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Le May C, Ducheix S, Cariou B, Rimbert A. From Genetic Findings to new Intestinal Molecular Targets in Lipid Metabolism. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2025; 27:26. [PMID: 39798054 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-024-01264-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2025]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW While lipid-lowering therapies demonstrate efficacy, many patients still contend with significant residual risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD). The intestine plays a pivotal role in regulating circulating lipoproteins levels, thereby exerting influence on ASCVD pathogenesis. This review underscores recent genetic findings from the last six years that delineate new biological pathways and actors in the intestine which regulate lipid-related ASCVD risk. RECENT FINDINGS Specifically, we detail the role of LIMA1 in cholesterol absorption within enterocytes, the function of PLA2G12B in the expansion and lipidation of chylomicrons, the involvement of SURF4 in lipoprotein secretion, and the discovery of a gut-derived hormone named CHOLESIN that modulates cholesterol homeostasis through GPR146 via a gut-liver crosstalk. We further discuss the potential of these newly identified genes and pathways as novel targets for pharmaceutical intervention. Newly identified genetic and intestinal molecular mechanisms offer promising opportunities for preventing and treating ASCVD, but careful evaluation and further research are needed to optimize their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Le May
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, l'institut du thorax, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Simon Ducheix
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, l'institut du thorax, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, l'institut du thorax, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Antoine Rimbert
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, CNRS, Inserm, l'institut du thorax, F-44000, Nantes, France.
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Velma GR, Laham MS, Lewandowski C, Valencia-Olvera AC, Balu D, Moore A, Ackerman-Berrier M, Rychetsky P, Penton C, Musku SR, Annadurai A, Sulaiman MI, Ma N, J Thatcher GR. Nonlipogenic ABCA1 Inducers (NLAI) for Alzheimer's Disease Validated in a Mouse Model Expressing Human APOE3/APOE4. J Med Chem 2024; 67:15061-15079. [PMID: 39191400 PMCID: PMC11404489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Therapeutics enhancing apolipoprotein (APOE) positive function are a priority, because APOE4 is the major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The function of APOE, the key constituent of lipoprotein particles that transport cholesterol and lipids in the brain, is dependent on lipidation by ABCA1, a cell-membrane cholesterol transporter. ABCA1 transcription is regulated by liver X receptors (LXR): agonists have been shown to increase ABCA1, often accompanied by unwanted lipogenesis and elevated triglycerides (TG). Therefore, nonlipogenic ABCA1-inducers (NLAI) are needed. Two rounds of optimization of an HTS hit, derived from a phenotypic screen, gave lead compound 39 that was validated and tested in E3/4FAD mice that express human APOE3/4 and five mutant APP and PSEN1 human transgenes. Treatment with 39 increased ABCA1 expression, enhanced APOE lipidation, and reversed multiple AD phenotypes, without increasing TG. This NLAI/LXR-agonist study is the first in a human APOE-expressing model with hallmark amyloid-β pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganga Reddy Velma
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, R Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Megan S Laham
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Colleges of Science & Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Cutler Lewandowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Ana C Valencia-Olvera
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Deebika Balu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Annabelle Moore
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Martha Ackerman-Berrier
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, R Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Pavel Rychetsky
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, R Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Christopher Penton
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, R Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Soumya Reddy Musku
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, R Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Anandhan Annadurai
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, R Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Maha Ibrahim Sulaiman
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, R Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Nina Ma
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, R Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, R Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Colleges of Science & Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Ramalingam PS, Elangovan S, Mekala JR, Arumugam S. Liver X Receptors (LXRs) in cancer-an Eagle's view on molecular insights and therapeutic opportunities. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1386102. [PMID: 38550382 PMCID: PMC10972936 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1386102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/03/2025] Open
Abstract
Cancer has become a serious health burden that results in high incidence and mortality rates every year, mainly due to various molecular alterations inside the cell. Liver X receptors (LXRs) dysregulation is one among them that plays a vital role in cholesterol metabolism, lipid metabolism and inflammation and also plays a crucial role in various diseases such as obesity, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), cardiovascular diseases, Type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and cancer. Studies report that the activation of LXRs inhibits cancer growth by inhibiting cellular proliferation, inducing apoptosis and autophagy, regulating cholesterol metabolism, various signalling pathways such as Wnt, and PI3K/AKT, modulating the expression levels of cell-cycle regulators, and promoting antitumor immunity inside the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we have discussed the role, structure, and functions of LXRs and also summarized their ligands along with their mechanism of action. In addition, the role of LXRs in various cancers, tumor immunity and tumor microenvironment (TME) along with the importance of precision medicine in LXR-targeted therapies has been discussed to emphasize the LXRs as potent targets for the development of novel cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sujatha Elangovan
- Protein Engineering Lab, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Janaki Ramaiah Mekala
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (KLEF), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sivakumar Arumugam
- Protein Engineering Lab, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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Du Y, Xi M, Li Y, Zheng R, Ding X, Li X, Zhang X, Wang L, Xing J, Hong B. Tilianin improves lipid profile and alleviates atherosclerosis in ApoE -/- mice through up-regulation of SREBP2-mediated LDLR expression. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 109:154577. [PMID: 36610166 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The huge global burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represents an urgent unmet need for the development of novel therapeutics. Dracocephalum moldavica L. has been used as a traditional Uygur medicine to treat various CVDs for centuries. Tilianin is a major flavonoid component of D. moldavica L. and has potential for preventing atherosclerosis. However, the molecular mechanisms that tilianin attenuate atherosclerosis are far from fully understood. PURPOSES The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficiency and underlying mechanisms of tilianin in controlling lipid profile and preventing atherogenesis. METHODS The lipid-lowering effect of tilianin was evaluated in C57BL/6 and ApoE-/- mice by systematically determining serum biochemical parameters. The effects of tilianin on the atherosclerotic lesion were observed in aortic roots and whole aortas of ApoE-/- mice with oil red O staining. Caecal content from ApoE-/- mice were collected for 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis to assess the structure of the gut microbiota. The inhibition of hepatosteatosis was verified by histological examination, and a liver transcriptome analysis was performed to elucidate the tilianin-induced hepatic transcriptional alterations. Effects of tilianin on the expression and function of LDLR were examined in HepG2 cells and ApoE-/- mice. Further mechanisms underlying the efficacy of tilianin were investigated in HepG2 cells. RESULTS Tilianin treatment improved lipid profiles in C57BL/6 and dyslipidemic ApoE-/- mice, especially reducing the serum LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) level. Significant reductions of atherosclerotic lesion area and hepatosteatosis were observed in tilianin-treated ApoE-/- mice. The altered gut microbial composition in tilianin groups was associated with lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. The liver transcriptome revealed that tilianin regulated the transcription of lipid metabolism-related genes. Then both in vitro and in vivo analyses revealed the potent effect of tilianin to enhance hepatic LDLR expression and its mediated LDL-C uptake. Further studies confirmed a critical role of SREBP2 in hepatic LDLR up-regulation by tilianin via increasing precursor and thus mature nuclear SREBP2 level. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the lipid-lowering effect of tilianin through SREBP2-mediated transcriptional activation of LDLR. Our findings reveal a novel anti-atherosclerotic mechanism of tilianin and underlie its potential clinical use in modulating CVDs with good availability and affordability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Mei Xi
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Uighur Medicines, Xinjiang Institute of Materia Medica, Urumchi 830004, China
| | - Yihua Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ruifang Zheng
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Uighur Medicines, Xinjiang Institute of Materia Medica, Urumchi 830004, China
| | - Xiaotian Ding
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiumin Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Li Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jianguo Xing
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Uighur Medicines, Xinjiang Institute of Materia Medica, Urumchi 830004, China.
| | - Bin Hong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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Yang TM, Miao M, Yu WQ, Wang X, Xia FJ, Li YJ, Guo SD. Targeting macrophages in atherosclerosis using nanocarriers loaded with liver X receptor agonists: A narrow review. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1147699. [PMID: 36936982 PMCID: PMC10018149 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1147699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are involved in the whole process of atherosclerosis, which is characterized by accumulation of lipid and inflammation. Presently, clinically used lipid-lowering drugs cannot completely retard the progress of atherosclerosis. Liver X receptor (LXR) plays a key role in regulation of lipid metabolism and inflammation. Accumulating evidence have demonstrated that synthetic LXR agonists can significantly retard the development of atherosclerosis. However, these agonists induce sever hypertriglyceridemia and liver steatosis. These side effects have greatly limited their potential application for therapy of atherosclerosis. The rapid development of drug delivery system makes it possible to delivery interested drugs to special organs or cells using nanocarriers. Macrophages express various receptors which can recognize and ingest specially modified nanocarriers loaded with LXR agonists. In the past decades, a great progress has been made in this field. These macrophage-targeted nanocarriers loaded with LXR agonists are found to decrease atherosclerosis by reducing cholesterol accumulation and inflammatory reactions. Of important, these nanocarriers can alleviate side effects of LXR agonists. In this article, we briefly review the roles of macrophages in atherosclerosis, mechanisms of action of LXR agonists, and focus on the advances of macrophage-targeted nanocarriers loaded with LXR agonists. This work may promote the potential clinical application of these nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yan-Jie Li
- *Correspondence: Yan-Jie Li, ; Shou-Dong Guo,
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Li X, Wang Q, Zheng J, Guan Y, Liu C, Han J, Liu S, Liu T, Xiao C, Wang X, Liu Y. PHT427 as an effective New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) inhibitor restored the susceptibility of meropenem against Enterobacteriaceae producing NDM-1. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1168052. [PMID: 37138606 PMCID: PMC10150926 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1168052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction With the increasingly serious problem of bacterial drug resistance caused by NDM-1, it is an important strategy to find effective inhibitors to assist β-lactam antibiotic treatment against NDM-1 resistant bacteria. In this study, PHT427 (4-dodecyl-N-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl-benzenesulfonamide) was identified as a novel NDM-1 inhibitor and restored the susceptibility of meropenem against Enterobacteriaceae producing NDM-1. Methods We used a high throughput screening model to find NDM-1 inhibitor in the library of small molecular compounds. The interaction between the hit compound PHT427 and NDM-1 was analyzed by fluorescence quenching, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay, and molecular docking analysis. The efficacy of the compound in combination with meropenem was evaluated by determining the FICIs of Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)/pET30a(+)-bla NDM-1 and Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical strain C1928 (producing NDM-1). In addition, the mechanism of the inhibitory effect of PHT427 on NDM-1 was studied by site mutation, SPR, and zinc supplementation assays. Results PHT427 was identified as an inhibitor of NDM-1. It could significantly inhibit the activity of NDM-1 with an IC50 of 1.42 μmol/L, and restored the susceptibility of meropenem against E. coli BL21(DE3)/pET30a(+)-bla NDM-1 and K. pneumoniae clinical strain C1928 (producing NDM-1) in vitro. The mechanism study indicated that PHT427 could act on the zinc ions at the active site of NDM-1 and the catalytic key amino acid residues simultaneously. The mutation of Asn220 and Gln123 abolished the affinity of NDM-1 by PHT427 via SPR assay. Discussion This is the first report that PHT427 is a promising lead compound against carbapenem-resistant bacteria and it merits chemical optimization for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Li
- National Laboratory for Screening New Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Ji Zheng
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Guan
- National Laboratory for Screening New Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chennan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Resistance Tuberculosis Research, Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangxue Han
- National Laboratory for Screening New Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sihan Liu
- National Laboratory for Screening New Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianjun Liu
- National Laboratory for Screening New Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunling Xiao
- National Laboratory for Screening New Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- National Laboratory for Screening New Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao Wang,
| | - Yishuang Liu
- National Laboratory for Screening New Microbial Drugs, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Yishuang Liu,
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May L, Bartolo B, Harrison D, Guzik T, Drummond G, Figtree G, Ritchie R, Rye KA, de Haan J. Translating atherosclerosis research from bench to bedside: navigating the barriers for effective preclinical drug discovery. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:1731-1758. [PMID: 36459456 PMCID: PMC9727216 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. An ongoing challenge remains the development of novel pharmacotherapies to treat CVD, particularly atherosclerosis. Effective mechanism-informed development and translation of new drugs requires a deep understanding of the known and currently unknown biological mechanisms underpinning atherosclerosis, accompanied by optimization of traditional drug discovery approaches. Current animal models do not precisely recapitulate the pathobiology underpinning human CVD. Accordingly, a fundamental limitation in early-stage drug discovery has been the lack of consensus regarding an appropriate experimental in vivo model that can mimic human atherosclerosis. However, when coupled with a clear understanding of the specific advantages and limitations of the model employed, preclinical animal models remain a crucial component for evaluating pharmacological interventions. Within this perspective, we will provide an overview of the mechanisms and modalities of atherosclerotic drugs, including those in the preclinical and early clinical development stage. Additionally, we highlight recent preclinical models that have improved our understanding of atherosclerosis and associated clinical consequences and propose model adaptations to facilitate the development of new and effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren T. May
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - David G. Harrison
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville TN, U.S.A
| | - Tomasz Guzik
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, U.K
- Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grant R. Drummond
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gemma A. Figtree
- Kolling Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Imaging and Phenotyping Laboratory, Charles Perkins Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rebecca H. Ritchie
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Judy B. de Haan
- Cardiovascular Inflammation and Redox Biology Lab, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
- Department Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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Cepharanthine action in preventing obesity and hyperlipidemia in rats on a high-fat high sucrose diet. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:1683-1690. [PMID: 36601507 PMCID: PMC9805974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It was demonstrated that cepharanthine (CEP), derived from Stephania cepharantha hayata, is a potent inhibitor of the ABCC10 transmembrane protein. It is approved to be a natural product or remedy. The present study focuses on investigating whether cepharanthine effectively reduces hyperlipidemia and obesity in an experimental hyperlipidemic rat model. Method Four groups of Wistar rats were assigned randomly to the following groups: a high-fat high sucrose diet (HFHS), normal-fat diet (NFD), HFHS plus cepraranthine (10 mg/kg) (HFHS-C), and a HFHS diet with atorvastatin (HFHS-A). The responses of rats were observed on the basis of serum and hepatic biochemical parameters, food intake, and body weight after CEP treatment, and assessing the histopathological modifications by the optical microscope in the liver and its cells. Results Significant improvement in the serum total cholesterol (TC), serum triglycerides (TG), and serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were observed following CEP treatment. We have also observed significant improvement in the structure of liver tissue and reduced-fat droplets in the cytoplasm. Moreover, CEP had a significant effect in preventing the gain in body weight of animals, and food intake was not significantly affected. Conclusion Our research results revealed that CEP significantly improved dyslipidemia and prevented the accumulation of fatty deposits in the rats' liver tissue fed an HFHS diet. In addition, CEP exerted an anti-obesity effect.
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Savla SR, Prabhavalkar KS, Bhatt LK. Liver X Receptor: a potential target in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:645-658. [PMID: 36003057 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2117610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver X receptors (LXRs) are master regulators of atherogenesis. Their anti-atherogenic potential has been attributed to their role in the inhibition of macrophage-mediated inflammation and promotion of reverse cholesterol transport. Owing to the significance of their anti-atherogenic potential, it is essential to develop and test new generation LXR agonists, both synthetic and natural, to identify potential LXR-targeted therapeutics for the future. AREAS COVERED This review describes the role of LXRs in atherosclerotic development, provides a summary of LXR agonists and future directions for atherosclerosis research. We searched PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar for relevant reports, from last 10 years, using atherosclerosis, liver X receptor, and LXR agonist as keywords. EXPERT OPINION LXRα has gained widespread recognition as a regulator of cholesterol homeostasis and expression of inflammatory genes. Further research using models of cell type-specific knockout and specific agonist-targeted LXR isoforms is warranted. Enthusiasm for therapeutic value of LXR agonists has been tempered due to LXRα-mediated induction of hepatic lipogenesis. LXRα agonism and LXRβ targeting, gut-specific inverse LXR agonists, investigations combining LXR agonists with other lipogenesis mitigating agents, like IDOL antagonists and synthetic HDL, and targeting ABCA1, M2 macrophages and LXRα phosphorylation, remain as promising possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya R Savla
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Kedar S Prabhavalkar
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Lokesh K Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400056, India
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Current Options and Future Perspectives in the Treatment of Dyslipidemia. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11164716. [PMID: 36012957 PMCID: PMC9410330 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11164716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) plays a crucial role in the development of atherosclerosis. Statin therapy is the standard treatment for lowering LDL-C in primary and secondary prevention. However, some patients do not reach optimal LDL-C target levels or do not tolerate statins, especially when taking high doses long-term. Combining statins with different therapeutic approaches and testing other new drugs is the future key to reducing the burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recently, several new cholesterol-lowering drugs have been developed and approved; others are promising results, enriching the pharmacological armamentarium beyond statins. Triglycerides also play an important role in the development of CVD; new therapeutic approaches are also very promising for their treatment. Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) can lead to CVD early in life. These patients respond poorly to conventional therapies. Recently, however, new and promising pharmacological strategies have become available. This narrative review provides an overview of the new drugs for the treatment of dyslipidemia, their current status, ongoing clinical or preclinical trials, and their prospects. We also discuss the new alternative therapies for the treatment of dyslipidemia and their relevance to practice.
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Duan Y, Gong K, Xu S, Zhang F, Meng X, Han J. Regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in health and diseases: from mechanisms to targeted therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:265. [PMID: 35918332 PMCID: PMC9344793 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbed cholesterol homeostasis plays critical roles in the development of multiple diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), neurodegenerative diseases and cancers, particularly the CVD in which the accumulation of lipids (mainly the cholesteryl esters) within macrophage/foam cells underneath the endothelial layer drives the formation of atherosclerotic lesions eventually. More and more studies have shown that lowering cholesterol level, especially low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, protects cardiovascular system and prevents cardiovascular events effectively. Maintaining cholesterol homeostasis is determined by cholesterol biosynthesis, uptake, efflux, transport, storage, utilization, and/or excretion. All the processes should be precisely controlled by the multiple regulatory pathways. Based on the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, many interventions have been developed to lower cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake or enhancing cholesterol utilization and excretion. Herein, we summarize the historical review and research events, the current understandings of the molecular pathways playing key roles in regulating cholesterol homeostasis, and the cholesterol-lowering interventions in clinics or in preclinical studies as well as new cholesterol-lowering targets and their clinical advances. More importantly, we review and discuss the benefits of those interventions for the treatment of multiple diseases including atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporosis and virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Duan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Ke Gong
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xianshe Meng
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jihong Han
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China. .,College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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12
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El-Ashmawy NE, Khedr NF, Sallam M, Nossier AI. Effect of activation of liver X receptor alpha on cardiac & hepatic ABCC10 and SLC17A5 drug transporters in hypercholesterolemic rat model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 610:133-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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13
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Lewandowski CT, Laham MS, Thatcher GR. Remembering your A, B, C's: Alzheimer's disease and ABCA1. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:995-1018. [PMID: 35530134 PMCID: PMC9072248 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of ATP binding cassette protein A1 (ABCA1) is central to cholesterol mobilization. Reduced ABCA1 expression or activity is implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other disorders. Therapeutic approaches to boost ABCA1 activity have yet to be translated successfully to the clinic. The risk factors for AD development and progression, including comorbid disorders such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, highlight the intersection of cholesterol transport and inflammation. Upregulation of ABCA1 can positively impact APOE lipidation, insulin sensitivity, peripheral vascular and blood–brain barrier integrity, and anti-inflammatory signaling. Various strategies towards ABCA1-boosting compounds have been described, with a bias toward nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) agonists. These agonists display beneficial preclinical effects; however, important side effects have limited development. In particular, ligands that bind liver X receptor (LXR), the primary NHR that controls ABCA1 expression, have shown positive effects in AD mouse models; however, lipogenesis and unwanted increases in triglyceride production are often observed. The longstanding approach, focusing on LXRβ vs. LXRα selectivity, is over-simplistic and has failed. Novel approaches such as phenotypic screening may lead to small molecule NHR modulators that elevate ABCA1 function without inducing lipogenesis and are clinically translatable.
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Thorne JL, Cioccoloni G. Nuclear Receptors and Lipid Sensing. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1390:83-105. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11836-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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15
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Kosmas CE, Pantou D, Sourlas A, Papakonstantinou EJ, Echavarria Uceta R, Guzman E. New and emerging lipid-modifying drugs to lower LDL cholesterol. Drugs Context 2021; 10:dic-2021-8-3. [PMID: 34795777 PMCID: PMC8565402 DOI: 10.7573/dic.2021-8-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents the leading cause of death worldwide. The role of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and CVD has been well recognized. Statins are the standard of care for the management of hypercholesterolaemia, and their effectiveness in lowering LDL-C and reducing CVD risk in both primary and secondary prevention has been well established. However, several patients fail to attain optimal LDL-C goals or are intolerant to statins, especially at high doses. PCSK9 inhibitors, bempedoic acid, inclisiran, ANGPTL3 inhibitors, PPARβ/δ agonists and LXR agonists are novel or upcoming LDL-C-lowering agents that have shown promising beneficial results. This review aims to present and discuss the current clinical and scientific data pertaining to the new and emerging lipid-modifying LDL-C-lowering drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine E Kosmas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Cardiology Clinic, Cardiology Unlimited, PC, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dafni Pantou
- School of Medicine, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | | | | | - Eliscer Guzman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.,Cardiology Clinic, Cardiology Unlimited, PC, New York, NY, USA
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16
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Chen W, Wang S, Xing D. New Horizons for the Roles and Association of APE1/Ref-1 and ABCA1 in Atherosclerosis. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:5251-5271. [PMID: 34703267 PMCID: PMC8526300 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s330147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death worldwide. APE1/Ref-1 and ABCA1 play key roles in the progression of atherosclerosis. APE1/Ref-1 suppresses atherosclerosis via multiple mechanisms, including reducing the IL-6-, TNF-α-, and IL-1β-mediated proinflammatory responses, suppressing ROS-mediated oxidant activity and Bax/Bcl-2-mediated vascular calcification and apoptosis, and reducing LOX-1-mediated cholesterol uptake. However, APE1/Ref-1 also promotes atherosclerosis by increasing the activity of the NK-κB and S1PR1 pathways. APE1/Ref-1 localizes to the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria and can be secreted from the cell. APE1/Ref-1 localization is dynamically regulated by the disease state and may be responsible for its proatherogenic and antiatherogenic effects. ABCA1 promotes cholesterol efflux and anti-inflammatory responses by binding to apoA-I and regulates apoptotic cell clearance and HSPC proliferation to protect against inflammatory responses. Interestingly, in addition to mediating these functions, ABCA1 promotes the secretion of acetylated APE1/Ref-1 (AcAPE1/Ref-1), a therapeutic target, which protects against atherosclerosis development. The APE1/Ref-1 inhibitor APX3330 is being evaluated in a phase II clinical trial. The LXR agonist LXR-623 (WAY-252623) is an agonist of ABCA1 and the first LXR-targeting compound to be evaluated in clinical trials. In this article, we review the roles of ABCA1 and APE1/Ref-1 in atherosclerosis and focus on new insights into the ABCA1-APE1/Ref-1 axis and its potential as a novel therapeutic target in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujun Chen
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Wang
- School of Medical Imaging, Radiotherapy Department of Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, 261053, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongming Xing
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
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17
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Lewandowski CT, Khan MW, BenAissa M, Dubrovskyi O, Ackerman-Berrier M, LaDu MJ, Layden BT, Thatcher GRJ. Metabolomic analysis of a selective ABCA1 inducer in obesogenic challenge provides a rationale for therapeutic development. EBioMedicine 2021; 66:103287. [PMID: 33752129 PMCID: PMC8010624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic agents with novel mechanisms of action are needed to combat the growing epidemic of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and related metabolic syndromes. Liver X receptor (LXR) agonists possess preclinical efficacy yet produce side effects due to excessive lipogenesis. Anticipating that many beneficial and detrimental effects of LXR agonists are mediated by ABCA1 and SREPB1c expression, respectively, we hypothesized that a phenotypic optimization strategy prioritizing selective ABCA1 induction would identify an efficacious lead compound with an improved side effect profile over existing LXRβ agonists. METHODS We synthesized and characterized a novel small molecule for selective induction of ABCA1 vs. SREBP1c in vitro. This compound was evaluated in both wild-type mice and a high-fat diet (HFD) mouse model of obesity-driven diabetes through functional, biochemical, and metabolomic analysis. FINDINGS Six weeks of oral administration of our lead compound attenuated weight gain, glucose intolerance, insulin signaling deficits, and adiposity. Global metabolomics revealed suppression of gluconeogenesis, free fatty acids, and pro-inflammatory metabolites. Target identification linked these beneficial effects to selective LXRβ agonism and PPAR/RXR antagonism. INTERPRETATION Our observations in the HFD model, combined with the absence of lipogenesis and neutropenia in WT mice, support this novel approach to therapeutic development for T2D and related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cutler T Lewandowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Md Wasim Khan
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Manel BenAissa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Oleksii Dubrovskyi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Martha Ackerman-Berrier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, 1295N. Martin, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian T Layden
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, 1295N. Martin, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Physicochemical Properties and Effects of Honeys on Key Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Cholesterol Homeostasis in HepG2 Cells. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010151. [PMID: 33466262 PMCID: PMC7824776 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Manuka honey and newly developed honeys (arjuna, guggul, jiaogulan and olive) were examined for their physicochemical, biochemical properties and effects on oxidative stress and cholesterol homeostasis in fatty acid-induced HepG2 cells. The honeys exhibited standard moisture content (<20%), electrical conductivity (<0.8 mS/cm), acidic pH, and monosaccharides (>60%), except olive honey (<60% total monosaccharides). They all expressed non-Newtonian behavior and 05 typical regions of the FTIR spectra as those of natural ones. Guggul and arjuna, manuka honeys showed the highest phenolic contents, correlating with their significant antioxidant activities. Arjuna, guggul and manuka honeys demonstrated the agreement of total cholesterol reduction and the transcriptional levels of AMPK, SREBP2, HCMGR, LDLR, LXRα. Jiaogulan honey showed the least antioxidant content and activity, but it was the most cytotoxic. Both jiaogulan and olive honeys modulated the tested gene in the pattern that should lead to a lower TC content, but this reduction did not occur after 24 h. All 2% concentrations of tested honeys elicited a clearer effect on NQO1 gene expression. In conclusion, the new honeys complied with international norms for natural honeys and we provide partial evidence for the protective effects of manuka, arjuna and guggul honeys amongst the tested ones on key biomarkers of oxidative stress and cholesterol homeostasis, pending further studies to better understand their modes of action.
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19
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Buñay J, Fouache A, Trousson A, de Joussineau C, Bouchareb E, Zhu Z, Kocer A, Morel L, Baron S, Lobaccaro JMA. Screening for liver X receptor modulators: Where are we and for what use? Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:3277-3293. [PMID: 33080050 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that are canonically activated by oxidized derivatives of cholesterol. Since the mid-90s, numerous groups have identified LXRs as endocrine receptors that are involved in the regulation of various physiological functions. As a result, when their expression is genetically modified in mice, phenotypic analyses reveal endocrine disorders ranging from infertility to diabetes and obesity, nervous system pathologies such Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease, immunological disturbances, inflammatory response, and enhancement of tumour development. Based on such findings, it appears that LXRs could constitute good pharmacological targets to prevent and/or to treat these diseases. This review discusses the various aspects of LXR drug discovery, from the tools available for the screening of potential LXR modulators to the current situational analysis of the drugs in development. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Buñay
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Allan Fouache
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Amalia Trousson
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cyrille de Joussineau
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Erwan Bouchareb
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Zhekun Zhu
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ayhan Kocer
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurent Morel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Silvere Baron
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Marc A Lobaccaro
- Université Clermont Auvergne, GReD, CNRS, INSERM, and Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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20
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Hiebl V, Schachner D, Ladurner A, Heiss EH, Stangl H, Dirsch VM. Caco-2 Cells for Measuring Intestinal Cholesterol Transport - Possibilities and Limitations. Biol Proced Online 2020; 22:7. [PMID: 32308567 PMCID: PMC7149936 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-020-00120-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human Caco-2 cell line is a common in vitro model of the intestinal epithelial barrier. As the intestine is a major interface in cholesterol turnover and represents a non-biliary pathway for cholesterol excretion, Caco-2 cells are also a valuable model for studying cholesterol homeostasis, including cholesterol uptake and efflux. Currently available protocols are, however, either sketchy or not consistent among different laboratories. Our aim was therefore to generate a collection of optimized protocols, considering the different approaches of the different laboratories and to highlight possibilities and limitations of measuring cholesterol transport with this cell line. Results We developed comprehensive and quality-controlled protocols for the cultivation of Caco-2 cells on filter inserts in a single tight monolayer. A cholesterol uptake as well as a cholesterol efflux assay is described in detail, including suitable positive controls. We further show that Caco-2 cells can be efficiently transfected for luciferase reporter gene assays in order to determine nuclear receptor activation, main transcriptional regulators of cholesterol transporters (ABCA1, ABCB1, ABCG5/8, NPC1L1). Detection of protein and mRNA levels of cholesterol transporters in cells grown on filter inserts can pose challenges for which we highlight essential steps and alternative approaches for consideration. A protocol for viability assays with cells differentiated on filter inserts is provided for the first time. Conclusions The Caco-2 cell line is widely used in the scientific community as model for the intestinal epithelium, although with highly divergent protocols. The herein provided information and protocols can be a common basis for researchers intending to use Caco-2 cells in the context of cellular cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Hiebl
- 1Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Schachner
- 1Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angela Ladurner
- 1Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elke H Heiss
- 1Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Stangl
- 2Institute of Medical Chemistry, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena M Dirsch
- 1Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Li T, Hu S, Pang X, Wang J, Yin J, Li F, Wang J, Yang X, Xia B, Liu Y, Song W, Guo S. The marine-derived furanone reduces intracellular lipid accumulation in vitro by targeting LXRα and PPARα. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:3384-3398. [PMID: 31981312 PMCID: PMC7131916 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that commercially available lipid-lowering drugs cause various side effects; therefore, searching for anti-hyperlipidaemic compounds with lower toxicity is a research hotspot. This study was designed to investigate whether the marine-derived compound, 5-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-methyl-4-butylfuran-2(5H)-one, has an anti-hyperlipidaemic activity, and the potential underlying mechanism in vitro. Results showed that the furanone had weaker cytotoxicity compared to positive control drugs. In RAW 264.7 cells, the furanone significantly lowered ox-LDL-induced lipid accumulation (~50%), and its triglyceride (TG)-lowering effect was greater than that of liver X receptor (LXR) agonist T0901317. In addition, it significantly elevated the protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, which could be partially inhibited by LXR antagonists, GSK2033 and SR9243. In HepG2 cells, it significantly decreased oleic acid-induced lipid accumulation, enhanced the protein levels of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), ABCG5, ABCG8 and PPARα, and reduced the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (~32%). PPARα antagonists, GW6471 and MK886, could significantly inhibit the furanone-induced lipid-lowering effect. Furthermore, the furanone showed a significantly lower activity on the activation of the expression of lipogenic genes compared to T0901317. Taken together, the furanone exhibited a weak cytotoxicity but had powerful TC- and TG-lowering effects most likely through targeting LXRα and PPARα, respectively. These findings indicate that the furanone has a potential application for the treatment of dyslipidaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and AtherosclerosisSchool of PharmacyInnovative Drug Research CentreWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Shu‐Mei Hu
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and AtherosclerosisSchool of PharmacyInnovative Drug Research CentreWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Xiao‐Yan Pang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and AtherosclerosisSchool of PharmacyInnovative Drug Research CentreWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Jun‐feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio‐resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine MicrobiologySouth China Sea Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Jia‐Yu Yin
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and AtherosclerosisSchool of PharmacyInnovative Drug Research CentreWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Fa‐Hui Li
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and AtherosclerosisSchool of PharmacyInnovative Drug Research CentreWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Jin Wang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and AtherosclerosisSchool of PharmacyInnovative Drug Research CentreWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Xiao‐Qian Yang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and AtherosclerosisSchool of PharmacyInnovative Drug Research CentreWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Bin Xia
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and AtherosclerosisSchool of PharmacyInnovative Drug Research CentreWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Yong‐Hong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio‐resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/RNAM Center for Marine MicrobiologySouth China Sea Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Wei‐Guo Song
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and AtherosclerosisSchool of PharmacyInnovative Drug Research CentreWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
| | - Shou‐Dong Guo
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and AtherosclerosisSchool of PharmacyInnovative Drug Research CentreWeifang Medical UniversityWeifangChina
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Comorbidities of HIV infection: role of Nef-induced impairment of cholesterol metabolism and lipid raft functionality. AIDS 2020; 34:1-13. [PMID: 31789888 PMCID: PMC6903377 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy has dramatically changed the outcome of HIV infection, turning it from a death sentence to a manageable chronic disease. However, comorbidities accompanying HIV infection, such as metabolic and cardio-vascular diseases, as well as cognitive impairment, persist despite successful virus control by combination antiretroviral therapy and pose considerable challenges to clinical management of people living with HIV. These comorbidities involve a number of pathological processes affecting a variety of different tissues and cells, making it challenging to identify a common cause(s) that would link these different diseases to HIV infection. In this article, we will present evidence that impairment of cellular cholesterol metabolism may be a common factor driving pathogenesis of HIV-associated comorbidities. Potential implications for therapeutic approaches are discussed.
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23
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Xiao L, Luo G, Guo X, Jiang C, Zeng H, Zhou F, Li Y, Yu J, Yao P. Macrophage iron retention aggravates atherosclerosis: Evidence for the role of autocrine formation of hepcidin in plaque macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1865:158531. [PMID: 31666189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Iron accumulation has been frequently found in atherosclerotic lesions, especially in macrophages/foam cells, but the exact mechanisms by which hepcidin induces iron retention in plaque macrophages and its roles in atherogenesis remain unknown. Double immunofluorescence staining showed colocalization of hepcidin-positive macrophages with ox-LDL, TLR4, p-p65 and ferritin light chain (ferritin-L) both in human and murine atherosclerotic lesions. RAW264.7 macrophages incubated with ox-LDL showed elevated expression of TLR4, p-p65, hepcidin, ferritin-L/H, CYP27A1, CD36, PPARγ, liver X receptor α (LXRα), and ATP binding cassette transporter A1/G1 (ABCA1/G1), as well as increased intracellular labile iron pool level and lipid accumulation. Ox-LDL-induced iron retention and lipid accumulation were aggravated by lipopolysaccharide but blocked by TAK-242, an antagonist of TLR4. Moreover, macrophage TLR4/NF-κB pathway activation and foaming triggered by ox-LDL was enhanced by ferric ammonium citrate or exogenous hepcidin but attenuated by hepcidin silencing or the use of iron chelator. Meanwhile, the addition of hepcidin stimulated CD36-mediated Dil-labeled-ox-LDL uptake and inhibited the LXRα-ABCA1/G1 pathway-dependent cholesterol efflux in macrophages, which was significantly reversed by 27-hydroxycholesterol but further exacerbated by cyclosporin A, a selective inhibitor of CYP27A1. Our study provided the evidence that iron trapped in atherosclerosis plaque macrophages contributes to cholesterol disequilibrium-initiated foam cell formation, which is provoked by the unique but largely unknown autocrine formation of hepcidin in plaque macrophages via activating the TLR4/NF-κB pathway when exposed to ox-LDL. Such findings, considering the intricate vicious cycle between macrophage hepcidin autocrine-triggered iron retention and cholesterol disequilibrium, may shed new light on the "iron hypothesis" of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Gang Luo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiaoping Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chunjie Jiang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hongmei Zeng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, 2021 Buxin Road, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Jiasheng Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HuaZhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ping Yao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Yu XH, Zhang DW, Zheng XL, Tang CK. Cholesterol transport system: An integrated cholesterol transport model involved in atherosclerosis. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 73:65-91. [PMID: 30528667 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the pathological basis of most cardiovascular disease (CVD), is closely associated with cholesterol accumulation in the arterial intima. Excessive cholesterol is removed by the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway, representing a major antiatherogenic mechanism. In addition to the RCT, other pathways are required for maintaining the whole-body cholesterol homeostasis. Thus, we propose a working model of integrated cholesterol transport, termed the cholesterol transport system (CTS), to describe body cholesterol metabolism. The novel model not only involves the classical view of RCT but also contains other steps, such as cholesterol absorption in the small intestine, low-density lipoprotein uptake by the liver, and transintestinal cholesterol excretion. Extensive studies have shown that dysfunctional CTS is one of the major causes for hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Currently, several drugs are available to improve the CTS efficiently. There are also several therapeutic approaches that have entered into clinical trials and shown considerable promise for decreasing the risk of CVD. In recent years, a variety of novel findings reveal the molecular mechanisms for the CTS and its role in the development of atherosclerosis, thereby providing novel insights into the understanding of whole-body cholesterol transport and metabolism. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in this area with an emphasis on the therapeutic potential of targeting the CTS in CVD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Sciences Center, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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Wang X, Luo J, Li N, Liu L, Han X, Liu C, Zuo X, Jiang X, Li Y, Xu Y, Si S. E3317 promotes cholesterol efflux in macrophage cells via enhancing ABCA1 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 504:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kallol S, Huang X, Müller S, Ontsouka CE, Albrecht C. Novel Insights into Concepts and Directionality of Maternal⁻Fetal Cholesterol Transfer across the Human Placenta. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082334. [PMID: 30096856 PMCID: PMC6121295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is indispensable for cellular membrane composition and function. It is also a precursor for the synthesis of steroid hormones, which promote, among others, the maturation of fetal organs. A role of the ATP-binding-cassette-transporter-A1 (ABCA1) in the transport of maternal cholesterol to the fetus was suggested by transferring cholesterol to apolipoprotein-A-1 (apo-A1), but the directionality of the apoA-1/ABCA1-dependent cholesterol transport remains unclear. We isolated primary trophoblasts from term placentae to test the hypotheses that (1) apoA-1/ABCA1 dispatches cholesterol mainly towards the fetus to support fetal developmental maturation at term, and (2) differentiated syncytiotrophoblasts (STB) exert higher cholesterol transport activity than undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts (CTB). As experimental models, we used (1) trophoblast monolayers grown on Transwell® system consisting of apical (maternal-like) and basal (fetal-like) compartments, and (2) trophoblasts grown on conventional culture plates at CTB and STB stages. Surprisingly, apoA-1-mediated cholesterol efflux operated almost exclusively at the apical-maternal side, where ABCA1 was also localized by immunofluorescence. We found greater cholesterol efflux capacity in STB, which was increased by liver-X-receptor agonist treatment and decreased by ABCA1 inhibition. We conclude that at term the apoA-1/ABCA1 pathway is rather involved in cholesterol transport to the mother than in transfer to the fully developed fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampada Kallol
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Xiao Huang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Stefan Müller
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Corneille Edgar Ontsouka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Christiane Albrecht
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
- Swiss National Center of Competence in Research, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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27
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El-Gendy BEDM, Goher SS, Hegazy LS, Arief MMH, Burris TP. Recent Advances in the Medicinal Chemistry of Liver X Receptors. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10935-10956. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahaa El-Dien M. El-Gendy
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa S. Goher
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Lamees S. Hegazy
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Mohamed M. H. Arief
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Thomas P. Burris
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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Feng T, Liu P, Wang X, Luo J, Zuo X, Jiang X, Liu C, Li Y, Li N, Chen M, Zhu N, Han X, Liu C, Xu Y, Si S. SIRT1 activator E1231 protects from experimental atherosclerosis and lowers plasma cholesterol and triglycerides by enhancing ABCA1 expression. Atherosclerosis 2018; 274:172-181. [PMID: 29787963 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent protein deacetylase. Recent studies have demonstrated that enhancing SIRT1 expression or activity may modulate cholesterol and lipid metabolism. However, pharmacological and molecular regulators for SIRT1 are scarce. Here, we aimed to find novel small molecule modulators of SIRT1 to regulate cholesterol and lipid metabolism. METHODS A high-throughput screening assay was established to identify SIRT1 activators. Surface plasmon resonance and immunoprecipitation were performed to confirm the interaction of E1231 with SIRT1. Cholesterol assay was performed to demonstrate the in vitro effect of E1231. The in vivo effect of E1231 was evaluated in experimental models. RESULTS E1231, a piperazine 1,4-diamide compound, was identified as a SIRT1 activator with EC50 value of 0.83 μM. E1231 interacted with recombinant human SIRT1 protein and deacetylated liver X receptor-alpha (LXRα). E1231 increased ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) expression in RAW 264.7 cells dependent on SIRT1 and LXRα. E1231 promoted cholesterol efflux and inhibited lipid accumulation in RAW 264.7 cells via SIRT1 and ABCA1. In the golden hamster hyperlipidemia model, E1231 treatment decreased total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in both serum and the liver, while increased cholesterol content in feces. Moreover, E1231 increased ABCA1 and SIRT1 protein expression in the liver. In ApoE-/- mice, E1231 treatment reduced atherosclerotic plaque development compared with untreated ApoE-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel SIRT1 activator E1231 and elucidated its beneficial effects on lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Our study suggests that E1231 might be developed as a novel drug for treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Feng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Peng Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jinque Luo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xuan Zuo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xinhai Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chang Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yongzhen Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ni Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Minghua Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ningyu Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiaowan Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chao Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yanni Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Shuyi Si
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Beijing, 100050, China.
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