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Xu S, Yang R, Yang Y, Zhang Y. Shape-morphing bioelectronic devices. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2025. [PMID: 40391509 DOI: 10.1039/d5mh00453e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2025]
Abstract
Shape-morphing bioelectronic devices, which can actively transform their geometric configurations in response to external stimuli (e.g., light, heat, electricity, and magnetic fields), have enabled many unique applications in different areas, ranging from human-machine interfaces to biomedical applications. These devices can not only realize in vivo deformations to execute specific tasks, form conformal contacts with target organs for real-time monitoring, and dynamically reshape their structures to adjust functional properties, but also assist users in daily activities through physical interactions. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in shape-morphing bioelectronic devices, covering their fundamental working principles, representative deformation modes, and advanced manufacturing methodologies. Then, a broad range of practical applications of shape-morphing bioelectronics are summarized, including electromagnetic devices, optoelectronic devices, biological devices, biomedical devices, and haptic interfaces. Finally, we discuss key challenges and emerging opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, providing insights into future research directions and potential breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Xu
- Mechano-X Institute, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ruoxi Yang
- Mechano-X Institute, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Youzhou Yang
- Mechano-X Institute, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Mechano-X Institute, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, P. R. China
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2
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Zhao W, Yao L, Shen J, Chen S, Zhu S, Chen S, Wang L, Li Y, Liu S, Zhao Q. Advanced Liquid Metal-Based Hydrogels for Flexible Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2025; 17:27713-27739. [PMID: 40323766 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5c05225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2025]
Abstract
With the rapid development of flexible electronics in wearable devices, healthcare devices, and the Internet of Things (IoT), liquid metals (LMs)-based hydrogels have emerged as cutting-edge functional materials due to their high electrical conductivity, tunable mechanical properties, excellent biocompatibility, and unique self-healing properties. Through various physical or chemical methods, LMs can be integrated to form multifunctional LMs-based hydrogels, thus broadening the potential application fields. In this Review, the recent advancement in LMs-based hydrogels for flexible electronics is comprehensively and systematically reviewed from three aspects of synthesis methods, properties, and applications. For the first time, the existing innovative synthesis methods of LMs-based hydrogels are classified and summarized, including patterned LMs on/inside hydrogel substrates, LMs as conductive fillers in polymeric hydrogels, LMs as initiators in hydrogels, and LMs as cross-linkers with organic/inorganic materials. The synthesis mechanism is also stated in detail to highlight the multiple roles of LMs in adjusting the hydrogel properties. The versatile applications of LMs-based hydrogels in flexible electronics, including flexible sensors, wireless communications, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, soft robot actuators, energy storage and conversion, etc., are separately described. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects of LMs-based hydrogels are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Le Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiacheng Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shujiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shujing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Longlu Wang
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (LoFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
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Liu T, Liu Y, Zeng R, Gan B, Zhang M, Li H, Qu S, Zhou H. A bioinspired multimotion modality underwater microrobot. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2025; 11:eadu2527. [PMID: 40333964 PMCID: PMC12057673 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adu2527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2025] [Indexed: 05/09/2025]
Abstract
Exploring narrow underwater environments presents notable challenges due to the need for flexible movement and robust transition between different motion modalities. Inspired by the pteropod, a small aquatic organism known for its ability to change direction by adjusting the attack angle of its wings, we developed a biomimetic robotic platform called RoboPteropod. This micro-underwater robot, equipped with flexible flapping wings that mimic the propulsive mechanisms of the pteropod, reaches a float velocity of 1.88 body height per second and a forward velocity of 1.2 body length per second, while maintaining a power consumption of merely 580 milliwatts. The ability to dynamically adjust the attack angle of the wings enables smooth transition among various modes (float, move straight, yaw, and pitch) of underwater locomotion, allowing for agile, three-dimensional maneuvering in complex aquatic environments. RoboPteropod offers meaningful potential for detailed exploration of confined and otherwise inaccessible underwater spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Center for X-mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yide Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Center for X-mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongbao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Center for X-mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bian Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Center for X-mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Center for X-mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Center for X-mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaoxing Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Center for X-mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haofei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Center for X-mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
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Oh S, Chong D, Huang Y, Yeo WH. Empowering artificial muscles with intelligence: recent advancements in materials, designs, and manufacturing. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2025; 12:2764-2788. [PMID: 40208218 DOI: 10.1039/d5mh00236b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2025]
Abstract
Drawing on foundational knowledge of the structure and function of biological muscles, artificial muscles have made remarkable strides over the past decade, achieving performance levels comparable to those of their natural counterparts. However, they still fall short in their lack of inherent intelligence to autonomously adapt to complex and dynamic environments. Consequently, the next frontier for artificial muscles lies in endowing them with advanced intelligence. Herein, recent works aimed at augmenting intelligence in artificial muscles are summarized, focusing on advancements in functional materials, structural designs, and manufacturing techniques. This review emphasizes memory-based intelligence, enabling artificial muscles to execute a range of pre-programmed movements and refresh stored actuation states in response to changing conditions, as well as sensory-based intelligence, which allows them to perceive and respond to environmental changes through sensory feedback. Furthermore, recent applications benefiting from intelligent artificial muscles, including adaptable robotics, biomedical devices, and wearables, are discussed. Finally, we address the remaining challenges in scalability, dynamic reprogramming, and the integration of multi-functional capabilities and discuss future perspectives of augmented intelligent artificial muscles to support further advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saewoong Oh
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare Center (WISH Center) at the Institute for Matter and Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - David Chong
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare Center (WISH Center) at the Institute for Matter and Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Yunuo Huang
- Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare Center (WISH Center) at the Institute for Matter and Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- College of Design, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Wearable Intelligent Systems and Healthcare Center (WISH Center) at the Institute for Matter and Systems, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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Li N, Zhan F, Guo M, Yuan X, Chen X, Li Y, Zhang G, Wang L, Liu J. Fingertip-Inspired Spatially Anisotropic Inductive Liquid Metal Sensors with Ultra-Wide Range, High Linearity and Exceptional Stability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2025; 37:e2419524. [PMID: 40135258 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202419524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2025] [Indexed: 03/27/2025]
Abstract
The advancement of robotic behavior and intelligence has led to an urgent demand for improving their sensitivity and interactive capabilities, which presents challenges in achieving multidimensional, wide-ranging, and reliable tactile sensing. Here an anisotropic inductive liquid metal sensor (AI-LMS) is introduced inspired by the human fingertip, which inherently possesses the capability to detect spatially multi-axis pressure with a wide sensing range, exceptional linearity, and signal stability. Additionally, it can detect very small pressures and responds swiftly to prescribed forces. Compared to resistive signals, inductive signals offer significant advantages. Further, integrated with a deep neural network model, the AI-LMS can decouple multi-axis pressures acting simultaneously upon it. Notably, the sensing range of Ecoflex and PDMS-based AI-LMS can be expanded by a factor of 4 and 9.5, respectively. For practical illustrations, a high-precision surface scanning reconstruction system is developed capable of capturing intricate details of 3D surface profiles. The utilization of biomimetic AI-LMS as robotic fingertips enables real-time discrimination of diverse delicate grasping behaviors across different fingers. The innovations and unique features in sensing mechanisms and structural design are expected to bring transformative changes and find extensive applications in the field of soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fei Zhan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Minghui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiaohong Yuan
- School of Economics and Business Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Xueqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guangcheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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6
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Dai S, Ling Z, Gong H, Zheng K. A Low-Power Electrothermal Flexible Actuator with Independent Heating Control for Programmable Shape Deformation. MICROMACHINES 2025; 16:456. [PMID: 40283331 PMCID: PMC12029890 DOI: 10.3390/mi16040456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2025] [Revised: 04/08/2025] [Accepted: 04/10/2025] [Indexed: 04/29/2025]
Abstract
Flexible actuators hold significant promise for applications in intelligent robotics, wearable devices, and biomimetic systems. However, conventional actuators face challenges such as high driving voltages, inadequate deformation control, and limited deformation modes, which hinder complex programmable dynamic deformations. This study presents an electrothermal actuator based on a conductive silver paste/Kapton/PDMS composite structure, enabling precise and adjustable deformation through programmable thermal control. Experimental results show that the actuator achieves a large-angle bending (∼203°) within 12 s under a low driving voltage of 2.0 V. Compared to the PTFE/MXene/PI structure, the proposed actuator achieves a 64% increase in bending angle, a 70% reduction in response time, and a 67% decrease in driving voltage. By independently controlling multiple heating elements, the actuator exhibits programmable deformation modes, including local, symmetric, and sinusoidal bending. The relationship between input voltage and deformation amplitude is described using a sinusoidal function model, experimentally validated for accuracy. Compared to traditional actuators, the proposed design offers significant improvements in bending angle, response speed, and voltage requirements. By optimizing the conductive silver paste pattern and voltage input strategy, this work develops a low-voltage, highly controllable, multi-mode programmable actuator with potential for applications in flexible robotics and space-deformable antennas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kunwei Zheng
- School of Optoelectronic and Communication Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (S.D.); (Z.L.); (H.G.)
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Su J, He K, Li Y, Tu J, Chen X. Soft Materials and Devices Enabling Sensorimotor Functions in Soft Robots. Chem Rev 2025. [PMID: 40163535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2025]
Abstract
Sensorimotor functions, the seamless integration of sensing, decision-making, and actuation, are fundamental for robots to interact with their environments. Inspired by biological systems, the incorporation of soft materials and devices into robotics holds significant promise for enhancing these functions. However, current robotics systems often lack the autonomy and intelligence observed in nature due to limited sensorimotor integration, particularly in flexible sensing and actuation. As the field progresses toward soft, flexible, and stretchable materials, developing such materials and devices becomes increasingly critical for advanced robotics. Despite rapid advancements individually in soft materials and flexible devices, their combined applications to enable sensorimotor capabilities in robots are emerging. This review addresses this emerging field by providing a comprehensive overview of soft materials and devices that enable sensorimotor functions in robots. We delve into the latest development in soft sensing technologies, actuation mechanism, structural designs, and fabrication techniques. Additionally, we explore strategies for sensorimotor control, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), and practical application across various domains such as healthcare, augmented and virtual reality, and exploration. By drawing parallels with biological systems, this review aims to guide future research and development in soft robots, ultimately enhancing the autonomy and adaptability of robots in unstructured environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Su
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Ke He
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yanzhen Li
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jiaqi Tu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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Choi Y, Shin G, Yoon SJ, Park YL. Soft Electromagnetic Sliding Actuators for Highly Compliant Planar Motions Using Microfluidic Conductive Coil Array. Soft Robot 2025; 12:135-144. [PMID: 39253876 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2024.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
We propose a soft electromagnetic sliding actuator that provides various planar motions to construct highly compliant actuation systems. The actuator is composed of a fully soft actuation base (stator) for generating electromagnetic and magnetic forces and a rigid neodymium magnet (slider) that slides on the actuation base. A parallel liquid-metal coil array in the stator is designed based on theoretical modeling and an optimization process to maximize the electromagnetic field density. The stretchable magnetic components in the stator allow the slider to retain its position stably without additional constraints. By incorporating an untethered structure in which the slider is mechanically decoupled from the stator, the actuator can be operated with reduced power consumption, attributed to the absence of a restoring force. The trajectory of the slider can be programmed by selectively applying the input current to the liquid-meal coil array, and the location of the slider can be estimated by measuring the change in inductance of each coil. Moreover, the proposed actuator demonstrates the capability of operating on curved surfaces through its physical compliance as well as on inclined surfaces thanks to the holding force generated by the magnetic components of the stator. Taking advantage of the unique characteristics of our actuator, robotic applications, including shape morphing systems and sensor-actuator integrated systems, are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongjin Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gyowook Shin
- Samsung Research and Development, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sohee John Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Lae Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Guan Y, Yang L, Yang W, Zhang Q, Enock K, Liu Y, Zhang L, Chen H, Jian Y, Li Z, Xi Z, Kang Y, Zhang S. Electromagnetic-Driven Spider-Inspired Soft Robot Using Electroelastic Materials and Conductive Actuators. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:48137-48148. [PMID: 39676940 PMCID: PMC11635678 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 12/17/2024]
Abstract
Soft robots have developed gradually in the fields of portability, high precision, and low noise level due to their unique advantages of low noise and low energy consumption. This paper proposes an electromagnetically driven elastomer, using gelatin and glycerol (GG) as matrix materials and a mixture of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and Ag NWs (MA) as the conductive medium. Inchworm-inspired and spider-inspired soft robots have been developed, demonstrating fast movement speed, flexibility, and loading performance. The GG/MA elastomer with a 1:1.2 ratio shows a low elastic modulus and easy demolding. With a 1:1 mixing ratio of MWCNT and Ag NWs, the elastomer exhibits excellent conductivity, torsional stability, and fatigue resistance. The inchworm-inspired soft robot achieves an average speed of 3 mm/s, while supporting weights of grains and capsule at 2.5 and 2.3 mm/s, respectively. The spider-inspired soft robot demonstrates a maximum carrying capacity of 22 g, showcasing its load-bearing capabilities. Overall, the GG/MA elastomer-based soft robot exhibits exceptional flexibility, adaptability, and reliability, with potential in various fields such as goods transportation, safety monitoring, and disaster relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Guan
- School
of Electromechanical Engineering, Henan
University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Henan
Key Laboratory of Superhard Abrasives and Grinding Equipment, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Lin Yang
- School
of Electromechanical Engineering, Henan
University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Wei Yang
- School
of Electromechanical Engineering, Henan
University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Qingyuan Zhang
- School
of Electromechanical Engineering, Henan
University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Kasolo Enock
- School
of Electromechanical Engineering, Henan
University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yansheng Liu
- School
of Electromechanical Engineering, Henan
University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Haiyong Chen
- Hanwei
Electronics Group Corporation,Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yuhang Jian
- School
of Electromechanical Engineering, Henan
University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Zichen Li
- School
of Electromechanical Engineering, Henan
University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Zhengyang Xi
- School
of Electromechanical Engineering, Henan
University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yuliang Kang
- School
of Electromechanical Engineering, Henan
University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - ShuaiLong Zhang
- School
of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute
of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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10
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Bartkowski P, Pawliszak Ł, Chevale SG, Pełka P, Park YL. Programmable Shape-Shifting Soft Robotic Structure Using Liquid Metal Electromagnetic Actuators. Soft Robot 2024; 11:802-811. [PMID: 38598718 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2023.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Constant development of soft robots, stretchable electronics, or flexible medical devices forces the research to look for new flexible structures that can change their shapes under external physical stimuli. This study presents a soft robotic structure that can change its shape into different three-dimensional (3D) configurations in response to electric current flown through the embedded liquid-metal conductors enabling electromagnetic actuation. The proposed structure is composed of volumetric pixels (voxels) connected in series where each can be independently controlled by the inputs of electrical current and vacuum pressure. A single voxel is made up of a granular core (GC) with an outer shell made of silicone rubber. The shell has embedded channels filled with liquid metal. The structure changes its shape under the Lorentz force produced by the liquid metal channel under applied electrical current. The GC allows the structure to maintain its shape after deformation even when the current is shut off. This is possible due to the granular jamming effect. In this study, we show the concept, the results of multiphysics simulation, and experimental characterization, including among other techniques, such as 3D digital image correlation or 3D magnetic field scanning, to study the different properties of the structure. We prove that the proposed structure can morph into many different shapes with the amplitude higher than 10 mm, and this process can be both fully reversible and repeatable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Bartkowski
- Department of Machine Design Fundamentals, Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Pawliszak
- Department of Machine Design Fundamentals, Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Siddhi G Chevale
- Department of Machine Design Fundamentals, Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Pełka
- Department of Machine Design Fundamentals, Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yong-Lae Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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11
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Li N, Zhou Y, Li Y, Li C, Xiang W, Chen X, Zhang P, Zhang Q, Su J, Jin B, Song H, Cheng C, Guo M, Wang L, Liu J. Transformable 3D curved high-density liquid metal coils - an integrated unit for general soft actuation, sensing and communication. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7679. [PMID: 39237505 PMCID: PMC11377734 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51648-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Rigid solenoid coils have long been indispensable in modern intelligent devices. However, their sparse structure and challenging preparation of flexible coils for soft robots impose limitations. Here, a transformable 3D curved high-density liquid metal coil (HD-LMC) is introduced that surpasses the structural density level of enameled wire. The fabrication technique employed for high-density channels in elastomers is universally applicable. Such HD-LMCs demonstrated excellent performance in pressure, temperature, non-contact distance sensors, and near-field communication. Soft electromagnetic actuators thus achieved significantly improved the electromagnetic force and power density. Moreover, precise control of swinging tail motion enables a bionic pufferfish to swim. Finally, HD-LMC is further utilized to successfully implement a soft rotary robot with integrated sensing and actuation capabilities. This groundbreaking research provides a theoretical and experimental basis for expanding the applications of liquid metal-based multi-dimensional complex flexible electronics and is expected to be widely used in liquid metal-integrated robotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingxin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wentao Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Su
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bohao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huize Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cai Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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12
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Qing H, Chi Y, Hong Y, Zhao Y, Qi F, Li Y, Yin J. Fully 3D-Printed Miniature Soft Hydraulic Actuators with Shape Memory Effect for Morphing and Manipulation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2402517. [PMID: 38808656 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Miniature shape-morphing soft actuators driven by external stimuli and fluidic pressure hold great promise in morphing matter and small-scale soft robotics. However, it remains challenging to achieve both rich shape morphing and shape locking in a fast and controlled way due to the limitations of actuation reversibility and fabrication. Here, fully 3D-printed, sub-millimeter thin-plate-like miniature soft hydraulic actuators with shape memory effect (SME) for programable fast shape morphing and shape locking, are reported. It combines commercial high-resolution multi-material 3D printing of stiff shape memory polymers (SMPs) and soft elastomers and direct printing of microfluidic channels and 2D/3D channel networks embedded in elastomers in a single print run. Leveraging spatial patterning of hybrid compositions and expansion heterogeneity of microfluidic channel networks for versatile hydraulically actuated shape morphing, including circular, wavy, helical, saddle, and warping shapes with various curvatures, are demonstrated. The morphed shapes can be temporarily locked and recover to their original planar forms repeatedly by activating SME of the SMPs. Utilizing the fast shape morphing and locking in the miniature actuators, their potential applications in non-invasive manipulation of small-scale objects and fragile living organisms, multimodal entanglement grasping, and energy-saving manipulators, are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Qing
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yinding Chi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yaoye Hong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yao Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Fangjie Qi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yanbin Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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13
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Chen L, Zhang L, Wu T, Tang C, Song H. Fast Responsive and High-Strain Electro-Ionic Soft Actuator Based on the 3D-Structure MXene-EGaIn/MXene Bilayer Composite Electrode. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024. [PMID: 39099098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Electro-ionic soft actuators have garnered significant attention owing to their promising applications in flexible electronics, wearable devices, and soft robotics. However, achieving high actuation performance (large bending strain and fast response time) of these soft actuators under low voltage has been challenging due to issues related to ion diffusion and accumulation. In this study, an electro-ionic soft actuator is fabricated using Ti3C2Tx MXene and eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) composite material as the bilayer electrode and methylammonium formate/1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (MAF-EMIMBF4/PVDF) as the ionic liquid-type electrolyte. The research results indicate that the prepared soft actuator exhibits excellent actuation performance with a peak-to-peak displacement of 35 mm and a bending strain of 0.69% (a peak-to-peak strain of 1.38%) under a low voltage (3 V). The electro-ionic soft actuator shows a wide frequency range (0.1-10 Hz), fast response time (0.35 s), and a rise time of 7.5 s. Furthermore, it demonstrates good cyclic durability, with a retention rate of 92.5% of its performance for 10 000 cycles. These excellent performances are attributed to the 3D structure of the Ti3C2Tx-EGaIn/Ti3C2Tx bilayer composite electrode, as well as the characteristics of the low viscosity, high conductivity, small ion volume, and larger volume difference between cations and anions in MAF ionic liquid. The high-performance electro-ionic soft actuator can be used in various fields such as artificial muscles, tactile devices, and soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Libing Zhang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Chengli Tang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Haijun Song
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
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14
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Li N, Yuan X, Li Y, Zhang G, Yang Q, Zhou Y, Guo M, Liu J. Bioinspired Liquid Metal Based Soft Humanoid Robots. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2404330. [PMID: 38723269 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The pursuit of constructing humanoid robots to replicate the anatomical structures and capabilities of human beings has been a long-standing significant undertaking and especially garnered tremendous attention in recent years. However, despite the progress made over recent decades, humanoid robots have predominantly been confined to those rigid metallic structures, which however starkly contrast with the inherent flexibility observed in biological systems. To better innovate this area, the present work systematically explores the value and potential of liquid metals and their derivatives in facilitating a crucial transition towards soft humanoid robots. Through a comprehensive interpretation of bionics, an overview of liquid metals' multifaceted roles as essential components in constructing advanced humanoid robots-functioning as soft actuators, sensors, power sources, logical devices, circuit systems, and even transformable skeletal structures-is presented. It is conceived that the integration of these components with flexible structures, facilitated by the unique properties of liquid metals, can create unexpected versatile functionalities and behaviors to better fulfill human needs. Finally, a revolution in humanoid robots is envisioned, transitioning from metallic frameworks to hybrid soft-rigid structures resembling that of biological tissues. This study is expected to provide fundamental guidance for the coming research, thereby advancing the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaohong Yuan
- School of Economics and Business Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guangcheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qianhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yingxin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Minghui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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15
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Shen Y, Jin D, Li T, Yang X, Ma X. Magnetically Responsive Gallium-Based Liquid Metal: Preparation, Property and Application. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39073895 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c07051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Magnetically responsive soft smart materials have garnered significant academic attention due to their flexibility, remote controllability, and reconfigurability. However, traditional soft materials used in the construction of these magnetically responsive systems typically exhibit low density and poor thermal and electrical conductivities. These limitations result in suboptimal performance in applications such as medical radiography, high-performance electronic devices, and thermal management. To address these challenges, magnetically responsive gallium-based liquid metals have emerged as promising alternatives. In this review, we summarize the methodologies for achieving magnetically responsive liquid metals, including the integration of magnetic agents into the liquid metal matrix and the utilization of induced Lorentz forces. We then provide a comprehensive discussion of the key physicochemical properties of these materials and the factors influencing them. Additionally, we explore the advanced and potential applications of magnetically responsive liquid metals. Finally, we discuss the current challenges in this field and present an outlook on future developments and research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Shen
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Integrated Circuits, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dongdong Jin
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Integrated Circuits, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tiefeng Li
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuxu Yang
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xing Ma
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Integrated Circuits, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
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16
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Matharu PS, Song Y, Gandhi U, Tadesse Y. Fabrication and Characterization of Graphene-Mesoporous Carbon-Nickel-Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)-Coated Mandrel-Coiled TCP FLNR Artificial Muscle. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:458. [PMID: 39194437 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9080458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the performance enhancement of mandrel-coiled twisted and coiled polymer fibers with a nichrome heater (TCPFLNR) by coating with a solution of graphene-mesoporous carbon-nickel-polyvinyl alcohol. The coating process involved a one-pot synthesis utilizing graphene powder, Ni nanoparticles, mesoporous carbon, and PVA as a binding agent. The coating was performed by manually shaking the TCPFLNR and the subsequent annealing process, which results in improved thermal conductivity and actuation behavior of the TCPFLNR. Experimental results on a 60 mm long actuator demonstrated significant enhancements in actuation displacement and actuation strain (20% to 42%) under various loads with an input current of 0.27 A/power 2.16 W. The blocked stress is ~10 MPa under this 2.16 W power input and the maximum strain is 48% at optimum load of 1.4 MPa. The observed actuation strain correlated directly with the input power. The coated TCPFLNR exhibited better thermal contacts, facilitating enhanced heat transfer, and reducing power consumption by 6% to 9% compared to non-coated actuators. It was found that the nanomaterial coating helps the TCP actuator to be reliable for more than 75,000 actuation cycles at 0.1 Hz in air due to improved thermal conductivity. These findings highlight the potential for further research to optimize electrothermally operated TCP actuators and unlock advancements in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawandeep Singh Matharu
- Humanoid, Biorobotics and Smart Systems (HBS Lab), Mechanical Engineering Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Yuyang Song
- Toyota Research Institute of North America, 1555 Woodridge Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Umesh Gandhi
- Toyota Research Institute of North America, 1555 Woodridge Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Yonas Tadesse
- Humanoid, Biorobotics and Smart Systems (HBS Lab), Mechanical Engineering Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
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17
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Wu S, Zhao T, Zhu Y, Paulino GH. Modular multi-degree-of-freedom soft origami robots with reprogrammable electrothermal actuation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2322625121. [PMID: 38709915 PMCID: PMC11098090 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2322625121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Soft robots often draw inspiration from nature to navigate different environments. Although the inching motion and crawling motion of caterpillars have been widely studied in the design of soft robots, the steering motion with local bending control remains challenging. To address this challenge, we explore modular origami units which constitute building blocks for mimicking the segmented caterpillar body. Based on this concept, we report a modular soft Kresling origami crawling robot enabled by electrothermal actuation. A compact and lightweight Kresling structure is designed, fabricated, and characterized with integrated thermal bimorph actuators consisting of liquid crystal elastomer and polyimide layers. With the modular design and reprogrammable actuation, a multiunit caterpillar-inspired soft robot composed of both active units and passive units is developed for bidirectional locomotion and steering locomotion with precise curvature control. We demonstrate the modular design of the Kresling origami robot with an active robotic module picking up cargo and assembling with another robotic module to achieve a steering function. The concept of modular soft robots can provide insight into future soft robots that can grow, repair, and enhance functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC27695
| | - Tuo Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC27695
| | - Glaucio H. Paulino
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
- Princeton Materials Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08544
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18
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Yao DR, Kim I, Yin S, Gao W. Multimodal Soft Robotic Actuation and Locomotion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308829. [PMID: 38305065 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Diverse and adaptable modes of complex motion observed at different scales in living creatures are challenging to reproduce in robotic systems. Achieving dexterous movement in conventional robots can be difficult due to the many limitations of applying rigid materials. Robots based on soft materials are inherently deformable, compliant, adaptable, and adjustable, making soft robotics conducive to creating machines with complicated actuation and motion gaits. This review examines the mechanisms and modalities of actuation deformation in materials that respond to various stimuli. Then, strategies based on composite materials are considered to build toward actuators that combine multiple actuation modes for sophisticated movements. Examples across literature illustrate the development of soft actuators as free-moving, entirely soft-bodied robots with multiple locomotion gaits via careful manipulation of external stimuli. The review further highlights how the application of soft functional materials into robots with rigid components further enhances their locomotive abilities. Finally, taking advantage of the shape-morphing properties of soft materials, reconfigurable soft robots have shown the capacity for adaptive gaits that enable transition across environments with different locomotive modes for optimal efficiency. Overall, soft materials enable varied multimodal motion in actuators and robots, positioning soft robotics to make real-world applications for intricate and challenging tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dickson R Yao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Inho Kim
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Shukun Yin
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
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19
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Tan MWM, Wang H, Gao D, Huang P, Lee PS. Towards high performance and durable soft tactile actuators. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3485-3535. [PMID: 38411597 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs01017a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Soft actuators are gaining significant attention due to their ability to provide realistic tactile sensations in various applications. However, their soft nature makes them vulnerable to damage from external factors, limiting actuation stability and device lifespan. The susceptibility to damage becomes higher with these actuators often in direct contact with their surroundings to generate tactile feedback. Upon onset of damage, the stability or repeatability of the device will be undermined. Eventually, when complete failure occurs, these actuators are disposed of, accumulating waste and driving the consumption of natural resources. This emphasizes the need to enhance the durability of soft tactile actuators for continued operation. This review presents the principles of tactile feedback of actuators, followed by a discussion of the mechanisms, advancements, and challenges faced by soft tactile actuators to realize high actuation performance, categorized by their driving stimuli. Diverse approaches to achieve durability are evaluated, including self-healing, damage resistance, self-cleaning, and temperature stability for soft actuators. In these sections, current challenges and potential material designs are identified, paving the way for developing durable soft tactile actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wei Ming Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Smart Grippers for Soft Robotics (SGSR), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Dace Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Peiwen Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Smart Grippers for Soft Robotics (SGSR), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore
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20
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Yang Y, Li M, Chen E, Mu W, Yin R. Bioinspired Soft Electrostatic Accordion-Fold Actuators. Soft Robot 2024; 11:308-319. [PMID: 38557223 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2022.0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Increasing interests have been directed toward the exploitation of origami techniques in developing biomimetic soft robots. There is a need for effective design solutions to exploit the properties of origami structure with simplified assembly and improved robotic mobility. In this study, inspired by human long-standing jumps, we present a soft electrostatically driven legged accordion fold actuator made by turning a flat paper into hollow polyhedron structure with a spring like rear and capable of electrostatic pad-assisted steering and carrying loads. Without the need for integration of external actuators, the actuator is composed of the electrostatic origami actuator itself supported by a single-fold leg with fast response, easy fabrication process, and low cost. Initiated by periodic deformation around the folding hinges caused by alternating current voltage and ground reaction forces, the actuators exhibit a unique jump-slide movement outperforming other existing soft electrostatic actuators/robots in terms of relative speed. We examined the effect of different geometric and external factors on the relative speed and highlighted the significance of body scale and short-edge panels as the elastic elements, as well as operating at resonance frequency in producing effective performances. Theoretical locomotion models and finite element analysis were carried out to interpret the working principle and validate experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiduo Yang
- Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mengjiao Li
- Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Erdong Chen
- Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Weilei Mu
- College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Rong Yin
- Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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21
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Ye J, Xiang W, Cheng C, Bao W, Zhang Q. Principles and methods of liquid metal actuators. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:2196-2211. [PMID: 38372963 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01756g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
As a promising material, liquid metals (LMs) have gained considerable interest in the field of soft robotics due to their ability to move as designed routines or change their shape dramatically under external stimuli. Inspired by the science fiction film Terminator, tremendous efforts have been devoted to liquid robots with high compliance and intelligence. How to manipulate LM droplets is crucial to achieving this goal. Accordingly, this review is dedicated to presenting the principles driving LMs and summarizing the potential methods to develop LM actuators of high maneuverability. Moreover, the recent progress of LM robots based on these methods is overviewed. The challenges and prospects of implementing autonomous robots have been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Ye
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China.
| | - Wentao Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cai Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wendi Bao
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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22
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Park J, Lee Y, Cho S, Choe A, Yeom J, Ro YG, Kim J, Kang DH, Lee S, Ko H. Soft Sensors and Actuators for Wearable Human-Machine Interfaces. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1464-1534. [PMID: 38314694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Haptic human-machine interfaces (HHMIs) combine tactile sensation and haptic feedback to allow humans to interact closely with machines and robots, providing immersive experiences and convenient lifestyles. Significant progress has been made in developing wearable sensors that accurately detect physical and electrophysiological stimuli with improved softness, functionality, reliability, and selectivity. In addition, soft actuating systems have been developed to provide high-quality haptic feedback by precisely controlling force, displacement, frequency, and spatial resolution. In this Review, we discuss the latest technological advances of soft sensors and actuators for the demonstration of wearable HHMIs. We particularly focus on highlighting material and structural approaches that enable desired sensing and feedback properties necessary for effective wearable HHMIs. Furthermore, promising practical applications of current HHMI technology in various areas such as the metaverse, robotics, and user-interactive devices are discussed in detail. Finally, this Review further concludes by discussing the outlook for next-generation HHMI technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwa Park
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngoh Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungse Cho
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayoung Choe
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghee Yeom
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Goo Ro
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Kang
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjae Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhyub Ko
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
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23
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Zhang Z, Shi Z, Ahmed D. SonoTransformers: Transformable acoustically activated wireless microscale machines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314661121. [PMID: 38289954 PMCID: PMC10861920 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314661121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Shape transformation, a key mechanism for organismal survival and adaptation, has gained importance in developing synthetic shape-shifting systems with diverse applications ranging from robotics to bioengineering. However, designing and controlling microscale shape-shifting materials remains a fundamental challenge in various actuation modalities. As materials and structures are scaled down to the microscale, they often exhibit size-dependent characteristics, and the underlying physical mechanisms can be significantly affected or rendered ineffective. Additionally, surface forces such as van der Waals forces and electrostatic forces become dominant at the microscale, resulting in stiction and adhesion between small structures, making them fracture and more difficult to deform. Furthermore, despite various actuation approaches, acoustics have received limited attention despite their potential advantages. Here, we introduce "SonoTransformer," the acoustically activated micromachine that delivers shape transformability using preprogrammed soft hinges with different stiffnesses. When exposed to an acoustic field, these hinges concentrate sound energy through intensified oscillation and provide the necessary force and torque for the transformation of the entire micromachine within milliseconds. We have created machine designs to predetermine the folding state, enabling precise programming and customization of the acoustic transformation. Additionally, we have shown selective shape transformable microrobots by adjusting acoustic power, realizing high degrees of control and functional versatility. Our findings open new research avenues in acoustics, physics, and soft matter, offering new design paradigms and development opportunities in robotics, metamaterials, adaptive optics, flexible electronics, and microtechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhang
- Acoustic Robotics Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, ZurichCH-8803, Switzerland
| | - Zhan Shi
- Acoustic Robotics Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, ZurichCH-8803, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ahmed
- Acoustic Robotics Systems Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, ZurichCH-8803, Switzerland
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24
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Zhou S, Liang C, Mei Z, Xie R, Sun Z, Li J, Zhang W, Ruan Y, Zhao X. Design and Implementation of a Flexible Electromagnetic Actuator for Tunable Terahertz Metamaterials. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:219. [PMID: 38398947 PMCID: PMC10891570 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Actuators play a crucial role in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and hold substantial potential for applications in various domains, including reconfigurable metamaterials. This research aims to design, fabricate, and characterize structures for the actuation of the EMA. The electromagnetic actuator overcomes the lack of high drive voltage required by other actuators. The proposed actuator configuration comprises supporting cantilever beams with fixed ends, an integrated coil positioned above the cantilever's movable plate, and a permanent magnet located beneath the cantilever's movable plate to generate a static magnetic field. Utilizing flexible polyimide, the fabrication process of the EMA is simplified, overcoming limitations associated with silicon-based micromachining techniques. Furthermore, this approach potentially enables large-scale production of EMA, with displacement reaching up to 250 μm under a 100 mA current, thereby expanding their scope of applications in manufacturing. To demonstrate the function of the EMA, we integrated it with a metamaterial structure to form a compact, tunable terahertz absorber, demonstrating a potential for reconfigurable electromagnetic space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengru Zhou
- School of Instrumental Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Chao Liang
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ziqi Mei
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rongbo Xie
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhenci Sun
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ji Li
- Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Wenqiang Zhang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yong Ruan
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoguang Zhao
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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25
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Gong S, Lu Y, Yin J, Levin A, Cheng W. Materials-Driven Soft Wearable Bioelectronics for Connected Healthcare. Chem Rev 2024; 124:455-553. [PMID: 38174868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
In the era of Internet-of-things, many things can stay connected; however, biological systems, including those necessary for human health, remain unable to stay connected to the global Internet due to the lack of soft conformal biosensors. The fundamental challenge lies in the fact that electronics and biology are distinct and incompatible, as they are based on different materials via different functioning principles. In particular, the human body is soft and curvilinear, yet electronics are typically rigid and planar. Recent advances in materials and materials design have generated tremendous opportunities to design soft wearable bioelectronics, which may bridge the gap, enabling the ultimate dream of connected healthcare for anyone, anytime, and anywhere. We begin with a review of the historical development of healthcare, indicating the significant trend of connected healthcare. This is followed by the focal point of discussion about new materials and materials design, particularly low-dimensional nanomaterials. We summarize material types and their attributes for designing soft bioelectronic sensors; we also cover their synthesis and fabrication methods, including top-down, bottom-up, and their combined approaches. Next, we discuss the wearable energy challenges and progress made to date. In addition to front-end wearable devices, we also describe back-end machine learning algorithms, artificial intelligence, telecommunication, and software. Afterward, we describe the integration of soft wearable bioelectronic systems which have been applied in various testbeds in real-world settings, including laboratories that are preclinical and clinical environments. Finally, we narrate the remaining challenges and opportunities in conjunction with our perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Gong
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jialiang Yin
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Arie Levin
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Wenlong Cheng
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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26
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Pavone A, Stano G, Percoco G. One-Shot 3D Printed Soft Device Actuated Using Metal-Filled Channels and Sensed with Embedded Strain Gauge. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2023; 10:1251-1259. [PMID: 38116226 PMCID: PMC10726192 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2022.0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the multimaterial extrusion (M-MEX) technology is used to fabricate, in a single step, a three-dimensional printed soft electromagnetic (EM) actuator, based on internal channels, filled with soft liquid metal (Galinstan) and equipped with an embedded strain gauge, for the first time. At the state of the art, M-MEX techniques result underexploited for the manufacture of soft EM actuators: only traditional manufacturing approaches are used, resulting in many assembly steps. The main features of this work are as follows: (1) one shot fabrication, (2) smart structure equipped with sensor unit, and (3) scalability. The actuator was tested in conjunction with a commercial magnet, showing a bending angle of 22.4° (when activated at 4A), a relative error of 0.7%, and a very high sensor sensitivity of 49.7 Two more examples, showing all the potentialities of the proposed approach, are presented: a jumping frog-inspired soft robot and a dual independent two-finger actuator. This article aims to push the role of extrusion-based additive manufacturing for the fabrication of EM soft robots: several advantages such as portability, no cooling systems, fast responses, and noise reduction can be achieved by exploiting the proposed actuation system compared to the traditional and widespread actuation mechanisms (shape memory polymers, shape memory alloys, pneumatic actuation, and cable-driven actuation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pavone
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Additive Manufacturing (IAM) Lab, Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Taranto
| | - Gianni Stano
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Additive Manufacturing (IAM) Lab, Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Taranto
| | - Gianluca Percoco
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Additive Manufacturing (IAM) Lab, Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Taranto
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27
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Li M, Pal A, Byun J, Gardi G, Sitti M. Magnetic Putty as a Reconfigurable, Recyclable, and Accessible Soft Robotic Material. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304825. [PMID: 37713134 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Magnetically hard materials are widely used to build soft magnetic robots, providing large magnetic force/torque and macrodomain programmability. However, their high magnetic coercivity often presents practical challenges when attempting to reconfigure magnetization patterns, requiring a large magnetic field or heating. In this study, magnetic putty is introduced as a magnetically hard and soft material with large remanence and low coercivity. It is shown that the magnetization of magnetic putty can be easily reoriented with maximum magnitude using an external field that is only one-tenth of its coercivity. Additionally, magnetic putty is a malleable, autonomous self-healing material that can be recycled and repurposed. The authors anticipate magnetic putty could provide a versatile and accessible tool for various magnetic robotics applications for fast prototyping and explorations for research and educational purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Department of Physical Intelligence, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Aniket Pal
- Department of Physical Intelligence, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Junghwan Byun
- Department of Physical Intelligence, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gaurav Gardi
- Department of Physical Intelligence, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Department of Physical Intelligence, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
- School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
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28
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Kohls ND, Balak R, Ruddy BP, Mazumdar YC. Soft Electromagnetic Motor and Soft Magnetic Sensors for Synchronous Rotary Motion. Soft Robot 2023; 10:912-922. [PMID: 36976757 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2022.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To create fully-soft robots, fully-soft actuators are needed. Currently, soft rotary actuator topologies described in the literature exhibit low rotational speeds, which limit their applicability. In this work, we describe a novel, fully-soft synchronous rotary electromagnetic actuator and soft magnetic contact switch sensor concept. In this study, the actuator is constructed using gallium indium liquid metal conductors, compliant permanent magnetic composites, carbon black powders, and flexible polymers. The actuator also operates using low voltages (<20 V, ≤10 A), has a bandwidth of 10 Hz, a stall torque of 2.5-3 mN·m, and no-load speed of up to 4000 rpm. These values show that the actuator rotates at over two orders-of-magnitude higher speed with at least one order-of-magnitude higher output power than previously developed soft rotary actuators. This unique soft rotary motor is operated in a manner similar to traditional hard motors, but is also able to stretch and deform to enable new soft robot functions. To demonstrate fully-soft actuator application concepts, the motor is incorporated into a fully-soft air blower, fully-soft underwater propulsion system, fully-soft water pump, and squeeze-based sensor for a fully-soft fan. Hybrid hard and soft applications were also tested, including a geared robotic car, pneumatic actuator, and hydraulic pump. Overall, this work demonstrates how the fully-soft rotary electromagnetic actuator can bridge the gap between the capabilities of traditional hard motors and novel soft actuator concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah D Kohls
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Roman Balak
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bryan P Ruddy
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yi Chen Mazumdar
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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29
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Jiang H, Gu H, Nelson BJ, Zhang T. Numerical Study of Metachronal Wave-Modulated Locomotion in Magnetic Cilia Carpets. ADVANCED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 5:2300212. [PMID: 37885909 PMCID: PMC10601495 DOI: 10.1002/aisy.202300212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Metachronal motions are ubiquitous in terrestrial and aquatic organisms and have attracted substantial attention in engineering for their potential applications. Hard-magnetic soft materials are shown to provide new opportunities for metachronal wave-modulated robotic locomotion by multi-agent active morphing in response to external magnetic fields. However, the design and optimization of such magnetic soft robots can be complex, and the fabrication and magnetization processes are often delicate and time-consuming. Herein, a computational model is developed that integrates granular models into a magnetic-lattice model, both of which are implemented in the highly efficient parallel computing platform large-scale atomic/molecular massively parallel simulator (LAMMPS). The simulations accurately reproduce the deformation of single cilium, the metachronal wave motion of multiple cilia, and the crawling and rolling locomotion of magnetic cilia soft robots. Furthermore, the simulations provide insight into the spatial and temporal variation of friction forces and trajectories of cilia tips. The results contribute to the understanding of metachronal wave-modulated locomotion and potential applications in the field of soft robotics and biomimetic engineering. The developed model also provides a versatile computational framework for simulating the movement of magnetic soft robots in realistic environments and has the potential to guide the design, optimization, and customization of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; BioInspired Syracuse Syracuse, University Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Hongri Gu
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Bradley J Nelson
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Syracuse University Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; BioInspired Syracuse Syracuse University Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
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30
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Nardekar SS, Kim S. Untethered Magnetic Soft Robot with Ultra-Flexible Wirelessly Rechargeable Micro-Supercapacitor as an Onboard Power Source. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303918. [PMID: 37544914 PMCID: PMC10558651 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Soft robotics has developed rapidly in recent years as an emergent research topic, offering new avenues for various industrial and biomedical settings. Despite these advancements, its applicability is limited to locomotion and actuation due to the lack of an adequate charge storage system that can support the robot's sensory system in challenging conditions. Herein, an ultra-flexible, lightweight (≈50 milligrams), and wirelessly rechargeable micro-supercapacitor as an onboard power source for miniaturized soft robots, capable of powering a range of sensory is proposed. The simple and scalable direct laser combustion technique is utilized to fabricate the robust graphene-like carbon micro-supercapacitor (GLC-MSC) electrode. The GLC-MSC demonstrates superior areal capacitance (8.76 mF cm-2 ), and maintains its original capacitance even under extreme actuation frequency (1-30 Hz). As proof of conceptthe authors fabricate a fully integrated magnetic-soft robot that shows outstanding locomotion aptitude and charged wirelessly (up to 2.4 V within 25s), making it an ideal onboard power source for soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Shital Nardekar
- Nanomaterials & System LabMajor of Mechatronics EngineeringFaculty of Applied Energy SystemJeju National UniversityJeju63243Republic of Korea
| | - Sang‐Jae Kim
- Nanomaterials & System LabMajor of Mechatronics EngineeringFaculty of Applied Energy SystemJeju National UniversityJeju63243Republic of Korea
- Nanomaterials & System LabMajor of Mechanical System EngineeringCollege of EngineeringJeju National UniversityJeju63243Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of New Energy Industry (RINEI)Jeju National UniversityJeju63243Republic of Korea
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31
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Richter M, Sikorski J, Makushko P, Zabila Y, Venkiteswaran VK, Makarov D, Misra S. Locally Addressable Energy Efficient Actuation of Magnetic Soft Actuator Array Systems. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302077. [PMID: 37330643 PMCID: PMC10460866 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Advances in magnetoresponsive composites and (electro-)magnetic actuators have led to development of magnetic soft machines (MSMs) as building blocks for small-scale robotic devices. Near-field MSMs offer energy efficiency and compactness by bringing the field source and effectors in close proximity. Current challenges of near-field MSM are limited programmability of effector motion, dimensionality, ability to perform collaborative tasks, and structural flexibility. Herein, a new class of near-field MSMs is demonstrated that combines microscale thickness flexible planar coils with magnetoresponsive polymer effectors. Ultrathin manufacturing and magnetic programming of effectors is used to tailor their response to the nonhomogeneous near-field distribution on the coil surface. The MSMs are demonstrated to lift, tilt, pull, or grasp in close proximity to each other. These ultrathin (80 µm) and lightweight (100 gm-2 ) MSMs can operate at high frequency (25 Hz) and low energy consumption (0.5 W), required for the use of MSMs in portable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Richter
- Surgical Robotics LaboratoryDepartment of Biomechanical EngineeringUniversity of TwenteDrienerlolaan 5Enschede7500 AEThe Netherlands
| | - Jakub Sikorski
- Surgical Robotics LaboratoryDepartment of Biomechanical EngineeringUniversity of TwenteDrienerlolaan 5Enschede7500 AEThe Netherlands
- Surgical Robotics LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Groningen and UniversityMedical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1Groningen9713 GZThe Netherlands
| | - Pavlo Makushko
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf e.V.Bautzner, Landstraße 40001328DresdenGermany
| | - Yevhen Zabila
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf e.V.Bautzner, Landstraße 40001328DresdenGermany
- The H. Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of SciencesKrakow31‐342Poland
| | | | - Denys Makarov
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf e.V.Bautzner, Landstraße 40001328DresdenGermany
| | - Sarthak Misra
- Surgical Robotics LaboratoryDepartment of Biomechanical EngineeringUniversity of TwenteDrienerlolaan 5Enschede7500 AEThe Netherlands
- Surgical Robotics LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Groningen and UniversityMedical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1Groningen9713 GZThe Netherlands
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32
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Vural M, Mohammadi M, Seufert L, Han S, Crispin X, Fridberger A, Berggren M, Tybrandt K. Soft Electromagnetic Vibrotactile Actuators with Integrated Vibration Amplitude Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37327497 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Soft vibrotactile devices have the potential to expand the functionality of emerging electronic skin technologies. However, those devices often lack the necessary overall performance, sensing-actuation feedback and control, and mechanical compliance for seamless integration on the skin. Here, we present soft haptic electromagnetic actuators that consist of intrinsically stretchable conductors, pressure-sensitive conductive foams, and soft magnetic composites. To minimize joule heating, high-performance stretchable composite conductors are developed based on in situ-grown silver nanoparticles formed within the silver flake framework. The conductors are laser-patterned to form soft and densely packed coils to further minimize heating. Soft pressure-sensitive conducting polymer-cellulose foams are developed and integrated to tune the resonance frequency and to provide internal resonator amplitude sensing in the resonators. The above components together with a soft magnet are assembled into soft vibrotactile devices providing high-performance actuation combined with amplitude sensing. We believe that soft haptic devices will be an essential component in future developments of multifunctional electronic skin for future human-computer and human-robotic interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Vural
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, ITN, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Mohammadi
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, ITN, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Laura Seufert
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Shaobo Han
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, ITN, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Anders Fridberger
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, ITN, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, ITN, Linköping University, 602 21 Norrköping, Sweden
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33
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Ma J, Krisnadi F, Vong MH, Kong M, Awartani OM, Dickey MD. Shaping a Soft Future: Patterning Liquid Metals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2205196. [PMID: 36044678 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the unique techniques for patterning liquid metals containing gallium (e.g., eutectic gallium indium, EGaIn). These techniques are enabled by two unique attributes of these liquids relative to solid metals: 1) The fluidity of the metal allows it to be injected, sprayed, and generally dispensed. 2) The solid native oxide shell allows the metal to adhere to surfaces and be shaped in ways that would normally be prohibited due to surface tension. The ability to shape liquid metals into non-spherical structures such as wires, antennas, and electrodes can enable fluidic metallic conductors for stretchable electronics, soft robotics, e-skins, and wearables. The key properties of these metals with a focus on methods to pattern liquid metals into soft or stretchable devices are summari.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Febby Krisnadi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Man Hou Vong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Minsik Kong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Omar M Awartani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut, 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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34
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Zhang Z, Long Y, Chen G, Wu Q, Wang H, Jiang H. Soft and lightweight fabric enables powerful and high-range pneumatic actuation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg1203. [PMID: 37043577 PMCID: PMC10096572 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Soft structures and actuation allow robots, conventionally consisting of rigid components, to perform more compliant, adaptive interactions similar to living creatures. Although numerous functions of these types of actuators have been demonstrated in the literature, their hyperelastic designs generally suffer from limited workspaces and load-carrying capabilities primarily due to their structural stretchability factor. Here, we describe a series of pneumatic actuators based on soft but less stretchable fabric that can simultaneously perform tunable workspace and bear a high payload. The motion mode of the actuator is programmable, combinable, and predictable and is informed by rapid response to low input pressure. A robotic gripper using three fabric actuators is also presented. The gripper demonstrates a grasping force of over 150 N and a grasping range from 70 to 350 millimeters. The design concept and comprehensive guidelines presented would provide design and analysis foundations for applying less stretchable yet soft materials in soft robots to further enhance their practicality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Systems and Vibration, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing for Thin-Walled Structures, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
| | - Yongzhou Long
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Systems and Vibration, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing for Thin-Walled Structures, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Genliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Systems and Vibration, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing for Thin-Walled Structures, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Meta Robotics Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qichen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Systems and Vibration, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing for Thin-Walled Structures, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Systems and Vibration, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing for Thin-Walled Structures, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hanqing Jiang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310030, China
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35
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Wang T, Joo HJ, Song S, Hu W, Keplinger C, Sitti M. A versatile jellyfish-like robotic platform for effective underwater propulsion and manipulation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg0292. [PMID: 37043565 PMCID: PMC10096580 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Underwater devices are critical for environmental applications. However, existing prototypes typically use bulky, noisy actuators and limited configurations. Consequently, they struggle to ensure noise-free and gentle interactions with underwater species when realizing practical functions. Therefore, we developed a jellyfish-like robotic platform enabled by a synergy of electrohydraulic actuators and a hybrid structure of rigid and soft components. Our 16-cm-diameter noise-free prototype could control the fluid flow to propel while manipulating objects to be kept beneath its body without physical contact, thereby enabling safer interactions. Its against-gravity speed was up to 6.1 cm/s, substantially quicker than other examples in literature, while only requiring a low input power of around 100 mW. Moreover, using the platform, we demonstrated contact-based object manipulation, fluidic mixing, shape adaptation, steering, wireless swimming, and cooperation of two to three robots. This study introduces a versatile jellyfish-like robotic platform with a wide range of functions for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlu Wang
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Hyeong-Joon Joo
- Robotic Materials Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Shanyuan Song
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Bioinspired Autonomous Miniature Robots Group, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Wenqi Hu
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Bioinspired Autonomous Miniature Robots Group, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Christoph Keplinger
- Robotic Materials Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
- School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
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36
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Wu S, Hong Y, Zhao Y, Yin J, Zhu Y. Caterpillar-inspired soft crawling robot with distributed programmable thermal actuation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf8014. [PMID: 36947625 PMCID: PMC10032605 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf8014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many inspirations for soft robotics are from the natural world, such as octopuses, snakes, and caterpillars. Here, we report a caterpillar-inspired, energy-efficient crawling robot with multiple crawling modes, enabled by joule heating of a patterned soft heater consisting of silver nanowire networks in a liquid crystal elastomer (LCE)-based thermal bimorph actuator. With patterned and distributed heaters and programmable heating, different temperature and hence curvature distribution along the body of the robot are achieved, enabling bidirectional locomotion as a result of the friction competition between the front and rear end with the ground. The thermal bimorph behavior is studied to predict and optimize the local curvature of the robot under thermal stimuli. The bidirectional actuation modes with the crawling speeds are investigated. The capability of passing through obstacles with limited spacing are demonstrated. The strategy of distributed and programmable heating and actuation with thermal responsive materials offers unprecedented capabilities for smart and multifunctional soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Yaoye Hong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Yao Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill and NC State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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37
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Gu H, Möckli M, Ehmke C, Kim M, Wieland M, Moser S, Bechinger C, Boehler Q, Nelson BJ. Self-folding soft-robotic chains with reconfigurable shapes and functionalities. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1263. [PMID: 36882398 PMCID: PMC9992713 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36819-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic continuum soft robots can actively steer their tip under an external magnetic field, enabling them to effectively navigate in complex in vivo environments and perform minimally invasive interventions. However, the geometries and functionalities of these robotic tools are limited by the inner diameter of the supporting catheter as well as the natural orifices and access ports of the human body. Here, we present a class of magnetic soft-robotic chains (MaSoChains) that can self-fold into large assemblies with stable configurations using a combination of elastic and magnetic energies. By pushing and pulling the MaSoChain relative to its catheter sheath, repeated assembly and disassembly with programmable shapes and functions are achieved. MaSoChains are compatible with state-of-the-art magnetic navigation technologies and provide many desirable features and functions that are difficult to realize through existing surgical tools. This strategy can be further customized and implemented for a wide spectrum of tools for minimally invasive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongri Gu
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Marino Möckli
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claas Ehmke
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Wieland
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Moser
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Quentin Boehler
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Bradley J Nelson
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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38
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Self-vectoring electromagnetic soft robots with high operational dimensionality. Nat Commun 2023; 14:182. [PMID: 36635282 PMCID: PMC9837125 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35848-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft robots capable of flexible deformations and agile locomotion similar to biological systems are highly desirable for promising applications, including safe human-robot interactions and biomedical engineering. Their achievable degree of freedom and motional deftness are limited by the actuation modes and controllable dimensions of constituent soft actuators. Here, we report self-vectoring electromagnetic soft robots (SESRs) to offer new operational dimensionality via actively and instantly adjusting and synthesizing the interior electromagnetic vectors (EVs) in every flux actuator sub-domain of the robots. As a result, we can achieve high-dimensional operation with fewer actuators and control signals than other actuation methods. We also demonstrate complex and rapid 3D shape morphing, bioinspired multimodal locomotion, as well as fast switches among different locomotion modes all in passive magnetic fields. The intrinsic fast (re)programmability of SESRs, along with the active and selective actuation through self-vectoring control, significantly increases the operational dimensionality and possibilities for soft robots.
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39
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Ye J, Yao YC, Gao JY, Chen S, Zhang P, Sheng L, Liu J. LM-Jelly: Liquid Metal Enabled Biomimetic Robotic Jellyfish. Soft Robot 2022; 9:1098-1107. [PMID: 35486839 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2021.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Jellyfish have attracted worldwide attention owing to their fantastic moving styles, which also inspired development in soft robotics to meet the demands of underwater surveillance. In this study, a soft robotic jellyfish integrated liquid metal coil, and magnetic field is proposed for the first time to mimic the soft rowing propulsion of oblate jellyfish. The soft robotic jellyfish is actuated by the entirely soft electromagnetic actuators that enabled the gentle motion. Through conceptual experiments and computational fluid dynamics simulations, we systematically interpreted the mechanism of this robotic jellyfish and various factors to dominate its movement behaviors, which involve vortex formation and ascending modalities. Besides, underwater monitoring and bio-friendliness of robotic jellyfish were also demonstrated to illustrate its potential application scenarios and gentle motion characteristics. This study will help to broaden the vistas for liquid metal enabled bionic robotics in a wide range of underwater applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Ye
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Chen Yao
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Ye Gao
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Chen
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sheng
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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40
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Abstract
Thermal actuation is a common actuation method for soft robots. However, a major limitation is the relatively slow actuation speed. Here we report significant increase in the actuation speed of a bimorph thermal actuator by harnessing the snap-through instability. The actuator is made of silver nanowire/polydimethylsiloxane composite. The snap-through instability is enabled by simply applying an offset displacement to part of the actuator structure. The effects of thermal conductivity of the composite, offset displacement, and actuation frequency on the actuator speed are investigated using both experiments and finite element analysis. The actuator yields a bending speed as high as 28.7 cm-1/s, 10 times that without the snap-through instability. A fast crawling robot with locomotion speed of 1.04 body length per second and a biomimetic Venus flytrap were demonstrated to illustrate the promising potential of the fast bimorph thermal actuators for soft robotic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gregory Langston Baker
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill and NC State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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41
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Ma Z, Sameoto D. A Review of Electrically Driven Soft Actuators for Soft Robotics. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1881. [PMID: 36363902 PMCID: PMC9693343 DOI: 10.3390/mi13111881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the field of soft robotics has gained much attention by virtue of its aptness to work in certain environments unsuitable for traditional rigid robotics. Along with the uprising field of soft robotics is the increased attention to soft actuators which provide soft machines the ability to move, manipulate, and deform actively. This article provides a focused review of various high-performance and novel electrically driven soft actuators due to their fast response, controllability, softness, and compactness. Furthermore, this review aims to act as a reference guide for building electrically driven soft machines. The focus of this paper lies on the actuation principle of each type of actuator, comprehensive performance comparison across different actuators, and up-to-date applications of each actuator. The range of actuators includes electro-static soft actuators, electro-thermal soft actuators, and electrically driven soft pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqi Ma
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Dan Sameoto
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
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42
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Hussain N, Scherer T, Das C, Heuer J, Debastiani R, Gumbsch P, Aghassi-Hagmann J, Hirtz M. Correlated Study of Material Interaction Between Capillary Printed Eutectic Gallium Alloys and Gold Electrodes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2202987. [PMID: 36073667 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals (LMs) play a growing role in flexible electronics and connected applications. Here, LMs come into direct contact with metal electrodes thus allowing for corrosion and additional alloying, potentially compromising device stability. Nevertheless, comprehensive studies on the interfacial interaction of the materials are still sparse. Therefore, a correlated material interaction study of capillary-printed Galinstan (eutetic alloy of Ga/In/Sn) with gold surfaces and electrodes is conducted. Comprehensive application of optical microscopy, vertical scanning interferometry, scanning electron microscopy/spectroscopy, x-ray photon spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy allow for an in depth characterization of the spreading process of LM lines on gold films, revealing the differential spread of the different LM components and the formation of intermetallic nanostructures on the surface of the surrounding gold film. A model for the growth process based on the penetration of LM along the gold film grain boundaries is proposed based on the obtained time-dependent characterization. The distribution of gold, Galinstan, and intermetallic phases in a gold wire dipped into LM is observed using X-ray nano tomography as a complementary view on the internal nanostructure. Finally, resistance measurements on LM lines connecting gold electrodes over time allow to estimate the influence on the material interaction on electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Hussain
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Torsten Scherer
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Chittaranjan Das
- Institute of Applied Materials (IAM-ESS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Janis Heuer
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Rafaela Debastiani
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Peter Gumbsch
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM, Wöhlerstr. 11, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Aghassi-Hagmann
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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43
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Ni X, Luan H, Kim JT, Rogge SI, Bai Y, Kwak JW, Liu S, Yang DS, Li S, Li S, Li Z, Zhang Y, Wu C, Ni X, Huang Y, Wang H, Rogers JA. Soft shape-programmable surfaces by fast electromagnetic actuation of liquid metal networks. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5576. [PMID: 36151092 PMCID: PMC9508113 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31092-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Low modulus materials that can shape-morph into different three-dimensional (3D) configurations in response to external stimuli have wide-ranging applications in flexible/stretchable electronics, surgical instruments, soft machines and soft robotics. This paper reports a shape-programmable system that exploits liquid metal microfluidic networks embedded in an elastomer matrix, with electromagnetic forms of actuation, to achieve a unique set of properties. Specifically, this materials structure is capable of fast, continuous morphing into a diverse set of continuous, complex 3D surfaces starting from a two-dimensional (2D) planar configuration, with fully reversible operation. Computational, multi-physics modeling methods and advanced 3D imaging techniques enable rapid, real-time transformations between target shapes. The liquid-solid phase transition of the liquid metal allows for shape fixation and reprogramming on demand. An unusual vibration insensitive, dynamic 3D display screen serves as an application example of this type of morphable surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchen Ni
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Haiwen Luan
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jin-Tae Kim
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Sam I Rogge
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Yun Bai
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jean Won Kwak
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Shangliangzi Liu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Da Som Yang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Shuo Li
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Shupeng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Zhengwei Li
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Yamin Zhang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Changsheng Wu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Xiaoyue Ni
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Heling Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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44
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Gan T, Xiao Q, Handschuh-Wang S, Huang X, Wang H, Deng X, Hu S, Wang B, Wu Q, Zhou X. Conformally Adhesive, Large-Area, Solidlike, yet Transient Liquid Metal Thin Films and Patterns via Gelatin-Regulated Droplet Deposition and Sintering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:42744-42756. [PMID: 36068651 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Adhesion and spreading of liquid metals (LMs) on substrates are essential steps for the generation of flexible electronics and thermal management devices. However, the controlled deposition is limited by the high surface tension and peculiar wetting and adhesion behavior of LMs. Herein, we introduce gelatin-regulated LM droplet deposition and sintering (GLMDDS), for the upscalable production of conformally adhesive, solidlike, yet transient LM thin films and patterns on diverse substrates. This method involves four steps: homogeneous deposition of LM microdroplets, gelation of the LM-gelatin solution, toughening of the gelatin hydrogel by solvent displacement, and peeling-induced sintering of LM microdroplets. The LM thin film exhibits a three-layer structure, comprising an LM microdroplet-embedded tough organohydrogel adhesion layer, a continuous LM layer, and an oxide skin. The composite exhibits high stretchability and mechanical robustness, conformal adhesion to various substrates, high conductivity (4.35 × 105 S·m-1), and transience (86% LM recycled). Large-scale deposition (i.e., 5.6 dm2) and the potential for patterns on diverse substrates demonstrate its upscalability and broad suitability. Finally, the LM thin films and patterns are applied for flexible and wearable devices, i.e., pressure sensors, heaters, human motion tracking devices, and thermal management devices, illustrating the broad applicability of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiansheng Gan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Qi Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Stephan Handschuh-Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Huang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Haifei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Deng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Shuangyan Hu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Ben Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Qixing Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
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45
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Bai Y, Wang H, Xue Y, Pan Y, Kim JT, Ni X, Liu TL, Yang Y, Han M, Huang Y, Rogers JA, Ni X. A dynamically reprogrammable surface with self-evolving shape morphing. Nature 2022; 609:701-708. [PMID: 36131035 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05061-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic shape-morphing soft materials systems are ubiquitous in living organisms; they are also of rapidly increasing relevance to emerging technologies in soft machines1-3, flexible electronics4,5 and smart medicines6. Soft matter equipped with responsive components can switch between designed shapes or structures, but cannot support the types of dynamic morphing capabilities needed to reproduce natural, continuous processes of interest for many applications7-24. Challenges lie in the development of schemes to reprogram target shapes after fabrication, especially when complexities associated with the operating physics and disturbances from the environment can stop the use of deterministic theoretical models to guide inverse design and control strategies25-30. Here we present a mechanical metasurface constructed from a matrix of filamentary metal traces, driven by reprogrammable, distributed Lorentz forces that follow from the passage of electrical currents in the presence of a static magnetic field. The resulting system demonstrates complex, dynamic morphing capabilities with response times within 0.1 second. Implementing an in situ stereo-imaging feedback strategy with a digitally controlled actuation scheme guided by an optimization algorithm yields surfaces that can follow a self-evolving inverse design to morph into a wide range of three-dimensional target shapes with high precision, including an ability to morph against extrinsic or intrinsic perturbations. These concepts support a data-driven approach to the design of dynamic soft matter, with many unique characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Heling Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. .,Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of THU Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yeguang Xue
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Yuxin Pan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jin-Tae Kim
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Xinchen Ni
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Tzu-Li Liu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Yiyuan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Mengdi Han
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - John A Rogers
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Xiaoyue Ni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. .,Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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46
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Zhang J, Zhang C, Li H, Cheng Y, Yang Q, Hou X, Chen F. Controlling the oxidation and wettability of liquid metal via femtosecond laser for high-resolution flexible electronics. Front Chem 2022; 10:965891. [PMID: 36118310 PMCID: PMC9475219 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.965891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid metal-based electronic devices are attracting increasing attention owing to their excellent flexibility and high conductivity. However, a simple way to realize liquid metal electronics on a microscale without photolithography is still challenging. Herein, the wettability and adhesion of liquid metal are controlled by combining the stirring method, femtosecond laser microfabrication, and sacrificial layer assistant. The adhesive force of liquid metal is dramatically enhanced by adjusting its oxidation. The wetting area is limited to a micro-pattern by a femtosecond laser and sacrificial layer. On this basis, a high-resolution liquid metal printing method is proposed. The printing resolution can be controlled even less than 50 μm. The resultant liquid metal pattern is applied to electronic skin, which shows uniformity, flexibility, and stability. It is anticipated that this liquid metal printing method will hold great promise in the fields of flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chengjun Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Haoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xun Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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Aksoy B, Hao Y, Grasso G, Digumarti KM, Cacucciolo V, Shea H. Shielded soft force sensors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4649. [PMID: 35945227 PMCID: PMC9363457 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32391-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Force and strain sensors made of soft materials enable robots to interact intelligently with their surroundings. Capacitive sensing is widely adopted thanks to its low power consumption, fast response, and facile fabrication. Capacitive sensors are, however, susceptible to electromagnetic interference and proximity effects and thus require electrical shielding. Shielding has not been previously implemented in soft capacitive sensors due to the parasitic capacitance between the shield and sensing electrodes, which changes when the sensor is deformed. We address this crucial challenge by patterning the central sensing elastomer layer to control its compressibility. One design uses an ultrasoft silicone foam, and the other includes microchannels filled with liquid metal and air. The force resolution is sub-mN both in normal and shear directions, yet the sensor withstands large forces (>20 N), demonstrating a wide dynamic range. Performance is unaffected by nearby high DC and AC electric fields and even electric sparks. Capacitive soft force sensors require electrical shielding from electromagnetic interference, but this shielding can mess with the effectiveness of the sensing electrodes. Here, Aksoy et al. solve this problem by patterning the central sensing elastomer layer to control its compressibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bekir Aksoy
- Soft Transducers Laboratory (LMTS), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Yufei Hao
- Soft Transducers Laboratory (LMTS), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Giulio Grasso
- Soft Transducers Laboratory (LMTS), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Krishna Manaswi Digumarti
- Soft Transducers Laboratory (LMTS), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Vito Cacucciolo
- Soft Transducers Laboratory (LMTS), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Herbert Shea
- Soft Transducers Laboratory (LMTS), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland.
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Mao G, Schiller D, Danninger D, Hailegnaw B, Hartmann F, Stockinger T, Drack M, Arnold N, Kaltenbrunner M. Ultrafast small-scale soft electromagnetic robots. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4456. [PMID: 35945209 PMCID: PMC9363453 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High-speed locomotion is an essential survival strategy for animals, allowing populating harsh and unpredictable environments. Bio-inspired soft robots equally benefit from versatile and ultrafast motion but require appropriate driving mechanisms and device designs. Here, we present a class of small-scale soft electromagnetic robots made of curved elastomeric bilayers, driven by Lorentz forces acting on embedded printed liquid metal channels carrying alternating currents with driving voltages of several volts in a static magnetic field. Their dynamic resonant performance is investigated experimentally and theoretically. These robust and versatile robots can walk, run, swim, jump, steer and transport cargo. Their tethered versions reach ultra-high running speeds of 70 BL/s (body lengths per second) on 3D-corrugated substrates and 35 BL/s on arbitrary planar substrates while their maximum swimming speed is 4.8 BL/s in water. Moreover, prototype untethered versions run and swim at a maximum speed of 2.1 BL/s and 1.8 BL/s, respectively. Inspired by fast running cheetahs, the authors present a class of small-scale soft electromagnetic robots able to reach ultra-high running speeds of 70 BL/s (body lengths per second) as well as the ability to swim, jump, steer and transport cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyong Mao
- Soft Materials Lab, Linz Institute of Technology, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Str. 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.
| | - David Schiller
- Soft Materials Lab, Linz Institute of Technology, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Str. 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.,Division of Soft Matter Physics, Institute for Experimental Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Str. 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Doris Danninger
- Soft Materials Lab, Linz Institute of Technology, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Str. 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.,Division of Soft Matter Physics, Institute for Experimental Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Str. 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Bekele Hailegnaw
- Soft Materials Lab, Linz Institute of Technology, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Str. 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.,Division of Soft Matter Physics, Institute for Experimental Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Str. 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Florian Hartmann
- Soft Materials Lab, Linz Institute of Technology, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Str. 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.,Division of Soft Matter Physics, Institute for Experimental Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Str. 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas Stockinger
- Soft Materials Lab, Linz Institute of Technology, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Str. 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.,Division of Soft Matter Physics, Institute for Experimental Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Str. 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Michael Drack
- Soft Materials Lab, Linz Institute of Technology, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Str. 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.,Division of Soft Matter Physics, Institute for Experimental Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Str. 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Nikita Arnold
- Soft Materials Lab, Linz Institute of Technology, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Str. 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.,Division of Soft Matter Physics, Institute for Experimental Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Str. 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Martin Kaltenbrunner
- Soft Materials Lab, Linz Institute of Technology, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Str. 69, 4040, Linz, Austria. .,Division of Soft Matter Physics, Institute for Experimental Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenberger Str. 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.
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Alleviation of Residual Vibrations in Hard-Magnetic Soft Actuators Using a Command-Shaping Scheme. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153037. [PMID: 35956552 PMCID: PMC9370298 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hard-magnetic soft materials belong to a class of the highly deformable magneto-active elastomer family of smart materials and provide a promising technology for flexible electronics, soft robots, and functional metamaterials. When hard-magnetic soft actuators are driven by a multiple-step input signal (Heaviside magnetic field signal), the residual oscillations exhibited by the actuator about equilibrium positions may limit their performance and accuracy in practical applications. This work aims at developing a command-shaping scheme for alleviating residual vibrations in a magnetically driven planar hard-magnetic soft actuator. The control scheme is based on the balance of magnetic and elastic forces at a critical point in an oscillation cycle. The equation governing the dynamics of the actuator is devised using the Euler–Lagrange equation. The constitutive behaviour of the hard-magnetic soft material is modeled using the Gent model of hyperelasticity, which accounts for the strain-stiffening effects. The dynamic response of the actuator under a step input signal is obtained by numerically solving the devised dynamic governing equation using MATLAB ODE solver. To demonstrate the applicability of the developed command-shaping scheme, a thorough investigation showing the effect of various parameters such as material damping, the sequence of desired equilibrium positions, and polymer chain extensibility on the performance of the proposed scheme is performed. The designed control scheme is found to be effective in controlling the motion of the hard-magnetic soft actuator at any desired equilibrium position. The present study can find its potential application in the design and development of an open-loop controller for hard-magnetic soft actuators.
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50
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High-throughput fabrication of soft magneto-origami machines. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4177. [PMID: 35853940 PMCID: PMC9296529 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31900-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft magneto-active machines capable of magnetically controllable shape-morphing and locomotion have diverse promising applications such as untethered biomedical robots. However, existing soft magneto-active machines often have simple structures with limited functionalities and do not grant high-throughput production due to the convoluted fabrication technology. Here, we propose a facile fabrication strategy that transforms 2D magnetic sheets into 3D soft magneto-active machines with customized geometries by incorporating origami folding. Based on automated roll-to-roll processing, this approach allows for the high-throughput fabrication of soft magneto-origami machines with a variety of characteristics, including large-magnitude deploying, sequential folding into predesigned shapes, and multivariant actuation modes (e.g., contraction, bending, rotation, and rolling locomotion). We leverage these abilities to demonstrate a few potential applications: an electronic robot capable of on-demand deploying and wireless charging, a mechanical 8-3 encoder, a quadruped robot for cargo-release tasks, and a magneto-origami arts/craft. Our work contributes for the high-throughput fabrication of soft magneto-active machines with multi-functionalities.
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