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Hubbard WB, Velmurugan GV, Sullivan PG. The role of mitochondrial uncoupling in the regulation of mitostasis after traumatic brain injury. Neurochem Int 2024; 174:105680. [PMID: 38311216 PMCID: PMC10922998 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Mitostasis, the maintenance of healthy mitochondria, plays a critical role in brain health. The brain's high energy demands and reliance on mitochondria for energy production make mitostasis vital for neuronal function. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) disrupts mitochondrial homeostasis, leading to secondary cellular damage, neuronal degeneration, and cognitive deficits. Mild mitochondrial uncoupling, which dissociates ATP production from oxygen consumption, offers a promising avenue for TBI treatment. Accumulating evidence, from endogenous and exogenous mitochondrial uncoupling, suggests that mitostasis is closely regulating by mitochondrial uncoupling and cellular injury environments may be more sensitive to uncoupling. Mitochondrial uncoupling can mitigate calcium overload, reduce oxidative stress, and induce mitochondrial proteostasis and mitophagy, a process that eliminates damaged mitochondria. The interplay between mitochondrial uncoupling and mitostasis is ripe for further investigation in the context of TBI. These multi-faceted mechanisms of action for mitochondrial uncoupling hold promise for TBI therapy, with the potential to restore mitochondrial health, improve neurological outcomes, and prevent long-term TBI-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Brad Hubbard
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Lexington Veterans' Affairs Healthcare System, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Gopal V Velmurugan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Lexington Veterans' Affairs Healthcare System, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Wu DM, Zheng ZH, Fan SH, Zhang ZF, Chen GQ, Lu J. Sulforaphane administration alleviates diffuse axonal injury (DAI) via regulation signaling pathway of NRF2 and HO-1. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:430-442. [PMID: 31232487 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) can alleviate diffuse axonal injury (DAI)-induced apoptosis by regulating expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), while sulforaphane (SFN) was shown to reduce oxidative stress by increasing the expression of Nrf2. Therefore, we aimed to investigate therapeutic effect of SFN in the treatment of DAI and the ability of SFN to reduce oxidative stress. METHODS The 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to observe the effects of H2 O 2 and SFN on cell viability. Fluorometric assay, Western blot analysis, and flow cytometry were conducted to validate the protective role of SFN in an animal model of DAI. In addition, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured in DAI rats treated by SFN, while Western blot, immunohistochemistry assay, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay were carried out to verify the effect of SFN in different animal groups. RESULTS Cell viability was reduced by H2 O 2 in a dose-dependent manner, while the treatment by SFN significantly promoted cell growth. Meanwhile the administration of SFN effectively reduced the levels of caspase-3/poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activity increased by the H 2 O 2 treatment, indicating that the protective effect of SFN could be mediated by its ability to suppress caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage. In addition, the SFN treatment reduced the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation induced by H 2 O 2 . Moreover, the MDA levels of SOD/GPx activity in various rat groups showed the protective effects of SFN in DAI rats. It is suspected that the protective effect of SFN was exerted via the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. In this study, DAI and DAI + phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) groups also showed the presence of more TUNEL-positive cells compared with the sham-operated group, while the SFN treatment reduced the extent of neuronal apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS By activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and reducing the activity of caspase-3, SFN reduces the apoptosis of neurons in brain trauma-induced DAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China.,College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zi-Hui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shao-Hua Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China.,College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China.,College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Gui-Quan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China.,College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
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Diffuse Axonal Injury and Oxidative Stress: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122600. [PMID: 29207487 PMCID: PMC5751203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the world’s leading causes of morbidity and mortality among young individuals. TBI applies powerful rotational and translational forces to the brain parenchyma, which results in a traumatic diffuse axonal injury (DAI) responsible for brain swelling and neuronal death. Following TBI, axonal degeneration has been identified as a progressive process that starts with disrupted axonal transport causing axonal swelling, followed by secondary axonal disconnection and Wallerian degeneration. These modifications in the axonal cytoskeleton interrupt the axoplasmic transport mechanisms, causing the gradual gathering of transport products so as to generate axonal swellings and modifications in neuronal homeostasis. Oxidative stress with consequent impairment of endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms plays a significant role in the secondary events leading to neuronal death. Studies support the role of an altered axonal calcium homeostasis as a mechanism in the secondary damage of axon, and suggest that calcium channel blocker can alleviate the secondary damage, as well as other mechanisms implied in the secondary injury, and could be targeted as a candidate for therapeutic approaches. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated axonal degeneration is mainly caused by extracellular Ca2+. Increases in the defense mechanisms through the use of exogenous antioxidants may be neuroprotective, particularly if they are given within the neuroprotective time window. A promising potential therapeutic target for DAI is to directly address mitochondria-related injury or to modulate energetic axonal energy failure.
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Tian L, Deng YT, Dong X, Fan JY, Li HL, Ding YM, Peng WX, Chen QX, Shen DY. Siamese crocodile bile induces apoptosis in NCI-H1299 human non-small cell lung cancer cells via a mitochondria-mediated intrinsic pathway and inhibits tumorigenesis. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:1727-1737. [PMID: 28259903 PMCID: PMC5364959 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a widespread and particularly aggressive form of cancer. Patients with NSCLC and early metastases typically have poor prognosis, highlighting the critical need for additional drugs to improve disease outcome following surgical resection. The present study aimed to determine if Siamese crocodile bile (SCB) had an anti‑cancer effect on NCI‑H1299 human NSCLC cells. The inhibitory mechanism of SCB was examined in cell culture and nude mice. In vitro experimental results revealed that SCB inhibited the proliferation and colony‑forming ability of NCI‑H1299 cells by arresting cell cycle and inducing apoptosis. The loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c indicated that SCB treatment may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction in NCI‑H1299 cells. At the molecular level, SCB altered the ratio of protein expression of Bax/Bcl‑2 and activated associated caspases, suggesting that intrinsic pathway involvement in the SCB‑induced apoptosis of NCI‑H1299 cells. In the in vivo experiments, intraperitoneal injection of SCB for 4 weeks inhibited xenograft tumor growth by 46.8% without observable toxicity in nude mice. Immunohistochemistry analysis of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and vascular endothelial growth factor also revealed that SCB inhibited cell proliferation and metastasis in NSCLC xenograft tumors. Overall, SCB exerted an anti-cancer effect on NCI‑H1299 human NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo and may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of human NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Tao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P.R. China
| | - Xin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Yi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Mei Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Xi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Yan Shen
- Center Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361003, P.R. China
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Fu QR, Song W, Deng YT, Li HL, Mao XM, Lin CL, Zheng YH, Chen SM, Chen QH, Chen QX. ESC-3 induces apoptosis of human ovarian carcinomas through Wnt/β-catenin and Notch signaling in vitro and in vivo. Int J Oncol 2016; 50:241-251. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Folic Acid Is Able to Polarize the Inflammatory Response in LPS Activated Microglia by Regulating Multiple Signaling Pathways. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:5240127. [PMID: 27738387 PMCID: PMC5055986 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5240127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the ability of folic acid to modulate the inflammatory responses of LPS activated BV-2 microglia cells and the signal transduction pathways involved. To this aim, the BV-2 cell line was exposed to LPS as a proinflammatory response inducer, in presence or absence of various concentrations of folic acid. The production of nitric oxide (NO) was determined by the Griess test. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and IL-10 were determined by ELISA. Inducible NO synthase (iNOS), nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65, MAPKs protein, and suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS)1 and SOCS3 were analyzed by western blotting. TNF-α and IL-1β, as well as iNOS dependent NO production, resulted significantly inhibited by folic acid pretreatment in LPS-activated BV-2 cells. We also observed that folic acid dose-dependently upregulated both SOCS1 and SOCS3 expression in BV-2 cells, leading to an increased expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Finally, p-IκBα, which indirectly reflects NF-κB complex activation, and JNK phosphorylation resulted dose-dependently downregulated by folic acid pretreatment of LPS-activated cells, whereas p38 MAPK phosphorylation resulted significantly upregulated by folic acid treatment. Overall, these results demonstrated that folic acid was able to modulate the inflammatory response in microglia cells, shifting proinflammatory versus anti-inflammatory responses through regulating multiple signaling pathways.
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Meštrović J, Pogorelić Z, Drmić-Hofman I, Vilović K, Todorić D, Popović M. Protective effect of urapidil on testicular torsion–detorsion injury in rats. Surg Today 2016; 47:393-398. [DOI: 10.1007/s00595-016-1388-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Choudhary AK, Devi RS. Effects of aspartame on hsp70, bcl-2 and bax expression in immune organs of Wistar albino rats. J Biomed Res 2016; 30:427-435. [PMID: 27845306 PMCID: PMC5044715 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.30.20140097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspartame, a “first generation sweetener”, is widely used in a variety of foods, beverages, and medicine. The FDA has determined the acceptable daily intake (ADI) value of aspartame to be 50 mg/kg·day, while the JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives) has set this value at 40 mg/kg of body weight/day. Safety issues have been raised about aspartame due to its metabolites, specifically toxicity from methanol and/or its systemic metabolites formaldehyde and formic acid. The immune system is now recognized as a target organ for many xenobiotics, such as drugs and chemicals, which are able to trigger unwanted apoptosis or to alter the regulation of apoptosis. Our previous studies has shown that oral administration of aspartame [40 mg/(kg·day)] or its metabolites for 90 days increased oxidative stress in immune organs of Wistar albino rats. In this present study, we aimed to clarify whether aspartame consumption over a longer period (90-days) has any effect on the expression of hsp70, bcl-2 and bax at both mRNA transcript and protein expression levels in immune organs. We observed that oral administration of aspartame for 90 days did not cause any apparent DNA fragmentation in immune organs of aspartame treated animals; however, there was a significant increase in hsp70 expression, apart from significant alteration in bcl-2 and bax at both mRNA transcript and protein expression level in the immune organs of aspartame treated animals compared to controls. Hence, the results indicated that hsp70 levels increased in response to oxidative injury induced by aspartame metabolites; however, these metabolites did not induce apoptosis in the immune organs. Furthermore, detailed analyses are needed to elucidate the precise molecular mechanisms involved in these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbind Kumar Choudhary
- Department of Physiology, Dr. ALM.PG. Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Rathinasamy Sheela Devi
- Department of Physiology, Dr. ALM.PG. Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India;
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Kuo HF, Liu PL, Chong IW, Liu YP, Chen YH, Ku PM, Li CY, Chen HH, Chiang HC, Wang CL, Chen HJ, Chen YC, Hsieh CC. Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor Mediates Autophagy and Apoptosis in Myocardial Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Injury. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156059. [PMID: 27219009 PMCID: PMC4878768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a multifunctional protein that exhibits anti-angiogenic, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-atherogenic, and cardioprotective properties. While it was recently shown that PEDF expression is inhibited under low oxygen conditions, the functional role of PEDF in response to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) remains unclear. The goal of this study was to therefore investigate the influence of PEDF on myocardial H/R injury. For these analyses, PEDF-specific small interfering RNA-expressing and PEDF-expressing lentivirus (PEDF-LV) vectors were utilized to knockdown or stably overexpress PEDF, respectively, within human cardiomyocytes (HCM) in vitro. We noted that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in the induction of cell death pathways, including apoptosis and autophagy in ischemic hearts. Our findings demonstrate that overexpression of PEDF resulted in a significant reduction in ROS production and attenuation of mitochondrial membrane potential depletion under H/R conditions. Furthermore, PEDF inhibited the activation of a two-step apoptotic pathway in which caspase-dependent (caspase-9 and caspase-3) and caspase-independent (apoptosis inducing factor and endonuclease G), which in turn cleaves several crucial substrates including the DNA repair enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Meanwhile, overexpression of PEDF also promoted autophagy, a process that is typically activated in response to H/R. Therefore, these findings suggest that PEDF plays a critical role in preventing H/R injury by modulating anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic factors and promoting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Fu Kuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 801, Taiwan
| | - Po-Len Liu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Inn-Wen Chong
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Peng Liu
- Department of Genome Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ming Ku
- Cardiovascular Center, Chi-Mei Hospital, Liouying, Tainan, 736, Taiwan
- Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan, 717, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yang Li
- Department of Genome Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Hua Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 801, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ching Chiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 801, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Lin Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 801, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Jen Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 801, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chieh Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 801, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Chao Hsieh
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Liang J, Zeng F, Zhang M, Pan Z, Chen Y, Zeng Y, Xu Y, Xu Q, Huang Y. Green synthesis of hyaluronic acid-based silver nanoparticles and their enhanced delivery to CD44+ cancer cells. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03083h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel hyaluronic acid (HA)-based strategy for the green synthesis of AgNP was developed, in which HA was used as both the reducer and stabilizer, and the HA-modified AgNP can target CD44-overexpressed cancer cells for improved therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Liang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Feng Zeng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Meng Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Zhenzhen Pan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Yingzhi Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
| | - Yuaner Zeng
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- School of Chinese Materia Medica
- Guangzhou 501450
- China
| | - Yong Xu
- Hubei Biological Medicine Industrial Technological Institute Co., Ltd
- Wuhan 430075
- China
| | - Qin Xu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Tropical Medicine Institute
- Guangzhou 501450
- China
| | - Yongzhuo Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- China
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Ding W, Zhang L, Kim S, Tian W, Tong Y, Liu J, Ma Y, Chen S. Arsenic sulfide as a potential anti‑cancer drug. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:968-74. [PMID: 25371265 PMCID: PMC4262477 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic sulfide (As4S4) is the main component of realgar, which is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. Previous studies have shown the beneficial effects of As4S4 in the treatment of hematological malignant diseases, however, its effects on solid tumors have yet to be fully elucidated. The current study aimed to explore the anti‑cancer effect and the mechanism of As4S4 on solid tumors in vitro and in vivo. Cells from four human solid tumor cell lines, including the MKN45 gastric cancer cell line, the A375 malignant melanoma cell line, the 8898 pancreatic carcinoma cell line and the HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, were treated with As4S4 in vitro, using the L02 embryonic liver cells as a control. The efficacy of As4S4 was assessed in vivo using mice implanted with Lewis lung carcinoma cells. The results of the current study demonstrated that As4S4 significantly inhibited the proliferation of solid tumor cells in a dose‑ and time‑dependent manner, but produced a less pronounced effect on L02 cells. Additionally, As4S4 was observed to induce apoptosis (including morphological changes and an enhanced sub‑G1 population), which was accompanied by the activation of caspase‑3 and ‑9. Furthermore, treatment with As4S4 significantly inhibited the growth of implanted tumors in mice. These results suggest that As4S4 possesses potent in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity via the induction of cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Ding
- Department of Oncology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Lian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Sungkyoung Kim
- Department of Oncology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Wei Tian
- Department of Oncology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Tong
- Department of Oncology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Jianwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P.R. China
| | - Yong Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Third People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201999, P.R. China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Oncology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
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Immune responses in Parkinson's disease: interplay between central and peripheral immune systems. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:275178. [PMID: 24822191 PMCID: PMC4005076 DOI: 10.1155/2014/275178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is complex and most likely involves numerous environmental and heritable risk factors. Recent studies establish that central and peripheral inflammation occurs in the prodromal stage of the disease and sustains disease progression. Aging, heritable risk factors, or environmental exposures may contribute to the initiation of central or peripheral inflammation. One emerging hypothesis is that inflammation plays a critical role in PD neuropathology. Increasing evidence suggest that activation of the peripheral immune system exacerbates the discordant central inflammatory response and synergistically drives neurodegeneration. We provide an overview of current knowledge on the temporal profile of central and peripheral immune responses in PD and discuss the potential synergistic effects of the central and peripheral inflammation in disease development. The understanding of the nature of the chronic inflammation in disease progression and the possible risk factors that contribute to altered central and peripheral immune responses will offer mechanistic insights into PD etiology and pathology and benefit the development of effective tailored therapeutics for human PD.
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Song W, Yang HB, Chen P, Wang SM, Zhao LP, Xu WH, Fan HF, Gu X, Chen LY. Apoptosis of human gastric carcinoma SGC-7901 induced by deoxycholic acid via the mitochondrial-dependent pathway. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 171:1061-71. [PMID: 23943012 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0417-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the effects of deoxycholic acid (DCA) on human gastric carcinoma cell lines and to explore its mechanisms. In the present study, effects of DCA on SGC-7901 cell growth, cell cycle, and apoptosis were investigated by MTT assay, inverted microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, PI single- and FITC/PI double-staining flow cytometry, and western blotting. The study have revealed that DCA significantly inhibited the growth of SGC-7901 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner and arrested cell cycle at G0/G1 phase. SGC-7901 cells showed typical apoptotic morphological changes after treated with DCA for 48 h. The intensity of typical apoptosis pattern- "ladders" formed by DNA in fragments of multiples of 200 base pairs was also observed. Apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells induced by DCA were associated with collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential. DCA treatment could also increase the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 in SGC-7901 cells. Meanwhile, the expression of p53, cyclinD1, and c-Myc were changed after DCA treatment. These results suggest that DCA induces apoptosis of gastric carcinoma cells through an intrinsic mitochondrial-dependent pathway, and the increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential may play important roles in DCA-induced apoptosis of gastric carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, 467044, Henan, China
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Patel SP, Sullivan PG, Lyttle TS, Magnuson DSK, Rabchevsky AG. Acetyl-L-carnitine treatment following spinal cord injury improves mitochondrial function correlated with remarkable tissue sparing and functional recovery. Neuroscience 2012; 210:296-307. [PMID: 22445934 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We have recently documented that treatment with the alternative biofuel, acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC, 300 mg/kg), as late as 1 h after T10 contusion spinal cord injury (SCI), significantly maintained mitochondrial function 24 h after injury. Here we report that after more severe contusion SCI centered on the L1/L2 segments that are postulated to contain lamina X neurons critical for locomotion (the "central pattern generator"), ALC treatment resulted in significant improvements in acute mitochondrial bioenergetics and long-term hind limb function. Although control-injured rats were only able to achieve slight movements of hind limb joints, ALC-treated animals produced consistent weight-supported plantar steps 1 month after injury. Such landmark behavioral improvements were significantly correlated with increased tissue sparing of both gray and white matter proximal to the injury, as well as preservation of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive neurons in lamina X rostral to the injury site. These findings signify that functional improvements with ALC treatment are mediated, in part, by preserved locomotor circuitry rostral to upper lumbar contusion SCI. Based on beneficial effects of ALC on mitochondrial bioenergetics after injury, our collective evidence demonstrate that preventing mitochondrial dysfunction acutely "promotes" neuroprotection that may be associated with the milestone recovery of plantar, weight-supported stepping.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Patel
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
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15
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Song W, Shen DY, Kang JH, Li SS, Zhan HW, Shi Y, Xiong YX, Liang G, Chen QX. Apoptosis of human cholangiocarcinoma cells induced by ESC-3 from Crocodylus siamensis bile. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:704-11. [PMID: 22363144 PMCID: PMC3281230 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i7.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of ESC-3 isolated from crocodile bile on the growth and apoptosis induction of human cholangiocarcinoma cells.
METHODS: ESC-3 was isolated from crocodile bile by Sephadex LH-20 and RP-18 reversed-phase column. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay was conducted to determine the effects of ESC-3 on the proliferation of human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines (QBC939, Sk-ChA-1 and MZ-ChA-1). Giemsa staining, Hoechst 33258 and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining showed the morphological changes of Mz-ChA-1 cells exposed to ESC-3 at different concentrations. Flow cytometry with regular propidium iodide (PI) staining was performed to analyze the cell cycle distribution of Mz-ChA-1 cells and to assess apoptosis by annexin v-fluorescein isothiocyanate (V-FITC)/PI staining. Rh123 staining was used to detect the alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). The protein levels of Bax, Bcl-2, Cdk2, cytochrome c and caspase-3 were further confirmed by Western blotting.
RESULTS: ESC-3 significantly inhibited the growth of three human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and arrested Mz-ChA-1 cell cycle at G0/G1 phase. Mz-ChA-1 cells showed typical apoptotic morphological changes after treated with ESC-3 (10 μg/mL) for 48 h. Cell death assay indicated that Mz-ChA-1 cells underwent apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner induced by ESC-3. In addition, ESC-3 treatment could downregulate the protein level of Bcl-2 and upregulate the Bax, leading to the increase in the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 in Mz-ChA-1 cells. Meanwhile, cytochrome c was released from the mitochondria into the cytosol, which subsequently initiated the activation of caspase-3. All these events were associated with the collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential.
CONCLUSION: ESC-3, the active ingredient of crocodile bile, induced apoptosis in Mz-ChA-1 cells through the mitochondria-dependent pathway and may be a potential chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Ulukaya E, Acilan C, Yilmaz Y. Apoptosis: why and how does it occur in biology? Cell Biochem Funct 2011; 29:468-80. [PMID: 21773978 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The literature on apoptosis has grown tremendously in recent years, and the mechanisms that are involved in this programmed cell death pathway have been enlightened. It is now known that apoptosis takes place starting from early development to adult stage for the homeostasis of multicellular organisms, during disease development and in response to different stimuli in many different systems. In this review, we attempted to summarize the current knowledge on the circumstances and the mechanisms that lead to induction of apoptosis, while going over the molecular details of the modulator and mediators of apoptosis as well as drawing the lines between programmed and non-programmed cell death pathways. The review will particularly focus on Bcl-2 family proteins, the role of different caspases in the process of apoptosis, and their inhibitors as well as the importance of apoptosis during different disease states. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in apoptosis better will make a big impact on human diseases, particularly cancer, and its management in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engin Ulukaya
- Medical School of Uludag University, Medical Biochemistry Department, Bursa, Turkey.
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17
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Zhao ZL, Li QF, Zheng YB, Chen LY, Shi SL, Jing GJ. The Aberrant Expressions of Nuclear Matrix Proteins During the Apoptosis of Human Osteosarcoma Cells. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:813-20. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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18
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Liu B, Han M, Sun RH, Wang JJ, Zhang YP, Zhang DQ, Wen JK. ABL-N-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells is partially mediated by c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation. Breast Cancer Res 2010; 12:R9. [PMID: 20096139 PMCID: PMC2880430 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 12/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The present study was designed to determine the possibility of acetylbritannilactone (ABL) derivative 5-(5-(ethylperoxy)pentan-2-yl)-6-methyl-3-methylene-2-oxo-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydrobenzofuran-4-yl 2-(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propanoate (ABL-N) as a novel therapeutic agent in human breast cancers. Methods We investigated the effects of ABL-N on the induction of apoptosis in human breast cancer cells and further examined the underlying mechanisms. Moreover, tumor growth inhibition of ABL-N was done in xenograft models. Results ABL-N induced the activation of caspase-3 in estrogen receptor (ER)-negative cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468, as evidenced by the cleavage of endogenous substrate Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Pretreatment of cells with pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk or caspase-3-specific inhibitor z-DEVD-fmk inhibited ABL-N-induced apoptosis. ABL-N treatment also resulted in an increase in the expression of pro-apoptotic members (Bax and Bad) with a concomitant decrease in Bcl-2. Furthermore, c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (p38) were activated in the apoptosis induced by ABL-N and JNK-specific inhibitor SP600125 and JNK small interfering RNA (siRNA) antagonized ABL-N-mediated apoptosis. However, the p38-specific inhibitor SB203580 had no effect upon these processes. Moreover, neither of the caspase inhibitors prevented ABL-N-induced JNK activation, indicating that JNK is upstream of caspases in ABL-N-initiated apoptosis. Additionally, in a nude mice xenograft experiment, ABL-N significantly inhibited the tumor growth of MDA-MB-231 cells. Conclusions ABL-N induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells through the activation of caspases and JNK signaling pathways. Moreover, ABL-N treatment causes a significant inhibition of tumor growth in vivo. Therefore, it is thought that ABL-N might be a potential drug for use in breast cancer prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, No,361, Zhongshan East Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
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Romagnoli R, Baraldi P, Cruz-Lopez O, Preti D, Bermejo J, Estévez F. α-Bromoacrylamido N-Substituted Isatin Derivatives as Potent Inducers of Apoptosis in Human Myeloid Leukemia Cells. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:1668-76. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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20
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21
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Ma BY, Yoshida K, Baba M, Nonaka M, Matsumoto S, Kawasaki N, Asano S, Kawasaki T. The lectin Jacalin induces human B-lymphocyte apoptosis through glycosylation-dependent interaction with CD45. Immunology 2008; 127:477-88. [PMID: 19175793 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02977.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been well established that CD45 is a key receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) regulating Src-family protein tyrosine kinase (Src-PTK) in T and B lymphocytes. However, precisely how CD45 exerts its effect in these lymphocytes remains controversial. We recently reported that Jacalin, an alpha-O-glycoside of the disaccharide Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen-specific lectin from jackfruit seeds, caused marked T-cell activation in response to T-cell receptor ligation and CD28 costimulation by binding to CD45. On extending the reported research, we found that CD45 and isoforms are major Jacalin receptors on B lymphocytes, and that the glycosylation of CD45 is involved in the interaction of Jacalin with the PTPase. In contrast to Jacalin-stimulated T-cell activation, we found that Jacalin induced human B-lymphocyte apoptosis, resulting in calcium mobilization and calpain activation, suggesting that the calcium-calpain pathway may mediate the Jacalin-induced apoptosis. Importantly, the apoptosis was effectively blocked by a specific CD45 PTPase inhibitor, indicating that Jacalin induces human B-lymphocyte apoptosis through CD45 triggering. Furthermore, we found that Jacalin significantly increased the C-terminal inhibitory tyrosine (Tyr507) phosphorylation of Src-PTK Lyn, one of the major substrates of CD45 PTPase, and this effect was also observed on incubation of B lymphocytes with the specific CD45 PTPase inhibitor, suggesting that Jacalin stimulation results in increasing C-terminal tyrosine phosphorylation of the kinase through inhibition of CD45 tyrosine phosphatase activity in human B lymphocytes. Therefore, the down-modulation of Lyn kinase may play a role in the regulation of B-lymphocyte viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Yong Ma
- Research Center for Glycobiotechnology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan.
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22
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Ding F, Luan L, Ai Y, Walton A, Gerhardt GA, Gash DM, Grondin R, Zhang Z. Development of a stable, early stage unilateral model of Parkinson's disease in middle-aged rhesus monkeys. Exp Neurol 2008; 212:431-9. [PMID: 18547564 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
An important issue raised in testing new neuroprotective/restorative treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD) is the optimal stage in the disease process to initiate therapy. Current palliative treatments are effective in the early disease stages raising ethical concerns about substituting an experimental treatment for a proven therapy. Thus, we have endeavored to create a stable 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) nonhuman primate model of early PD. The new model was created by controlling for dose and route administration of MPTP (unilateral intracarotid infusion), and age of the animals (middleaged, 16-19 years old) in 27 female rhesus monkeys. All animals showed stable parkinsonian features lasting for up to 12-month as per behavioral evaluation. Compared with late-stage PD animals, postmortem analysis demonstrated that more dopaminergic neurons remained in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and more fibers were found in the striatum. In addition, tissue levels of striatal dopamine and its metabolites were also higher. Our results support that a milder but stable PD model can be produced in middle-aged rhesus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong, University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, PR China
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Sullivan PG, Krishnamurthy S, Patel SP, Pandya JD, Rabchevsky AG. Temporal characterization of mitochondrial bioenergetics after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24:991-9. [PMID: 17600515 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2006.0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction following spinal cord injury (SCI) may be critical for the development of secondary pathophysiology and neuronal cell death. Previous studies have demonstrated a loss of mitochondrial bioenergetics at 24 h following SCI. To begin to understand the evolution and study the contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction in pathophysiology of SCI, we investigated mitochondrial bioenergetics in the mid-thoracic region at 6, 12, and 24 h following contusion SCI. It is widely accepted that increased free radical generation plays a critical role in neuronal damage after SCI. Hence, to ascertain the role of free radicals in SCI-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, markers for oxidative damage, including nitrotyrosine (3-NT), lipid peroxidation byproduct (4-hydroxynonenal [HNE]), and protein oxidation (protein carbonyls) were quantified in the same samples of isolated mitochondria during the 24-h time course. The results demonstrate that a significant decline in mitochondrial function begins to occur 12 h post-injury and persists for a least 24 h following SCI. Furthermore, there was a progressive increase in mitochondrial oxidative damage that preceded the loss of mitochondrial bioenergetics, suggesting that free radical damage may be a major mitochondrial secondary injury process. Based on the present results, the temporal profile of mitochondrial dysfunction indicates that interventions targeting mitochondrial oxidative damage and dysfunction may serve as a beneficial pharmacological treatment for acute SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0509, USA
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24
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Romagnoli R, Baraldi PG, Carrion MD, Cruz-Lopez O, Preti D, Tabrizi MA, Fruttarolo F, Heilmann J, Bermejo J, Estévez F. Hybrid molecules containing benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-d][1,2,4]thiadiazole and α-bromoacryloyl moieties as potent apoptosis inducers on human myeloid leukaemia cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:2844-8. [PMID: 17346961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological activity of a series of hybrids 1-5 prepared combining a benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-d][1,2,4]thiadiazole and different benzoheterocyclic alpha-bromoacryloyl amides have been described and their structure-activity relationships discussed. All these hetero-bifunctional compounds were highly cytotoxic against the human myeloid leukaemia cell lines HL-60 and U937 (IC(50) 0.24-1.72microM), significantly superior to that of both alkylating units alone. In human myeloid leukaemia HL-60 cells we observed that these compounds suppress survival and proliferation by triggering morphological changes and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation characteristic of apoptotic cell death. The apoptosis induced by these compounds is mediated by caspase-3 activation and is also associated to an early release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo Romagnoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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25
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Whitton PS. Inflammation as a causative factor in the aetiology of Parkinson's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 150:963-76. [PMID: 17339843 PMCID: PMC2013918 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting mainly the elderly, although a small proportion of PD patients develop the illness at a much younger age. In the former group, idiopathic PD patients, the causes of the illness have been the subject of longstanding debate with environmental toxins, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal protein handling and oxidative stress being suggested. One problem has been that the epidemiology of PD has offered few clues to provide evidence for a single major causative factor. Comparatively recently it has been found that in both patients and experimental models of PD in animals neuroinflammation appears to be a ubiquitous finding. These cases present with all of the classical features of inflammation including phagocyte activation, increased synthesis and release of proinflammatory cytokines and complement activation. Although this process is vital for normal function and protection in both the CNS, as in the periphery, it is postulated that in the aetiology of PD this process may spiral out of control with over activation of microglia, over production of cytokines and other proinflammatory mediators as well as the release of destructive molecules such as reactive oxygen species. Given that dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra are relatively vulnerable to 'stress' and the region has a large population of microglia in comparison to other CNS structures, these events may easily trigger neurodegeneration. These factors are examined in this review along with a consideration of the possible use of anti-inflammatory drugs in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Whitton
- 1Department of Pharmacology, The School of Pharmacy, London, UK.
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26
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Schapira AHV, Bezard E, Brotchie J, Calon F, Collingridge GL, Ferger B, Hengerer B, Hirsch E, Jenner P, Le Novère N, Obeso JA, Schwarzschild MA, Spampinato U, Davidai G. Novel pharmacological targets for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2006; 5:845-54. [PMID: 17016425 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine deficiency, caused by the degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, is the cause of the major clinical motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. These symptoms can be treated successfully with a range of drugs that include levodopa, inhibitors of the enzymatic breakdown of levodopa and dopamine agonists delivered by oral, subcutaneous, transcutaneous, intravenous or intra-duodenal routes. However, Parkinson's disease involves degeneration of non-dopaminergic neurons and the treatment of the resulting predominantly non-motor features remains a challenge. This review describes the important recent advances that underlie the development of novel dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic drugs for Parkinson's disease, and also for the motor complications that arise from the use of existing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony H V Schapira
- University Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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27
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Singh IN, Sullivan PG, Deng Y, Mbye LH, Hall ED. Time course of post-traumatic mitochondrial oxidative damage and dysfunction in a mouse model of focal traumatic brain injury: implications for neuroprotective therapy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2006; 26:1407-18. [PMID: 16538231 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigate the hypothesis that mitochondrial oxidative damage and dysfunction precede the onset of neuronal loss after controlled cortical impact traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice. Accordingly, we evaluated the time course of post-traumatic mitochondrial dysfunction in the injured cortex and hippocampus at 30 mins, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after severe TBI. A significant decrease in the coupling of the electron transport system with oxidative phosphorylation was observed as early as 30 mins after injury, followed by a recovery to baseline at 1 h after injury. A statistically significant (P<0.0001) decline in the respiratory control ratio was noted at 3 h, which persisted at all subsequent time-points up to 72 h after injury in both cortical and hippocampal mitochondria. Structural damage seen in purified cortical mitochondria included severely swollen mitochondria, a disruption of the cristae and rupture of outer membranes, indicative of mitochondrial permeability transition. Consistent with this finding, cortical mitochondrial calcium-buffering capacity was severely compromised by 3 h after injury, and accompanied by significant increases in mitochondrial protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation. A possible causative role for reactive nitrogen species was suggested by the rapid increase in cortical mitochondrial 3-nitrotyrosine levels shown as early as 30 mins after injury. These findings indicate that post-traumatic oxidative lipid and protein damage, mediated in part by peroxynitrite, occurs in mitochondria with concomitant ultrastructural damage and impairment of mitochondrial bioenergetics. The data also indicate that compounds which specifically scavenge peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) or ONOO(-)-derived radicals (e.g. ONOO(-)+H(+) --> ONOOH --> (*)NO(2)+(*)OH) may be particularly effective for the treatment of TBI, although the therapeutic window for this neuroprotective approach might only be 3 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrapal N Singh
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center and Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0509, USA
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Du A, Zhao B, Yin D, Zhang S, Miao J. Safrole oxide induces apoptosis by activating caspase-3, -8, and -9 in A549 human lung cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:81-3. [PMID: 16242324 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2005] [Revised: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Previously we found that 3,4-(methylenedioxy)-1-(2',3'-epoxypropyl)-benzene (safrole oxide) induced a typical apoptosis in A549 human lung cancer cells. In this study, we further investigated which caspases were activated by safrole oxide during the apoptosis. The data showed that the activity of caspase-3, -8, and -9 was significantly enhanced by the compound, which suggested that safrole oxide might be used as a caspase promoter to initiate lung cancer cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiying Du
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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29
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Millet I, Wong FS, Gurr W, Wen L, Zawalich W, Green EA, Flavell RA, Sherwin RS. Targeted expression of the anti-apoptotic gene CrmA to NOD pancreatic islets protects from autoimmune diabetes. J Autoimmun 2005; 26:7-15. [PMID: 16338119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2005.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Revised: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The activation of apoptosis is a critical mechanism by which pancreatic beta cells are destroyed in type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Strategies aimed at interfering with the apoptotic pathways could therefore be of potential therapeutic value. To this end, we generated NOD transgenic mice with targeted expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Cytokine response modifier A (CrmA) to pancreatic beta cells using the rat insulin promoter and the reverse tetracycline transactivator to express CrmA in a temporally controlled manner. Two lines of transgenic mice were studied whose expression of CrmA occurred only after feeding doxycycline food. Islet expression of CrmA partially protected pancreatic beta cells from the cytokine-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro and reduced modestly the spontaneous development of diabetes in NOD mice in vivo. In addition, beta cells from NOD CrmA mice were significantly protected from the destruction by diabetogenic T cells after adoptive transfer. More strikingly, NODCrmA mice were significantly resistant to the diabetogenic activity of a potent insulin-specific CD8 T-cell clone. Since these adoptive transfer models mainly represent the effector phase rather than the initiation phase of autoimmune diabetes, our data suggest that the latter is more sensitive to CrmA protection. We conclude that anti-apoptotic genes such as CrmA might be potential candidates to enhance islet graft survival in T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Millet
- Department of Internal Medicine and Immunobiology, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208020, 333 Cedar Street, TAC S141, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Abstract
Apoptotic cell death is an active process mediated by various signaling pathways, which include the caspase cascade and the stress-activated protein kinase pathways. The caspase cascade is activated by two distinct routes: one from cell surface and the other from mitochondria. Activation of the route from cell surface requires the cellular components that include membrane receptors, adaptor proteins such as TRADD and FADD, and caspase-8, while activation of the other from mitochondria requires Apaf-1, caspase-9, and cytosolic cytochrome c. On the other hand, persistent stimulation of the stress-activated protein kinase pathway is also shown to mediate apoptosis in many cell types. Gene-targeting studies with jnk- or jip-null mice, in particular, strongly suggest that this signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in the cellular machinery for apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ssang-Goo Cho
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Cell Death, Graduate School of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
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Hahn HP, Pang M, He J, Hernandez JD, Yang RY, Li LY, Wang X, Liu FT, Baum LG. Galectin-1 induces nuclear translocation of endonuclease G in caspase- and cytochrome c-independent T cell death. Cell Death Differ 2005; 11:1277-86. [PMID: 15297883 PMCID: PMC1201488 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-1, a mammalian lectin expressed in many tissues, induces death of diverse cell types, including lymphocytes and tumor cells. The galectin-1 T cell death pathway is novel and distinct from other death pathways, including those initiated by Fas and corticosteroids. We have found that galectin-1 binding to human T cell lines triggered rapid translocation of endonuclease G from mitochondria to nuclei. However, endonuclease G nuclear translocation occurred without cytochrome c release from mitochondria, without nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor, and prior to loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Galectin-1 treatment did not result in caspase activation, nor was death blocked by caspase inhibitors. However, galectin-1 cell death was inhibited by intracellular expression of galectin-3, and galectin-3 expression inhibited the eventual loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Galectin-1-induced cell death proceeds via a caspase-independent pathway that involves a unique pattern of mitochondrial events, and different galectin family members can coordinately regulate susceptibility to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejin P. Hahn
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA 90095
| | - Mabel Pang
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA 90095
| | - Jiale He
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA 90095
| | - Joseph D. Hernandez
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA 90095
| | - Ri-Yao Yang
- Dept. of Dermatology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA 95616
| | - Lily Y. Li
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute & Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA 75390
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute & Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA 75390
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Dept. of Dermatology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA 95616
| | - Linda G. Baum
- Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA 90095
- Correspondence should be addressed to L.G.B., Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, 10833 LeConte Ave., Los Angeles, California, USA 90095-1732, phone 310-206-5985, fax 310-206-0657,
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Labbé D, Teranishi MA, Hess A, Bloch W, Michel O. Activation of caspase-3 is associated with oxidative stress in the hydropic guinea pig cochlea. Hear Res 2005; 202:21-7. [PMID: 15811695 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2004.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2003] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of oxidative stress and apoptosis in an animal model of Meniere's disease. Endolymphatic hydrops (ELH) is generally accepted as the decisive histological characteristic of Meniere's disease. Closure of the endolymphatic duct (Kimura's method) was used to induce endolymphatic hydrops in guinea pigs. Sham-operated animals served as controls. After 4 weeks the animals operated showed a significant elevation of the hearing thresholds as measured by audiometric brainstem responses (ABR) pre- and postoperatively. Immediately after the second ABR measurement, the animals were sacrificed for further immunohistological examinations of the inner ear with specific antibodies to active caspase-3 (cas-3) as a marker for apoptosis and antibodies to 8-isoprostane (8-iso) and nitrotyrosine (NT) as indicators of oxidative stress. Compared with the sham-operated controls, hydropic cochleae showed strong immunostaining for both oxidative stress markers in spiral ganglion cells, in the blood-vessels and fibrocytes of the lateral wall, as well as in supporting cells of the organ of Corti. Activation of cas-3 in spiral ganglion cells and the lateral wall was found exclusively in hydropic cochleae. Our findings suggest that oxidative stress is involved in the development of endolymphatic hydrops and may lead to cellular damage which induces apoptosis by activation of cas-3. Apoptotic cell death might contribute to the sensorineural hearing loss found in later stages of Meniere's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Labbé
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, University of Cologne, Germany.
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33
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Sullivan PG, Brown MR. Mitochondrial aging and dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005; 29:407-10. [PMID: 15795049 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Disruptions in energy metabolism have been suggested to be a prominent feature, perhaps even a fundamental component, of Alzheimer's disease (AD). These abnormalities in cerebral metabolism precede the onset of neurological dysfunction as well as gross neuropathology of AD. These changes may stem from inhibition of mitochondrial enzymes including pyruvate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase, and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Several lines of evidence also suggest a role for oxidative stress in the neuropathology associated with the disease state. Because mitochondria are the major site of free radical production in cells, they are also a primary target for oxidative damage and subsequent dysfunction. This link between mitochondrial dysfunction and the pathophysiology of AD is supported by several lines of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Sullivan
- University of Kentucky, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), Lexington, KY 40536-0305, USA.
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Abstract
Despite numerous studies examining the possible induction of apoptosis in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-infected cells, it remains unclear if PRRSV infection results in direct apoptotic induction. There is clear evidence that apoptotic cells are present in tissues from PRRSV-infected pigs. However, many of these studies have failed to show that the apoptotic cells are infected with PRRSV. This has led some investigators to propose that "bystander" cells, not infected cells, become apoptotic during PRRSV infection by a yet undetermined mechanism. Studies examining the induction of the apoptotic gene expression response to PRRSV infection are needed to determine if PRRSV replication triggers an apoptotic response. We have utilized microarray and semi-quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (sqRT-PCR) to evaluate apoptotic gene expression in PRRSV-infected MARC-145 cells. Twenty-six apoptosis-related genes were examined during the first 24 h of infection and found to be unaltered, indicating that apoptotic induction was not occurring in PRRSV-infected cells. Additionally, using detection of free nucleosomal complexes, we examined cells for both apoptotic and necrotic death resulting from PRRSV infection at varying multiplicities of infection. This study indicates that PRRSV-infected MARC-145 cells undergo necrosis at a much higher level than apoptosis, and increases with virus levels used to infect the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Miller
- Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (MARC), ARS, USDA, State Spur 18D, P.O. Box 166, Clay Center, NE 68933-0166, USA
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35
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Wu M, Xu LG, Su T, Tian Y, Zhai Z, Shu HB. AMID is a p53-inducible gene downregulated in tumors. Oncogene 2004; 23:6815-9. [PMID: 15273740 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2004] [Revised: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 05/28/2004] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AMID, also called PRG3, is an AIF-homologous and mitochondria-associated protein that has been implicated in caspase-independent apoptosis. In this report, we demonstrated that human AMID gene promoter was activated by p53 in reporter gene assays. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments indicated that p53 could bind to human AMID promoter. Deletion mutagenesis indicated that human AMID promoter contains two p53-responsive elements. Furthermore, expression array analysis indicated that human AMID mRNA expression was downregulated in a majority of human tumors. Our findings point to the possibility that AMID is a p53-downstream gene involved in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
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36
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Qin JZ, Bacon P, Panella J, Sitailo LA, Denning MF, Nickoloff BJ. Low-dose UV-radiation sensitizes keratinocytes to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. J Cell Physiol 2004; 200:155-66. [PMID: 15137068 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The impact of low-dose ultraviolet light (UV-light) on apoptotic susceptibility of keratinocytes (KCs) induced by TRAIL is unclear. Skin expresses a functional form of TRAIL, and while sun exposure influences TRAIL death receptors, a role for decoy receptors has not been evaluated. Unraveling mechanisms involving apoptotic sensitivity of KCs is important because skin is the first target of UV-light, and a site for commonly occurring cancers. Since apoptosis is a homeostatic process eliminating UV-light induced DNA damaged cells, elucidating molecular events regulating apoptosis enhances understanding of cutaneous photocarcinogenesis. Here we demonstrate low-dose UV-light enhances susceptibility of KCs to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Low-dose UV-light selectively reduces decoy receptors, without influencing death receptor levels. UV-induced enhanced apoptotic susceptibility was reduced by over-expression of decoy receptor TRAIL-R4, but not TRAIL-R3; or treatment with thiol compound pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), which also enhanced TRAIL-R4 levels. Besides influencing decoy receptors, low-dose UV-light plus TRAIL also synergistically promoted cytochrome c and Smac release from mitochondria. Inhibitors directed against caspases 2, 3, 8, and 9 reduced the synergistic apoptotic response following low-dose UV-light plus TRAIL exposure; as did forced over-expression of Bcl-x and dominant negative (DN) constructs of FADD and caspase 9. Thus, relative levels of decoy receptors significantly influence susceptibility of KCs to TRAIL-induced apoptosis with concomitant low-dose UV-light exposure; in addition to the apoptotic pathway mediated by mitochondrial permeabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhong Qin
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
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37
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Sullivan PG, Rabchevsky AG, Keller JN, Lovell M, Sodhi A, Hart RP, Scheff SW. Intrinsic differences in brain and spinal cord mitochondria: Implication for therapeutic interventions. J Comp Neurol 2004; 474:524-34. [PMID: 15174070 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that regions of the CNS differentially respond to insults. After brain injury, cyclosporine A reduces damage but is ineffective following spinal cord injury. We address this disparity by assessing several parameters of mitochondrial physiology in the normal neocortex and spinal cord. In situ measurements of O(2) (-.) production, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial DNA oxidation revealed significantly higher levels in spinal cord vs. neocortical neurons. Real-time PCR demonstrated differences in mitochondrial transcripts coupled with decreases in complex I enzyme activity and respiration in spinal cord mitochondria. The threshold for calcium-induced mitochondrial permeability transition was substantially reduced in spinal cord vs. neocortex and modulated by lipid peroxidation. These intrinsic differences may provide a pivotal target for strategies to ameliorate neuronal damage following injury, and this imbalance in oxidative stress may contribute to the susceptibility of spinal cord motor neurons in neuropathologies such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA.
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Abstract
Apoptosis has become a major research area in the biomedical sciences. As there are more than 13,000 papers published annually on the topic, it is impossible to keep track on all developments in the area. The individual aspects of molecular control of apoptosis are well reviewed, but more general, introductory recent reviews into the field are lacking. This review aims to give a brief overview of the field, providing an introduction into the literature for students and newcomers; as it is written for the un-initiated, wherever possible, review articles will be cited rather than original papers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfons Lawen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, 100 Wellington Road, Australia.
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Technau U, Miller MA, Bridge D, Steele RE. Arrested apoptosis of nurse cells during Hydra oogenesis and embryogenesis. Dev Biol 2003; 260:191-206. [PMID: 12885564 DOI: 10.1016/s0012-1606(03)00241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During Hydra oogenesis, an aggregate of germ cells differentiates into one oocyte and thousands of nurse cells. Nurse cells display a number of features typical of apoptotic cells and are phagocytosed by the growing oocyte. Yet, these cells remain unchanged in morphology and number until hatching of the polyp, which can occur up to 12 months later. Treatments with caspase inhibitors can block oocyte development during an early phase of oogenesis, but not after nurse cell phagocytosis has taken place, indicating that initiation of nurse cell apoptosis is essential for oocyte development. The genomic DNA of the phagocytosed nurse cells in the oocyte and embryo shows large-scale fragmentation into 8- to 15-kb pieces, but there is virtually none of the internucleosomal degradation typically seen in apoptotic cells. The arrested nurse cells exhibit high levels of peroxidase activity and are prevented from entering the lysosomal pathway. After hatching of the polyp, apoptosis is resumed and the nurse cells are degraded within 3 days. During this final stage, nurse cells become TUNEL-positive and enter secondary lysosomes in a strongly degraded state. Our results suggest that nurse cell apoptosis consists of caspase-dependent and caspase-independent phases. The independent phase can be arrested at an advanced stage for several months, only to resume after the primary polyp hatches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Technau
- Molecular Cell Biology, Darmstadt University of Technology, Schnittspahnstrassc 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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40
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Abstract
Discovery of the B cell lymphoma gene 2 (Bcl-2 gene) led to the concept that development of cancers required the simultaneous acquisition, not only of deregulated cell division, but also of resistance to programmed cell death or apoptosis. Apoptosis is arguably the common pathway to cell death resulting from a range of therapeutic initiatives, so that understanding the basis for the resistance of cancer cells to apoptosis may hold the key to development of new treatment initiatives. Much has already been learnt about the apoptotic pathways in cancer cells and proteins regulating these pathways. In most cells, apoptosis is dependent on the mitochondrial dependent pathway. This pathway is regulated by pro- and anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family, and manipulation of these proteins offers scope for a number of treatment initiatives. Effector caspases activated by the mitochondrial pathway or from death receptor signaling are under the control of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family. Certain proteins from mitochondrial can, however, competitively inhibit their binding to effector caspases. Information about the structure of these proteins has led to initiatives to develop therapeutic agents to block the IAP family. In addition to development of selective agents based on these two (Bcl-2 and IAP) protein families, much has been learnt about signal pathways that may regulate their activity. These in turn might provide additional approaches based on selective regulators of the signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hersey
- Oncology and Immunology Unit, Newcastle Mater Misericordiae Hospital, David Maddison Clinical Sciences Building, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
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41
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Kim SO, Ono K, Tobias PS, Han J. Orphan nuclear receptor Nur77 is involved in caspase-independent macrophage cell death. J Exp Med 2003; 197:1441-52. [PMID: 12782711 PMCID: PMC2193909 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20021842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation-induced cell death in macrophages has been observed, but the mechanism remains largely unknown. Activation-induced cell death in macrophages can be independent from caspases, and the death of activated macrophages can even be triggered by the pan-caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone (zVAD). Here, we show that this type of macrophage death can occur in the septic mouse model and that toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 or TLR4 signaling is required in this process. We conclude that Nur77 is involved in the macrophage death because Nur77 expression correlates with cell death, and cell death is reduced significantly in Nur77-deficient macrophages. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway, which is downstream of TLR2 or TLR4, and myocyte-specific enhancer binding factor 2 (MEF2) transcription factor activity, which is up-regulated by zVAD, are required for Nur77 induction and macrophage death. Reporter gene analysis suggests that Nap, Ets, Rce, and Sp1 sites in the Nur77 promoter are regulated by TLR4 signaling and that MEF2 sites in the Nur77 promoter are regulated by zVAD treatment. MEF2 transcription factors are constitutively expressed and degraded in macrophages, and zVAD increases MEF2 transcription factor activity by preventing the proteolytic cleavage and degradation of MEF2 proteins. This paper delineates the dual signaling pathways that are required for Nur77 induction in macrophages and demonstrates a role of Nur77 in caspase-independent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ouk Kim
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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42
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Alahari SK, Reddig PJ, Juliano RL. Biological aspects of signal transduction by cell adhesion receptors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2003; 220:145-84. [PMID: 12224548 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(02)20005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion receptors such as integrins, cadherins, selectins, and immunoglobulin family receptors profoundly modulate many signal transduction cascades. In this review we examine aspects of adhesion receptor signaling and how this impinges on key biological processes. We have chosen to focus on cell migration and on programmed cell death. We examine many of the cytoplasmic signaling molecules that interface with adhesion receptors, including focal adhesion kinase (FAK), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), and elements of the Erk/MAP kinase pathway. In many cases these molecules impinge on both the regulation of cell movement and on control of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh K Alahari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, USA
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43
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Roy M, Sapolsky RM. The exacerbation of hippocampal excitotoxicity by glucocorticoids is not mediated by apoptosis. Neuroendocrinology 2003; 77:24-31. [PMID: 12624538 DOI: 10.1159/000068337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Both endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoids (GCs) are known to cause apoptosis in a number of peripheral tissues and in some cases in the CNS. Additionally, GCs can exacerbate the neuron loss associated with such acute neurological insults as hypoxia-ischemia, excitotoxicity, and metabolic disruption. This exacerbation is accompanied by increased accumulation of glutamate in the synapse, excessive cytosolic calcium, and increased oxygen radical activity, markers usually attributed to pathways of necrotic cell death. It is also known that acute insults can involve apoptotic mediators. In this context, one outstanding question that has received little attention is whether the exacerbation of insult-mediated cell death in neurons is apoptotic in mechanism. In this study we investigate whether the GC-mediated exacerbation of hippocampal excitotoxicity in culture involves apoptosis. Specifically, we show that while the magnitude of hippocampal neuron death caused by the excitotoxin kainic acid is indeed worsened in the presence of GCs, there is no evidence of increased markers of apoptosis. Specifically, we show that neither kainic acid nor GCs alone, or in combination, cause activation of caspase 3, a critical executor of insult-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, while kainic acid causes a significant incidence of apoptotic nuclear condensation, the incidence of this morphological indicator of apoptosis is not worsened by GCs. Thus, GCs appear to augment excitotoxic death in hippocampal neurons without augmenting the occurrence of apoptosis. We suggest that this finding is to be expected, given some energetic features of GC action and the energetic demands of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif 94305-5020, USA.
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44
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Wu M, Xu LG, Li X, Zhai Z, Shu HB. AMID, an apoptosis-inducing factor-homologous mitochondrion-associated protein, induces caspase-independent apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:25617-23. [PMID: 11980907 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m202285200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) is a mitochondrial flavoprotein that triggers caspase-independent apoptosis. We describe here the cloning and characterization of a novel AIF-homologous molecule designated AMID (AIF-homologous mitochondrion-associated inducer of death). AMID lacks a mitochondrial localization sequence but shares significant homology with AIF and NADH oxidoreductases from bacteria to mammalian species. Immunofluorescent staining and biochemical experiments indicated that AMID was co-localized with mitochondria. Overexpression of AMID induced cell death with characteristic apoptotic morphology. Furthermore, AMID-induced apoptosis was independent of caspase activation and p53 and was not inhibited by Bcl-2. These findings suggest that AMID induces a novel caspase-independent apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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45
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Krzyzowska M, Schollenberger A, Skierski J, Niemialtowski M. Apoptosis during ectromelia orthopoxvirus infection is DEVDase dependent: in vitro and in vivo studies. Microbes Infect 2002; 4:599-611. [PMID: 12048029 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(02)01578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ectromelia virus (EV), which causes mousepox, is a member of the orthopoxviruses that are defined as being able to suppress apoptosis. Caspase-3 is one of the key effector proteases which regulates the apoptotic cascade and which is responsible for DNA fragmentation observed during apoptosis. It is well known that viruses, especially poxviruses, can inhibit caspase activity. Here, we report that EV can regulate apoptosis in vitro, suppressing the activity of caspases recognizing the DEVD (Asp-Glu-Val-Asp) motif (caspase-3 and -7) before successful virus replication is completed. Caspase-3 activity measurement showed that an increase in caspase-3 activity preceded the peak of DNA fragmentation demonstrated by TUNEL staining of L929 and RK-13 cells. By using specific caspase inhibitors (Ac-DEVD-CHO, Ac-IETD-CHO and zVAD-fmk), we showed that caspase-3 and -7 (DEVDases) are major effector caspases during EV-induced apoptosis in permissive L929 and RK-13 cell cultures. Apoptosis in vivo seems to play an important role during viraemia as well as during the clearance of EV from genetically susceptible BALB/c (H-2(d)) mice. However, as shown by measurement of caspase-3 activity, caspase-3 protein detection and M30-antibody staining, both DEVDases seem to play an important role during EV clearance from draining lymph nodes and conjunctivae at 15 days p.i. up to 20 days p.i., whereas in the liver and spleen DNA fragmentation coexisted with viral multiplication and secondary viraemia. Apoptosis was DEVDase dependent only in the liver, while spleen DNA fragmentation observed between 5 and 10 days p.i. was caspase independent. Therefore, we conclude that DEVDase- (caspase-3- and caspase-7-) dependent apoptosis is an important mechanism regulating the resolution of EV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Krzyzowska
- Immunology Laboratory, Division of Virology, Mycology and Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw Agricultural University (SGGW), Ciszewskiego 8, Poland.
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46
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Nguyen JT, Evans DP, Galvan M, Pace KE, Leitenberg D, Bui TN, Baum LG. CD45 modulates galectin-1-induced T cell death: regulation by expression of core 2 O-glycans. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:5697-707. [PMID: 11698442 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.10.5697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-1 induces death of immature thymocytes and activated T cells. Galectin-1 binds to T cell-surface glycoproteins CD45, CD43, and CD7, although the precise roles of each receptor in cell death are unknown. We have determined that CD45 can positively and negatively regulate galectin-1-induced T cell death, depending on the glycosylation status of the cells. CD45(+) BW5147 T cells lacking the core 2 beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C2GnT) were resistant to galectin-1 death. The inhibitory effect of CD45 in C2GnT(-) cells appeared to require the CD45 cytoplasmic domain, because Rev1.1 cells expressing only CD45 transmembrane and extracellular domains were susceptible to galectin-1 death. Moreover, treatment with the phosphotyrosine-phosphatase inhibitor potassium bisperoxo(1,10-phenanthroline)oxovanadate(V) enhanced galectin-1 susceptibility of CD45(+) T cell lines, but had no effect on the death of CD45(-) T cells, indicating that the CD45 inhibitory effect involved the phosphatase domain. Expression of the C2GnT in CD45(+) T cell lines rendered the cells susceptible to galectin-1, while expression of the C2GnT in CD45(-) cells had no effect on galectin-1 susceptibility. When CD45(+) T cells bound to galectin-1 on murine thymic stromal cells, only C2GnT(+) T cells underwent death. On C2GnT(+) cells, CD45 and galectin-1 co-localized in patches on membrane blebs while no segregation of CD45 was seen on C2GnT(-) T cells, suggesting that oligosaccharide-mediated clustering of CD45 facilitated galectin-1-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and The Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90095, USA
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47
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48
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Cipriani B, Borsellino G, Knowles H, Tramonti D, Cavaliere F, Bernardi G, Battistini L, Brosnan CF. Curcumin inhibits activation of Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cells by phosphoantigens and induces apoptosis involving apoptosis-inducing factor and large scale DNA fragmentation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:3454-62. [PMID: 11544338 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.6.3454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin, in addition to its role as a spice, has been used for centuries to treat inflammatory disorders. Although the mechanism of action remains unclear, it has been shown to inhibit the activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1, transcription factors required for induction of many proinflammatory mediators. Due to its low toxicity it is currently under consideration as a broad anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor cell agent. In this study we investigated whether curcumin inhibited the response of gammadelta T cells to protease-resistant phosphorylated derivatives found in the cell wall of many pathogens. The results showed that curcumin levels > or =30 microM profoundly inhibited isopentenyl pyrophosphate-induced release of the chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha and -1beta and RANTES. Curcumin also blocked isopentenyl pyrophosphate-induced activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1. Commencing around 16 h, treatment with curcumin lead to the induction of cell death that could not be reversed by APC, IL-15, or IL-2. This cytotoxicity was associated with increased annexin V reactivity, nuclear expression of active caspase-3, cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor to the nucleus, and morphological evidence of nuclear disintegration. However, curcumin led to only large scale DNA chromatolysis, as determined by a combination of TUNEL staining and pulse-field and agarose gel electrophoresis, suggesting a predominantly apoptosis-inducing factor-mediated cell death process. We conclude that gammadelta T cells activated by these ubiquitous Ags are highly sensitive to curcumin, and that this effect may contribute to the anti-inflammatory properties of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cipriani
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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49
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Manolagas SC. Manipulating Programmed Cell Death for Better Living! SCIENCE'S STKE : SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION KNOWLEDGE ENVIRONMENT 2001; 2001:PE1. [PMID: 11865191 DOI: 10.1126/stke.2001.87.pe1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Manolagas provides a succinct review of the book Apoptosis in Health and Disease. He praises the book for the clarity with which it covers the topics, but he also points out two missing health issues for which regulating apoptosis may prove clinically important: One is the health and regulation of the female reproductive system and the other is the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros C. Manolagas
- The author is in the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism at the Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases and in the Central Arkansas Veterans Health Care System, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA. E-mail:
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