1
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Fracassi A, Seoane A, Brea RJ, Lee HG, Harjung A, Devaraj NK. Abiotic lipid metabolism enables membrane plasticity in artificial cells. Nat Chem 2025:10.1038/s41557-025-01829-5. [PMID: 40404958 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-025-01829-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2025] [Indexed: 05/24/2025]
Abstract
The plasticity of living cell membranes relies on complex metabolic networks fueled by cellular energy. These metabolic processes exert direct control over membrane properties such as lipid composition and morphological plasticity, which are essential for cellular functions. Despite notable progress in the development of artificial systems mimicking natural membranes, the realization of synthetic membranes capable of sustaining metabolic cycles remains a challenge. Here we present an abiotic phospholipid metabolic network that generates and maintains dynamic artificial cell membranes. Chemical coupling agents drive the in situ synthesis of transiently stable non-canonical phospholipids, leading to the formation and maintenance of phospholipid membranes. We find that phospholipid metabolic cycles can drive lipid self-selection, favouring the enrichment of specific lipid species. Moreover, we demonstrate that controlling lipid metabolism can induce reversible membrane phase transitions, facilitating lipid mixing between distinct populations of artificial membranes. Our work demonstrates that a simple lipid metabolic network can drive dynamic behaviour in artificial membranes, offering insights into mechanisms for engineering functional synthetic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Fracassi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrés Seoane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Roberto J Brea
- Bioinspired Nanochemistry (BioNanoChem) Group, CICA Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Hong-Guen Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Harjung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Neal K Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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2
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Hazegh Nikroo A, Altenburg WJ, van Veldhuisen TW, Brunsveld L, van Hest JCM. Spatiotemporal Control Over Protein Release from Artificial Cells via a Light-Activatable Protease. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2025; 9:e2400353. [PMID: 39334525 PMCID: PMC12078871 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202400353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
The regulation of protein uptake and secretion by cells is paramount for intercellular signaling and complex multicellular behavior. Mimicking protein-mediated communication in artificial cells holds great promise to elucidate the underlying working principles, but remains challenging without the stimulus-responsive regulatory machinery of living cells. Therefore, systems to precisely control when and where protein release occurs should be incorporated in artificial cells. Here, a light-activatable TEV protease (LaTEV) is presented that enables spatiotemporal control over protein release from a coacervate-based artificial cell platform. Due to the presence of Ni2+-nitrilotriacetic acid moieties within the coacervates, His-tagged proteins are effectively sequestered into the coacervates. LaTEV is first photocaged, effectively blocking its activity. Upon activation by irradiation with 365 nm light, LaTEV cleaves the His-tags from sequestered cargo proteins, resulting in their release. The successful blocking and activation of LaTEV provides control over protein release rate and triggerable protein release from specific coacervates via selective irradiation. Furthermore, light-activated directional transfer of proteins between two artificial cell populations is demonstrated. Overall, this system opens up avenues to engineer light-responsive protein-mediated communication in artificial cell context, which can advance the probing of intercellular signaling and the development of protein delivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan Hazegh Nikroo
- Laboratory of Bio‐Organic ChemistryDepartment of Biomedical Engineeringand Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513Eindhoven5600 MBThe Netherlands
| | - Wiggert J. Altenburg
- Laboratory of Bio‐Organic ChemistryDepartment of Biomedical Engineeringand Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513Eindhoven5600 MBThe Netherlands
| | - Thijs W. van Veldhuisen
- Laboratory of Bio‐Organic ChemistryDepartment of Biomedical Engineeringand Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513Eindhoven5600 MBThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of Chemical BiologyDepartment of Biomedical Engineeringand Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513Eindhoven5600 MBThe Netherlands
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Chemical BiologyDepartment of Biomedical Engineeringand Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513Eindhoven5600 MBThe Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Laboratory of Bio‐Organic ChemistryDepartment of Biomedical Engineeringand Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513Eindhoven5600 MBThe Netherlands
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3
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Akter M, Moghimianavval H, Luker GD, Liu AP. Light-Triggered Protease-Mediated Release of Actin-Bound Cargo from Synthetic Cells. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2025; 9:e2400539. [PMID: 39825686 PMCID: PMC12078867 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202400539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2024] [Revised: 12/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/20/2025]
Abstract
Synthetic cells offer a versatile platform for addressing biomedical and environmental challenges, due to their modular design and capability to mimic cellular processes such as biosensing, intercellular communication, and metabolism. Constructing synthetic cells capable of stimuli-responsive secretion is vital for applications in targeted drug delivery and biosensor development. Previous attempts at engineering secretion for synthetic cells have been confined to non-specific cargo release via membrane pores, limiting the spatiotemporal precision and specificity necessary for selective secretion. Here, a protein-based platform termed TEV Protease-mediated Releasable Actin-binding Protein (TRAP) is designed and constructed for selective, rapid, and triggerable secretion in synthetic cells. TRAP is designed to bind tightly to reconstituted actin networks and is proteolytically released from bound actin, followed by secretion via cell-penetrating peptide membrane translocation. TRAP's efficacy in facilitating light-activated secretion of both fluorescent and luminescent proteins is demonstrated. By equipping synthetic cells with a controlled secretion mechanism, TRAP paves the way for the development of stimuli-responsive biomaterials, versatile synthetic cell-based biosensing systems, and therapeutic applications through the integration of synthetic cells with living cells for targeted delivery of protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Akter
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | | | - Gary D. Luker
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Allen P. Liu
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology ProgramUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Department of BiophysicsUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
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4
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Riexinger J, Caganek T, Wang X, Yin Y, Chung K, Zhou L, Bayley H, Krishna Kumar R. High-Resolution Patterned Delivery of Chemical Signals From 3D-Printed Picoliter Droplet Networks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2025:e2412292. [PMID: 40304119 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202412292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2024] [Revised: 11/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2025]
Abstract
Synthetic cells, such as giant unilamellar vesicles, can be engineered to detect and release chemical signals to control target cell behavior. However, control over target-cell populations is limited due to poor spatial or temporal resolution and the inability of synthetic cells to deliver patterned signals. Here, 3D-printed picoliter droplet networks are described that direct gene expression in underlying bacterial populations by patterned release of a chemical signal with temporal control. Shrinkage of the droplet networks prior to use achieves spatial control over gene expression with ≈50 µm resolution. Ways to store chemical signals in the droplet networks and to activate release at controlled points in time are also demonstrated. Finally, it is shown that the spatially-controlled delivery system can regulate competition between bacteria by inducing the patterned expression of toxic bacteriocins. This system provides the groundwork for the use of picoliter droplet networks in fundamental biology and in medicine in applications that require the controlled formation of chemical gradients (i.e., for the purpose of local control of gene expression) within a target group of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorin Riexinger
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Thomas Caganek
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
- Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Xingzao Wang
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Yutong Yin
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Khoa Chung
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Linna Zhou
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Hagan Bayley
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Ravinash Krishna Kumar
- Section of Structural and Synthetic Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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5
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Yandrapalli N. Bottom-up development of lipid-based synthetic cells for practical applications. Trends Biotechnol 2025:S0167-7799(25)00094-0. [PMID: 40263003 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2025.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2025] [Accepted: 03/11/2025] [Indexed: 04/24/2025]
Abstract
Synthetic cells (SCs) can be engineered from the bottom up to recapitulate the functional properties of natural cells while performing specialized tasks such as drug delivery, biosensors, bioproduction, vaccine development, and even environmental remediation. Recent advances in synthetic biology, biomaterials, and microfluidics have enabled the development of increasingly sophisticated SCs. Transitioning from proof-of-concept demonstrations to practical applications requires a deep understanding of the design principles, materials, and fabrication techniques involved. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of bottom-up SC technology and highlights the most promising approaches and applications. Challenges in the implementation of SCs and their prospects for future applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Yandrapalli
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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6
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Wang L, Su F, Huang H, Jiang Q, Kong H, Pei Z. Application of mRNA technology in neuronal protection of human mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Tissue Cell 2025; 93:102788. [PMID: 39933411 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2025.102788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2025] [Accepted: 02/06/2025] [Indexed: 02/13/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although human mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (hmBDNF) offers potential neuronal protection, its clinical translation remains challenging. Messenger RNA (mRNA) technology is promising in selectively upregulating protein cleavage products. This proof-of-concept study aims to evaluate the neuronal protective effects of hmBDNF mRNA in vitro. METHODS We optimized and synthesized hmBDNF mRNA and conducted dose-response and time-response analyses in SH-SY5Y cells. mRNA expression was assessed via qPCR, while protein expression was evaluated through immunostaining and ELISA. Cell survival rate was measured using cell counting kit-8. We examined cell survival rates in both differentiated and non-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells exposed to H2O2 or serum deprivation following hmBDNF mRNA incubation. Additionally, we assessed the expression of synapse-relevant genes (MAP2, synaptophysin) and the mBDNF receptor (TrkB) in both cell types. RESULTS The optimized hmBDNF mRNA effectively upregulated hmBDNF expression in SH-SY5Y cells with minimal impact on endogenous proBDNF expression. Dose-response and time-response analyses identified the optimal dose and time point for maximum hmBDNF expression. hmBDNF mRNA significantly increased cell survival in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells expressing MAP2, synaptophysin and TrkB after exposure to oxidative stress or serum deprivation. However, hmBDNF mRNA did not enhance cell survival in non-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. CONCLUSION The optimized hmBDNF mRNA demonstrated a capacity for neuronal protection in vitro. Further in-vivo studies are required to assess its potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, Guangzhou 510080, China; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Fengjuan Su
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, Guangzhou 510080, China; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Heng Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, Guangzhou 510080, China; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qiuhong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, Guangzhou 510080, China; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Haifang Kong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, Guangzhou 510080, China; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhong Pei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases, Guangzhou 510080, China; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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7
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Burgstaller A, Madureira S, Staufer O. Synthetic cells in tissue engineering. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2025; 92:103252. [PMID: 39847957 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2024] [Revised: 12/17/2024] [Accepted: 12/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2025]
Abstract
Tissue functions rely on complex structural, biochemical, and biomechanical cues that guide cellular behavior and organization. Synthetic cells, a promising new class of biomaterials, hold significant potential for mimicking these tissue properties using simplified, nonliving building blocks. Advanced synthetic cell models have already shown utility in biotechnology and immunology, including applications in cancer targeting and antigen presentation. Recent bottom-up approaches have also enabled synthetic cells to assemble into 3D structures with controlled intercellular interactions, creating tissue-like architectures. Despite these advancements, challenges remain in replicating multicellular behaviors and dynamic mechanical environments. Here, we review recent advancements in synthetic cell-based tissue formation and introduce a three-pillar framework to streamline the development of synthetic tissues. This approach, focusing on synthetic extracellular matrix integration, synthetic cell self-organization, and adaptive biomechanics, could enable scalable synthetic tissues engineering for regenerative medicine and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Burgstaller
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Campus E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Campus Saarland, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sara Madureira
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Campus E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Campus Saarland, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Oskar Staufer
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Campus E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Center for Biophysics, Saarland University, Campus Saarland, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Max Planck Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom.
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8
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Wang M, Nan H, Wang M, Yang S, Liu L, Wang HH, Nie Z. Responsive DNA artificial cells for contact and behavior regulation of mammalian cells. Nat Commun 2025; 16:2410. [PMID: 40069211 PMCID: PMC11897219 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-57770-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2025] [Indexed: 03/15/2025] Open
Abstract
Artificial cells have emerged as synthetic entities designed to mimic the functionalities of natural cells, but their interactive ability with mammalian cells remains challenging. Herein, we develop a generalizable and modular strategy to engineer DNA-empowered stimulable artificial cells designated to regulate mammalian cells (STARM) via synthetic contact-dependent communication. Constructed through temperature-controlled DNA self-assembly involving liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), STARMs feature organized all-DNA cytoplasm-mimic and membrane-mimic compartments. These compartments can integrate functional nucleic acid (FNA) modules and light-responsive gold nanorods (AuNRs) to establish a programmable sense-and-respond mechanism to specific stimuli, such as light or ions, orchestrating diverse biological functions, including tissue formation and cellular signaling. By combining two designer STARMs into a dual-channel system, we achieve orthogonally regulated cellular signaling in multicellular communities. Ultimately, the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of STARM in light-guided muscle regeneration in living animals demonstrates the promising potential of smart artificial cells in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo and Biosensing, Hunan University, Changsha, PR China
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, PR China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hexin Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo and Biosensing, Hunan University, Changsha, PR China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Meixia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo and Biosensing, Hunan University, Changsha, PR China
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Sihui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo and Biosensing, Hunan University, Changsha, PR China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo and Biosensing, Hunan University, Changsha, PR China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Hong-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo and Biosensing, Hunan University, Changsha, PR China.
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, PR China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, PR China.
| | - Zhou Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo and Biosensing, Hunan University, Changsha, PR China.
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, PR China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, PR China.
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9
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Zhou ZR, Wu MS, Yang Z, Wu Y, Guo W, Li DW, Qian RC, Lu Y. Synthetic transmembrane DNA receptors enable engineered sensing and actuation. Nat Commun 2025; 16:1464. [PMID: 39920144 PMCID: PMC11806108 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-56758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2025] [Indexed: 02/09/2025] Open
Abstract
In living organisms, cells synergistically couple cascade reaction pathways to achieve inter- and intracellular signal transduction by transmembrane protein receptors. The construction and assembly of synthetic receptor analogs that can mimic such biological processes is a central goal of synthetic biochemistry and bionanotechnology to endow receptors with user-defined signal transduction effects. However, designing artificial transmembrane receptors with the desired input, output, and performance parameters are challenging. Here we show that the dimerization of synthetic transmembrane DNA receptors executes a systematically engineered sensing and actuation cascade in response to external molecular signals. The synthetic DNA receptors are composed of three parts, including an extracellular signal reception part, a lipophilic transmembrane anchoring part, and an intracellular signal output part. Upon the input of external signals, the DNA receptors can form dimers on the cell surface triggered by configuration changes, leading to a series of downstream cascade events including communication between donor and recipient cells, gene transcription regulation, protein level control, and cell apoptosis. We believe this work establishes a flexible cell surface engineering strategy that is broadly applicable to implement sophisticated biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Rui Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials. East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Joint International Laboratory for Precision Chemistry. East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry. East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Man-Sha Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials. East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Joint International Laboratory for Precision Chemistry. East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry. East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Zhenglin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Yuting Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Weijie Guo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Da-Wei Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials. East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Joint International Laboratory for Precision Chemistry. East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry. East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ruo-Can Qian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials. East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
- Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Joint International Laboratory for Precision Chemistry. East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry. East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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10
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Siquenique S, Ackerman S, Schroeder A, Sarmento B. Bioengineering lipid-based synthetic cells for therapeutic protein delivery. Trends Biotechnol 2025; 43:348-363. [PMID: 39209601 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2024.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic cells (SCs) offer a promising approach for therapeutic protein delivery, combining principles from synthetic biology and drug delivery. Engineered to mimic natural cells, SCs provide biocompatibility and versatility, with precise control over their architecture and composition. Protein production is essential in living cells, and SCs aim to replicate this process using compartmentalized cell-free protein synthesis systems within lipid bilayers. Lipid bilayers serve as favored membranes in SC design due to their similarity to the biological cell membrane. Moreover, engineering lipidic membranes enable tissue-specific targeting and immune evasion, while stimulus-responsive SCs allow for triggered protein production and release. This Review explores lipid-based SCs as platforms for therapeutic protein delivery, discussing their design principles, functional attributes, and translational challenges and potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Siquenique
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Shanny Ackerman
- The Louis Family Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Avi Schroeder
- The Louis Family Laboratory for Targeted Drug Delivery and Personalized Medicine Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; IUCS-CESPU - Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra, Portugal.
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11
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Hunt A, Rasor BJ, Seki K, Ekas HM, Warfel KF, Karim AS, Jewett MC. Cell-Free Gene Expression: Methods and Applications. Chem Rev 2025; 125:91-149. [PMID: 39700225 PMCID: PMC11719329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 10/21/2024] [Indexed: 12/21/2024]
Abstract
Cell-free gene expression (CFE) systems empower synthetic biologists to build biological molecules and processes outside of living intact cells. The foundational principle is that precise, complex biomolecular transformations can be conducted in purified enzyme or crude cell lysate systems. This concept circumvents mechanisms that have evolved to facilitate species survival, bypasses limitations on molecular transport across the cell wall, and provides a significant departure from traditional, cell-based processes that rely on microscopic cellular "reactors." In addition, cell-free systems are inherently distributable through freeze-drying, which allows simple distribution before rehydration at the point-of-use. Furthermore, as cell-free systems are nonliving, they provide built-in safeguards for biocontainment without the constraints attendant on genetically modified organisms. These features have led to a significant increase in the development and use of CFE systems over the past two decades. Here, we discuss recent advances in CFE systems and highlight how they are transforming efforts to build cells, control genetic networks, and manufacture biobased products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
C. Hunt
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center
for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Blake J. Rasor
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center
for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kosuke Seki
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center
for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Holly M. Ekas
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center
for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Katherine F. Warfel
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center
for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ashty S. Karim
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center
for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center
for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Chemistry
of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Robert
H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern
University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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12
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Moghimianavval H, Loi KJ, Hwang S, Bashirzadeh Y, Liu AP. Light-Based Juxtacrine Signaling Between Synthetic Cells. SMALL SCIENCE 2025; 5:2400401. [PMID: 40212648 PMCID: PMC11935020 DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202400401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2024] [Revised: 10/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2025] Open
Abstract
Cell signaling through direct physical cell-cell contacts plays vital roles in biology during development, angiogenesis, and immune response. Intercellular communication mechanisms between synthetic cells constructed from the bottom up are majorly reliant on diffusible chemical signals, thus limiting the range of responses in receiver cells. Engineering contact-dependent signaling between synthetic cells promises to unlock more complicated signaling schemes with spatial responses. Herein, a light-activated contact-dependent communication scheme for synthetic cells is designed and demonstrated. A split luminescent protein is utilized to limit signal generation exclusively to contact interfaces of synthetic cells, driving the recruitment of a photoswitchable protein in receiver cells, akin to juxtacrine signaling in living cells. The modular design not only demonstrates contact-dependent communication between synthetic cells but also provides a platform for engineering orthogonal contact-dependent signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle J. Loi
- Neuroscience ProgramUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology ProgramUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Sung‐Won Hwang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Yashar Bashirzadeh
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Allen P. Liu
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology ProgramUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- Department of BiophysicsUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
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13
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Holler S, Casiraghi F, Hanczyc MM. Internal State of Vesicles Affects Higher Order State of Vesicle Assembly and Interaction. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:49316-49322. [PMID: 39713690 PMCID: PMC11656350 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c06037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 11/20/2024] [Accepted: 11/25/2024] [Indexed: 12/24/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic soft matter systems composed of functionalized vesicles and liposomes are typically produced and then manipulated through external means, including the addition of exogenous molecules. In biology, natural cells possess greater autonomy, as their internal states are continuously updated, enabling them to effect higher order properties of the system. Therefore, a conceptual and technical gap exists between the natural and artificial systems. We engineered functionalized vesicles to form multicore aggregates capable of self-assembly due to the presence of complementary ssDNA strands. A dynamic process was then triggered through an exogenously triggered on-demand release of an endogenously produced displacer molecule, resulting in multicore aggregate disassembly. This approach explores how internal states of vesicles can affect the external organization, demonstrating a very simple programmable strategy for assembly and then endogenous disassembly. This framework supports the exploration of larger and more complex multicore entities, opening a path toward community behavior and a higher degree of autonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Holler
- Cellular
Computational and Biology Department, CIBIO, Laboratory for Artificial
Biology, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Povo 38123, Italy
| | - Federica Casiraghi
- Cellular
Computational and Biology Department, CIBIO, Laboratory for Artificial
Biology, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Povo 38123, Italy
| | - Martin Michael Hanczyc
- Cellular
Computational and Biology Department, CIBIO, Laboratory for Artificial
Biology, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Povo 38123, Italy
- Chemical
and Biological Engineering, University of
New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, United States
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14
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Cooper A, Subramaniam AB. Ultrahigh yields of giant vesicles obtained through mesophase evolution and breakup. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:9547-9561. [PMID: 39618312 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm01109k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2024]
Abstract
Self-assembly of dry amphiphilic lipid films on surfaces upon hydration is a crucial step in the formation of cell-like giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). GUVs are useful as biophysical models, as soft materials, as chassis for bottom-up synthetic biology, and in biomedical applications. Here via combined quantitative measurements of the molar yield and distributions of sizes and high-resolution imaging of the evolution of thin lipid films on surfaces, we report the discovery of a previously unknown pathway of lipid self-assembly which can lead to ultrahigh yields of GUVs of >50%. This yield is about 60% higher than any GUV yield reported to date. The "shear-induced fragmentation" pathway occurs in membranes containing 3 mol% of the poly(ethylene glycol) modified lipid PEG2000-DSPE (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000]), when a lipid-dense foam-like mesophase forms upon hydration. The membranes in the mesophase fragment and close to form GUVs upon application of fluid shear. Experiments with varying mol% of PEG2000-DSPE and with lipids with partial molecular similarity to PEG2000-DSPE show that ultrahigh yields are only achievable under conditions where the lipid-dense mesophase forms. The increased yield of GUVs compared to mixtures without PEG2000-DSPE was general to flat supporting surfaces such as stainless steel sheets and to various lipid mixtures. In addition to increasing their accessibility as soft materials, these results demonstrate a route to obtaining ultrahigh yields of cell-sized liposomes using longstanding clinically-approved lipid formulations that could be useful for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
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15
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Ventura-Cobos J, Climent E, Martínez-Máñez R, Llopis-Lorente A. Chemical Communication between Giant Vesicles and Gated Nanoparticles for Strip-Based Sensing. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:14050-14057. [PMID: 39442006 PMCID: PMC11544697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c04022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2024] [Revised: 10/18/2024] [Accepted: 10/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024]
Abstract
Inspired by nature, the development of artificial micro/nanosystems capable of communicating has become an emergent topic in nanotechnology, synthetic biology, and related areas. However, the demonstration of actual applications still has to come. Here, we demonstrate how chemical communication between micro- and nanoparticles can be used for the design of sensing systems. To realize this, we synergistically combine two different types of particles: i.e., giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) as senders and gated mesoporous nanoparticles as receivers. The use of engineered GUVs allows the detection of analytes based on responsive membranes, while the use of gated nanoparticles allows a straightforward application on test strips with smartphone-based detection. In addition, we demonstrate that the combined communication system exhibits signal amplification and its application in real samples employing the bacterial toxin α-hemolysin as target analyte. Altogether, our report presents a new route for engineering sensing systems based on the combination of communicative micro/nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Ventura-Cobos
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
| | - Estela Climent
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
- CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN),
Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Unidad
Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat Politècnica de València,
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE), Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell
106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
- CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN),
Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Unidad
Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat Politècnica de València,
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE), Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell
106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Unidad
Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades
y Nanomedicina, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Centro de Investigación Príncipe
Felipe, C/Eduardo Primo
Yúfera 3, 46100 Valencia, Spain
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Camino
de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antoni Llopis-Lorente
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
- CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN),
Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Camino
de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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16
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Kasapgil E, Garay-Sarmiento M, Rodriguez-Emmenegger C. Advanced Antibacterial Strategies for Combatting Biomaterial-Associated Infections: A Comprehensive Review. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e2018. [PMID: 39654369 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2024] [Revised: 10/16/2024] [Accepted: 11/06/2024] [Indexed: 12/19/2024]
Abstract
Biomaterial-associated infections (BAIs) pose significant challenges in modern medical technologies, being a major postoperative complication and leading cause of implant failure. These infections significantly risk patient health, resulting in prolonged hospitalization, increased morbidity and mortality rates, and elevated treatment expenses. This comprehensive review examines the mechanisms driving bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on biomaterial surfaces, offering an in-depth analysis of current antimicrobial strategies for preventing BAIs. We explore antimicrobial-eluting biomaterials, contact-killing surfaces, and antifouling coatings, emphasizing the application of antifouling polymer brushes on medical devices. Recent advancements in multifunctional antimicrobial biomaterials, which integrate multiple mechanisms for superior protection against BAIs, are also discussed. By evaluating the advantages and limitations of these strategies, this review aims to guide the design and development of highly efficient and biocompatible antimicrobial biomaterials. We highlight potential design routes that facilitate the transition from laboratory research to clinical applications. Additionally, we provide insights into the potential of synthetic biology as a novel approach to combat antimicrobial resistance. This review aspires to inspire future research and innovation, ultimately improving patient outcomes and advancing medical device technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Kasapgil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Bakircay University, Izmir, Turkey
- Bioinspired Interactive Materials and Protocellular Systems Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuela Garay-Sarmiento
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - César Rodriguez-Emmenegger
- Bioinspired Interactive Materials and Protocellular Systems Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking, Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, The Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Valente S, Galanti A, Maghin E, Najdi N, Piccoli M, Gobbo P. Matching Together Living Cells and Prototissues: Will There Be Chemistry? Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400378. [PMID: 39031571 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Scientific advancements in bottom-up synthetic biology have led to the development of numerous models of synthetic cells, or protocells. To date, research has mainly focused on increasing the (bio)chemical complexity of these bioinspired micro-compartmentalized systems, yet the successful integration of protocells with living cells remains one of the major challenges in bottom-up synthetic biology. In this review, we aim to summarize the current state of the art in hybrid protocell/living cell and prototissue/living cell systems. Inspired by recent breakthroughs in tissue engineering, we review the chemical, bio-chemical, and mechano-chemical aspects that hold promise for achieving an effective integration of non-living and living matter. The future production of fully integrated protocell/living cell systems and increasingly complex prototissue/living tissue systems not only has the potential to revolutionize the field of tissue engineering, but also paves the way for new technologies in (bio)sensing, personalized therapy, and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Valente
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Agostino Galanti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Edoardo Maghin
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy
| | - Nahid Najdi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Martina Piccoli
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127, Padova, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Gobbo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Unit of Trieste, Via G. Giusti 9, 50121, Firenze, Italy
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18
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Akter M, Moghimianavval H, Luker GD, Liu AP. Light-triggered protease-mediated release of actin-bound cargo from synthetic cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.09.15.613133. [PMID: 39314483 PMCID: PMC11419145 DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.15.613133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic cells offer a versatile platform for addressing biomedical and environmental challenges, due to their modular design and capability to mimic cellular processes such as biosensing, intercellular communication, and metabolism. Constructing synthetic cells capable of stimuli-responsive secretion is vital for applications in targeted drug delivery and biosensor development. Previous attempts at engineering secretion for synthetic cells have been confined to non-specific cargo release via membrane pores, limiting the spatiotemporal precision and specificity necessary for selective secretion. Here, we designed and constructed a protein-based platform termed TEV Protease-mediated Releasable Actin-binding protein (TRAP) for selective, rapid, and triggerable secretion in synthetic cells. TRAP is designed to bind tightly to reconstituted actin networks and is proteolytically released from bound actin, followed by secretion via cell-penetrating peptide membrane translocation. We demonstrated TRAP's efficacy in facilitating light-activated secretion of both fluorescent and luminescent proteins. By equipping synthetic cells with a controlled secretion mechanism, TRAP paves the way for the development of stimuli-responsive biomaterials, versatile synthetic cell-based biosensing systems, and therapeutic applications through the integration of synthetic cells with living cells for targeted delivery of protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Akter
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | | | - Gary D. Luker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Allen P. Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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19
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Llopis-Lorente A, Shao J, Ventura J, Buddingh′ BC, Martínez-Máñez R, van Hest JCM, Abdelmohsen LKEA. Spatiotemporal Communication in Artificial Cell Consortia for Dynamic Control of DNA Nanostructures. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:1619-1628. [PMID: 39220708 PMCID: PMC11363350 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.4c00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal orchestration of cellular processes is a ubiquitous phenomenon in pluricellular organisms and bacterial communities, where sender cells secrete chemical signals that activate specific pathways in distant receivers. Despite its importance, the engineering and investigation of spatiotemporal communication in artificial cell consortia remains underexplored. In this study, we present spatiotemporal communication between cellular-scale entities acting as both senders and receivers. The transmitted signals are leveraged to elicit conformational alterations within compartmentalized DNA structures. Specifically, sender entities control and generate diffusive chemical signals, namely, variations in pH, through the conversion of biomolecular inputs. In the receiver population, compartmentalized DNA nanostructures exhibit changes in conformation, transitioning between triplex and duplex assemblies, in response to this pH variation. We demonstrate the temporal regulation of activated DNA nanostructures through the coordinated action of two antagonistic sender populations. Furthermore, we illustrate the transient distance-dependent activation of the receivers, facilitated by sender populations situated at defined spatial locations. Collectively, our findings provide novel avenues for the design of artificial cell consortia endowed with programmable spatiotemporal dynamics through chemical communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Llopis-Lorente
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
- CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jingxin Shao
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jordi Ventura
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
| | - Bastiaan C. Buddingh′
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
- CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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20
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Wang M, Zhong H, Li Y, Li J, Zhang X, He F, Wei P, Wang HH, Nie Z. Advances in Bioinspired Artificial System Enabling Biomarker-Driven Therapy. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401593. [PMID: 38923644 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Bioinspired molecular engineering strategies have emerged as powerful tools that significantly enhance the development of novel therapeutics, improving efficacy, specificity, and safety in disease treatment. Recent advancements have focused on identifying and utilizing disease-associated biomarkers to optimize drug activity and address challenges inherent in traditional therapeutics, such as frequent drug administrations, poor patient adherence, and increased risk of adverse effects. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in bioinspired artificial systems (BAS) that use molecular engineering to tailor therapeutic responses to drugs in the presence of disease-specific biomarkers. We examine the transition from open-loop systems, which rely on external cues, to closed-loop feedback systems capable of autonomous self-regulation in response to disease-associated biomarkers. We detail various BAS modalities designed to achieve biomarker-driven therapy, including activatable prodrug molecules, smart drug delivery platforms, autonomous artificial cells, and synthetic receptor-based cell therapies, elucidating their operational principles and practical in vivo applications. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future perspectives in the advancement of BAS-enabled technology and envision that ongoing advancements toward more programmable and customizable BAS-based therapeutics will significantly enhance precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Huan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yangbing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Fang He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Ping Wei
- Center for Cell and Gene Circuit Design, CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hong-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zhou Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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21
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Gao Z, Sun H, Yang S, Li M, Qi N, Cui J. Red Blood Cell-Like Poly(ethylene glycol) Particles: Influence of Particle Stiffness on Biological Behaviors. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:966-971. [PMID: 39038183 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Cell-like particles represent a category of synthetic particles designed to emulate the structures or functions of natural cells. Herein, we present the assembly of cell-like poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) particles with different stiffnesses and shapes via replication of animal cells and investigate the impact of particle stiffness on their biological behaviors. As a proof of concept, we fabricate red blood cell-like and spherical PEG particles with varying cross-linking densities. A systematic exploration of their properties, encompassing morphology, stiffness, deformability, and biodistribution, reveal the vital influence of particle stiffness on in vivo fate, elucidating its role in governing the traversal of capillaries and the dynamic interactions with phagocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Hongning Sun
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Mengqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Na Qi
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Jiwei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Targeted Drug Delivery and Advanced Pharmaceutics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
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22
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Li C, Wang D, Gao H, Fu T, He L, Han D, Tan W. Leveraging DNA-Encoded Cell-Mimics for Environment-Adaptive Transmembrane Channel Release-Induced Cell Death. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406186. [PMID: 38738850 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The advancement of cell-mimic materials, which can forge sophisticated physicochemical dialogues with living cells, has unlocked a realm of intriguing prospects within the fields of synthetic biology and biomedical engineering. Inspired by the evolutionarily acquired ability of T lymphocytes to release perforin and generate transmembrane channels on targeted cells for killing, herein we present a pioneering DNA-encoded artificial T cell mimic model (ARTC) that accurately mimics T-cell-like behavior. ARTC responds to acidic conditions similar to those found in the tumor microenvironment and then selectively releases a G-rich DNA strand (LG4) embedded with C12 lipid and cholesterol molecules. Once released, LG4 effectively integrates into the membranes of neighboring live cells, behaving as an artificial transmembrane channel that selectively transports K+ ions and disrupts cellular homeostasis, ultimately inducing apoptosis. We hope that the emergence of ARTC will usher in new perspectives for revolutionizing future disease treatment and catalyzing the development of advanced biomedical technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Li
- The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Dan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Haiyan Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Ting Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Lei He
- The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | - Da Han
- The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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23
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Peng Z, Kanno S, Shimba K, Miyamoto Y, Yagi T. Synthetic DNA nanopores for direct molecular transmission between lipid vesicles. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:12174-12183. [PMID: 38842009 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01344a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Lipid vesicles hold potential as artificial cells in bottom-up synthetic biology, and as tools in drug delivery and biosensing. Transmitting molecular signals is a key function for vesicle-based systems. One strategy to achieve this function is by releasing molecular signals from vesicles through nanopores. Nevertheless, in this strategy, an excess of molecular signals may be required to reach the targets, due to the dispersion of the signals during diffusion. The key to achieving the efficient utilization of signals is to shorten the distance between the sender vesicle and the target. Here, we present a pair of DNA nanopores that can connect and form a direct molecular pathway between vesicles. The nanopores are self-assembled from nine single DNA strands, including six 14-nucleotide single-stranded overhangs as sticky-end segments, enabling them to bind with each other. Incorporating nanopores shortens the distance between different populations of vesicles, allowing less diffusion of molecules into bulk solution. To further reduce the loss of molecules, a DNA nanocap is added to one of the nanopore's openings. The nanocap can be removed through the toehold-mediated DNA strand displacement when the nanopore meets its counterpart. Our DNA nanopores provide a novel molecular transmission tool to lipid vesicles-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zugui Peng
- School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 403, Ishikawadai Bldg. 3, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
| | - Shoichiro Kanno
- School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 403, Ishikawadai Bldg. 3, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
| | - Kenta Shimba
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8563, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Miyamoto
- School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 403, Ishikawadai Bldg. 3, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Tohru Yagi
- School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 403, Ishikawadai Bldg. 3, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
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24
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Ji Y, Qiao Y. Tuning interfacial fluidity and colloidal stability of membranized coacervate protocells. Commun Chem 2024; 7:122. [PMID: 38831043 PMCID: PMC11148010 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The cell membrane not only serves as the boundary between the cell's interior and the external environment but also plays a crucial role in regulating fundamental cellular behaviours. Interfacial membranization of membraneless coacervates, formed through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), represents a reliable approach to constructing hierarchical cell-like entities known as protocells. In this study, we demonstrate the capability to modulate the interfacial membrane fluidity and thickness of dextran-bound coacervate protocells by adjusting the molecular weight of dextran or utilizing dextranase-catalyzed hydrolysis. This modulation allows for rational control over colloidal stability, interfacial molecular transport and cell-protocell interactions. Our work opens a new avenue for surface engineering of coacervate protocells, enabling the establishment of cell-mimicking structures and behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanglimin Ji
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Qiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
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25
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Erguven H, Wang L, Gutierrez B, Beaven AH, Sodt AJ, Izgu EC. Biomimetic Vesicles with Designer Phospholipids Can Sense Environmental Redox Cues. JACS AU 2024; 4:1841-1853. [PMID: 38818047 PMCID: PMC11134385 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Cell-like materials that sense environmental cues can serve as next-generation biosensors and help advance the understanding of intercellular communication. Currently, bottom-up engineering of protocell models from molecular building blocks remains a grand challenge chemists face. Herein, we describe giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) with biomimetic lipid membranes capable of sensing environmental redox cues. The GUVs employ activity-based sensing through designer phospholipids that are fluorescently activated in response to specific reductive (hydrogen sulfide) or oxidative (hydrogen peroxide) conditions. These synthetic phospholipids are derived from 1,2-dipalmitoyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine and they possess a headgroup with heterocyclic aromatic motifs. Despite their structural deviation from the phosphocholine headgroup, the designer phospholipids (0.5-1.0 mol %) mixed with natural lipids can vesiculate, and the resulting GUVs (7-20 μm in diameter) remain intact over the course of redox sensing. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations gave insight into how these lipids are positioned within the hydrophobic core of the membrane bilayer and at the membrane-water interface. This work provides a purely chemical method to investigate potential redox signaling and opens up new design opportunities for soft materials that mimic protocells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Erguven
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers
University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Liming Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers
University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Bryan Gutierrez
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers
University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Andrew H. Beaven
- Unit
on Membrane Chemical Physics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute
of Child Health and Human Development, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- Postdoctoral
Research Associate Program, National Institute
of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Alexander J. Sodt
- Unit
on Membrane Chemical Physics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute
of Child Health and Human Development, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Enver Cagri Izgu
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers
University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Cancer
Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
- Rutgers
Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute
for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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26
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Westensee IN, Paffen LJMM, Pendlmayr S, De Dios Andres P, Ramos Docampo MA, Städler B. Artificial Cells and HepG2 Cells in 3D-Bioprinted Arrangements. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303699. [PMID: 38277695 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Artificial cells are engineered units with cell-like functions for different purposes including acting as supportive elements for mammalian cells. Artificial cells with minimal liver-like function are made of alginate and equipped with metalloporphyrins that mimic the enzyme activity of a member of the cytochrome P450 family namely CYP1A2. The artificial cells are employed to enhance the dealkylation activity within 3D bioprinted structures composed of HepG2 cells and these artificial cells. This enhancement is monitored through the conversion of resorufin ethyl ether to resorufin. HepG2 cell aggregates are 3D bioprinted using an alginate/gelatin methacryloyl ink, resulting in the successful proliferation of the HepG2 cells. The composite ink made of an alginate/gelatin liquid phase with an increasing amount of artificial cells is characterized. The CYP1A2-like activity of artificial cells is preserved over at least 35 days, where 6 nM resorufin is produced in 8 h. Composite inks made of artificial cells and HepG2 cell aggregates in a liquid phase are used for 3D bioprinting. The HepG2 cells proliferate over 35 days, and the structure has boosted CYP1A2 activity. The integration of artificial cells and their living counterparts into larger 3D semi-synthetic tissues is a step towards exploring bottom-up synthetic biology in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella N Westensee
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Lars J M M Paffen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Stefan Pendlmayr
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Paula De Dios Andres
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Miguel A Ramos Docampo
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Brigitte Städler
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
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27
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Rothschild LJ, Averesch NJH, Strychalski EA, Moser F, Glass JI, Cruz Perez R, Yekinni IO, Rothschild-Mancinelli B, Roberts Kingman GA, Wu F, Waeterschoot J, Ioannou IA, Jewett MC, Liu AP, Noireaux V, Sorenson C, Adamala KP. Building Synthetic Cells─From the Technology Infrastructure to Cellular Entities. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:974-997. [PMID: 38530077 PMCID: PMC11037263 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The de novo construction of a living organism is a compelling vision. Despite the astonishing technologies developed to modify living cells, building a functioning cell "from scratch" has yet to be accomplished. The pursuit of this goal alone has─and will─yield scientific insights affecting fields as diverse as cell biology, biotechnology, medicine, and astrobiology. Multiple approaches have aimed to create biochemical systems manifesting common characteristics of life, such as compartmentalization, metabolism, and replication and the derived features, evolution, responsiveness to stimuli, and directed movement. Significant achievements in synthesizing each of these criteria have been made, individually and in limited combinations. Here, we review these efforts, distinguish different approaches, and highlight bottlenecks in the current research. We look ahead at what work remains to be accomplished and propose a "roadmap" with key milestones to achieve the vision of building cells from molecular parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn J. Rothschild
- Space Science
& Astrobiology Division, NASA Ames Research
Center, Moffett
Field, California 94035-1000, United States
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Nils J. H. Averesch
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Felix Moser
- Synlife, One Kendall Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-1661, United States
| | - John I. Glass
- J.
Craig
Venter Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Rolando Cruz Perez
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Blue
Marble
Space Institute of Science at NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035-1000, United
States
| | - Ibrahim O. Yekinni
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Brooke Rothschild-Mancinelli
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0150, United States
| | | | - Feilun Wu
- J. Craig
Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Jorik Waeterschoot
- Mechatronics,
Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Ion A. Ioannou
- Department
of Chemistry, MSRH, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Allen P. Liu
- Mechanical
Engineering & Biomedical Engineering, Cellular and Molecular Biology,
Biophysics, Applied Physics, University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Vincent Noireaux
- Physics
and Nanotechnology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Carlise Sorenson
- Department
of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Katarzyna P. Adamala
- Department
of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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28
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Westensee IN, Thomsen KL, Mookerjee RP, Städler B. Antioxidant Microgels Support Peroxide-Challenged Hepatic Cells. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300547. [PMID: 38282178 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Access to therapeutic strategies that counter cellular stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an important, long-standing challenge. Here, the assembly of antioxidant artificial cells is based on alginate hydrogels equipped with non-native catalysts, namely platinum nanoparticles and an EUK compound. These artificial cells are able to preserve the viability and lower the intracellular ROS levels of challenged hepatic cells by removing peroxides from the extracellular environment. Conceptually, this strategy illustrates the potential use of artificial cells with a synthetic catalyst toward long-term support of hepatic cells and potentially other mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Nymann Westensee
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Karen Louise Thomsen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
| | - Rajeshwar Prosad Mookerjee
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, Hampstead, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Brigitte Städler
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
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29
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Waeterschoot J, Gosselé W, Lemež Š, Casadevall I Solvas X. Artificial cells for in vivo biomedical applications through red blood cell biomimicry. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2504. [PMID: 38509073 PMCID: PMC10954685 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46732-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent research in artificial cell production holds promise for the development of delivery agents with therapeutic effects akin to real cells. To succeed in these applications, these systems need to survive the circulatory conditions. In this review we present strategies that, inspired by the endurance of red blood cells, have enhanced the viability of large, cell-like vehicles for in vivo therapeutic use, particularly focusing on giant unilamellar vesicles. Insights from red blood cells can guide modifications that could transform these platforms into advanced drug delivery vehicles, showcasing biomimicry's potential in shaping the future of therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorik Waeterschoot
- Department of Biosystems - MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Willemien Gosselé
- Department of Biosystems - MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Špela Lemež
- Department of Biosystems - MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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30
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Ventura J, Llopis-Lorente A, Abdelmohsen LKEA, van Hest JCM, Martínez-Máñez R. Models of Chemical Communication for Micro/Nanoparticles. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:815-830. [PMID: 38427324 PMCID: PMC10956390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Engineering chemical communication between micro/nanosystems (via the exchange of chemical messengers) is receiving increasing attention from the scientific community. Although a number of micro- and nanodevices (e.g., drug carriers, sensors, and artificial cells) have been developed in the last decades, engineering communication at the micro/nanoscale is a recent emergent topic. In fact, most of the studies in this research area have been published within the last 10 years. Inspired by nature─where information is exchanged by means of molecules─the development of chemical communication strategies holds wide implications as it may provide breakthroughs in many areas including nanotechnology, artificial cell research, biomedicine, biotechnology, and ICT. Published examples rely on nanotechnology and synthetic biology for the creation of micro- and nanodevices that can communicate. Communication enables the construction of new complex systems capable of performing advanced coordinated tasks that go beyond those carried out by individual entities. In addition, the possibility to communicate between synthetic and living systems can further advance our understanding of biochemical processes and provide completely new tailored therapeutic and diagnostic strategies, ways to tune cellular behavior, and new biotechnological tools. In this Account, we summarize advances by our laboratories (and others) in the engineering of chemical communication of micro- and nanoparticles. This Account is structured to provide researchers from different fields with general strategies and common ground for the rational design of future communication networks at the micro/nanoscale. First, we cover the basis of and describe enabling technologies to engineer particles with communication capabilities. Next, we rationalize general models of chemical communication. These models vary from simple linear communication (transmission of information between two points) to more complex pathways such as interactive communication and multicomponent communication (involving several entities). Using illustrative experimental designs, we demonstrate the realization of these models which involve communication not only between engineered micro/nanoparticles but also between particles and living systems. Finally, we discuss the current state of the topic and the future challenges to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Ventura
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera
s/n, 46022 València, Spain
| | - Antoni Llopis-Lorente
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera
s/n, 46022 València, Spain
- CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Loai K. E. A. Abdelmohsen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Department
of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld 14, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Camino de Vera
s/n, 46022 València, Spain
- Unidad
Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat Politècnica de València,
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Av Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Unidad
Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades
y Nanomedicina, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Centro
de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera
3, 46100 Valencia, Spain
- CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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31
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Peng Z, Iwabuchi S, Izumi K, Takiguchi S, Yamaji M, Fujita S, Suzuki H, Kambara F, Fukasawa G, Cooney A, Di Michele L, Elani Y, Matsuura T, Kawano R. Lipid vesicle-based molecular robots. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:996-1029. [PMID: 38239102 PMCID: PMC10898420 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00860f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
A molecular robot, which is a system comprised of one or more molecular machines and computers, can execute sophisticated tasks in many fields that span from nanomedicine to green nanotechnology. The core parts of molecular robots are fairly consistent from system to system and always include (i) a body to encapsulate molecular machines, (ii) sensors to capture signals, (iii) computers to make decisions, and (iv) actuators to perform tasks. This review aims to provide an overview of approaches and considerations to develop molecular robots. We first introduce the basic technologies required for constructing the core parts of molecular robots, describe the recent progress towards achieving higher functionality, and subsequently discuss the current challenges and outlook. We also highlight the applications of molecular robots in sensing biomarkers, signal communications with living cells, and conversion of energy. Although molecular robots are still in their infancy, they will unquestionably initiate massive change in biomedical and environmental technology in the not too distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zugui Peng
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo185-8588, Japan.
| | - Shoji Iwabuchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo185-8588, Japan.
| | - Kayano Izumi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo185-8588, Japan.
| | - Sotaro Takiguchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo185-8588, Japan.
| | - Misa Yamaji
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo185-8588, Japan.
| | - Shoko Fujita
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo185-8588, Japan.
| | - Harune Suzuki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo185-8588, Japan.
| | - Fumika Kambara
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo185-8588, Japan.
| | - Genki Fukasawa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Aileen Cooney
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Lorenzo Di Michele
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK
- FabriCELL, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Yuval Elani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- FabriCELL, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Tomoaki Matsuura
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kawano
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo185-8588, Japan.
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Maffeis V, Heuberger L, Nikoletić A, Schoenenberger C, Palivan CG. Synthetic Cells Revisited: Artificial Cells Construction Using Polymeric Building Blocks. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305837. [PMID: 37984885 PMCID: PMC10885666 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The exponential growth of research on artificial cells and organelles underscores their potential as tools to advance the understanding of fundamental biological processes. The bottom-up construction from a variety of building blocks at the micro- and nanoscale, in combination with biomolecules is key to developing artificial cells. In this review, artificial cells are focused upon based on compartments where polymers are the main constituent of the assembly. Polymers are of particular interest due to their incredible chemical variety and the advantage of tuning the properties and functionality of their assemblies. First, the architectures of micro- and nanoscale polymer assemblies are introduced and then their usage as building blocks is elaborated upon. Different membrane-bound and membrane-less compartments and supramolecular structures and how they combine into advanced synthetic cells are presented. Then, the functional aspects are explored, addressing how artificial organelles in giant compartments mimic cellular processes. Finally, how artificial cells communicate with their surrounding and each other such as to adapt to an ever-changing environment and achieve collective behavior as a steppingstone toward artificial tissues, is taken a look at. Engineering artificial cells with highly controllable and programmable features open new avenues for the development of sophisticated multifunctional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Maffeis
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselMattenstrasse 22BaselCH‐4002Switzerland
- NCCR‐Molecular Systems EngineeringBPR 1095, Mattenstrasse 24aBaselCH‐4058Switzerland
| | - Lukas Heuberger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselMattenstrasse 22BaselCH‐4002Switzerland
| | - Anamarija Nikoletić
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselMattenstrasse 22BaselCH‐4002Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience InstituteUniversity of BaselKlingelbergstrasse 82BaselCH‐4056Switzerland
| | | | - Cornelia G. Palivan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselMattenstrasse 22BaselCH‐4002Switzerland
- NCCR‐Molecular Systems EngineeringBPR 1095, Mattenstrasse 24aBaselCH‐4058Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience InstituteUniversity of BaselKlingelbergstrasse 82BaselCH‐4056Switzerland
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Moghimianavval H, Loi KJ, Hwang SW, Bashirzadeh Y, Liu AP. Light-based juxtacrine signaling between synthetic cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.05.574425. [PMID: 38260570 PMCID: PMC10802317 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.05.574425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Cell signaling through direct physical cell-cell contacts plays vital roles in biology during development, angiogenesis, and immune response. Intercellular communication mechanisms between synthetic cells constructed from the bottom up are majorly reliant on diffusible chemical signals, thus limiting the range of responses in receiver cells. Engineering contact-dependent signaling between synthetic cells promises to unlock more complicated signaling schemes with different types of responses. Here, we design and demonstrate a light-activated contact-dependent communication tool for synthetic cells. We utilize a split bioluminescent protein to limit signal generation exclusively to contact interfaces of synthetic cells, driving the recruitment of a photoswitchable protein in receiver cells, akin to juxtacrine signaling in living cells. Our modular design not only demonstrates contact-dependent communication between synthetic cells but also provides a platform for engineering orthogonal contact-dependent signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle J. Loi
- Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sung-Won Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Yashar Bashirzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Allen P. Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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34
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Powers J, Jang Y. Advancing Biomimetic Functions of Synthetic Cells through Compartmentalized Cell-Free Protein Synthesis. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:5539-5550. [PMID: 37962115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cells are artificial constructs that mimic the structures and functions of living cells. They are attractive for studying diverse biochemical processes and elucidating the origins of life. While creating a living synthetic cell remains a grand challenge, researchers have successfully synthesized hundreds of unique synthetic cell platforms. One promising approach to developing more sophisticated synthetic cells is to integrate cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) mechanisms into vesicle platforms. This makes it possible to create synthetic cells with complex biomimetic functions such as genetic circuits, autonomous membrane modifications, sensing and communication, and artificial organelles. This Review explores recent advances in the use of CFPS to impart advanced biomimetic structures and functions to bottom-up synthetic cell platforms. We also discuss the potential applications of synthetic cells in biomedicine as well as the future directions of synthetic cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Powers
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, 1006 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Yeongseon Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, 1006 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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35
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Yu X, Mukwaya V, Mann S, Dou H. Signal Transduction in Artificial Cells. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300231. [PMID: 37116092 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, significant progress has been made in the emerging field of constructing biomimetic soft compartments with life-like behaviors. Given that biological activities occur under a flux of energy and matter exchange, the implementation of rudimentary signaling pathways in artificial cells (protocells) is a prerequisite for the development of adaptive sense-response phenotypes in cytomimetic models. Herein, recent approaches to the integration of signal transduction modules in model protocells prepared by bottom-up construction are discussed. The approaches are classified into two categories involving invasive biochemical signals or non-invasive physical stimuli. In the former mechanism, transducers with intrinsic recognition capability respond with high specificity, while in the latter, artificial cells respond through intra-protocellular energy transduction. Although major challenges remain in the pursuit of a sophisticated artificial signaling network for the orchestration of higher-order cytomimetic models, significant advances have been made in establishing rudimentary protocell communication networks, providing novel organizational models for the development of life-like microsystems and new avenues in protoliving technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study (ZIAS), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Vincent Mukwaya
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study (ZIAS), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Stephen Mann
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study (ZIAS), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Max Planck Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology and Centre for Protolife Research, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Hongjing Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study (ZIAS), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Peruzzi JA, Vu TQ, Gunnels TF, Kamat NP. Rapid Generation of Therapeutic Nanoparticles Using Cell-Free Expression Systems. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201718. [PMID: 37116099 PMCID: PMC10611898 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The surface modification of membrane-based nanoparticles, such as liposomes, polymersomes, and lipid nanoparticles, with targeting molecules, such as binding proteins, is an important step in the design of therapeutic materials. However, this modification can be costly and time-consuming, requiring cellular hosts for protein expression and lengthy purification and conjugation steps to attach proteins to the surface of nanocarriers, which ultimately limits the development of effective protein-conjugated nanocarriers. Here, the use of cell-free protein synthesis systems to rapidly create protein-conjugated membrane-based nanocarriers is demonstrated. Using this approach, multiple types of functional binding proteins, including affibodies, computationally designed proteins, and scFvs, can be cell-free expressed and conjugated to liposomes in one-pot. The technique can be expanded further to other nanoparticles, including polymersomes and lipid nanoparticles, and is amenable to multiple conjugation strategies, including surface attachment to and integration into nanoparticle membranes. Leveraging these methods, rapid design of bispecific artificial antigen presenting cells and enhanced delivery of lipid nanoparticle cargo in vitro is demonstrated. It is envisioned that this workflow will enable the rapid generation of membrane-based delivery systems and bolster our ability to create cell-mimetic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A. Peruzzi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Timothy Q. Vu
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Taylor F. Gunnels
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Neha P. Kamat
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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37
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Xu Q, Zhang Z, Lui PPY, Lu L, Li X, Zhang X. Preparation and biomedical applications of artificial cells. Mater Today Bio 2023; 23:100877. [PMID: 38075249 PMCID: PMC10701372 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Artificial cells have received much attention in recent years as cell mimics with typical biological functions that can be adapted for therapeutic and diagnostic applications, as well as having an unlimited supply. Although remarkable progress has been made to construct complex multifunctional artificial cells, there are still significant differences between artificial cells and natural cells. It is therefore important to understand the techniques and challenges for the fabrication of artificial cells and their applications for further technological advancement. The key concepts of top-down and bottom-up methods for preparing artificial cells are summarized, and the advantages and disadvantages of the bottom-up methods are compared and critically discussed in this review. Potential applications of artificial cells as drug carriers (microcapsules), as signaling regulators for coordinating cellular communication and as bioreactors for biomolecule fabrication, are further discussed. The challenges and future trends for the development of artificial cells simulating the real activities of natural cells are finally described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110819, China
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Zeping Zhang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Pauline Po Yee Lui
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Liang Lu
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Xiaowu Li
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110819, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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38
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Li S, Zhao Y, Wu S, Zhang X, Yang B, Tian L, Han X. Regulation of species metabolism in synthetic community systems by environmental pH oscillations. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7507. [PMID: 37980410 PMCID: PMC10657449 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Constructing a synthetic community system helps scientist understand the complex interactions among species in a community and its environment. Herein, a two-species community is constructed with species A (artificial cells encapsulating pH-responsive molecules and sucrose) and species B (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), which causes the environment to exhibit pH oscillation behaviour due to the generation and dissipation of CO2. In addition, a three-species community is constructed with species A' (artificial cells containing sucrose and G6P), species B, and species C (artificial cells containing NAD+ and G6PDH). The solution pH oscillation regulates the periodical release of G6P from species A'; G6P then enters species C to promote the metabolic reaction that converts NAD+ to NADH. The location of species A' and B determines the metabolism behaviour in species C in the spatially coded three-species communities with CA'B, CBA', and A'CB patterns. The proposed synthetic community system provides a foundation to construct a more complicated microecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yingming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Shuqi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Boyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Liangfei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Xiaojun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.
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39
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Westensee IN, Städler B. Artificial cells eavesdropping on HepG2 cells. Interface Focus 2023; 13:20230007. [PMID: 37577001 PMCID: PMC10415741 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2023.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular communication is a fundamental feature to ensure the survival of cellular assemblies, such as multicellular tissue, via coordinated adaption to changes in their surroundings. Consequently, the development of integrated semi-synthetic systems consisting of artificial cells (ACs) and mammalian cells requires feedback-based interactions. Here, we illustrate that ACs can eavesdrop on HepG2 cells focusing on the activity of cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2), an enzyme from the cytochrome P450 enzyme family. Specifically, d-cysteine is sent as a signal from the ACs via the triggered reduction of disulfide bonds. Simultaneously, HepG2 cells enzymatically convert 2-cyano-6-methoxybenzothiazole into 2-cyano-6-hydroxybenzothiazole that is released in the extracellular space. d-Cysteine and 2-cyano-6-hydroxybenzothiazole react to form d-luciferin. The ACs respond to this signal by converting d-luciferin into luminescence due to the presence of encapsulated luciferase in the ACs. As a result, the ACs can eavesdrop on the mammalian cells to evaluate the level of hepatic CYP1A2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Nymann Westensee
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Brigitte Städler
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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40
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Zhao H, Liu R, Wang L, Tang F, Chen W, Liu YN. Artificial Macrophage with Hierarchical Nanostructure for Biomimetic Reconstruction of Antitumor Immunity. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:216. [PMID: 37737506 PMCID: PMC10516848 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01193-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Artificial cells are constructed from synthetic materials to imitate the biological functions of natural cells. By virtue of nanoengineering techniques, artificial cells with designed biomimetic functions provide alternatives to natural cells, showing vast potential for biomedical applications. Especially in cancer treatment, the deficiency of immunoactive macrophages results in tumor progression and immune resistance. To overcome the limitation, a BaSO4@ZIF-8/transferrin (TRF) nanomacrophage (NMΦ) is herein constructed as an alternative to immunoactive macrophages. Alike to natural immunoactive macrophages, NMΦ is stably retained in tumors through the specific affinity of TRF to tumor cells. Zn2+ as an "artificial cytokine" is then released from the ZIF-8 layer of NMΦ under tumor microenvironment. Similar as proinflammatory cytokines, Zn2+ can trigger cell anoikis to expose tumor antigens, which are selectively captured by the BaSO4 cavities. Therefore, the hierarchical nanostructure of NMΦs allows them to mediate immunogenic death of tumor cells and subsequent antigen capture for T cell activation to fabricate long-term antitumor immunity. As a proof-of-concept, the NMΦ mimics the biological functions of macrophage, including tumor residence, cytokine release, antigen capture and immune activation, which is hopeful to provide a paradigm for the design and biomedical applications of artificial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henan Zhao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Renyu Liu
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Wang
- Henan Province Industrial Technology Research Institute of Resources and Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiying Tang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wansong Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - You-Nian Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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41
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Stano P. Chemical Systems for Wetware Artificial Life: Selected Perspectives in Synthetic Cell Research. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14138. [PMID: 37762444 PMCID: PMC10532297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent and important advances in bottom-up synthetic biology (SB), in particular in the field of the so-called "synthetic cells" (SCs) (or "artificial cells", or "protocells"), lead us to consider the role of wetware technologies in the "Sciences of Artificial", where they constitute the third pillar, alongside the more well-known pillars hardware (robotics) and software (Artificial Intelligence, AI). In this article, it will be highlighted how wetware approaches can help to model life and cognition from a unique perspective, complementary to robotics and AI. It is suggested that, through SB, it is possible to explore novel forms of bio-inspired technologies and systems, in particular chemical AI. Furthermore, attention is paid to the concept of semantic information and its quantification, following the strategy recently introduced by Kolchinsky and Wolpert. Semantic information, in turn, is linked to the processes of generation of "meaning", interpreted here through the lens of autonomy and cognition in artificial systems, emphasizing its role in chemical ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Stano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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42
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Yang H, Tel J. Engineering global and local signal generators for probing temporal and spatial cellular signaling dynamics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1239026. [PMID: 37790255 PMCID: PMC10543096 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1239026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells constantly encounter a wide range of environmental signals and rely on their signaling pathways to initiate reliable responses. Understanding the underlying signaling mechanisms and cellular behaviors requires signal generators capable of providing diverse input signals to deliver to cell systems. Current research efforts are primarily focused on exploring cellular responses to global or local signals, which enable us to understand cellular signaling and behavior in distinct dimensions. This review presents recent advancements in global and local signal generators, highlighting their applications in studying temporal and spatial signaling activity. Global signals can be generated using microfluidic or photochemical approaches. Local signal sources can be created using living or artificial cells in combination with different control methods. We also address the strengths and limitations of each signal generator type, discussing challenges and potential extensions for future research. These approaches are expected to continue to facilitate on-going research to discover novel and intriguing cellular signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Yang
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Jurjen Tel
- Laboratory of Immunoengineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
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43
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Building light-activated synthetic cells that induce gene expression in bacteria via quorum sensing. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:1052-1053. [PMID: 37414975 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
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44
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Smith JM, Hartmann D, Booth MJ. Engineering cellular communication between light-activated synthetic cells and bacteria. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:1138-1146. [PMID: 37414974 PMCID: PMC10449621 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Gene-expressing compartments assembled from simple, modular parts, are a versatile platform for creating minimal synthetic cells with life-like functions. By incorporating gene regulatory motifs into their encapsulated DNA templates, in situ gene expression and, thereby, synthetic cell function can be controlled according to specific stimuli. In this work, cell-free protein synthesis within synthetic cells was controlled using light by encoding genes of interest on light-activated DNA templates. Light-activated DNA contained a photocleavable blockade within the T7 promoter region that tightly repressed transcription until the blocking groups were removed with ultraviolet light. In this way, synthetic cells were activated remotely, in a spatiotemporally controlled manner. By applying this strategy to the expression of an acyl homoserine lactone synthase, BjaI, quorum-sensing-based communication between synthetic cells and bacteria was controlled with light. This work provides a framework for the remote-controlled production and delivery of small molecules from nonliving matter to living matter, with applications in biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Hartmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael J Booth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
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45
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Walczak M, Mancini L, Xu J, Raguseo F, Kotar J, Cicuta P, Di Michele L. A Synthetic Signaling Network Imitating the Action of Immune Cells in Response to Bacterial Metabolism. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2301562. [PMID: 37156014 PMCID: PMC11475590 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
State-of-the-art bottom-up synthetic biology allows to replicate many basic biological functions in artificial-cell-like devices. To mimic more complex behaviors, however, artificial cells would need to perform many of these functions in a synergistic and coordinated fashion, which remains elusive. Here, a sophisticated biological response is considered, namely the capture and deactivation of pathogens by neutrophil immune cells, through the process of netosis. A consortium consisting of two synthetic agents is designed-responsive DNA-based particles and antibiotic-loaded lipid vesicles-whose coordinated action mimics the sought immune-like response when triggered by bacterial metabolism. The artificial netosis-like response emerges from a series of interlinked sensing and communication pathways between the live and synthetic agents, and translates into both physical and chemical antimicrobial actions, namely bacteria immobilization and exposure to antibiotics. The results demonstrate how advanced life-like responses can be prescribed with a relatively small number of synthetic molecular components, and outlines a new strategy for artificial-cell-based antimicrobial solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Walczak
- Biological and Soft SystemsCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Leonardo Mancini
- Biological and Soft SystemsCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Jiayi Xu
- Biological and Soft SystemsCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgePhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Federica Raguseo
- Department of ChemistryMolecular Sciences Research HubImperial College LondonWood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
- fabriCELLMolecular Sciences Research HubImperial College LondonWood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Jurij Kotar
- Biological and Soft SystemsCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Pietro Cicuta
- Biological and Soft SystemsCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Lorenzo Di Michele
- Biological and Soft SystemsCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgePhilippa Fawcett DriveCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
- Department of ChemistryMolecular Sciences Research HubImperial College LondonWood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
- fabriCELLMolecular Sciences Research HubImperial College LondonWood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
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46
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Nair KS, Bajaj H. Advances in giant unilamellar vesicle preparation techniques and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 318:102935. [PMID: 37320960 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are versatile and promising cell-sized bio-membrane mimetic platforms. Their applications range from understanding and quantifying membrane biophysical processes to acting as elementary blocks in the bottom-up assembly of synthetic cells. Definite properties and requisite goals in GUVs are dictated by the preparation techniques critical to the success of their applications. Here, we review key advances in giant unilamellar vesicle preparation techniques and discuss their formation mechanisms. Developments in lipid hydration and emulsion techniques for GUV preparation are described. Novel microfluidic-based techniques involving lipid or surfactant-stabilized emulsions are outlined. GUV immobilization strategies are summarized, including gravity-based settling, covalent linking, and immobilization by microfluidic, electric, and magnetic barriers. Moreover, some of the key applications of GUVs as biomimetic and synthetic cell platforms during the last decade have been identified. Membrane interface processes like phase separation, membrane protein reconstitution, and membrane bending have been deciphered using GUVs. In addition, vesicles are also employed as building blocks to construct synthetic cells with defined cell-like functions comprising compartments, metabolic reactors, and abilities to grow and divide. We critically discuss the pros and cons of preparation technologies and the properties they confer to the GUVs and identify potential techniques for dedicated applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthika S Nair
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Harsha Bajaj
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR- National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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47
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Lin AJ, Sihorwala AZ, Belardi B. Engineering Tissue-Scale Properties with Synthetic Cells: Forging One from Many. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:1889-1907. [PMID: 37417657 PMCID: PMC11017731 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
In metazoans, living cells achieve capabilities beyond individual cell functionality by assembling into multicellular tissue structures. These higher-order structures represent dynamic, heterogeneous, and responsive systems that have evolved to regenerate and coordinate their actions over large distances. Recent advances in constructing micrometer-sized vesicles, or synthetic cells, now point to a future where construction of synthetic tissue can be pursued, a boon to pressing material needs in biomedical implants, drug delivery systems, adhesives, filters, and storage devices, among others. To fully realize the potential of synthetic tissue, inspiration has been and will continue to be drawn from new molecular findings on its natural counterpart. In this review, we describe advances in introducing tissue-scale features into synthetic cell assemblies. Beyond mere complexation, synthetic cells have been fashioned with a variety of natural and engineered molecular components that serve as initial steps toward morphological control and patterning, intercellular communication, replication, and responsiveness in synthetic tissue. Particular attention has been paid to the dynamics, spatial constraints, and mechanical strengths of interactions that drive the synthesis of this next-generation material, describing how multiple synthetic cells can act as one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Ahmed Z Sihorwala
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Brian Belardi
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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48
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Yin Z, Gao N, Xu C, Li M, Mann S. Autonomic Integration in Nested Protocell Communities. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37369121 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The self-driven organization of model protocells into higher-order nested cytomimetic systems with coordinated structural and functional relationships offers a step toward the autonomic implementation of artificial multicellularity. Here, we describe an endosymbiotic-like pathway in which proteinosomes are captured within membranized alginate/silk fibroin coacervate vesicles by guest-mediated reconfiguration of the host protocells. We demonstrate that interchange of coacervate vesicle and droplet morphologies through proteinosome-mediated urease/glucose oxidase activity produces discrete nested communities capable of integrated catalytic activity and selective disintegration. The self-driving capacity is modulated by an internalized fuel-driven process using starch hydrolases sequestered within the host coacervate phase, and structural stabilization of the integrated protocell populations can be achieved by on-site enzyme-mediated matrix reinforcement involving dipeptide supramolecular assembly or tyramine-alginate covalent cross-linking. Our work highlights a semi-autonomous mechanism for constructing symbiotic cell-like nested communities and provides opportunities for the development of reconfigurable cytomimetic materials with structural, functional, and organizational complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuping Yin
- Centre for Protolife Research, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Ning Gao
- Centre for Protolife Research, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
- Max Planck-Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Can Xu
- Centre for Protolife Research, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Mei Li
- Centre for Protolife Research, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Stephen Mann
- Centre for Protolife Research, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
- Max Planck-Bristol Centre for Minimal Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study (ZIAS), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 429 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
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49
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Ji Y, Chakraborty T, Wegner SV. Self-Regulated and Bidirectional Communication in Synthetic Cell Communities. ACS NANO 2023; 17:8992-9002. [PMID: 37156507 PMCID: PMC10210537 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication is not limited to a sender releasing a signaling molecule and a receiver perceiving it but is often self-regulated and bidirectional. Yet, in communities of synthetic cells, such features that render communication efficient and adaptive are missing. Here, we report the design and implementation of adaptive two-way signaling with lipid-vesicle-based synthetic cells. The first layer of self-regulation derives from coupling the temporal dynamics of the signal, H2O2, production in the sender to adhesions between sender and receiver cells. This way the receiver stays within the signaling range for the duration sender produces the signal and detaches once the signal fades. Specifically, H2O2 acts as both a forward signal and a regulator of the adhesions by activating photoswitchable proteins at the surface for the duration of the chemiluminescence. The second layer of self-regulation arises when the adhesions render the receiver permeable and trigger the release of a backward signal, resulting in bidirectional exchange. These design rules provide a concept for engineering multicellular systems with adaptive communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Ji
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry
and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Taniya Chakraborty
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry
and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Seraphine V. Wegner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry
and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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50
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Peruzzi JA, Galvez NR, Kamat NP. Engineering transmembrane signal transduction in synthetic membranes using two-component systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2218610120. [PMID: 37126679 PMCID: PMC10175788 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218610120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells use signal transduction across their membranes to sense and respond to a wide array of chemical and physical signals. Creating synthetic systems which can harness cellular signaling modalities promises to provide a powerful platform for biosensing and therapeutic applications. As a first step toward this goal, we investigated how bacterial two-component systems (TCSs) can be leveraged to enable transmembrane-signaling with synthetic membranes. Specifically, we demonstrate that a bacterial two-component nitrate-sensing system (NarX-NarL) can be reproduced outside of a cell using synthetic membranes and cell-free protein expression systems. We find that performance and sensitivity of the TCS can be tuned by altering the biophysical properties of the membrane in which the histidine kinase (NarX) is integrated. Through protein engineering efforts, we modify the sensing domain of NarX to generate sensors capable of detecting an array of ligands. Finally, we demonstrate that these systems can sense ligands in relevant sample environments. By leveraging membrane and protein design, this work helps reveal how transmembrane sensing can be recapitulated outside of the cell, adding to the arsenal of deployable cell-free systems primed for real world biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A. Peruzzi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
| | - Nina R. Galvez
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
| | - Neha P. Kamat
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL60208
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