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Xiao YQ, Long J, Zhang SS, Zhu YY, Gu SX. Non-peptidic inhibitors targeting SARS-CoV-2 main protease: A review. Bioorg Chem 2024; 147:107380. [PMID: 38636432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to pose a threat to global health, and sounds the alarm for research & development of effective anti-coronavirus drugs, which are crucial for the patients and urgently needed for the current epidemic and future crisis. The main protease (Mpro) stands as an essential enzyme in the maturation process of SARS-CoV-2, playing an irreplaceable role in regulating viral RNA replication and transcription. It has emerged as an ideal target for developing antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2 due to its high conservation and the absence of homologous proteases in the human body. Among the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors, non-peptidic compounds hold promising prospects owing to their excellent antiviral activity and improved metabolic stability. In this review, we offer an overview of research progress concerning non-peptidic SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors since 2020. The efforts delved into molecular structures, structure-activity relationships (SARs), biological activity, and binding modes of these inhibitors with Mpro. This review aims to provide valuable clues and insights for the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents as well as broad-spectrum coronavirus Mpro inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qi Xiao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jiao Long
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
| | - Shuang-Xi Gu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
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2
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Shin HJ, Lee W, Ku KB, Yoon GY, Moon HW, Kim C, Kim MH, Yi YS, Jun S, Kim BT, Oh JW, Siddiqui A, Kim SJ. SARS-CoV-2 aberrantly elevates mitochondrial bioenergetics to induce robust virus propagation. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:125. [PMID: 38734691 PMCID: PMC11088672 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01836-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a 'highly transmissible respiratory pathogen, leading to severe multi-organ damage. However, knowledge regarding SARS-CoV-2-induced cellular alterations is limited. In this study, we report that SARS-CoV-2 aberrantly elevates mitochondrial bioenergetics and activates the EGFR-mediated cell survival signal cascade during the early stage of viral infection. SARS-CoV-2 causes an increase in mitochondrial transmembrane potential via the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-nucleocapsid cluster, thereby abnormally promoting mitochondrial elongation and the OXPHOS process, followed by enhancing ATP production. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 activates the EGFR signal cascade and subsequently induces mitochondrial EGFR trafficking, contributing to abnormal OXPHOS process and viral propagation. Approved EGFR inhibitors remarkably reduce SARS-CoV-2 propagation, among which vandetanib exhibits the highest antiviral efficacy. Treatment of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells with vandetanib decreases SARS-CoV-2-induced EGFR trafficking to the mitochondria and restores SARS-CoV-2-induced aberrant elevation in OXPHOS process and ATP generation, thereby resulting in the reduction of SARS-CoV-2 propagation. Furthermore, oral administration of vandetanib to SARS-CoV-2-infected hACE2 transgenic mice reduces SARS-CoV-2 propagation in lung tissue and mitigates SARS-CoV-2-induced lung inflammation. Vandetanib also exhibits potent antiviral activity against various SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, including alpha, beta, delta and omicron, in in vitro cell culture experiments. Taken together, our findings provide novel insight into SARS-CoV-2-induced alterations in mitochondrial dynamics and EGFR trafficking during the early stage of viral infection and their roles in robust SARS-CoV-2 propagation, suggesting that EGFR is an attractive host target for combating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Shin
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooseong Lee
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Bon Ku
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Young Yoon
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Moon
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Chonsaeng Kim
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hwa Kim
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
- Gyeongnam Biohealth Research Center, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, 52834, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Sun Yi
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmi Jun
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Tae Kim
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Won Oh
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Aleem Siddiqui
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Seong-Jun Kim
- Department of Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Chakraborty A, Ghosh R, Soumya Mohapatra S, Barik S, Biswas A, Chowdhuri S. Repurposing of antimycobacterium drugs for COVID-19 treatment by targeting SARS CoV-2 main protease: An in-silico perspective. Gene 2024; 922:148553. [PMID: 38734190 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The global mortality rate has been significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS CoV-2 virus. Although the pursuit for a potent antiviral is still in progress, experimental therapies based on repurposing of existing drugs is being attempted. One important therapeutic target for COVID-19 is the main protease (Mpro) that cleaves the viral polyprotein in its replication process. Recently minocycline, an antimycobacterium drug, has been successfully implemented for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. But it's mode of action is still far from clear. Furthermore, it remains unresolved whether alternative antimycobacterium drugs can effectively regulate SARS CoV-2 by inhibiting the enzymatic activity of Mpro. To comprehend these facets, eight well-established antimycobacterium drugs were put through molecular docking experiments. Four of the antimycobacterium drugs (minocycline, rifampicin, clofazimine and ofloxacin) were selected by comparing their binding affinities towards Mpro. All of the four drugs interacted with both the catalytic residues of Mpro (His41 and Cys145). Additionally, molecular dynamics experiments demonstrated that the Mpro-minocyline complex has enhanced stability, experiences reduced conformational fluctuations and greater compactness than other three Mpro-antimycobacterium and Mpro-N3/lopinavir complexes. This research furnishes evidences for implementation of minocycline against SARS CoV-2. In addition, our findings also indicate other three antimycobacterium/antituberculosis drugs (rifampicin, clofazimine and ofloxacin) could potentially be evaluated for COVID-19 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayon Chakraborty
- University Institute of Biotechnology, University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Rajesh Ghosh
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Subhashree Barik
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ashis Biswas
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India.
| | - Snehasis Chowdhuri
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India.
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4
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Combe M, Cherif E, Deremarque T, Rivera-Ingraham G, Seck-Thiam F, Justy F, Doudou JC, Carod JF, Carage T, Procureur A, Gozlan RE. Wastewater sequencing as a powerful tool to reveal SARS-CoV-2 variant introduction and spread in French Guiana, South America. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171645. [PMID: 38479523 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The origin of introduction of a new pathogen in a country, the evolutionary dynamics of an epidemic within a country, and the role of cross-border areas on pathogen dynamics remain complex to disentangle and are often poorly understood. For instance, cross-border areas represent the ideal location for the sharing of viral variants between countries, with international air travel, land travel and waterways playing an important role in the cross-border spread of infectious diseases. Unfortunately, monitoring the point of entry and the evolutionary dynamics of viruses in space and time within local populations remain challenging. Here we tested the efficiency of wastewater-based epidemiology and genotyping in monitoring Covid-19 epidemiology and SARS-CoV-2 variant dynamics in French Guiana, a tropical country located in South America. Our results suggest that wastewater-based epidemiology and genotyping are powerful tools to monitor variant introduction and disease evolution within a tropical country but the inclusion of both clinical and wastewater samples could still improve our understanding of genetic diversity co-circulating. Wastewater sequencing also revealed the cryptic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 variants within the country. Interestingly, we found some amino acid changes specific to the variants co-circulating in French Guiana, suggesting a local evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 variants after their introduction. More importantly, our results showed that the proximity to bordering countries was not the origin of the emergence of the French Guianese B.1.160.25 variant, but rather that this variant emerged from an ancestor B.1.160 variant introduced by European air plane travelers, suggesting thus that air travel remains a significant risk for cross-border spread of infectious diseases. Overall, we suggest that wastewater-based epidemiology and genotyping provides a cost effective and non-invasive approach for pathogen monitoring and an early-warning tool for disease emergence and spread within a tropical country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Combe
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France.
| | - Emira Cherif
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Georgina Rivera-Ingraham
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France; Centre IRD de Cayenne, Guyane Française, France
| | | | | | | | - Jean-François Carod
- Laboratoire et Pôle Appui aux Fonctions Cliniques, Centre Hospitalier de l'Ouest Guyanais (CHOG), 97320 Saint-Laurent du Maroni, Guyane Française, France
| | - Thierry Carage
- Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Carage de Kourou, 6 avenue Leopold Heder, 97310 Kourou, Guyane Française, France
| | - Angélique Procureur
- Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Carage de Kourou, 6 avenue Leopold Heder, 97310 Kourou, Guyane Française, France
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5
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Zengin IN, Koca MS, Tayfuroglu O, Yildiz M, Kocak A. Benchmarking ANI potentials as a rescoring function and screening FDA drugs for SARS-CoV-2 M pro. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2024; 38:15. [PMID: 38532176 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-024-00554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Here, we introduce the use of ANI-ML potentials as a rescoring function in the host-guest interaction in molecular docking. Our results show that the "docking power" of ANI potentials can compete with the current scoring functions at the same level of computational cost. Benchmarking studies on CASF-2016 dataset showed that ANI is ranked in the top 5 scoring functions among the other 34 tested. In particular, the ANI predicted interaction energies when used in conjunction with GOLD-PLP scoring function can boost the top ranked solution to be the closest to the x-ray structure. Rapid and accurate calculation of interaction energies between ligand and protein also enables screening of millions of drug candidates/docking poses. Using a unique protocol in which docking by GOLD-PLP, rescoring by ANI-ML potentials and extensive MD simulations along with end state free energy methods are combined, we have screened FDA approved drugs against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro). The top six drug molecules suggested by the consensus of these free energy methods have already been in clinical trials or proposed as potential drug molecules in previous theoretical and experimental studies, approving the validity and the power of accuracy in our screening method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem N Zengin
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - M Serdar Koca
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
- Pfizer - Universidad de Granada - Junta de Andalucía Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENYO), 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Omer Tayfuroglu
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Muslum Yildiz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Kocak
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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6
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Mylavarapu M, Dondapati VVK, Dadana S, Sharma DD, Bollu B. Effect of Surfactant Therapy on Clinical Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients With ARDS: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus 2024; 16:e56238. [PMID: 38618452 PMCID: PMC11016323 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented challenges, not only in terms of public health but also in the realm of innovative therapeutic approaches to combat the severe respiratory complications associated with the virus. The effect of surfactant therapy on reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) hasn't been explored before. METHODS We conducted a search on PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Clinicaltrials.gov to identify relevant studies, incorporating subject headings and keywords related to "Surfactant Therapy," "COVID-19," and "ARDS." Binary random effects were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for 28-day mortality, and continuous random effects were used to estimate the mean difference (MD) for length of hospitalization with their respective 95% confidence interval (CI). Analysis was performed with RevMan Version 5.4.1 (The Cochrane Collaboration, London, GBR). RESULTS We included four studies with 126 patients. Patients who received surfactant had lower odds of mortality (OR 0.53, 95% CI (0.23, 1.20), p=0.13) and a shorter duration of hospital stay (MD -5.69, 95% CI [-7.06, -4.30], p <0.00001) compared to patients who did not receive surfactant therapy. However, the findings regarding mortality were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 patients with ARDS who received surfactant therapy had lower hospitalization stays and mortality rates, indicating that surfactant therapy may improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients with ARDS. However, the results were not significant, and further research with more prospective studies and randomized clinical trials (RCTs) with larger sample sizes is needed to confirm these findings and assess their practical significance and generalizability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sriharsha Dadana
- Internal Medicine, Cheyenne Regional Medical Center, Cheyenne, USA
| | - Dhruvikumari D Sharma
- Biochemistry, Spartan Health Sciences University, Vieux Fort, LCA
- Medicine, Avalon University School of Medicine, Willemstad, CUW
| | - Bhaswanth Bollu
- Emergency Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, IND
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7
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Bauer MS, Gruber S, Hausch A, Melo MCR, Gomes PSFC, Nicolaus T, Milles LF, Gaub HE, Bernardi RC, Lipfert J. Single-molecule force stability of the SARS-CoV-2-ACE2 interface in variants-of-concern. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 19:399-405. [PMID: 38012274 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 have shown effective evasion of population immunity and increased affinity to the cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). However, in the dynamic environment of the respiratory tract, forces act on the binding partners, which raises the question of whether not only affinity but also force stability of the SARS-CoV-2-ACE2 interaction might be a selection factor for mutations. Using magnetic tweezers, we investigate the impact of amino acid substitutions in variants of concern (Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta) and on force-stability and bond kinetic of the receptor-binding domain-ACE2 interface at a single-molecule resolution. We find a higher affinity for all of the variants of concern (>fivefold) compared with the wild type. In contrast, Alpha is the only variant of concern that shows higher force stability (by 17%) compared with the wild type. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we rationalize the mechanistic molecular origins of this increase in force stability. Our study emphasizes the diversity of contributions to the transmissibility of variants and establishes force stability as one of the several factors for fitness. Understanding fitness advantages opens the possibility for the prediction of probable mutations, allowing a rapid adjustment of therapeutics, vaccines and intervention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus S Bauer
- Department of Physics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sophia Gruber
- Department of Physics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Adina Hausch
- Department of Physics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Center for Protein Assemblies, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Nicolaus
- Department of Physics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas F Milles
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hermann E Gaub
- Department of Physics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jan Lipfert
- Department of Physics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Physics and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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8
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Ahmed-Belkacem R, Sutto-Ortiz P, Delpal A, Troussier J, Canard B, Vasseur JJ, Decroly E, Debart F. 5'-cap RNA/SAM mimetic conjugates as bisubstrate inhibitors of viral RNA cap 2'-O-methyltransferases. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:107035. [PMID: 38199140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Viral RNA cap 2'-O-methyltransferases are considered promising therapeutic targets for antiviral treatments, as they play a key role in the formation of viral RNA cap-1 structures to escape the host immune system. A better understanding of how they interact with their natural substrates (RNA and the methyl donor SAM) would enable the rational development of potent inhibitors. However, as few structures of 2'-O-MTases in complex with RNA have been described, little is known about substrate recognition by these MTases. For this, chemical tools mimicking the state in which the cap RNA substrate and SAM cofactor are bound in the enzyme's catalytic pocket may prove useful. In this work, we designed and synthesized over 30 RNA conjugates that contain a short oligoribonucleotide (ORN with 4 or 6 nucleotides) with the first nucleotide 2'-O-attached to an adenosine by linkers of different lengths and containing S or N-heteroatoms, or a 1,2,3-triazole ring. These ORN conjugates bearing or not a cap structure at 5'-extremity mimic the methylation transition state with RNA substrate/SAM complex as bisubstrates of 2'-O-MTases. The ORN conjugates were synthesized either by the incorporation of a dinucleoside phosphoramidite during RNA elongation or by click chemistry performed on solid-phase post-RNA elongation. Their ability to inhibit the activity of the nsp16/nsp10 complex of SARS-CoV-2 and the NS5 protein of dengue and Zika viruses was assessed. Significant submicromolar IC50 values and Kd values in the µM range were found, suggesting a possible interaction of some ORN conjugates with these viral 2'-O-MTases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adrien Delpal
- AFMB, University of Aix-Marseille, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Joris Troussier
- IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Canard
- AFMB, University of Aix-Marseille, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Françoise Debart
- IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
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Chen YM, Lu CT, Wang CW, Fischer WB. Repurposing dye ligands as antivirals via a docking approach on viral membrane and globular proteins - SARS-CoV-2 and HPV-16. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2024; 1866:184220. [PMID: 37657640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of dye ligands are docked to three different proteins, E and 3a of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and E6 of human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV-16) using three different software. A four-level selection algorithm is used based on nonparametric statistics of numerical key values such as the "rank" derived from (i) averaged estimated binding energies (EBEs) and (ii) absolute EBE value of each of the software, (iii) frequency of ranking and (iv) rank of the area-under-curve values (AUCs) from decoy docking. A series of repurposing drugs and known antivirals used in experimental studies are docked for comparison. One dye ligand is ranked best for all proteins using the selection algorithm levels i - iii. Another three dye ligands are ranked top for the proteins individually when using all four levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Chen
- Institute of Biophotonics, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Tai Lu
- Institute of Biophotonics, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wen Wang
- Institute of Biophotonics, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wolfgang B Fischer
- Institute of Biophotonics, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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10
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Wang R, Han Y, Zhang R, Zhu J, Nan X, Liu Y, Yang Z, Zhou B, Yu J, Lin Z, Li J, Chen P, Wang Y, Li Y, Liu D, Shi X, Wang X, Zhang Q, Yang YR, Li T, Zhang L. Dissecting the intricacies of human antibody responses to SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Immunity 2023; 56:2635-2649.e6. [PMID: 37924813 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1) causes more severe disease than SARS-CoV-2, which is responsible for COVID-19. However, our understanding of antibody response to SARS-CoV-1 infection remains incomplete. Herein, we studied the antibody responses in 25 SARS-CoV-1 convalescent patients. Plasma neutralization was higher and lasted longer in SARS-CoV-1 patients than in severe SARS-CoV-2 patients. Among 77 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated, 60 targeted the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and formed 7 groups (RBD-1 to RBD-7) based on their distinct binding and structural profiles. Notably, RBD-7 antibodies bound to a unique RBD region interfaced with the N-terminal domain of the neighboring protomer (NTD proximal) and were more prevalent in SARS-CoV-1 patients. Broadly neutralizing antibodies for SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and bat and pangolin coronaviruses were also identified. These results provide further insights into the antibody response to SARS-CoV-1 and inform the design of more effective strategies against diverse human and animal coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoke Wang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; State Key Laboratory for Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiayi Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuanyu Nan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yaping Liu
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ziqing Yang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bini Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinfang Yu
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zichun Lin
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinqian Li
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yangjunqi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yujie Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dongsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuanling Shi
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuhe R Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, CAS, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Taisheng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; State Key Laboratory for Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Linqi Zhang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China.
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11
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Oh C, Zhou A, O'Brien K, Schmidt AR, Geltz J, Shisler JL, Schmidt AR, Keefer L, Brown WM, Nguyen TH. Improved performance of nucleic acid-based assays for genetically diverse norovirus surveillance. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0033123. [PMID: 37791775 PMCID: PMC10654041 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00331-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based assays, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), that amplify and detect organism-specific genome sequences are a standard method for infectious disease surveillance. However, challenges arise for virus surveillance because of their genetic diversity. Here, we calculated the variability of nucleotides within the genomes of 10 human viral species in silico and found that endemic viruses exhibit a high percentage of variable nucleotides (e.g., 51.4% for norovirus genogroup II). This genetic diversity led to the variable probability of detection of PCR assays (the proportion of viral sequences that contain the assay's target sequences divided by the total number of viral sequences). We then experimentally confirmed that the probability of the target sequence detection is indicative of the number of mismatches between PCR assays and norovirus genomes. Next, we developed a degenerate PCR assay that detects 97% of known norovirus genogroup II genome sequences and recognized norovirus in eight clinical samples. By contrast, previously developed assays with 31% and 16% probability of detection had 1.1 and 2.5 mismatches on average, respectively, which negatively impacted RNA quantification. In addition, the two PCR assays with a lower probability of detection also resulted in false negatives for wastewater-based epidemiology. Our findings suggest that the probability of detection serves as a simple metric for evaluating nucleic acid-based assays for genetically diverse virus surveillance.IMPORTANCENucleic acid-based assays, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), that amplify and detect organism-specific genome sequences are employed widely as a standard method for infectious disease surveillance. However, challenges arise for virus surveillance because of the rapid evolution and genetic variation of viruses. The study analyzed clinical and wastewater samples using multiple PCR assays and found significant performance variation among the PCR assays for genetically diverse norovirus surveillance. This finding suggests that some PCR assays may miss detecting certain virus strains, leading to a compromise in detection sensitivity. To address this issue, we propose a metric called the probability of detection, which can be simply calculated in silico using a code developed in this study, to evaluate nucleic acid-based assays for genetically diverse virus surveillance. This new approach can help improve the sensitivity and accuracy of virus detection, which is crucial for effective infectious disease surveillance and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamteut Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Aijia Zhou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Kate O'Brien
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Arthur R. Schmidt
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Joshua Geltz
- Division of Laboratories, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Joanna L. Shisler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Arthur R. Schmidt
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Laura Keefer
- Illinois State Water Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - William M. Brown
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Thanh H. Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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12
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Lou P, Fang A, Zhao W, Yao K, Yang Y, Hu J. Potential Target Discovery and Drug Repurposing for Coronaviruses: Study Involving a Knowledge Graph-Based Approach. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e45225. [PMID: 37862061 PMCID: PMC10592722 DOI: 10.2196/45225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global pandemics of severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and COVID-19 have caused unprecedented crises for public health. Coronaviruses are constantly evolving, and it is unknown which new coronavirus will emerge and when the next coronavirus will sweep across the world. Knowledge graphs are expected to help discover the pathogenicity and transmission mechanism of viruses. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to discover potential targets and candidate drugs to repurpose for coronaviruses through a knowledge graph-based approach. METHODS We propose a computational and evidence-based knowledge discovery approach to identify potential targets and candidate drugs for coronaviruses from biomedical literature and well-known knowledge bases. To organize the semantic triples extracted automatically from biomedical literature, a semantic conversion model was designed. The literature knowledge was associated and integrated with existing drug and gene knowledge through semantic mapping, and the coronavirus knowledge graph (CovKG) was constructed. We adopted both the knowledge graph embedding model and the semantic reasoning mechanism to discover unrecorded mechanisms of drug action as well as potential targets and drug candidates. Furthermore, we have provided evidence-based support with a scoring and backtracking mechanism. RESULTS The constructed CovKG contains 17,369,620 triples, of which 641,195 were extracted from biomedical literature, covering 13,065 concept unique identifiers, 209 semantic types, and 97 semantic relations of the Unified Medical Language System. Through multi-source knowledge integration, 475 drugs and 262 targets were mapped to existing knowledge, and 41 new drug mechanisms of action were found by semantic reasoning, which were not recorded in the existing knowledge base. Among the knowledge graph embedding models, TransR outperformed others (mean reciprocal rank=0.2510, Hits@10=0.3505). A total of 33 potential targets and 18 drug candidates were identified for coronaviruses. Among them, 7 novel drugs (ie, quinine, nelfinavir, ivermectin, asunaprevir, tylophorine, Artemisia annua extract, and resveratrol) and 3 highly ranked targets (ie, angiotensin converting enzyme 2, transmembrane serine protease 2, and M protein) were further discussed. CONCLUSIONS We showed the effectiveness of a knowledge graph-based approach in potential target discovery and drug repurposing for coronaviruses. Our approach can be extended to other viruses or diseases for biomedical knowledge discovery and relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Lou
- Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - An Fang
- Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wanqing Zhao
- Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kuanda Yao
- Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yusheng Yang
- Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Hu
- Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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13
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Wang Q, Noettger S, Xie Q, Pastorio C, Seidel A, Müller JA, Jung C, Jacob T, Sparrer KMJ, Zech F, Kirchhoff F. Determinants of species-specific utilization of ACE2 by human and animal coronaviruses. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1051. [PMID: 37848611 PMCID: PMC10582019 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05436-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Utilization of human ACE2 allowed several bat coronaviruses (CoVs), including the causative agent of COVID-19, to infect humans directly or via intermediate hosts. However, the determinants of species-specific differences in ACE2 usage and the frequency of the ability of animal CoVs to use human ACE2 are poorly understood. Here we applied VSV pseudoviruses to analyze the ability of Spike proteins from 26 human or animal CoVs to use ACE2 receptors across nine reservoir, potential intermediate and human hosts. We show that SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants evolved towards more efficient ACE2 usage but mutation of R493Q in BA.4/5 and XBB Spike proteins disrupts utilization of ACE2 from Greater horseshoe bats. Variations in ACE2 residues 31, 41 and 354 govern species-specific differences in usage by coronaviral Spike proteins. Mutation of T403R allows the RaTG13 bat CoV Spike to efficiently use all ACE2 orthologs for viral entry. Sera from COVID-19 vaccinated individuals neutralize the Spike proteins of various bat Sarbecoviruses. Our results define determinants of ACE2 receptor usage of diverse CoVs and suggest that COVID-19 vaccination may protect against future zoonoses of bat coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxing Wang
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sabrina Noettger
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Qinya Xie
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Chiara Pastorio
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alina Seidel
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Janis A Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Jung
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Fabian Zech
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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14
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Tamayo-Ordóñez MC, Rosas-García NM, Ayil-Gutiérrez BA, Bello-López JM, Tamayo-Ordóñez FA, Anguebes-Franseschi F, Damas-Damas S, Tamayo-Ordóñez YDJ. Non-Structural Proteins (Nsp): A Marker for Detection of Human Coronavirus Families. Pathogens 2023; 12:1185. [PMID: 37764993 PMCID: PMC10537875 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 was the cause of the global pandemic that caused a total of 14.9 million deaths during the years 2020 and 2021, according to the WHO. The virus presents a mutation rate between 10-5 and 10-3 substitutions per nucleotide site per cell infection (s/n/c). Due to this, studies aimed at knowing the evolution of this virus could help us to foresee (through the future development of new detection strategies and vaccines that prevent the infection of this virus in human hosts) that a pandemic caused by this virus will be generated again. In this research, we performed a functional annotation and identification of changes in Nsp (non-structural proteins) domains in the coronavirus genome. The comparison of the 13 selected coronavirus pangenomes demonstrated a total of 69 protein families and 57 functions associated with the structural domain's differentials between genomes. A marked evolutionary conservation of non-structural proteins was observed. This allowed us to identify and classify highly pathogenic human coronaviruses into alpha, beta, gamma, and delta groups. The designed Nsp cluster provides insight into the trajectory of SARS-CoV-2, demonstrating that it continues to evolve rapidly. An evolutionary marker allows us to discriminate between phylogenetically divergent groups, viral genotypes, and variants between the alpha and betacoronavirus genera. These types of evolutionary studies provide a window of opportunity to use these Nsp as targets of viral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Concepción Tamayo-Ordóñez
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética, Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo 25280, Coahuila, Mexico;
| | - Ninfa María Rosas-García
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Ambiental del Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Abraham Ayil-Gutiérrez
- CONAHCYT-Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Biotecnología Vegetal, Reynosa 88710, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Juan Manuel Bello-López
- División de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de México, Ciudad de México 07760, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Francisco Alberto Tamayo-Ordóñez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Carmen, Calle 56 N. 4, Av. Concordia Col. Benito Juárez, Ciudad del Carmen 24180, Campeche, Mexico (S.D.-D.)
| | - Francisco Anguebes-Franseschi
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Carmen, Calle 56 N. 4, Av. Concordia Col. Benito Juárez, Ciudad del Carmen 24180, Campeche, Mexico (S.D.-D.)
| | - Siprian Damas-Damas
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Carmen, Calle 56 N. 4, Av. Concordia Col. Benito Juárez, Ciudad del Carmen 24180, Campeche, Mexico (S.D.-D.)
| | - Yahaira de Jesús Tamayo-Ordóñez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Ambiental del Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Tamaulipas, Mexico
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15
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Zheng X, Wang L, Zhang Z, Tang H. The emerging roles of SUMOylation in pulmonary diseases. Mol Med 2023; 29:119. [PMID: 37670258 PMCID: PMC10478458 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00719-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifier mediated modification (SUMOylation) is a critical post-translational modification that has a broad spectrum of biological functions, including genome replication and repair, transcriptional regulation, protein stability, and cell cycle progression. Perturbation or deregulation of a SUMOylation and deSUMOylation status has emerged as a new pathophysiological feature of lung diseases. In this review, we highlighted the link between SUMO pathway and lung diseases, especially the sumoylated substrate such as C/EBPα in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BDP), PPARγ in pneumonia, TFII-I in asthma, HDAC2 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), KLF15 in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH), SMAD3 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and YTHDF2 in cancer. By exploring the impact of SUMOylation in pulmonary diseases, we intend to shed light on its potential to inspire the development of innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, holding promise for improving patient outcomes and overall respiratory health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Zheng
- Department of pediatrics, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
| | - Lingqiao Wang
- Department of pediatrics, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 31000, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Huifang Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory, School of Basic Medicial Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
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16
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Abou Baker DH, Hassan EM, El Gengaihi S. An overview on medicinal plants used for combating coronavirus: Current potentials and challenges. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD RESEARCH 2023; 13:100632. [PMID: 37251276 PMCID: PMC10198795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic crisis, causing many morbidities, mortality, and devastating impact on economies, so the current outbreak of the CoV-2 is a major concern for global health. The infection spread quickly and caused chaos in many countries around the world. The slow discovery of CoV-2 and the limited treatment options are among the main challenges. Therefore, the development of a drug that is safe and effective against CoV-2 is urgently needed. The present overview briefly summarizes CoV-2 drug targets ex: RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), papain-like protease (PLpro), 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro), transmembrane serine protease enzymes (TMPRSS2), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), structural protein (N, S, E, and M), and virulence factors (NSP1, ORF7a, and NSP3c) for which drug design perspective can be considered. In addition, summarize all anti-COVID-19 medicinal plants and phytocompounds and their mechanisms of action to be used as a guide for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doha H Abou Baker
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Dept., Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Emad M Hassan
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Dept., Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Souad El Gengaihi
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Dept., Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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17
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Mohammadzadeh Hosseini Moghri SAH, Ranjbar M, Hassannia H, Khakdan F. In silico analysis of the conserved surface-exposed epitopes to design novel multiepitope peptide vaccine for all variants of the SARS-CoV-2. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:7603-7615. [PMID: 36124826 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2123395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a pervasive threat to generic health. The SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein plays a fundamental role in binds and fusion to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The multi-epitope peptide vaccines would be able to elicit both long-lasting humoral and cellular immune responses, resulting the eliminating SARS-CoV-2 infections as asymptomatic patients are in large numbers. Recently, the omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2 became a variant of concern that contained just 15-point mutations in the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein. In order to eliminate new evidence on coronavirus variants of concern detected through epidemic intelligence, the conserved epitopes of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and spike cleavage site is the most probable target for vaccine development to inducing binds and fusion inhibitors neutralizing antibodies respectively. In this study, we utilized bioinformatics tools for identifying and analyzing the spike (S) glycoprotein sequence, e.g. the prediction of the potential linear B-cell epitopes, B-cell multi‑epitope design, secondary and tertiary structures, physicochemical properties, solubility, antigenicity, allergenicity, the molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation for the promising vaccine candidate against all variant of concern of SARS-CoV-2. Among the epitopes of the RBD region are surface-exposed epitopes SVYAWNRKRISNCV and ATRFASVYAWNRKR as the conserved sequences in all variants of concern can be a good candidate to induce an immune response.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mojtaba Ranjbar
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Biotechnology, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Hadi Hassannia
- Immunogenetic Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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18
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Song W, Fang Z, Ma F, Li J, Huang Z, Zhang Y, Li J, Chen K. The role of SARS-CoV-2 N protein in diagnosis and vaccination in the context of emerging variants: present status and prospects. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1217567. [PMID: 37675423 PMCID: PMC10478715 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1217567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite many countries rapidly revising their strategies to prevent contagions, the number of people infected with Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to surge. The emergent variants that can evade the immune response significantly affect the effectiveness of mainstream vaccines and diagnostic products based on the original spike protein. Therefore, it is essential to focus on the highly conserved nature of the nucleocapsid protein as a potential target in the field of vaccines and diagnostics. In this regard, our review initially discusses the structure, function, and mechanism of action of N protein. Based on this discussion, we summarize the relevant research on the in-depth development and application of diagnostic methods and vaccines based on N protein, such as serology and nucleic acid detection. Such valuable information can aid in designing more efficient diagnostic and vaccine tools that could help end the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchen Song
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongbiao Fang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feike Ma
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Huang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Detection and Etiological Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Detection and Etiological Research of Zhejiang Province, Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Keda Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Yu J, Im H, Lee G. Unwinding mechanism of SARS-CoV helicase (nsp13) in the presence of Ca 2+, elucidated by biochemical and single-molecular studies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 668:35-41. [PMID: 37235917 PMCID: PMC10193821 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The recent outbreak of COVID-19 has created a serious health crisis with fatFal infectious viral diseases, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). The nsp13, a helicase of coronaviruses is an essential element for viral replication that unwinds secondary structures of DNA and RNA, and is thus considered a major therapeutic target for treatment. The replication of coronaviruses and other retroviruses occurs in the cytoplasm of infected cells, in association with viral replication organelles, called virus-induced cytosolic double-membrane vesicles (DMVs). In addition, an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration accelerates viral replication. However, the molecular mechanism of nsp13 in the presence of Ca2+ is not well understood. In this study, we applied biochemical methods and single-molecule techniques to demonstrate how nsp13 achieves its unwinding activity while performing ATP hydrolysis in the presence of Ca2+. Our study found that nsp13 could efficiently unwind double stranded (ds) DNA under physiological concentration of Ca2+ of cytosolic DMVs. These findings provide new insights into the properties of nsp13 in the range of calcium in cytosolic DMVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
| | - Hyeryeon Im
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
| | - Gwangrog Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea.
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20
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Alam MM, Hannan SB, Saikat TA, Limon MBH, Topu MR, Rana MJ, Salauddin A, Bosu S, Rahman MZ. Beta, Delta, and Omicron, Deadliest Among SARS-CoV-2 Variants: A Computational Repurposing Approach. Evol Bioinform Online 2023; 19:11769343231182258. [PMID: 37457042 PMCID: PMC10338667 DOI: 10.1177/11769343231182258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has been highly susceptible to mutations since its emergence in Wuhan, China, and its subsequent propagation due to containing an RNA as its genome. The emergence of variants with improved transmissibility still poses a grave threat to global health. The spike protein mutation is mainly responsible for higher transmissibility and risk severity. This study retrieved SARS-CoV-2 variants structural and nonstructural proteins (NSPs) sequences from several geographic locations, including Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania, and North and South America. First, multiple sequence alignments with BioEdit and protein homology modeling were performed using the SWISS Model. Then the structure visualization and structural analysis were performed by superimposing against the Wuhan sequence by Pymol to retrieve the RMSD values. Sequence alignment revealed familiar, uncommon regional among variants and, interestingly, a few unique mutations in Beta, Delta, and Omicron. Structural analysis of such unique mutations revealed that they caused structural deviations in Beta, Delta, and Omicron spike proteins. In addition, these variants were more severe in terms of hospitalization, sickness, and higher mortality, which have a substantial relationship with the structural deviations because of those unique mutations. Such evidence provides insight into the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein vulnerability toward mutation and their structural and functional deviations, particularly in Beta, Delta, and Omicron, which might be the cause of their broader coverage. This knowledge can help us with regional vaccine strain selection, virus pathogenicity testing, diagnosis, and treatment with more specific vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mamun Alam
- Mohammad Mamun Alam, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
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21
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de Moor WRJ, Williamson AL, Schäfer G, Douglass N, Gers S, Sutherland AD, Blumenthal MJ, Margolin E, Shaw ML, Preiser W, Chapman R. LSDV-Vectored SARS-CoV-2 S and N Vaccine Protects against Severe Clinical Disease in Hamsters. Viruses 2023; 15:1409. [PMID: 37515096 PMCID: PMC10383203 DOI: 10.3390/v15071409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic demonstrated the need for potent and broad-spectrum vaccines. This study reports the development and testing of a lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV)-vectored vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, utilizing stabilized spike and conserved nucleocapsid proteins as antigens to develop robust immunogenicity. Construction of the vaccine (LSDV-SARS2-S,N) was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing. In vitro characterization confirmed that cells infected with LSDV-SARS2-S,N expressed SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid protein. In BALB/c mice, the vaccine elicited high magnitude IFN-γ ELISpot responses (spike: 2808 SFU/106 splenocytes) and neutralizing antibodies (ID50 = 6552). Testing in hamsters, which emulate human COVID-19 disease progression, showed the development of high titers of neutralizing antibodies against the Wuhan and Delta SARS-CoV-2 variants (Wuhan ID50 = 2905; Delta ID50 = 4648). Additionally, hamsters vaccinated with LSDV-SARS2-S,N displayed significantly less weight loss, lung damage, and reduced viral RNA copies following SARS-CoV-2 infection with the Delta variant as compared to controls, demonstrating protection against disease. These data demonstrate that LSDV-vectored vaccines display promise as an effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and as a potential vaccine platform for communicable diseases in humans and animals. Further efficacy testing and immune response analysis, particularly in non-human primates, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren R J de Moor
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Georgia Schäfer
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Nicola Douglass
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | | | - Andrew D Sutherland
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University Tygerberg Campus, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Melissa J Blumenthal
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel Margolin
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
| | - Megan L Shaw
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University Tygerberg Campus, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
| | - Wolfgang Preiser
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University Tygerberg Campus, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Rosamund Chapman
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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22
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Hill V, Githinji G, Vogels CBF, Bento AI, Chaguza C, Carrington CVF, Grubaugh ND. Toward a global virus genomic surveillance network. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:861-873. [PMID: 36921604 PMCID: PMC9986120 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic galvanized the field of virus genomic surveillance, demonstrating its utility for public health. Now, we must harness the momentum that led to increased infrastructure, training, and political will to build a sustainable global genomic surveillance network for other epidemic and endemic viruses. We suggest a generalizable modular sequencing framework wherein users can easily switch between virus targets to maximize cost-effectiveness and maintain readiness for new threats. We also highlight challenges associated with genomic surveillance and when global inequalities persist. We propose solutions to mitigate some of these issues, including training and multilateral partnerships. Exploring alternatives to clinical sequencing can also reduce the cost of surveillance programs. Finally, we discuss how establishing genomic surveillance would aid control programs and potentially provide a warning system for outbreaks, using a global respiratory virus (RSV), an arbovirus (dengue virus), and a regional zoonotic virus (Lassa virus) as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity Hill
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - George Githinji
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Chantal B F Vogels
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ana I Bento
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA; The Rockefeller Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chrispin Chaguza
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christine V F Carrington
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA.
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23
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Pang X, Xu W, Liu Y, Li H, Chen L. The research progress of SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors from 2020 to 2022. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 257:115491. [PMID: 37244162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread worldwide. The main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 plays a central role in viral replication and transcription and represents an attractive drug target for fighting COVID-19. Many SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors have been reported, including covalent and noncovalent inhibitors. The SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitor PF-07321332 (Nirmatrelvir) designed by Pfizer has been put on the market. This paper briefly introduces the structural characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and summarizes the research progress of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors from the aspects of drug repurposing and drug design. These information will provide a basis for the drug development of treating the infection of SARS-CoV-2 and even other coronaviruses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Pang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China; Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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24
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Devaux CA, Fantini J. Unravelling Antigenic Cross-Reactions toward the World of Coronaviruses: Extent of the Stability of Shared Epitopes and SARS-CoV-2 Anti-Spike Cross-Neutralizing Antibodies. Pathogens 2023; 12:713. [PMID: 37242383 PMCID: PMC10220573 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immune repertoire retains the molecular memory of a very great diversity of target antigens (epitopes) and can recall this upon a second encounter with epitopes against which it has previously been primed. Although genetically diverse, proteins of coronaviruses exhibit sufficient conservation to lead to antigenic cross-reactions. In this review, our goal is to question whether pre-existing immunity against seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoVs) or exposure to animal CoVs has influenced the susceptibility of human populations to SARS-CoV-2 and/or had an impact upon the physiopathological outcome of COVID-19. With the hindsight that we now have regarding COVID-19, we conclude that although antigenic cross-reactions between different coronaviruses exist, cross-reactive antibody levels (titers) do not necessarily reflect on memory B cell frequencies and are not always directed against epitopes which confer cross-protection against SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the immunological memory of these infections is short-term and occurs in only a small percentage of the population. Thus, in contrast to what might be observed in terms of cross-protection at the level of a single individual recently exposed to circulating coronaviruses, a pre-existing immunity against HCoVs or other CoVs can only have a very minor impact on SARS-CoV-2 circulation at the level of human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Devaux
- Laboratory Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire—Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS-SNC5039), 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Jacques Fantini
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM UMR_S 1072, 13015 Marseille, France
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25
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Fam MS, Sedky CA, Turky NO, Breitinger HG, Breitinger U. Channel activity of SARS-CoV-2 viroporin ORF3a inhibited by adamantanes and phenolic plant metabolites. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5328. [PMID: 37005439 PMCID: PMC10067842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31764-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has been responsible for the major worldwide pandemic of COVID-19. Despite the enormous success of vaccination campaigns, virus infections are still prevalent and effective antiviral therapies are urgently needed. Viroporins are essential for virus replication and release, and are thus promising therapeutic targets. Here, we studied the expression and function of recombinant ORF3a viroporin of SARS-CoV-2 using a combination of cell viability assays and patch-clamp electrophysiology. ORF3a was expressed in HEK293 cells and transport to the plasma membrane verified by a dot blot assay. Incorporation of a membrane-directing signal peptide increased plasma membrane expression. Cell viability tests were carried out to measure cell damage associated with ORF3a activity, and voltage-clamp recordings verified its channel activity. The classical viroporin inhibitors amantadine and rimantadine inhibited ORF3a channels. A series of ten flavonoids and polyphenolics were studied. Kaempferol, quercetin, epigallocatechin gallate, nobiletin, resveratrol and curcumin were ORF3a inhibitors, with IC50 values ranging between 1 and 6 µM, while 6-gingerol, apigenin, naringenin and genistein were inactive. For flavonoids, inhibitory activity could be related to the pattern of OH groups on the chromone ring system. Thus, the ORF3a viroporin of SARS-CoV-2 may indeed be a promising target for antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Sherif Fam
- Department of Biochemistry, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al Tagamoa Al Khames, New Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Christine Adel Sedky
- Department of Biochemistry, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al Tagamoa Al Khames, New Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Nancy Osama Turky
- Department of Biochemistry, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al Tagamoa Al Khames, New Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Hans-Georg Breitinger
- Department of Biochemistry, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al Tagamoa Al Khames, New Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt
| | - Ulrike Breitinger
- Department of Biochemistry, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al Tagamoa Al Khames, New Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Egypt.
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26
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Talukder P, Saha A, Roy S, Ghosh G, Roy DD, Barua S. Drugs for COVID-19 Treatment: A New Challenge. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:3653-3670. [PMID: 36961509 PMCID: PMC10037400 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 infection is a new disease and our knowledge is limited; day in and day out more and more interesting yet diverse observations are reported by the different research groups from different corners of the world. So, there is an urgent requirement of the invention of some effective and efficient drugs that can carry out the end of the deadly viral infection. Throughout the world, there have been many efforts carried out in different labs to invent such a drug and also identifying any pre-existing drugs which can carry out the killing of the virus. In this review, an effort has been made to understand the potential drugs which can be used against the SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. Again, the strategies on the current and the future drug discovery mechanisms against the SARS-CoV-2 are also mentioned. The different drugs made and the drugs re-used and also the drugs which are in the making process in different research laboratories across the world are also mentioned. To combat this unexpected crisis, we still need some more efforts from the different scientific communities around the world for finding a cure against this viral infection and this is needed to be done for the prevention of more loss of human life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Talukder
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata University Area, Plot, Street Number 03, Action Area III, B/5, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700156, India.
| | - Arunima Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata University Area, Plot, Street Number 03, Action Area III, B/5, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700156, India
| | - Sohini Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata University Area, Plot, Street Number 03, Action Area III, B/5, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700156, India
| | - Gargi Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata University Area, Plot, Street Number 03, Action Area III, B/5, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700156, India
| | - Debshikha Dutta Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata University Area, Plot, Street Number 03, Action Area III, B/5, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700156, India
| | - Snejuti Barua
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Engineering and Management, Kolkata University Area, Plot, Street Number 03, Action Area III, B/5, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700156, India
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27
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Hussein M, Andrade dos Ramos Z, Vink MA, Kroon P, Yu Z, Enjuanes L, Zuñiga S, Berkhout B, Herrera-Carrillo E. Efficient CRISPR-Cas13d-Based Antiviral Strategy to Combat SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030686. [PMID: 36992394 PMCID: PMC10051389 DOI: 10.3390/v15030686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic forms a major global health burden. Although protective vaccines are available, concerns remain as new virus variants continue to appear. CRISPR-based gene-editing approaches offer an attractive therapeutic strategy as the CRISPR-RNA (crRNA) can be adjusted rapidly to accommodate a new viral genome sequence. This study aimed at using the RNA-targeting CRISPR-Cas13d system to attack highly conserved sequences in the viral RNA genome, thereby preparing for future zoonotic outbreaks of other coronaviruses. We designed 29 crRNAs targeting highly conserved sequences along the complete SARS-CoV-2 genome. Several crRNAs demonstrated efficient silencing of a reporter with the matching viral target sequence and efficient inhibition of a SARS-CoV-2 replicon. The crRNAs that suppress SARS-CoV-2 were also able to suppress SARS-CoV, thus demonstrating the breadth of this antiviral strategy. Strikingly, we observed that only crRNAs directed against the plus-genomic RNA demonstrated antiviral activity in the replicon assay, in contrast to those that bind the minus-genomic RNA, the replication intermediate. These results point to a major difference in the vulnerability and biology of the +RNA versus −RNA strands of the SARS-CoV-2 genome and provide important insights for the design of RNA-targeting antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouraya Hussein
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zaria Andrade dos Ramos
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique A. Vink
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Kroon
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zhenghao Yu
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luis Enjuanes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Zuñiga
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Herrera-Carrillo
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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28
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Bandyopadhyay SS, Halder AK, Saha S, Chatterjee P, Nasipuri M, Basu S. Assessment of GO-Based Protein Interaction Affinities in the Large-Scale Human–Coronavirus Family Interactome. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030549. [PMID: 36992133 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that replicates itself via interacting with the host proteins. As a result, identifying virus and host protein-protein interactions could help researchers better understand the virus disease transmission behavior and identify possible COVID-19 drugs. The International Committee on Virus Taxonomy has determined that nCoV is genetically 89% compared to the SARS-CoV epidemic in 2003. This paper focuses on assessing the host–pathogen protein interaction affinity of the coronavirus family, having 44 different variants. In light of these considerations, a GO-semantic scoring function is provided based on Gene Ontology (GO) graphs for determining the binding affinity of any two proteins at the organism level. Based on the availability of the GO annotation of the proteins, 11 viral variants, viz., SARS-CoV-2, SARS, MERS, Bat coronavirus HKU3, Bat coronavirus Rp3/2004, Bat coronavirus HKU5, Murine coronavirus, Bovine coronavirus, Rat coronavirus, Bat coronavirus HKU4, Bat coronavirus 133/2005, are considered from 44 viral variants. The fuzzy scoring function of the entire host–pathogen network has been processed with ~180 million potential interactions generated from 19,281 host proteins and around 242 viral proteins. ~4.5 million potential level one host–pathogen interactions are computed based on the estimated interaction affinity threshold. The resulting host–pathogen interactome is also validated with state-of-the-art experimental networks. The study has also been extended further toward the drug-repurposing study by analyzing the FDA-listed COVID drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyendu Sekhar Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Adamas University, Kolkata 700126, India
| | - Anup Kumar Halder
- Faculty of Mathematics and Information Sciences, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sovan Saha
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering (Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning), Techno Main Salt Lake, Sector V, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Piyali Chatterjee
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Netaji Subhash Engineering College, Kolkata 700152, India
| | - Mita Nasipuri
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Subhadip Basu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
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29
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Kim MI, Lee C. Human Coronavirus OC43 as a Low-Risk Model to Study COVID-19. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020578. [PMID: 36851792 PMCID: PMC9965565 DOI: 10.3390/v15020578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had irreversible and devastating impacts on every aspect of human life. To better prepare for the next similar pandemic, a clear understanding of coronavirus biology is a prerequisite. Nevertheless, the high-risk nature of the causative agent of COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), requires the use of a cumbersome biosafety level-3 (BSL-3) confinement facility. To facilitate the development of preventive and therapeutic measures against SARS-CoV-2, one of the endemic strains of low-risk coronaviruses has gained attention as a useful research alternative: human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43). In this review, its history, classification, and clinical manifestations are first summarized. The characteristics of its viral genomes, genes, and evolution process are then further explained. In addition, the host factors necessary to support the life cycle of HCoV-OC43 and the innate, as well as adaptive, immunological responses to HCoV-OC43 infection are discussed. Finally, the development of in vitro and in vivo systems to study HCoV-OC43 and its application to the discovery of potential antivirals for COVID-19 by using HCoV-OC43 models are also presented. This review should serve as a concise guide for those who wish to use HCoV-OC43 to study coronaviruses in a low-risk research setting.
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30
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Permethrin as a Potential Furin Inhibitor through a Novel Non-Competitive Allosteric Inhibition. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041883. [PMID: 36838867 PMCID: PMC9959265 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Furin is a potential target protein associated with numerous diseases; especially closely related to tumors and multiple viral infections including SARS-CoV-2. Most of the existing efficient furin inhibitors adopt a substrate analogous structure, and other types of small molecule inhibitors need to be discovered urgently. In this study, a high-throughput screening combining virtual and physical screening of natural product libraries was performed, coupled with experimental validation and preliminary mechanistic assays at the molecular level, cellular level, and molecular simulation. A novel furin inhibitor, permethrin, which is a derivative from pyrethrin I generated by Pyrethrum cinerariifolium Trev. was identified, and this study confirmed that it binds to a novel allosteric pocket of furin through non-competitive inhibition. It exhibits a very favorable protease-selective inhibition and good cellular activity and specificity. In summary, permethrin shows a new parent nucleus with a new mode of inhibition. It could be used as a highly promising lead compound against furin for targeting related tumors and various resistant viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2.
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31
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Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious airborne viral pneumonia caused by a novel virus belonging to the family coronaviridae. On February 11, 2019, the Internal Committee on Taxonomy of Virus (ICTV) announced the name of the novel virus as "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). One of the proteins present on its membrane i.e. the Spike protein is responsible for the attachment of the virus to the host. It spreads through the salivary droplets released when an infected person sneezes or coughs. The best way to slow down the disease is by protecting self by washing hands and using the disinfectant. Most of the infected people experience mild to moderate breathing issues. Serious illness might develop in people with underlying cardiovascular problems, diabetes and other immuno-compromised diseases. To date, there is no effective medicine available in the market which is effective in COVID-19. However, healthcare professionals are using ritonavir, flavipiravir, lopinavir, hydroxychloroquine and remdesivir. Along with the medicines, some countries are using convalescent plasma and mesenchymal stem cells for treatment. Till date, it has claimed millions of death worldwide. In this detailed review, we have discussed the structure of SARS-CoV-2, essential proteins, its lifecycle, transmission, symptoms, pathology, clinical features, diagnosis, prevention, treatment and epidemiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Rehman
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Iftekhar Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shri Gopichand College of Pharmacy, Baghpat, India
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Dhingra N, Bhardwaj R, Bhardwaj U, Kapoor K. Design of hACE2-based small peptide inhibitors against spike protein of SARS-CoV-2: a computational approach. Struct Chem 2023; 34:1-14. [PMID: 36714014 PMCID: PMC9875775 DOI: 10.1007/s11224-023-02125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been declared pandemic in 2019. Though there is development of vaccines but there is an emergence requirement of drugs against SARS-CoV-2. Antiviral peptides can be rationally created and improved based on the known structures of viral proteins and their biological targets. In the given study, small peptide inhibitors with three amino acids are designed and docked against SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus using molecular docking approach. All the designed peptides bind at the active site but the highest binding affinity was observed for HisGluAsp. Molecular dynamics was performed to validate the stability and interactions of compound. The molecule has followed the druglikeness properties and with highest probability of being absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract. The results of the current investigation point to the possibility that the identified small peptides may prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection, although additional wet-lab tests are still required to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Dhingra
- Department of Agriculture, Medi-Caps University, AB Road, Pigdamber, Rau, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453331 India
| | - Ravindra Bhardwaj
- College of Arts and Science, Sikkim Professional University, Gangtok, East Sikkim 737102 India
| | - Uma Bhardwaj
- School of Sciences, Noida International University, Plot 1, Sector-17 A, Yamuna Expressway, Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 203201 India
| | - Kapish Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry and Forensics, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG14FQ UK
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Chen R, Gao Y, Liu H, Li H, Chen W, Ma J. Advances in research on 3C-like protease (3CL pro) inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 since 2020. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:9-21. [PMID: 36760740 PMCID: PMC9890616 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00344a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019 is still threatening global human health. Although some vaccines and drugs are available in the market, controlling the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus remains a huge challenge. 3C-like protease (3CLpro) is a highly conserved key protease for SARS-CoV-2 replication, and no relevant homologous protein with a similar cleavage site to 3CLpro has been identified in humans, highlighting that development of 3CLpro inhibitors exhibits great promise for treatment of COVID-19. In this review, the authors describe the structure and function of 3CLpro. To better understand the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitors, the SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitors reported since 2020 are classified into peptidomimetic covalent inhibitors, non-peptidomimetic covalent inhibitors and non-covalent small molecule inhibitors, and the representative inhibitors, their biological activities and binding models are highlighted. Collectively, we hope that all the information presented here will provide new insights into the design and development of more effective 3CLpro inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 as novel anti-coronavirus drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roufen Chen
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University Quanzhou 362000 China
| | - Yali Gao
- Pharmacy Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Quanzhou 362000 China
| | - Han Liu
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University Quanzhou 362000 China
| | - He Li
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University Quanzhou 362000 China
| | - Wenfa Chen
- Pharmacy Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Quanzhou 362000 China
| | - Junjie Ma
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University Quanzhou 362000 China
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Sharma M, Mahto JK, Dhaka P, Neetu N, Tomar S, Kumar P. MD simulation and MM/PBSA identifies phytochemicals as bifunctional inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:12048-12061. [PMID: 34448684 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1969285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The global spread of SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in millions of fatalities worldwide, making it crucial to identify potent antiviral therapeutics to combat this virus. We employed structure-assisted virtual screening to identify phytochemicals that can target the two proteases which are essential for SARS-CoV-2 replication and transcription, the main protease and papain-like protease. Using virtual screening and molecular dynamics, we discovered new phytochemicals with inhibitory activity against the two proteases. Isoginkgetin, kaempferol-3-robinobioside, methyl amentoflavone, bianthraquinone, podocarpusflavone A, and albanin F were shown to have the best affinity and inhibitory potential among the compounds, and can be explored clinically for use as inhibitors of novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Jai Krishna Mahto
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Preeti Dhaka
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Neetu Neetu
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
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Alipoor R, Ranjbar R. Small-molecule metabolites in SARS-CoV-2 treatment: a comprehensive review. Biol Chem 2022; 404:569-584. [PMID: 36490203 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2022-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has quickly spread all over the world. In this respect, traditional medicinal chemistry, repurposing, and computational approaches have been exploited to develop novel medicines for treating this condition. The effectiveness of chemicals and testing methods in the identification of new promising therapies, and the extent of preparedness for future pandemics, have been further highly advantaged by recent breakthroughs in introducing noble small compounds for clinical testing purposes. Currently, numerous studies are developing small-molecule (SM) therapeutic products for inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication, as well as managing the disease-related outcomes. Transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2)-inhibiting medicinal products can thus prevent the entry of the SARS-CoV-2 into the cells, and constrain its spreading along with the morbidity and mortality due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), particularly when co-administered with inhibitors such as chloroquine (CQ) and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH). The present review demonstrates that the clinical-stage therapeutic agents, targeting additional viral proteins, might improve the effectiveness of COVID-19 treatment if applied as an adjuvant therapy side-by-side with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Alipoor
- Student Research Committee , Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences , Bandar Abbas , Iran
| | - Reza Ranjbar
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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de Puig H, Bosch I, Salcedo N, Collins JJ, Hamad-Schifferli K, Gehrke L. Multiplexed rapid antigen tests developed using multicolored nanoparticles and cross-reactive antibody pairs: Implications for pandemic preparedness. NANO TODAY 2022; 47:101669. [PMID: 36348742 PMCID: PMC9632299 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Global public health infrastructure is unprepared for emerging pathogen epidemics, in part because diagnostic tests are not developed in advance. The recent Zika, Ebola, and SARS-CoV-2 virus epidemics are cases in point. We demonstrate here that multicolored gold nanoparticles, when coupled to cross-reactive monoclonal antibody pairs generated from a single immunization regimen, can be used to create multiple diagnostics that specifically detect and distinguish related viruses. The multiplex approach for specific detection centers on immunochromatography with pairs of antibody-conjugated red and blue gold nanoparticles, coupled with clustering algorithms to detect and distinguish related pathogens. Cross-reactive antibodies were used to develop rapid tests for i) Dengue virus serotypes 1-4, ii) Zika virus, iii) Ebola and Marburg viruses, and iv) SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Multiplexed rapid antigen tests based on multicolored nanoparticles and cross-reactive antibodies and can be developed prospectively at low cost to improve preparedness for epidemic outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena de Puig
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston MA, United States
| | - Irene Bosch
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, United States
- IDx20, Newton, MA, United States
| | | | - James J Collins
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, United States
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston MA, United States
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA, United States
| | - Kimberly Hamad-Schifferli
- Department of Engineering, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lee Gehrke
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Alnajeebi AM, Alharbi HFH, Alelwani W, Babteen NA, Alansari WS, Shamlan G, Eskandrani AA. COVID-19 Candidate Genes and Pathways Potentially Share the Association with Lung Cancer. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2022; 25:2463-2472. [PMID: 34254909 DOI: 10.2174/1386207324666210712092649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is considered as the most challenging in the current situation but lung cancer is also the leading cause of death in the global population. These two malignancies are among the leading human diseases and are highly complex in terms of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches as well as the most frequent and highly complex and heterogeneous in nature. Based on the latest update, it is known that the patients suffering from lung cancer, are considered to be significantly at higher risk of COVID-19 infection in terms of survival and there are a number of evidences which support the hypothesis that these diseases may share the same functions and functional components. Multi-level unwanted alterations such as (epi-)genetic alterations, changes at the transcriptional level, and altered signaling pathways (receptor, cytoplasmic, and nuclear level) are the major sources which promote a number of complex diseases and such heterogeneous level of complexities are considered as the major barrier in the development of therapeutics. With so many challenges, it is critical to understand the relationships and the common shared aberrations between them which is difficult to unravel and understand. A simple approach has been applied for this study where differential gene expression analysis, pathway enrichment, and network level understanding are carried out. Since, gene expression changes and genomic alterations are related to the COVID-19 and lung cancer but their pattern varies significantly. Based on the recent studies, it appears that the patients suffering from lung cancer and and simultaneously infected with COVID-19, then survival chance is lessened. So, we have designed our goal to understand the genes commonly overexpressed and commonly enriched pathways in case of COVID-19 and lung cancer. For this purpose, we have presented the summarized review of the previous works where the pathogenesis of lung cancer and COVID-19 infection have been focused and we have also presented the new finding of our analysis. So, this work not only presents the review work but also the research work. This review and research study leads to the conclusion that growth promoting pathways (EGFR, Ras, and PI3K), growth inhibitory pathways (p53 and STK11), apoptotic pathways (Bcl- 2/Bax/Fas), and DDR pathways and genes are commonly and dominantly altered in both the cases COVID-19 and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afnan M Alnajeebi
- College of Science, Department of Biochemistry, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hend F H Alharbi
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, KSA
| | - Walla Alelwani
- College of Science, Department of Biochemistry, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf A Babteen
- College of Science, Department of Biochemistry, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa S Alansari
- College of Science, Department of Biochemistry, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghalia Shamlan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Areej A Eskandrani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
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Helmi N, Alammari D, Mobashir M. Role of Potential COVID-19 Immune System Associated Genes and the Potential Pathways Linkage with Type-2 Diabetes. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2022; 25:2452-2462. [PMID: 34348612 DOI: 10.2174/1386207324666210804124416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus is an enclosed positive-sense RNA virus with club-like spikes extending from its surface. It is most typically associated with acute respiratory infections in humans, but its capacity to infect many host species and cause multiple illnesses makes it a complicated pathogen. The frequent encounters between wild animals and humans are a typical cause of infection. The zoonotic infections SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are among the most common causes of serious respiratory illnesses in humans. AIM The main goal of this research was to look at gene expression profiles in human samples that were either infected with coronavirus or were not, and compare the varied expression patterns and their functional implications. METHODS The previously researched samples were acquired from a public database for this purpose, and the study was conducted, which included gene expression analysis, pathway analysis, and network-level comprehension. The results for differentially expressed genes, enriched pathways, and networks for prospective genes and gene sets are presented in the analysis. In terms of COVID-19 gene expression and its relationship to type 2 diabetes. RESULTS We see a lot of genes that have different gene expression patterns than normal for coronavirus infection, but in terms of pathways, it appears that there are only a few sets of functions that are affected by altered gene expression, and they are related to infection, inflammation, and the immune system. CONCLUSION Based on our study, we conclude that the potential genes which are affected due to infection are NFKBIA, MYC, FOXO3, BIRC3, ICAM1, IL8, CXCL1/2/5, GADD45A, RELB, SGK1, AREG, BBC3, DDIT3/4, EGR1, MTHFD2, and SESN2 and the functional changes are mainly associated with these pathways: TNF, cytokine, NF-kB, TLR, TCR, BCR, Foxo, and TGF signaling pathways are among them and there are additional pathways such as hippo signaling, apoptosis, estrogen signaling, regulating pluropotency of stem cells, ErbB, Wnt, p53, cAMP, MAPK, PI3K-AKT, oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, prolactin signaling, adipocytokine, neurotrophine signaling, and longevity regulating pathways. SMARCD3, PARL, GLIPR1, STAT2, PMAIP1, GP1BA, and TOX genes and PI3K-Akt, focal adhesion, Foxo, phagosome, adrenergic, osteoclast differentiation, platelet activation, insulin, cytokine- cytokine interaction, apoptosis, ECM, JAK-STAT, and oxytocin signaling appear as the linkage between COVID-19 and Type-2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Helmi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia Alammari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ibn Sina National College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Mobashir
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC) Karolinska Institute, Novels väg 16, 17165 Solna, Swedan.,Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering Leader, Data Science Research Group, College of Information Technology (CIT), United Arab Emirate University (UAEU), Al Ain 17551, United Arab Emirates
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Devaux CA, Camoin-Jau L. An update on angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 structure/functions, polymorphism, and duplicitous nature in the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019: Implications for vascular and coagulation disease associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1042200. [PMID: 36519165 PMCID: PMC9742611 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1042200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been known for many years that the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a cell surface enzyme involved in the regulation of blood pressure. More recently, it was proven that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) interacts with ACE2 to enter susceptible human cells. This functional duality of ACE2 tends to explain why this molecule plays such an important role in the clinical manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). At the very start of the pandemic, a publication from our Institute (entitled "ACE2 receptor polymorphism: susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, hypertension, multi-organ failure, and COVID-19 disease outcome"), was one of the first reviews linking COVID-19 to the duplicitous nature of ACE2. However, even given that COVID-19 pathophysiology may be driven by an imbalance in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), we were still far from understanding the complexity of the mechanisms which are controlled by ACE2 in different cell types. To gain insight into the physiopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection, it is essential to consider the polymorphism and expression levels of the ACE2 gene (including its alternative isoforms). Over the past 2 years, an impressive amount of new results have come to shed light on the role of ACE2 in the pathophysiology of COVID-19, requiring us to update our analysis. Genetic linkage studies have been reported that highlight a relationship between ACE2 genetic variants and the risk of developing hypertension. Currently, many research efforts are being undertaken to understand the links between ACE2 polymorphism and the severity of COVID-19. In this review, we update the state of knowledge on the polymorphism of ACE2 and its consequences on the susceptibility of individuals to SARS-CoV-2. We also discuss the link between the increase of angiotensin II levels among SARS-CoV-2-infected patients and the development of a cytokine storm associated microvascular injury and obstructive thrombo-inflammatory syndrome, which represent the primary causes of severe forms of COVID-19 and lethality. Finally, we summarize the therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing the severe forms of COVID-19 that target ACE2. Changing paradigms may help improve patients' therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Devaux
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU–Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Center National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Camoin-Jau
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU–Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Hôpital de La Timone, APHM, Boulevard Jean-Moulin, Marseille, France
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Gandhi L, Maisnam D, Rathore D, Chauhan P, Bonagiri A, Venkataramana M. Respiratory illness virus infections with special emphasis on COVID-19. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:236. [PMID: 36348452 PMCID: PMC9641310 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00874-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses that emerge pose challenges for treatment options as their uniqueness would not know completely. Hence, many viruses are causing high morbidity and mortality for a long time. Despite large diversity, viruses share common characteristics for infection. At least 12 different respiratory-borne viruses are reported belonging to various virus taxonomic families. Many of these viruses multiply and cause damage to the upper and lower respiratory tracts. The description of these viruses in comparison with each other concerning their epidemiology, molecular characteristics, disease manifestations, diagnosis and treatment is lacking. Such information helps diagnose, differentiate, and formulate the control measures faster. The leading cause of acute illness worldwide is acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and are responsible for nearly 4 million deaths every year, mostly in young children and infants. Lower respiratory tract infections are the fourth most common cause of death globally, after non-infectious chronic conditions. This review aims to present the characteristics of different viruses causing respiratory infections, highlighting the uniqueness of SARS-CoV-2. We expect this review to help understand the similarities and differences among the closely related viruses causing respiratory infections and formulate specific preventive or control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekha Gandhi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Deepti Maisnam
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Deepika Rathore
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Preeti Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Anvesh Bonagiri
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Musturi Venkataramana
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India.
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Sheikh A, Huang H, Parvin S, Badruzzaman M, Ahamed T, Hossain E, Baran IS, Saud ZA. A multi-population-based genomic analysis uncovers unique haplotype variants and crucial mutant genes in SARS-CoV-2. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:149. [PMID: 36318347 PMCID: PMC9626712 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background COVID-19 is a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Rigorous detection and treatment strategies against SARS-CoV-2 have become very challenging due to continuous evolutions to the viral genome. Therefore, careful genomic analysis is sorely needed to understand transmission, the cellular mechanism of pathogenicity, and the development of vaccines or drugs. Objective In this study, we intended to identify SARS-CoV-2 genome variants that may help understand the cellular and molecular foundation of coronavirus infections required to develop effective intervention strategies. Methods SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences were downloaded from an open-source public database, processed, and analyzed for variants in target detection sites and genes. Results We have identified six unique variants, G---AAC, T---AAC---T, AAC---T, AAC--------T, C----------T, and C--------C, at the nucleocapsid region and eleven major hotspot mutant genes: nsp3, surface glycoprotein, nucleocapsid phosphoprotein, ORF8, nsp6, nsp2, nsp4, helicase, membrane glycoprotein, 3′-5′ exonuclease, and 2′-O-ribose methyltransferases. In addition, we have identified eleven major mutant genes that may have a crucial role in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Conclusion Studying haplotype variants and 11 major mutant genes to understand the mechanism of action of fatal pathogenicity and inter-individual variations in immune responses is inevitable for managing target patient groups with identified variants and developing effective anti-viral drugs and vaccines. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43141-022-00431-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afzal Sheikh
- grid.443108.a0000 0000 8550 5526Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Dhaka 1706 Bangladesh
| | - He Huang
- Research and Development Department, Bioengineering Lab. Co., Ltd, 657 Nagatake Midori-ku, Sagamihara-shi, Kanagawa-ken 252-0154 Japan
| | - Sultana Parvin
- grid.263023.60000 0001 0703 3735Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mohammad Badruzzaman
- grid.443108.a0000 0000 8550 5526Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Dhaka 1706 Bangladesh
| | - Tofayel Ahamed
- grid.443108.a0000 0000 8550 5526Department of Agroforestry and Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Dhaka 1706 Bangladesh
| | - Ekhtear Hossain
- grid.263880.70000 0004 0386 0655Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Southern University and A&M College, 244 William James Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA
| | - Iri Sato Baran
- Genesis Institute of Genetic Research, Genesis Healthcare Corporation, Yebisu Garden Place Tower 15F/26F 4-20-3 Ebisu, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zahangir Alam Saud
- grid.412656.20000 0004 0451 7306Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205 Bangladesh
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Zhao L, Qin X, Lin T, Xie F, Yao L, Li Y, Xiong B, Xu Z, Ye Y, Chen H, Qiu SX. Multi-target mechanisms against coronaviruses of constituents from Chinese Dagang Tea revealed by experimental and docking studies. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 297:115528. [PMID: 35835344 PMCID: PMC9273292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The leaves of Eurya chinensis(Chinese Dagang Tea)have been consumed as herbal tea for centuries in Guangdong, China, and have also been used to prevent influenza and treat colds and fevers in traditional Chinese medicine. However, there are no reports on the chemical profile and efficacy of its leaves for the treatment of fever and viral infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical constituents of Eurya chinensis leaves were isolated and identified by phytochemical study and spectroscopic data, E. chinensis extracts and compounds were evaluated for their antiviral activities by cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction and antibody-based EC50 assay. The antiviral effect of the main component was confirmed by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. Virtual screening and docking enzyme inhibition experiments were performed to analyze the anti-coronavirus mechanisms of the compounds from E. chinensis leaves. RESULTS In this study, we found for the first time that E. chinensis leaf extract exhibited inhibitory effects against coronaviruses HCoV-OC43 in vitro. Among 23 monomer compounds isolated from E. chinensis leaf extract, the triterpenoids (betulinic acid, α-amyrin) and the flavonoids (naringenin, eriodictyol and quercetin) showed marked antiviral activity. Microscopic optical analyses further demonstrated that betulinic acid can remove virus particles from HCoV-OC43 infected cells. Virtual screening and docking analysis towards the coronavirus in vogue revealed that betulinic acid was able to bind well to PLpro and Nsp14N7-MTase, and that the flavonoids prefer to bind with PLpro, Nsp3MES, NspP14N7-MTase, Nsp16GTA, and Nsp16SAM. The enzyme inhibition experiments demonstrated that betulinic acid (1) exhibited significant inhibition of PLpro and N7-MTase activity of SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSION This study proposes E. chinensis and its triterpenoids and flavonoids as promising potential treatments for coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Xubing Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Tingting Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Fuda Xie
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Liyuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Yulin Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Binhong Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Zhifang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Yongchang Ye
- Dongguan Natural Reserve Service Center of Guangdong Province, Dongguan, 523000, PR China
| | - Hongfeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Sheng-Xiang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China.
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O’Donnell KL, Gourdine T, Fletcher P, Clancy CS, Marzi A. Protection from COVID-19 with a VSV-based vaccine expressing the spike and nucleocapsid proteins. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1025500. [PMID: 36353642 PMCID: PMC9638159 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1025500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful vaccine efforts countering the COVID-19 pandemic are centralized around the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S) protein as viral antigen and have greatly reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19. Since the start of this pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved resulting in new variants of concern (VOC) challenging the vaccine-established immunologic memory. We show that vaccination with a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based vaccine expressing the SARS-CoV-2 S plus the conserved nucleocapsid (N) protein was protective in a hamster challenge model when a single dose was administered 28 or 10 days prior to challenge, respectively. In this study, only intranasal vaccination resulted in protection against challenge with multiple VOC highlighting that the addition of the N protein indeed improved protective efficacy. This data demonstrates the ability of a VSV-based dual-antigen vaccine to reduce viral shedding and protect from disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 VOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L. O’Donnell
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Tylisha Gourdine
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Paige Fletcher
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Chad S. Clancy
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
- *Correspondence: Andrea Marzi,
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44
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Duan X, Lacko LA, Chen S. Druggable targets and therapeutic development for COVID-19. Front Chem 2022; 10:963701. [PMID: 36277347 PMCID: PMC9581228 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.963701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which is caused by SARS-CoV-2, is the biggest challenge to the global public health and economy in recent years. Until now, only limited therapeutic regimens have been available for COVID-19 patients, sparking unprecedented efforts to study coronavirus biology. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 encodes 16 non-structural, four structural, and nine accessory proteins, which mediate the viral life cycle, including viral entry, RNA replication and transcription, virion assembly and release. These processes depend on the interactions between viral polypeptides and host proteins, both of which could be potential therapeutic targets for COVID-19. Here, we will discuss the potential medicinal value of essential proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and key host factors. We summarize the most updated therapeutic interventions for COVID-19 patients, including those approved clinically or in clinical trials.
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45
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Chang MR, Tomasovic L, Kuzmina NA, Ronk AJ, Byrne PO, Johnson R, Storm N, Olmedillas E, Hou YJ, Schäfer A, Leist SR, Tse LV, Ke H, Coherd C, Nguyen K, Kamkaew M, Honko A, Zhu Q, Alter G, Saphire EO, McLellan JS, Griffiths A, Baric RS, Bukreyev A, Marasco WA. IgG-like bispecific antibodies with potent and synergistic neutralization against circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5814. [PMID: 36192374 PMCID: PMC9528872 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are a promising approach to treat COVID-19, however the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has challenged the efficacy and future of these therapies. Antibody cocktails are being employed to mitigate these challenges, but neutralization escape remains a major challenge and alternative strategies are needed. Here we present two anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike binding antibodies, one Class 1 and one Class 4, selected from our non-immune human single-chain variable fragment (scFv) phage library, that are engineered into four, fully-human IgG-like bispecific antibodies (BsAb). Prophylaxis of hACE2 mice and post-infection treatment of golden hamsters demonstrates the efficacy of the monospecific antibodies against the original Wuhan strain, while promising in vitro results with the BsAbs demonstrate enhanced binding and distinct synergistic effects on neutralizing activity against circulating variants of concern. In particular, one BsAb engineered in a tandem scFv-Fc configuration shows synergistic neutralization activity against several variants of concern including B.1.617.2. This work provides evidence that synergistic neutralization can be achieved using a BsAb scaffold, and serves as a foundation for the future development of broadly reactive BsAbs against emerging variants of concern. COVID-19 can be treated with monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, but emerging new variants might show resistance towards existing therapy. Here authors show that anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike human single-chain antibody fragments could gain neutralizing activity against variants of concern upon engineering into a human bispecific antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Chang
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Luke Tomasovic
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Natalia A Kuzmina
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Adam J Ronk
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Patrick O Byrne
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Rebecca Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Nadia Storm
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | | | - Yixuan J Hou
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Sarah R Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Longping V Tse
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Hanzhong Ke
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Christian Coherd
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Katrina Nguyen
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Maliwan Kamkaew
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Anna Honko
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Quan Zhu
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Anthony Griffiths
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Wayne A Marasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Chtita S, Belaidi S, Qais FA, Ouassaf M, AlMogren MM, Al-Zahrani AA, Bakhouch M, Belhassan A, Zaki H, Bouachrine M, Lakhlifi T. Unsymmetrical aromatic disulfides as SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors: Molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and ADME scoring investigations. JOURNAL OF KING SAUD UNIVERSITY - SCIENCE 2022; 34:102226. [PMID: 35875823 PMCID: PMC9296233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic caused by very severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) agent is an ongoing major global health concern. The disease has caused more than 452 million affected cases and more than 6 million death worldwide. Hence, there is an urgency to search for possible medications and drug treatments. There are no approved drugs available to treat COVID-19 yet, although several vaccine candidates are already available and some of them are listed for emergency use by the world health organization (WHO). Identifying a potential drug candidate may make a significant contribution to control the expansion of COVID-19. The in vitro biological activity of asymmetric disulfides against coronavirus through the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) protein was reported. Due to the lack of convincing evidence those asymmetric disulfides have favorable pharmacological properties for the clinical treatment of Coronavirus, in silico evaluation should be performed to assess the potential of these compounds to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. In this context, we report herein the molecular docking for a series of 40 unsymmetrical aromatic disulfides as SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitor. The optimal binding features of disulfides within the binding pocket of SARS-CoV-2 endoribonuclease protein (Protein Data Bank [PDB]: 6LU7) was described. Studied compounds were ranked for potential effectiveness, and those have shown high molecular docking scores were proposed as novel drug candidates against SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the outcomes of drug similarity and ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion) analyses have may have the effectiveness of acting as medicines, and would be of interest as promising starting point for designing compounds against SARS-CoV-2. Finally, the stability of these three compounds in the complex with Mpro was validated through molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, in which they displayed stable trajectory and molecular properties with a consistent interaction profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Chtita
- Laboratory of Analytical and Molecular Chemistry of Sciences Ben M'Sik, Hassan II University of Casablanca, B.P. 7955 Sidi Othmane, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Salah Belaidi
- Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry and Environment, University of Biskra, BP145, 07000 Biskra, Algeria
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (CRSP), New City Ali Mendjeli, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Faizan Abul Qais
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, UP 202002, India
| | - Mebarka Ouassaf
- Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry and Environment, University of Biskra, BP145, 07000 Biskra, Algeria
| | | | - Ateyah A Al-Zahrani
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Bakhouch
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaïb Doukkali University, P.O. Box 24, El Jadida M-24000, Morocco
| | - Assia Belhassan
- Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Hanane Zaki
- Higher School of Technology Khenifra, Sultane Moulay Slimane University, Khenifra, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Bouachrine
- Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes, Morocco
- Higher School of Technology Khenifra, Sultane Moulay Slimane University, Khenifra, Morocco
| | - Tahar Lakhlifi
- Molecular Chemistry and Natural Substances Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Moulay Ismail University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes, Morocco
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47
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Lucas Garrote B, Lopes LC, Pinzón EF, Mendonça-Natividade FC, Martins RB, Santos A, Arruda E, Bueno PR. Reagentless Quantum-Rate-Based Electrochemical Signal of Graphene for Detecting SARS-CoV-2 Infection Using Nasal Swab Specimens. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2645-2653. [PMID: 36049154 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The quantum-rate model predicts a rate k as a frequency for transporting electrons within molecular structures, which is governed by the ratio between the quantum of conductance G and capacitance Cq, such that k = G/Cq. This frequency, as measured in a single-layer graphene appropriately modified with suitable biological receptors, can be applied as a transducer signal that ranges sensitivities within the attomole for biosensing applications. Here, we applied this label-free and reagentless biosensing transducer signal methodology for the qualitative diagnosis of COVID-19 infections, where this assay methodology was shown to be similar to the gold-standard real-time polymerase chain reaction. The quantum-rate strategy for the diagnosis of COVID-19 was performed by combining the response of the interface for detecting the S and N proteins of SARS-CoV-2 virus as accessed from nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal patient samples with 80% of sensitivity and 77% of specificity. As a label-free and reagentless biosensing platform, the methodology is decidedly useful for point-of-care and internet-of-things biological assaying technologies, not only because of its real-time ability to measure infections but also because of the capability for miniaturization inherent in reagentless electrochemical methods. This approach effectively permits the rapid development of biological assays for surveillance and control of endemics and pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Lucas Garrote
- Department of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, São Paulo 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Laís C Lopes
- Department of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, São Paulo 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Edgar F Pinzón
- Department of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, São Paulo 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Flávia C Mendonça-Natividade
- Department of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, São Paulo 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo B Martins
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Adriano Santos
- Department of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, São Paulo 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Eurico Arruda
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo R Bueno
- Department of Engineering, Physics and Mathematics, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, São Paulo 14800-060, Brazil
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48
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Beeraka NM, Sukocheva OA, Lukina E, Liu J, Fan R. Development of antibody resistance in emerging mutant strains of SARS CoV-2: Impediment for COVID-19 vaccines. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2346. [PMID: 35416390 PMCID: PMC9111059 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a highly infectious agent associated with unprecedented morbidity and mortality. A failure to stop growth of COVID-19-linked morbidity rates is caused by SARS-CoV-2 mutations and the emergence of new highly virulent SARS-CoV-2 strains. Several acquired SARS-CoV-2 mutations reflect viral adaptations to host immune defence. Mutations in the virus Spike-protein were associated with the lowered effectiveness of current preventive therapies, including vaccines. Recent in vitro studies detected diminished neutralisation capacity of vaccine-induced antibodies, which are targeted to bind Spike receptor-binding and N-terminal domains in the emerging strains. Lower than expected inhibitory activity of antibodies was reported against viruses with E484K Spike mutation, including B.1.1.7 (UK), P.1 (Brazil), B.1.351 (South African), and new Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) with E484A mutation. The vaccine effectiveness is yet to be examined against new mutant strains of SARS-CoV-2 originating in Europe, Nigeria, Brazil, South Africa, and India. To prevent the loss of anti-viral protection in vivo, often defined as antibody resistance, it is required to target highly conserved viral sequences (including Spike protein) and enhance the potency of antibody cocktails. In this review, we assess the reported mutation-acquiring potential of coronaviruses and compare efficacies of current COVID-19 vaccines against 'parent' and 'mutant' strains of SARS-CoV-2 (Kappa (B.1.617.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimha M. Beeraka
- Department of Radiation OncologyCancer CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of ZhengzhouZhengzhouChina
- Department of Human AnatomyI.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)MoscowRussian Federation
| | - Olga A. Sukocheva
- Discipline of Health SciencesCollege of Nursing and Health SciencesFlinders University of South AustraliaBedford ParkAustralia
| | - Elena Lukina
- Discipline of BiologyCollege of SciencesFlinders University of South AustraliaBedford ParkAustralia
| | - Junqi Liu
- Department of Radiation OncologyCancer CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of ZhengzhouZhengzhouChina
| | - Ruitai Fan
- Department of Radiation OncologyCancer CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of ZhengzhouZhengzhouChina
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49
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Chan ER, Jones LD, Linger M, Kovach JD, Torres-Teran MM, Wertz A, Donskey CJ, Zimmerman PA. COVID-19 infection and transmission includes complex sequence diversity. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010200. [PMID: 36074769 PMCID: PMC9455841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 whole genome sequencing has played an important role in documenting the emergence of polymorphisms in the viral genome and its continuing evolution during the COVID-19 pandemic. Here we present data from over 360 patients to characterize the complex sequence diversity of individual infections identified during multiple variant surges (e.g., Alpha and Delta). Across our survey, we observed significantly increasing SARS-CoV-2 sequence diversity during the pandemic and frequent occurrence of multiple biallelic sequence polymorphisms in all infections. This sequence polymorphism shows that SARS-CoV-2 infections are heterogeneous mixtures. Convention for reporting microbial pathogens guides investigators to report a majority consensus sequence. In our study, we found that this approach would under-report sequence variation in all samples tested. As we find that this sequence heterogeneity is efficiently transmitted from donors to recipients, our findings illustrate that infection complexity must be monitored and reported more completely to understand SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission dynamics. Many of the nucleotide changes that would not be reported in a majority consensus sequence have now been observed as lineage defining SNPs in Omicron BA.1 and/or BA.2 variants. This suggests that minority alleles in earlier SARS-CoV-2 infections may play an important role in the continuing evolution of new variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest R. Chan
- Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lucas D. Jones
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Marlin Linger
- The Center for Global Health & Diseases, Pathology Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Kovach
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- The Center for Global Health & Diseases, Pathology Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Maria M. Torres-Teran
- Pathology Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Audric Wertz
- Biology Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Curtis J. Donskey
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Zimmerman
- The Center for Global Health & Diseases, Pathology Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Master of Public Health Program, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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50
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Hu R, Hotta M, Maruyama T, Fujisawa M, Sou K, Takeoka S. Temperature-Responsive Liposome-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Using Immunoliposomes. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:26936-26944. [PMID: 35915635 PMCID: PMC9328125 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has infected more than 340 million people since the outbreak of the pandemic in 2019, resulting in approximately 55 million deaths. The rapid and effective diagnosis of COVID-19 patients is vital to prevent the spread of the disease. In a previous study, we reported a novel temperature-responsive liposome-linked immunosorbent assay (TLip-LISA) using biotinylated-TLip that exhibited high detection sensitivity for the prostate-specific antigen. Herein, we used immunoglobulin-TLip (IgG-TLip), in which the antibodies were directly conjugated to the liposomal surface to simplify pretreatment procedures and reduce the detection time for SARS-CoV-2. The results indicated that TLip-LISA could detect the recombinant nucleocapsid protein and the nucleocapsid protein in inactivated virus with 20 min incubation time in total, and the limit of detection was calculated to be 2.2 and 1.0 pg/mL, respectively. Therefore, TLip-LISA has high potential to be used in clinic for rapid diagnosis and disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runkai Hu
- Department
of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced
Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Morihiro Hotta
- Department
of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced
Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Taro Maruyama
- Department
of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced
Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Mizuki Fujisawa
- Department
of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced
Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Keitaro Sou
- Waseda
Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Shinji Takeoka
- Department
of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced
Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
- Institute
for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute
for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| |
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