key hepatic carbohydrate- and antioxidative-related parameters. It seems that this corrective effect is based on the increased production of hepatic HSP70.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suzana Dinevska- Kjovkarovska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University "St Cyril and Methodius", Skopje, R. North Macedonia.
| | - Saska Domazetovska
- PHI University Clinic of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Center Mother Theresa Skopje, R. North Macedonia.
| | - Biljana Miova
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University "St Cyril and Methodius", Skopje, R. North Macedonia.
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10
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Maiese K. New Insights for nicotinamide: Metabolic disease, autophagy, and mTOR. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2020; 25:1925-1973. [PMID: 32472766 DOI: 10.2741/4886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus (DM), are increasingly becoming significant risk factors for the health of the global population and consume substantial portions of the gross domestic product of all nations. Although conventional therapies that include early diagnosis, nutritional modification of diet, and pharmacological treatments may limit disease progression, tight serum glucose control cannot prevent the onset of future disease complications. With these concerns, novel strategies for the treatment of metabolic disorders that involve the vitamin nicotinamide, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1), mTOR Complex 2 (mTORC2), AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), and the cellular pathways of autophagy and apoptosis offer exceptional promise to provide new avenues of treatment. Oversight of these pathways can promote cellular energy homeostasis, maintain mitochondrial function, improve glucose utilization, and preserve pancreatic beta-cell function. Yet, the interplay among mTOR, AMPK, and autophagy pathways can be complex and affect desired clinical outcomes, necessitating further investigations to provide efficacious treatment strategies for metabolic dysfunction and DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New York, New York 10022,
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11
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Abdelkader NF, Eitah HE, Maklad YA, Gamaleldin AA, Badawi MA, Kenawy SA. New combination therapy of gliclazide and quercetin for protection against STZ-induced diabetic rats. Life Sci 2020; 247:117458. [PMID: 32092333 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The use of natural agents with anti-diabetic effect in combination therapy adds further positive clinical implications in the management of diabetes mellitus. Interestingly, quercetin is one of the most potent naturally occurring antioxidant which possesses various pharmacological actions including anti-diabetic effect. Thus, this research was conducted to assess the efficiency of a new combination from gliclazide and quercetin on glycemic control as well as pancreatic islets and beta cells in STZ-experimental model of diabetes. MAIN METHODS Diabetes has been induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 45 mg/kg) in adult male Wistar rats. For 3 consecutive weeks, diabetic rats were given orally either gliclazide (10 mg/kg), quercetin (50 mg/kg), or their combination. At the end of the experiment, histological, immunohistochemical and morphometrical examination of pancreatic tissues was performed. Furthermore, the changes in glucose metabolism, lipid profile, oxidative and inflammatory status were evaluated. KEY FINDINGS Treatment with gliclazide alone decreased serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nuclear factor kappa-Beta while increased serum C-peptide, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione and adiponectin levels. Combined administration of quercetin with gliclazide markedly augmented serum superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione more than gliclazide alone and normalized all the above-mentioned parameters. Besides, this combination therapy restored immunostaining intensity, number of pancreatic islets and beta cells along with its area and perimeter. SIGNIFICANCE Based on the aforementioned results, this combination could be considered a promising one in diabetes mellitus management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha F Abdelkader
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Hebatollah E Eitah
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacology Group, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yousreya A Maklad
- Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacology Group, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Manal A Badawi
- Department of Pathology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sanaa A Kenawy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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12
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Maiese K. Nicotinamide: Oversight of Metabolic Dysfunction Through SIRT1, mTOR, and Clock Genes. Curr Neurovasc Res 2020; 17:765-783. [PMID: 33183203 PMCID: PMC7914159 DOI: 10.2174/1567202617999201111195232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders that include diabetes mellitus present significant challenges for maintaining the welfare of the global population. Metabolic diseases impact all systems of the body and despite current therapies that offer some protection through tight serum glucose control, ultimately such treatments cannot block the progression of disability and death realized with metabolic disorders. As a result, novel therapeutic avenues are critical for further development to address these concerns. An innovative strategy involves the vitamin nicotinamide and the pathways associated with the silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (SIRT1), the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1), mTOR Complex 2 (mTORC2), AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK), and clock genes. Nicotinamide maintains an intimate relationship with these pathways to oversee metabolic disease and improve glucose utilization, limit mitochondrial dysfunction, block oxidative stress, potentially function as antiviral therapy, and foster cellular survival through mechanisms involving autophagy. However, the pathways of nicotinamide, SIRT1, mTOR, AMPK, and clock genes are complex and involve feedback pathways as well as trophic factors such as erythropoietin that require a careful balance to ensure metabolic homeostasis. Future work is warranted to gain additional insight into these vital pathways that can oversee both normal metabolic physiology and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling, New York, New York 10022
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13
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Zilliox LA, Russell JW. Physical activity and dietary interventions in diabetic neuropathy: a systematic review. Clin Auton Res 2019; 29:443-455. [PMID: 31076938 PMCID: PMC6697618 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-019-00607-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetic neuropathy is a common and disabling disorder, and there are currently no proven effective disease-modifying treatments. Physical activity and dietary interventions in patients with diabetes and diabetic neuropathy have multiple beneficial effects and are generally low risk, which makes lifestyle interventions an attractive treatment option. We reviewed the literature on the effects of physical activity and dietary interventions on length-dependent peripheral neuropathy and cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetes. METHODS The electronic database PubMed was systematically searched for original human and mouse model studies examining the effect of either dietary or physical activity interventions in subjects with diabetes, prediabetes, or metabolic syndrome. RESULTS Twenty studies are included in this review. Fourteen studies were human studies and six were in mice. Studies were generally small with few controlled trials, and there are no widely agreed upon outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS Recent research indicates that dietary interventions are effective in modifying diabetic neuropathy in animal models, and there are promising data that they may also ameliorate diabetic neuropathy in humans. It has been known for some time that lifestyle interventions can prevent the development of diabetic neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects. However, there is emerging evidence that lifestyle interventions are effective in individuals with established diabetic neuropathy. In addition to the observed clinical value of lifestyle interventions, there is emerging evidence of effects on biochemical pathways that improve muscle function and affect other organ systems, including the peripheral nerve. However, data from randomized controlled trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Zilliox
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 3S-129, 110 South Paca Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201-1595, USA
- Maryland VA Healthcare System, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James W Russell
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 3S-129, 110 South Paca Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201-1595, USA.
- Maryland VA Healthcare System, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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14
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Eitah HE, Maklad YA, Abdelkader NF, Gamal El Din AA, Badawi MA, Kenawy SA. Modulating impacts of quercetin/sitagliptin combination on streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 365:30-40. [PMID: 30576699 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since many diabetic patients require combination therapy, the use of herbal remedies with anti-diabetic activity represents a vital option in diabetes mellitus (DM) management. It has been reported that quercetin has hypoglycemic alongside anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. AIM The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of combining quercetin with sitagliptin; a selective dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor, in the management of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. METHODS DM was induced by a single injection of STZ (45 mg/kg, i.p.) in male adult albino Wistar rats. Diabetic rats were orally treated with sitagliptin (70 mg/kg), quercetin (50 mg/kg) or their combination daily for three consecutive weeks. Serum levels of glucose, C-peptide, total cholesterol, triglycerides, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase, (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), tumor necrosis factor alpha, (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa-B, (NF-κB) and adiponectin were estimated. In addition, histopathological, morphometrical and immunohistochemical examinations of pancreatic tissues were conducted. RESULTS The combined administration of quercetin and sitagliptin normalized serum C-peptide, MDA, and significantly increased SOD, GSH and decreased NF-κB more than sitagliptin alone. Moreover, this combination normalized Islet number, β-cells' number, area and perimeter alongside restoring the immunostaining intensity of β-cells. CONCLUSION Our results suggest the use of quercetin/sitagliptin combination for treating DM based on the observed improvements in glycemic control, metabolic profile, oxidative and inflammatory status, islet structure as well as β-cells function compared with either treatment alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebatollah E Eitah
- Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmacology Group, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Yousreya A Maklad
- Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Pharmacology Group, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Noha F Abdelkader
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Manal A Badawi
- Pathology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sanaa A Kenawy
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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15
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Wan H, Li J, Liao H, Liao M, Luo L, Xu L, Yuan K, Zeng Y. Nicotinamide induces liver regeneration and improves liver function by activating SIRT1. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:555-562. [PMID: 30483782 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hai‑Feng Wan
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jia‑Xin Li
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hao‑Tian Liao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ming‑Heng Liao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lin Luo
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lin Xu
- Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ke‑Fei Yuan
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Division, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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16
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Dewanjee S, Das S, Das AK, Bhattacharjee N, Dihingia A, Dua TK, Kalita J, Manna P. Molecular mechanism of diabetic neuropathy and its pharmacotherapeutic targets. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 833:472-523. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Nicorandil inhibits mechanical allodynia induced by paclitaxel by activating opioidergic and serotonergic mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 824:108-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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18
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LoCoco PM, Risinger AL, Smith HR, Chavera TS, Berg KA, Clarke WP. Pharmacological augmentation of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) protects against paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy. eLife 2017; 6:e29626. [PMID: 29125463 PMCID: PMC5701795 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) arises from collateral damage to peripheral afferent sensory neurons by anticancer pharmacotherapy, leading to debilitating neuropathic pain. No effective treatment for CIPN exists, short of dose-reduction which worsens cancer prognosis. Here, we report that stimulation of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) produced robust neuroprotection in an aggressive CIPN model utilizing the frontline anticancer drug, paclitaxel (PTX). Daily treatment of rats with the first-in-class NAMPT stimulator, P7C3-A20, prevented behavioral and histologic indicators of peripheral neuropathy, stimulated tissue NAD recovery, improved general health, and abolished attrition produced by a near maximum-tolerated dose of PTX. Inhibition of NAMPT blocked P7C3-A20-mediated neuroprotection, whereas supplementation with the NAMPT substrate, nicotinamide, potentiated a subthreshold dose of P7C3-A20 to full efficacy. Importantly, P7C3-A20 blocked PTX-induced allodynia in tumored mice without reducing antitumoral efficacy. These findings identify enhancement of NAMPT activity as a promising new therapeutic strategy to protect against anticancer drug-induced peripheral neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M LoCoco
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioUnited States
| | - April L Risinger
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioUnited States
| | - Hudson R Smith
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioUnited States
| | - Teresa S Chavera
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioUnited States
| | - Kelly A Berg
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioUnited States
| | - William P Clarke
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan AntonioUnited States
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19
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Hwang ES, Song SB. Nicotinamide is an inhibitor of SIRT1 in vitro, but can be a stimulator in cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3347-3362. [PMID: 28417163 PMCID: PMC11107671 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide (NAM), a form of vitamin B3, plays essential roles in cell physiology through facilitating NAD+ redox homeostasis and providing NAD+ as a substrate to a class of enzymes that catalyze non-redox reactions. These non-redox enzymes include the sirtuin family proteins which deacetylate target proteins while cleaving NAD+ to yield NAM. Since the finding that NAM exerts feedback inhibition to the sirtuin reactions, NAM has been widely used as an inhibitor in the studies where SIRT1, a key member of sirtuins, may have a role in certain cell physiology. However, once administered to cells, NAM is rapidly converted to NAD+ and, therefore, the cellular concentration of NAM decreases rapidly while that of NAD+ increases. The result would be an inhibition of SIRT1 for a limited duration, followed by an increase in the activity. This possibility raises a concern on the validity of the interpretation of the results in the studies that use NAM as a SIRT1 inhibitor. To understand better the effects of cellular administration of NAM, we reviewed published literature in which treatment with NAM was used to inhibit SIRT1 and found that the expected inhibitory effect of NAM was either unreliable or muted in many cases. In addition, studies demonstrated NAM administration stimulates SIRT1 activity and improves the functions of cells and organs. To determine if NAM administration can generate conditions in cells and tissues that are stimulatory to SIRT1, the changes in the cellular levels of NAM and NAD+ reported in the literature were examined and the factors that are involved in the availability of NAD+ to SIRT1 were evaluated. We conclude that NAM treatment can hypothetically be stimulatory to SIRT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Seong Hwang
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemungu, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seon Beom Song
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Dongdaemungu, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
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20
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Song SB, Jang SY, Kang HT, Wei B, Jeoun UW, Yoon GS, Hwang ES. Modulation of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and ROS Generation by Nicotinamide in a Manner Independent of SIRT1 and Mitophagy. Mol Cells 2017; 40:503-514. [PMID: 28736426 PMCID: PMC5547220 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide (NAM) plays essential roles in physiology through facilitating NAD+ redox homeostasis. Importantly, at high doses, it protects cells under oxidative stresses, and has shown therapeutic effectiveness in a variety of disease conditions. In our previous studies, NAM lowered reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and extended cellular life span in primary human cells. In the treated cells, levels of NAD+/NADH and SIRT1 activity increased, while mitochondrial content decreased through autophagy activation. The remaining mitochondria were marked with low superoxide levels and high membrane potentials (Δψm); we posited that the treatment of NAM induced an activation of mitophagy that is selective for depolarized mitochondria, which produce high levels of ROS. However, evidence for the selective mitophagy that is mediated by SIRT1 has never been provided. This study sought to explain the mechanisms by which NAM lowers ROS levels and increases Δψm. Our results showed that NAM and SIRT1 activation exert quite different effects on mitochondrial physiology. Furthermore, the changes in ROS and Δψm were not found to be mediated through autophagy or SIRT activation. Rather, NAM suppressed superoxide generation via a direct reduction of electron transport, and increased Δψm via suppression of mitochondrial permeability transition pore formation. Our results dissected the effects of cellular NAD+ redox modulation, and emphasized the importance of the NAD+/NADH ratio in the mitochondria as well as the cytosol in maintaining mitochondrial quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Beom Song
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504,
Korea
| | - So-Young Jang
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504,
Korea
| | - Hyun Tae Kang
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504,
Korea
| | - Bie Wei
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504,
Korea
| | - Un-woo Jeoun
- Department of Biomedical Science and Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499,
Korea
| | - Gye Soon Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Science and Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499,
Korea
| | - Eun Seong Hwang
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504,
Korea
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21
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Abstract
The study of diabetic neuropathy has relied primarily on the use of streptozotocin-treated rat and mouse models of type 1 diabetes. This chapter will review the creation and use of other rodent models that have been developed in order to investigate the contribution of factors besides insulin deficiency to the development and progression of diabetic neuropathy as it occurs in obesity, type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is a complex disorder with multiple mechanisms contributing to its development and progression. Even though many animal models have been developed and investigated, no single model can mimic diabetic peripheral neuropathy as it occurs in humans. Nonetheless, animal models can play an important role in improving our understanding of the etiology of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and in performing preclinical screening of potential new treatments. To date treatments found to be effective for diabetic peripheral neuropathy in rodent models have failed in clinical trials. However, with the identification of new endpoints for the early detection of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and the understanding that a successful treatment may require a combination therapeutic approach there is hope that an effective treatment will be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Yorek
- Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, United States; University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
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22
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Maiese K. FoxO Transcription Factors and Regenerative Pathways in Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Neurovasc Res 2015; 12:404-13. [PMID: 26256004 PMCID: PMC4567483 DOI: 10.2174/1567202612666150807112524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian forkhead transcription factors of the O class (FoxO) are exciting targets under consideration for the development of new clinical entities to treat metabolic disorders and diabetes mellitus (DM). DM, a disorder that currently affects greater than 350 million individuals globally, can become a devastating disease that leads to cellular injury through oxidative stress pathways and affects multiple systems of the body. FoxO proteins can regulate insulin signaling, gluconeogenesis, insulin resistance, immune cell migration, and cell senescence. FoxO proteins also control cell fate through oxidative stress and pathways of autophagy and apoptosis that either lead to tissue regeneration or cell demise. Furthermore, FoxO signaling can be dependent upon signal transduction pathways that include silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (S. cerevisiae) (SIRT1), Wnt, and Wnt1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1). Cellular metabolic pathways driven by FoxO proteins are complex, can lead to variable clinical outcomes, and require in-depth analysis of the epigenetic and post-translation protein modifications that drive FoxO protein activation and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Cellular and Molecular Signaling, Newark, New Jersey 07101, USA.
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23
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Nagayach A, Patro N, Patro I. Experimentally induced diabetes causes glial activation, glutamate toxicity and cellular damage leading to changes in motor function. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:355. [PMID: 25400546 PMCID: PMC4215794 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioral impairments are the most empirical consequence of diabetes mellitus documented in both humans and animal models, but the underlying causes are still poorly understood. As the cerebellum plays a major role in coordination and execution of the motor functions, we investigated the possible involvement of glial activation, cellular degeneration and glutamate transportation in the cerebellum of rats, rendered diabetic by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 45 mg/kg body weight; intraperitoneally). Motor function alterations were studied using Rotarod test (motor coordination) and grip strength (muscle activity) at 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th, and 12th week post-diabetic confirmation. Scenario of glial (astroglia and microglia) activation, cell death and glutamate transportation was gaged using immunohistochemistry, histological study and image analysis. Cellular degeneration was clearly demarcated in the diabetic cerebellum. Glial cells were showing sequential and marked activation following diabetes in terms of both morphology and cell number. Bergmann glial cells were hypertrophied and distorted. Active caspase-3 positive apoptotic cells were profoundly present in all three cerebellar layers. Reduced co-labeling of GLT-1 and GFAP revealed the altered glutamate transportation in cerebellum following diabetes. These results, exclusively derived from histology, immunohistochemistry and cellular quantification, provide first insight over the associative reciprocity between the glial activation, cellular degeneration and reduced glutamate transportation, which presumably lead to the behavioral alterations following STZ-induced diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Nagayach
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji UniversityGwalior, India
| | - Nisha Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji UniversityGwalior, India
| | - Ishan Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji UniversityGwalior, India
- School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji UniversityGwalior, India
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24
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Nagayach A, Patro N, Patro I. Astrocytic and microglial response in experimentally induced diabetic rat brain. Metab Brain Dis 2014; 29:747-61. [PMID: 24833555 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9562-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus is associated with increased risk of cognitive and behavioural disorders with hitherto undeciphered role of glia. Glia as majority population in brain serve several vital functions, thus require pertinent revelation to further explicate the mechanisms affecting the brain function following diabetes. In this study we have evaluated glial changes in terms of phenotypic switching, proliferation and expression of activation cell surface markers and associated cellular degeneration in hippocampus following STZ-induced diabetes and caused cognitive impairments. Experimental diabetes was induced in Wistar rats by a single dose of STZ (45 mg/kg body weight; intraperitoneally) and changes were studied in 2nd, 4th and 6th week post diabetes confirmation using Barnes maze and T-maze test, immunohistochemistry and image analysis. An increase in GFAP expression sequentially from 2nd to 6th weeks of diabetes was analogous with the phenotypic changes and increased astrocyte number. Elevated level of S100β with defined stellate morphology further confirmed the astrocytosis following diabetes. Enhanced level of Iba-1 and MHC-II revealed the corroborated microglial activation and proliferation following diabetes, which was unresolved till date. Increased caspase-3 activity induced profound cell death upto 6th weeks post diabetes confirmation. Such caspase 3 mediated cellular damage with a concomitant activation of the astrocytes and microglia suggests that diabetes linked cell death activates the astrocytes and microglia in hippocampus which further underpin the progression and severity of brain disorders resulting in cognitive and behavioural impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Nagayach
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, 474011, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Pop-Busui R, Stevens MJ, Raffel DM, White EA, Mehta M, Plunkett CD, Brown MB, Feldman EL. Effects of triple antioxidant therapy on measures of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and on myocardial blood flow in type 1 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 2013; 56:1835-44. [PMID: 23740194 PMCID: PMC3730828 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2942-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We evaluated the effects of a combination triple antioxidant therapy on measures of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) and myocardial blood flow (MBF) in patients with type 1 diabetes. METHODS This was a randomised, parallel, placebo-controlled trial. Participants were allocated to interventions by sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes provided to the research pharmacist. All participants and examiners were masked to treatment allocation. Participants were evaluated by cardiovascular autonomic reflex testing, positron emission tomography with [(11)C]meta-hydroxyephedrine ([(11)C]HED) and [(13)N]ammonia, and adenosine stress testing. Markers of oxidative stress included 24 h urinary F2-isoprostanes. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) was evaluated by symptoms, signs, electrophysiology and intra-epidermal nerve fibre density. Randomised participants included 44 eligible adults with type 1 diabetes and mild-to-moderate CAN, who were aged 46 ± 11 years and had HbA1c 58 ± 5 mmol/mol (7.5 ± 1.0%), with no evidence of ischaemic heart disease. Participants underwent a 24-month intervention, consisting of antioxidant treatment with allopurinol, α-lipoic acid and nicotinamide, or placebo. The main outcome was change in the global [(11)C]HED retention index (RI) at 24 months in participants on the active drug compared with those on placebo. RESULTS We analysed data from 44 participants (22 per group). After adjusting for age, sex and in-trial HbA1c, the antioxidant regimen was associated with a slight, but significant worsening of the global [(11)C]HED left ventricle RI (-0.010 [95% CI -0.020, -0.001] p = 0.045) compared with placebo. There were no significant differences at follow-up between antioxidant treatment and placebo in the global MBF, coronary flow reserve, or in measures of DPN and markers of oxidative stress. The majority of adverse events were of mild-to-moderate severity and did not differ between groups CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In this cohort of type 1 diabetes patients with mild-to-moderate CAN, a combination antioxidant treatment regimen did not prevent progression of CAN, had no beneficial effects on myocardial perfusion or DPN, and may have been detrimental. However, a larger study is necessary to assess the underlying causes of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pop-Busui
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Iyer S, Tanenberg RJ. Pharmacologic management of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013; 14:1765-75. [PMID: 23800105 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2013.811490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP) is a debilitating and distressing complication that occurs in patients with diabetes mellitus. This article provides an overview of diabetic peripheral neuropathy focusing on DPNP. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the diagnosis, pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of diabetic neuropathy and neuropathic pain. A comprehensive and systematic Medline search of the published literature for treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy was done from 1965 to December 2012. Studies not in English language were excluded. EXPERT OPINION Neuropathic pain is difficult to treat, and patients rarely experience complete pain relief. Despite several pharmacological agents being used in the treatment of DPNP, only duloxetine and pregabalin have evidence-based support for controlling DPNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shridhar Iyer
- Albany Medical College, Department of Internal Medicine, Albany, NY, USA
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Lei T, Jing D, Xie K, Jiang M, Li F, Cai J, Wu X, Tang C, Xu Q, Liu J, Guo W, Shen G, Luo E. Therapeutic effects of 15 Hz pulsed electromagnetic field on diabetic peripheral neuropathy in streptozotocin-treated rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61414. [PMID: 23637830 PMCID: PMC3630223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although numerous clinical studies have reported that pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) have a neuroprotective role in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), the application of PEMF for clinic is still controversial. The present study was designed to investigate whether PEMF has therapeutic potential in relieving peripheral neuropathic symptoms in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three weight-matched groups (eight in each group): the non-diabetic control group (Control), diabetes mellitus with 15 Hz PEMF exposure group (DM+PEMF) which were subjected to daily 8-h PEMF exposure for 7 weeks and diabetes mellitus with sham PEMF exposure group (DM). Signs and symptoms of DPN in STZ-treated rats were investigated by using behavioral assays. Meanwhile, ultrastructural examination and immunohistochemical study for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) of sciatic nerve were also performed. During a 7-week experimental observation, we found that PEMF stimulation did not alter hyperglycemia and weight loss in STZ-treated rats with DPN. However, PEMF stimulation attenuated the development of the abnormalities observed in STZ-treated rats with DPN, which were demonstrated by increased hind paw withdrawal threshold to mechanical and thermal stimuli, slighter demyelination and axon enlargement and less VEGF immunostaining of sciatic nerve compared to those of the DM group. The current study demonstrates that treatment with PEMF might prevent the development of abnormalities observed in animal models for DPN. It is suggested that PEMF might have direct corrective effects on injured nerves and would be a potentially promising non-invasive therapeutic tool for the treatment of DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lei
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Stavniichuk R, Obrosov AA, Drel VR, Nadler JL, Obrosova IG, Yorek MA. 12/15-Lipoxygenase inhibition counteracts MAPK phosphorylation in mouse and cell culture models of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 3. [PMID: 24175152 DOI: 10.4236/jdm.2013.33015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation has been detected in peripheral nerve of human subjects and animal models with diabetes as well as high-glucose exposed human Schwann cells, and have been implicated in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. In our recent studies, leukocytetype 12/15-lipoxygenase inhibition or gene deficiency alleviated large and small nerve fiber dysfunction, but not intraepidermal nerve fiber loss in streptozotocin-diabetic mice. METHODS To address a mechanism we evaluated the potential for pharmacological 12/15-lipoxygenase inhibition to counteract excessive MAPK phosphorylation in mouse and cell culture models of diabetic neuropathy. C57Bl6/J mice were made diabetic with streptozotocin and maintained with or without the 12/15-lipoxygenase inhibitor cinnamyl-3,4-dihydroxy-α-cyanocinnamate (CDC). Human Schwann cells were cultured in 5.5 mM or 30 mM glucose with or without CDC. RESULTS 12(S) HETE concentrations (ELISA), as well as 12/15-lipoxygenase expression and p38 MAPK, ERK, and SAPK/JNK phosphorylation (all by Western blot analysis) were increased in the peripheral nerve and spinal cord of diabetic mice as well as in high glucose-exposed human Schwann cells. CDC counteracted diabetes-induced increase in 12(S)HETE concentrations (a measure of 12/15-lipoxygenase activity), but not 12/15-lipoxygenase overexpression, in sciatic nerve and spinal cord. The inhibitor blunted excessive p38 MAPK and ERK, but not SAPK/ JNK, phosphorylation in sciatic nerve and high glucose exposed human Schwann cells, but did not affect MAPK, ERK, and SAPK/JNK phosphorylation in spinal cord. CONCLUSION 12/15-lipoxygenase inhibition counteracts diabetes related MAPK phosphorylation in mouse and cell culture models of diabetic neuropathy and implies that 12/15-lipoxygenase inhibitors may be an effective treatment for diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Stavniichuk
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, USA
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G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR)-Dependent ADAM-17 Regulated Ectodomain Shedding. Cancer Biomark 2012. [DOI: 10.1201/b14318-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Maiese K, Chong ZZ, Shang YC, Wang S. Novel directions for diabetes mellitus drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 8:35-48. [PMID: 23092114 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.736485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus impacts almost 200 million individuals worldwide and leads to debilitating complications. New avenues of drug discovery must target the underlying cellular processes of oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammation that can mediate multi-system pathology during diabetes mellitus. AREAS COVERED The authors examine the novel directions for drug discovery that involve: the β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) precursor nicotinamide, the cytokine erythropoietin, the NAD(+)-dependent protein histone deacetylase SIRT1, the serine/threonine-protein kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and the wingless pathway. Furthermore, the authors present the implications for the targeting of these pathways that oversee gluconeogenic genes, insulin signaling and resistance, fatty acid beta-oxidation, inflammation, and cellular survival. EXPERT OPINION Nicotinamide, erythropoietin, and the downstream pathways of SIRT1, mTOR, forkhead transcription factors, and wingless signaling offer exciting prospects for novel directions of drug discovery for the treatment of metabolic disorders. Future investigations must dissect the complex relationship and fine modulation of these pathways for the successful translation of robust reparative and regenerative strategies against diabetes mellitus and the complications of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- New Jersey Health Sciences University, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling , Newark, NJ 07101, USA.
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Waterman RS, Morgenweck J, Nossaman BD, Scandurro AE, Scandurro SA, Betancourt AM. Anti-inflammatory mesenchymal stem cells (MSC2) attenuate symptoms of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Stem Cells Transl Med 2012; 1:557-65. [PMID: 23197860 PMCID: PMC3659725 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are very attractive candidates in cell-based strategies that target inflammatory diseases. Preclinical animal studies and many clinical trials have demonstrated that human MSCs can be safely administered and that they modify the inflammatory process in the targeted injured tissue. Our laboratory developed a novel method that optimizes the anti-inflammatory effects of MSCs. We termed the cells prepared by this method MSC2. In this study, we determined the effects of MSC2-based therapies on an inflammation-linked painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (pDPN) mouse model. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice were treated with conventionally prepared MSCs, MSC2, or vehicle at three specific time points. Prior to each treatment, responses to radiant heat (Hargreaves) and mechanical stimuli (von Frey) were measured. Blood serum from each animal was collected at the end of the study to compare levels of inflammatory markers between the treatment groups. We observed that MSC2-treated mice had significant improvement in behavioral assays compared with the vehicle and MSC groups, and moreover these responses did not differ from the observations seen in the healthy wild-type control group. Mice treated with conventional MSCs showed significant improvement in the radiant heat assay, but not in the von Frey test. Additionally, mice treated with MSC2 had decreased serum levels in many proinflammatory cytokines compared with the values measured in the MSC- or vehicle-treated groups. These findings indicate that MSC2-based therapy is a new anti-inflammatory treatment to consider in the management of pDPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth S Waterman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana 70121, USA.
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Lupachyk S, Watcho P, Hasanova N, Julius U, G.Obrosova I. Triglyceride, nonesterified fatty acids, and prediabetic neuropathy: role for oxidative-nitrosative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1255-63. [PMID: 22366714 PMCID: PMC3312982 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy develops in human subjects with prediabetes and metabolic syndrome before overt hyperglycemia. The contributions of impaired glucose tolerance and insulin signaling, hypertriglyceridemia and/or increased nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and hypercholesterolemia to this condition remain unknown. Niacin and its derivatives alleviate dyslipidemia with a minor effect on glucose homeostasis. This study evaluated the roles of impaired glucose tolerance versus dyslipidemia in prediabetic neuropathy using Zucker fatty (fa/fa) rats and the niacin derivative acipimox, as well as the interplay of hypertriglyceridemia, increased NEFA, and oxidative-nitrosative stress. Sixteen-week-old Zucker fatty rats with impaired glucose tolerance, obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, and increased NEFA displayed sensory nerve conduction velocity deficit, thermal and mechanical hypoalgesia, and tactile allodynia. Acipimox (100 mg kg(-1) day(-1), 4 weeks) reduced serum insulin, NEFA, and triglyceride concentrations without affecting glucose tolerance and hypercholesterolemia. It alleviated sensory nerve conduction velocity deficit and changes in behavioral measures of sensory function and corrected oxidative-nitrosative stress, but not impaired insulin signaling, in peripheral nerve. Elevated NEFA increased total and mitochondrial superoxide production and NAD(P)H oxidase activity in cultured human Schwann cells. In conclusion, hypertriglyceridemia and/or increased NEFA concentrations cause prediabetic neuropathy through oxidative-nitrosative stress. Lipid-lowering agents and antioxidants may find a use in the management of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Lupachyk
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Pierre Watcho
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Nailia Hasanova
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Ulrich Julius
- University Hospital, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden Germany
| | - Irina G.Obrosova
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Verspohl EJ. Novel Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:188-237. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Betancourt AM. New Cell-Based Therapy Paradigm: Induction of Bone Marrow-Derived Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells into Pro-Inflammatory MSC1 and Anti-inflammatory MSC2 Phenotypes. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 130:163-97. [PMID: 22869086 DOI: 10.1007/10_2012_141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies (CBTs) are quickly taking hold as a revolutionary new approach to treat many human diseases. Among the cells used in these treatments, multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, also often and imprecisely termed mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), are widely used because they are considered clinically safe, unique in their immune-modulating capabilities, easily obtained from adult tissues, and quickly expanded as well as stored. However, despite these established advantages, there are limiting factors to employing MSCs in these therapeutic strategies. Foremost is the lack of a general consensus on a definition of these cells, marring efforts to prepare homogeneous lots and more importantly complicating their in vitro and in vivo investigation. Furthermore, although one of the most profound clinical effects of MSC intravenous administration is the modulation of host immune responses, no adequate ex vivo assays exist to consistently predict the therapeutic effect of each MSC lot in the treated patient. Until these issues are addressed, this very promising and safe new therapeutic approach cannot be used to its full advantage. However, these confounding issues do present exciting opportunities. The first is an opportunity to discover unknown aspects of host immune responses because the unique effect driven by MSC infusion on a patient's immunity has not yet been identified. In addition, there is an opportunity to develop methods, tests, and tools to better define MSCs and MSC-based therapy and provide consistency in preparation and effect. To this end, my laboratory recently developed a new approach to induce uniform pro-inflammatory MSC1 and anti-inflammatory MSC2 phenotypes from bone marrow-derived MSC preparations. I anticipate that MSC1 and MSC2 provide convenient tools with which to address some of these limitations and will help advance safe and effective CBTs for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline M Betancourt
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA,
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Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of nicotinamide and its isomers in different experimental models. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 99:782-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Zhu SS, Ren Y, Zhang M, Cao JQ, Yang Q, Li XY, Bai H, Jiang L, Jiang Q, He ZG, Chen Q. Wld(S) protects against peripheral neuropathy and retinopathy in an experimental model of diabetes in mice. Diabetologia 2011; 54:2440-50. [PMID: 21739347 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We aimed to evaluate the effect of the mutant Wld(S) (slow Wallerian degeneration; also known as Wld) gene in experimental diabetes on early experimental peripheral diabetic neuropathy and diabetic retinopathy. METHODS The experiments were performed in four groups of mice: wild-type (WT), streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic WT, C57BL/Wld(S) and STZ-induced diabetic C57BL/Wld(S). In each group, intraperitoneal glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed; blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin and serum insulin were monitored. These mice were also subjected to the following behavioural tests: grasping test, hot-plate test and von Frey aesthesiometer test. For some animals, sciatic-tibial motor nerve conduction velocity, tail sensory nerve conduction velocity and eye pattern electroretinogram were measured. At the end of the experiments, islets were isolated to detect glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, ATP content and extent of apoptosis. The NAD/NADH ratio in islets and retinas was evaluated. Surviving retinal ganglion cells were estimated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We found that the Wld(S) gene is expressed in islets and protects beta cells against multiple low doses of STZ by increasing the NAD/NADH ratio, maintaining the ATP concentration, and reducing apoptosis. Consistently, significantly higher insulin concentrations, lower blood glucose concentrations, and better glucose tolerance were observed in Wld(S) mice compared with WT mice after STZ treatment. Furthermore, Wld(S) alleviated abnormal sensory responses, nerve conduction, retina dysfunction and reduction of surviving retinal ganglion cells in STZ-induced diabetic models. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We provide the first evidence that expression of the Wld(S) gene decreases beta cell destruction and preserves islet function in STZ-induced diabetes, thus revealing a novel protective strategy for diabetic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Zhu
- Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
The prevalence of diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) can approach 50% in subjects with longer-duration diabetes. The most common neuropathies are generalized symmetrical chronic sensorimotor polyneuropathy and autonomic neuropathy. It is important to recognize that 50% of subjects with DPN may have no symptoms and only careful clinical examination may reveal the diagnosis. DPN, especially painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy, is associated with poor quality of life. Although there is a better understanding of the pathophysiology of DPN and the mechanisms of pain, treatment remains challenging and is limited by variable efficacy and side effects of therapies. Intensification of glycemic control remains the cornerstone for the prevention or delay of DPN but optimization of other traditional cardiovascular risk factors may also be of benefit. The management of DPN relies on its early recognition and needs to be individually based on comorbidities and tolerability to medications. To date, most pharmacological strategies focus upon symptom control. In the management of pain, tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, and anticonvulsants alone or in combination are current first-line therapies followed by use of opiates. Topical agents may offer symptomatic relief in some patients. Disease-modifying agents are still in development and to date, antioxidant α-lipoic acid has shown the most promising effect. Further development and testing of therapies based upon improved understanding of the complex pathophysiology of this common and disabling complication is urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin J Stevens
- Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Abstract
Neuropathic pain continues to be a difficult and challenging clinical issue to deal with effectively. Painful diabetic polyneuropathy is a complex pain condition that occurs with reasonable frequency in the population and it may be extremely difficult for clinicians to provide patients with effective analgesia. Chronic neuropathic pain may occur in approximately one of every four diabetic patients. The pain may be described as burning or a deep-seated ache with sporadic paroxysms of lancinating painful exacerbations. The pain is often constant, moderate to severe in intensity, usually primarily involves the feet and generally tends to worsen at night. Treatment may be multimodal but largely involves pharmacological approaches. Pharmacological therapeutic options include antidepressants (tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors), α2δ ligands and topical (5%) lidocaine patch. Other agents may be different antiepileptic drugs (carbamazepine, lamotrigine, topiramate), topical capsaicin, tramadol and other opioids. Progress continues with respect to understanding various mechanisms that may contribute to painful diabetic neuropathy. Agents that may hold some promise include neurotrophic factors, growth factors, immunomodulators, gene therapy and poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibitors. It is hoped that in the future clinicians will be able to assess patient pathophysiology, which may help them to match optimal therapeutic agents to target individual patient aberrant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard S Smith
- Albany Medical College, Department of Anesthesiology, Albany, New York 12208, USA.
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Maiese K, Chong ZZ, Shang YC, Hou J. Novel avenues of drug discovery and biomarkers for diabetes mellitus. J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 51:128-52. [PMID: 20220043 PMCID: PMC3033756 DOI: 10.1177/0091270010362904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Globally, developed nations spend a significant amount of their resources on health care initiatives that poorly translate into increased population life expectancy. As an example, the United States devotes 16% of its gross domestic product to health care, the highest level in the world, but falls behind other nations that enjoy greater individual life expectancy. These observations point to the need for pioneering avenues of drug discovery to increase life span with controlled costs. In particular, innovative drug development for metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus becomes increasingly critical given that the number of diabetic people will increase exponentially over the next 20 years. This article discusses the elucidation and targeting of novel cellular pathways that are intimately tied to oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus for new treatment strategies. Pathways that involve wingless, β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) precursors, and cytokines govern complex biological pathways that determine both cell survival and longevity during diabetes mellitus and its complications. Furthermore, the role of these entities as biomarkers for disease can further enhance their utility irrespective of their treatment potential. Greater understanding of the intricacies of these unique cellular mechanisms will shape future drug discovery for diabetes mellitus to provide focused clinical care with limited or absent long-term complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Department of Neurology, 8C-1 UHC, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4201 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Stavniichuk R, Drel VR, Shevalye H, Vareniuk I, Stevens MJ, Nadler JL, Obrosova IG. Role of 12/15-lipoxygenase in nitrosative stress and peripheral prediabetic and diabetic neuropathies. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:1036-45. [PMID: 20599608 PMCID: PMC3056543 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the role of 12/15-lipoxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to 12(S)- and 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, in nitrosative stress in the peripheral nervous system and peripheral prediabetic and diabetic neuropathies. The experiments were performed in C57BL6/J mice made diabetic with streptozotocin or fed a high-fat diet and in human Schwann cells cultured in 5.5 or 30 mM glucose. 12/15-Lipoxygenase overexpression and activation were present in sciatic nerve and spinal cord of diabetic and high-fat diet-fed mice, as well as in human Schwann cells cultured in high concentrations of D-, but not L-glucose. 12/15-Lipoxygenase inhibition by cinnamyl-3,4-dihydroxy-alpha-cyanocinnamate (8 mg kg(-1) day(-1) sc, for 4 weeks after 12 weeks without treatment) alleviated the accumulation of nitrated proteins in the sciatic nerve and spinal cord, and large and small nerve fiber dysfunction, but not intraepidermal nerve fiber loss. 12/15-Lipoxygenase gene deficiency alleviated nitrosative stress and nerve conduction deficit, but not small sensory fiber neuropathy, in high-fat diet-fed mice. In conclusion, 12/15-lipoxygenase is implicated in nitrosative stress and peripheral neuropathy in mouse models of type 1 and early type 2 diabetes. Its presence in human Schwann cells and upregulation by high glucose suggest a potential involvement in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Stavniichuk
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and its therapeutic implications. Vascul Pharmacol 2010; 53:77-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Comparative study of the binding characteristics to and inhibitory potencies towards PARP and in vivo antidiabetogenic potencies of taurine, 3-aminobenzamide and nicotinamide. J Biomed Sci 2010; 17 Suppl 1:S16. [PMID: 20804590 PMCID: PMC2994389 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-17-s1-s16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly(ADP-ribose) is a NAD+-requiring, DNA-repairing, enzyme playing a central role in pancreatic beta-cell death and in the development of endothelial dysfunction in humans and experimental animals. PARP activation is also relevant to the development of complications of diabetes. Hence, agents capable of inhibiting PARP may be useful in preventing the development of diabetes and in slowing down complications of diabetes. METHODS PARP inhibition was assessed with a colorimetric assay kit. Molecular docking studies on the active site of PARP were conducted using the crystalline structure of the enzyme available as Protein Data Bank Identification No. 1UK1. Type 2 diabetes was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats with streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg/kg, i.p.). The test compounds (3-aminobenzamide = 3-AB, nicotinamide = NIC, taurine = TAU) were given by the i.p. route 45 min before STZ at 2.4 mM/kg (all three compounds) or 1.2 and 3.6 mM/kg (only NIC and TAU). Blood samples were collected at 24 hr after STZ and processed for their plasma. The plasma samples were used to measure glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and glutathione levels using reported methods. RESULTS 3-AB, NIC and TAU were able to inhibit PARP, with the inhibitory potency order being 3-AB>NIC> or =TAU. Molecular docking studies at the active site of PARP showed 3-AB and NIC to interact with the binding site for the nicotinamide moiety of NAD+ and TAU to interact with the binding site for the adenine moiety of NAD+. While STZ-induced diabetes elevated all the experimental parameters examined and lowered the insulin output, a pretreatment with 3-AB, NIC or TAU reversed these trends to a significant extent. At a dose of 2.4 mm/kg, the protective effect decreased in the approximate order 3-AB>NIC> or =TAU. The attenuating actions of both NIC and TAU were dose-related except for the plasma lipids since NIC was without a significant effect at all doses tested. CONCLUSIONS At equal molar doses, 3-AB was generally more potent than either TAU or NIC as an antidiabetogenic agent, but the differences were not as dramatic as would have been predicted from their differences in PARP inhibitory potencies. NIC and TAU demonstrated dose-related effects, which in the case of TAU were only evident at doses > or =2.4 mM/kg. The present results also suggest that in the case of NIC and TAU an increase in dose will enhance the magnitude of their attenuating actions on diabetes-related biochemical alterations to that achieved with a stronger PARP inhibitor such as 3-AB. Hence, dosing will play a critical role in clinical studies assessing the merits of NIC and TAU as diabetes-preventing agents.
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Biala A, Tauriainen E, Siltanen A, Shi J, Merasto S, Louhelainen M, Martonen E, Finckenberg P, Muller DN, Mervaala E. Resveratrol induces mitochondrial biogenesis and ameliorates Ang II-induced cardiac remodeling in transgenic rats harboring human renin and angiotensinogen genes. Blood Press 2010; 19:196-205. [PMID: 20429690 DOI: 10.3109/08037051.2010.481808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There is compelling evidence to indicate an important role for increased local renin-angiotensin system activity in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol that activates SIRT1, a novel cardioprotective and longevity factor having NAD(+)-dependent histone deacetylase activity. We tested the hypothesis whether resveratrol could prevent from angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cardiovascular damage. Four-week-old double transgenic rats harboring human renin and human angiotensinogen genes (dTGR) were treated for 4 weeks either with SIRT1 activator resveratrol or SIRT1 inhibitor nicotinamide. Untreated dTGR and their normotensive Sprague-Dawley control rats (SD) received vehicle. Untreated dTGR developed severe hypertension as well as cardiac hypertrophy, and showed pronounced cardiovascular mortality compared with normotensive SD rats. Resveratrol slightly but significantly decreased blood pressure, ameliorated cardiac hypertrophy and prevented completely Ang II-induced mortality, whereas nicotinamide increased blood pressure without significantly influencing cardiac hypertrophy or survival. Resveratrol decreased cardiac ANP mRNA expression and induced cardiac mRNA expressions of mitochondrial biogenesis markers peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC-1alpha), mitochondrial transcription factor (Tfam), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 (cox4). Resveratrol dose-dependently increased SIRT1 activity in vitro. Our findings suggest that the beneficial effects of SIRT1 activator resveratrol on Ang II-induced cardiac remodeling are mediated by blood pressure-dependent pathways and are linked to increased mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Biala
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Maiese K, Shang YC, Chong ZZ, Hou J. Diabetes mellitus: channeling care through cellular discovery. Curr Neurovasc Res 2010; 7:59-64. [PMID: 20158461 DOI: 10.2174/156720210790820217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) impacts a significant portion of the world's population and care for this disorder places an economic burden on the gross domestic product for any particular country. Furthermore, both Type 1 and Type 2 DM are becoming increasingly prevalent and there is increased incidence of impaired glucose tolerance in the young. The complications of DM are protean and can involve multiple systems throughout the body that are susceptible to the detrimental effects of oxidative stress and apoptotic cell injury. For these reasons, innovative strategies are necessary for the implementation of new treatments for DM that are generated through the further understanding of cellular pathways that govern the pathological consequences of DM. In particular, both the precursor for the coenzyme beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)), nicotinamide, and the growth factor erythropoietin offer novel platforms for drug discovery that involve cellular metabolic homeostasis and inflammatory cell control. Interestingly, these agents and their tightly associated pathways that consist of cell cycle regulation, protein kinase B, forkhead transcription factors, and Wnt signaling also function in a broader sense as biomarkers for disease onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maiese
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Cerebral Ischemia, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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Negi G, Kumar A, Kaundal RK, Gulati A, Sharma SS. Functional and biochemical evidence indicating beneficial effect of Melatonin and Nicotinamide alone and in combination in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Neuropharmacology 2010; 58:585-92. [PMID: 20005237 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2009] [Revised: 11/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress resulting in excessive generation of ROS is a compelling initiator of DNA damage along with damage to various cellular proteins and other macromolecules. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation in response to DNA damage, stirs an energy-consuming cellular metabolic cycle; culminating into cell death. The present study was designed to determine the effect of combining an antioxidant, Melatonin and a PARP inhibitor, Nicotinamide on the hallmark deficits developing in diabetic neuropathy (DN). Streptozotocin (STZ, 55 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered to induce diabetes. Six weeks post diabetes induction, two week treatment with Melatonin (3 and 10 mg/kg) and Nicotinamide (100 and 300 mg/kg) either alone or in combination was given. Effect of these interventions on the functional, behavioral and biochemical changes caused by hyperglycemia were studied in treated animals. Melatonin and Nicotinamide alone as well as in combination ameliorated the functional deficits along with improvement in pain parameters. The combination also demonstrated an essential reversal of biochemical alterations. Nitrotyrosine and Poly ADP Ribose (PAR) immunopositivity was significantly decreased in sciatic nerve micro-sections of treatment group. The results of this study advocate that simultaneous inhibition of oxidative stress-PARP activation cascade may prove useful for the pharmacotherapy of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Negi
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab-160062, India
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Jangouk P, Dehmel T, Meyer Zu Hörste G, Ludwig A, Lehmann HC, Kieseier BC. Involvement of ADAM10 in axonal outgrowth and myelination of the peripheral nerve. Glia 2010; 57:1765-74. [PMID: 19455579 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) is a membrane-anchored metalloproteinase with both proteolytic and disintegrin characteristics. Here, we investigate the expression, regulation, and functional role of ADAM10 in axonal outgrowth and myelination of the peripheral nerve. Expression pattern analysis of 11 ADAM family members in co-cultures of rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and Schwann cells (SCs) demonstrated the most pronounced mRNA expression for ADAM10. In further studies, ADAM10 was found to be consistently upregulated in DRG-SC co-cultures before the induction of myelination. Neurons as well as SCs widely expressed ADAM10 at the protein level. In neurons, the expression of ADAM10 was exclusively limited to the axons before the induction of myelination. Inhibition of ADAM10 activity by the hydroxamate-based inhibitors GI254023X and GW280264X resulted in a significant decrease in the mean axonal length. These data suggest that ADAM10 represents a prerequisite for myelination, although its activity is not required during the process of myelination itself as demonstrated by expression analysis of myelin protein zero (P0) and Sudan black staining. Hence, during the process of myelin formation, ADAM10 is highly upregulated and appears to be critically involved in axonal outgrowth that is a requirement for myelination in the peripheral nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Jangouk
- Department of Neurology, Research Group for Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Negi G, Kumar A, Sharma SS. Concurrent targeting of nitrosative stress-PARP pathway corrects functional, behavioral and biochemical deficits in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 391:102-6. [PMID: 19900402 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite mediated nitrosative stress, an indisputable initiator of DNA damage and overactivation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), a nuclear enzyme activated after sensing DNA damage, are two crucial pathogenetic mechanisms in diabetic neuropathy. The intent of the present study was to investigate the effect of combination of a peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst (PDC), FeTMPyP and a PARP inhibitor, 4-ANI against diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The end points of evaluation of the study included motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) and nerve blood flow (NBF) for evaluating nerve functions; thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia for assessing nociceptive alterations, malondialdehyde and peroxynitrite levels to detect oxidative stress-nitrosative stress; NAD concentration in sciatic nerve to assess overactivation of PARP. Additionally immunohistochemical studies for nitrotyrosine and Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) was also performed. Treatment with the combination of FeTMPyP and 4-ANI led to significant improvement in nerve functions and pain parameters and also attenuated the oxidative-nitrosative stress markers. Further, the combination also reduced the overactivation of PARP as evident from increased NAD levels and decreased PAR immunopositivity in sciatic nerve microsections. Thus, it can be concluded that treatment with the combination of a PDC and PARP inhibitor attenuates alteration in peripheral nerves in diabetic neuropathy (DN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Negi
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, SAS Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
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Melman A, Zotova E, Kim M, Arezzo J, Davies K, DiSanto M, Tar M. Longitudinal studies of time-dependent changes in both bladder and erectile function after streptozotocin-induced diabetes in Fischer 344 male rats. BJU Int 2009; 104:1292-300. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2009.08573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abdallah DM. Nicotinamide alleviates indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers: a novel antiulcer agent. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 627:276-80. [PMID: 19857487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 09/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide, a precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)), is an essential nutrient for cell growth that participates in DNA repair and energy production. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)-induced gastropathy is an intricate process involving gastric mucus depletion, increased microvascular permeability, nitric oxide imbalance, as well as free radical production. The present study was conducted to test for the possible gastroprotective effect of nicotinamide utilizing an acute indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer model. Sucralfate possesses antiulcer/antioxidant properties; hence it was used as the reference drug. Indomethacin resulted in hemorrhagic mucosal lesions, increased microvascular permeability, and reduced the gastric mucosal contents of nitric oxide and mucus. Moreover, it produced an imbalance in the mucosal redox state as indicated by a decline of glutathione and glutathione peroxidase, which were associated with increased lipid peroxides. Comparable to sucralfate, nicotinamide markedly decreased the severity of indomethacin-induced gastric lesions and restored the levels of altered biochemical parameters. Gastroprotection afforded by nicotinamide is possibly mediated by conservation of gastric mucus, as well as nitric oxide contents, enhanced gastric microvascular permeability, and its antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalaal M Abdallah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Obrosova IG. Diabetic painful and insensate neuropathy: pathogenesis and potential treatments. Neurotherapeutics 2009; 6:638-47. [PMID: 19789069 PMCID: PMC5084286 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced peripheral diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is associated with elevated vibration and thermal perception thresholds that progress to sensory loss and degeneration of all fiber types in peripheral nerve. A considerable proportion of diabetic patients also describe abnormal sensations such as paresthesias, allodynia, hyperalgesia, and spontaneous pain. One or several manifestations of abnormal sensation and pain are described in all the diabetic rat and mouse models studied so far (i.e., streptozotocin-diabetic rats and mice, type 1 insulinopenic BB/Wor and type 2 hyperinsulinemic diabetic BBZDR/Wor rats, Zucker diabetic fatty rats, and nonobese diabetic, Akita, leptin- and leptin-receptor-deficient, and high-fat diet-fed mice). Such manifestations are 1) thermal hyperalgesia, an equivalent of a clinical phenomenon described in early PDN; 2) thermal hypoalgesia, typically present in advanced PDN; 3) mechanical hyperalgesia, an equivalent of pain on pressure in early PDN; 4) mechanical hypoalgesia, an equivalent to the loss of sensitivity to mechanical noxious stimuli in advanced PDN; 5) tactile allodynia, a painful perception of a light touch; and 5) formalin-induced hyperalgesia. Rats with short-term diabetes develop painful neuropathy, whereas those with longer-term diabetes and diabetic mice typically display manifestations of both painful and insensate neuropathy, or insensate neuropathy only. Animal studies using pharmacological and genetic approaches revealed important roles of increased aldose reductase, protein kinase C, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activities, advanced glycation end-products and their receptors, oxidative-nitrosative stress, growth factor imbalances, and C-peptide deficiency in both painful and insensate neuropathy. This review describes recent achievements in studying the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathic pain and sensory disorders in diabetic animal models and developing potential pathogenetic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Obrosova
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA.
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