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Ossola R, Farmer D. The Chemical Landscape of Leaf Surfaces and Its Interaction with the Atmosphere. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5764-5794. [PMID: 38652704 PMCID: PMC11082906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric chemists have historically treated leaves as inert surfaces that merely emit volatile hydrocarbons. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that leaves are ubiquitous substrates for multiphase reactions-implying the presence of chemicals on their surfaces. This Review provides an overview of the chemistry and reactivity of the leaf surface's "chemical landscape", the dynamic ensemble of compounds covering plant leaves. We classified chemicals as endogenous (originating from the plant and its biome) or exogenous (delivered from the environment), highlighting the biological, geographical, and meteorological factors driving their contributions. Based on available data, we predicted ≫2 μg cm-2 of organics on a typical leaf, leading to a global estimate of ≫3 Tg for multiphase reactions. Our work also highlighted three major knowledge gaps: (i) the overlooked role of ambient water in enabling the leaching of endogenous substances and mediating aqueous chemistry; (ii) the importance of phyllosphere biofilms in shaping leaf surface chemistry and reactivity; (iii) the paucity of studies on the multiphase reactivity of atmospheric oxidants with leaf-adsorbed chemicals. Although biased toward available data, we hope this Review will spark a renewed interest in the leaf surface's chemical landscape and encourage multidisciplinary collaborations to move the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Ossola
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado
State University, 80523 Fort Collins, Colorado (United States)
| | - Delphine Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado
State University, 80523 Fort Collins, Colorado (United States)
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2
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Shutter J, Cox J, Keutsch FN. Leaf-Level Bidirectional Exchange of Formaldehyde on Deciduous and Evergreen Tree Saplings. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2024; 8:723-733. [PMID: 38654895 PMCID: PMC11033940 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Gas-phase formaldehyde (HCHO) is formed in high yield from the oxidation of many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and is commonly used as a constraint when testing the performance of VOC oxidation mechanisms in models. However, prior to using HCHO as a model constraint for VOC oxidation in forested regions, it is essential to have a thorough understanding of its foliar exchange. Therefore, a controlled laboratory setup was designed to measure the emission and dry deposition of HCHO at the leaf-level to red oak (Quercus rubra) and Leyland cypress (Cupressus × leylandii) tree saplings. The results show that HCHO has a compensation point (CP) that rises exponentially with temperature (22-35 °C) with a mean range of 0.3-0.9 ppbv. The HCHO CP results are also found to be independent of the studied tree species and 40-70% relative humidity. Given that HCHO mixing ratios in forests during the daytime are usually greater than 1 ppbv, the magnitude of the CP suggests that trees generally act as a net sink of HCHO. Additionally, the results show that HCHO foliar exchange is stomatally controlled and better matches a reactivity factor (f0) of 0 as opposed to 1 in conventional dry deposition parametrizations. At 30 °C, daytime HCHO dry deposition fluxes are reduced by upward of 50% when using f0 = 0 and a nonzero HCHO CP, although deposition remains the dominant canopy sink of HCHO. A reduced deposition sink also implies the increased importance of the gas-phase photolysis of HCHO as a source of HO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua
D. Shutter
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Joshua
L. Cox
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Frank N. Keutsch
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Harvard
John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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3
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Clifton OE, Schwede D, Hogrefe C, Bash JO, Bland S, Cheung P, Coyle M, Emberson L, Flemming J, Fredj E, Galmarini S, Ganzeveld L, Gazetas O, Goded I, Holmes CD, Horváth L, Huijnen V, Li Q, Makar PA, Mammarella I, Manca G, Munger JW, Pérez-Camanyo JL, Pleim J, Ran L, Jose RS, Silva SJ, Staebler R, Sun S, Tai APK, Tas E, Vesala T, Weidinger T, Wu Z, Zhang L. A single-point modeling approach for the intercomparison and evaluation of ozone dry deposition across chemical transport models (Activity 2 of AQMEII4). ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2023; 23:9911-9961. [PMID: 37990693 PMCID: PMC10659075 DOI: 10.5194/acp-23-9911-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
A primary sink of air pollutants and their precursors is dry deposition. Dry deposition estimates differ across chemical transport models, yet an understanding of the model spread is incomplete. Here, we introduce Activity 2 of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative Phase 4 (AQMEII4). We examine 18 dry deposition schemes from regional and global chemical transport models as well as standalone models used for impact assessments or process understanding. We configure the schemes as single-point models at eight Northern Hemisphere locations with observed ozone fluxes. Single-point models are driven by a common set of site-specific meteorological and environmental conditions. Five of eight sites have at least 3 years and up to 12 years of ozone fluxes. The interquartile range across models in multiyear mean ozone deposition velocities ranges from a factor of 1.2 to 1.9 annually across sites and tends to be highest during winter compared with summer. No model is within 50 % of observed multiyear averages across all sites and seasons, but some models perform well for some sites and seasons. For the first time, we demonstrate how contributions from depositional pathways vary across models. Models can disagree with respect to relative contributions from the pathways, even when they predict similar deposition velocities, or agree with respect to the relative contributions but predict different deposition velocities. Both stomatal and nonstomatal uptake contribute to the large model spread across sites. Our findings are the beginning of results from AQMEII4 Activity 2, which brings scientists who model air quality and dry deposition together with scientists who measure ozone fluxes to evaluate and improve dry deposition schemes in the chemical transport models used for research, planning, and regulatory purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia E. Clifton
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia Climate School, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donna Schwede
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christian Hogrefe
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jesse O. Bash
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sam Bland
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Environment and Geography Department, University of York, York, UK
| | - Philip Cheung
- Air Quality Research Division, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mhairi Coyle
- United Kingdom Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Lisa Emberson
- Environment and Geography Department, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Erick Fredj
- Department of Computer Science, The Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Laurens Ganzeveld
- Meteorology and Air Quality Section, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Orestis Gazetas
- Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Ignacio Goded
- Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Christopher D. Holmes
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - László Horváth
- ELKH-SZTE Photoacoustic Research Group, Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Vincent Huijnen
- Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, De Bilt, the Netherlands
| | - Qian Li
- The Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Paul A. Makar
- Air Quality Research Division, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ivan Mammarella
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giovanni Manca
- Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - J. William Munger
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Pleim
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Limei Ran
- Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Roberto San Jose
- Computer Science School, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sam J. Silva
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ralf Staebler
- Air Quality Research Division, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shihan Sun
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amos P. K. Tai
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eran Tas
- The Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Timo Vesala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tamás Weidinger
- Department of Meteorology, Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- ORISE Fellow at Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Atmospheric Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
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Liu C, Li Y, Li J, Jin C, Zhong D. The Effect of Psychological Burden on Dyslipidemia Moderated by Greenness: A Nationwide Study from China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14287. [PMID: 36361165 PMCID: PMC9659001 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Globally, dyslipidemia is now become a leading risk factor for many adverse health outcomes, especially in the middle-aged and elderly. Recent evidence suggests that exposure to greenness and the relief of a psychological burden may decrease the prevalence of dyslipidemia. The objective of our study was to examine whether a green space can moderate the association between mental health status and dyslipidemia. Our study selected the datasets of depression symptoms, dyslipidemia from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), and the satellite-based normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from the 30 m annual maximum NDVI dataset in China in 2018. Ultimately, a total of 10,022 middle-aged and elderly Chinese were involved in our study. Multilevel logistic regressions were performed to examine the association between symptoms of depression and dyslipidemia, as well as the moderate effect of greenness exposure on the association. Our research suggested that adults diagnosed with depression symptoms were more likely to suffer from dyslipidemia. In addition, the NDVI was shown to moderate the effect of depression on dyslipidemia significantly, though the effect was attenuated as depression increased. Regarding the moderate effect of the NDVI on the above association across age, gender, and residence, the findings presented that females, the elderly, and respondents living in urban areas were at a greater risk of having dyslipidemia, although the protective effect of the NDVI was considered. Likewise, the moderate effect of the NDVI gradually decreased as the level of depression increased in different groups. The current study conducted in China provides insights into the association between mental health, green space, and dyslipidemia. Hence, improving mental health and green spaces can be potential targets for medical interventions to decrease the prevalence of dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Liu
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yao Li
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jing Li
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chenggang Jin
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Deping Zhong
- National Institute of Natural Hazards, Ministry of Emergency Management of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100085, China
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5
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Li S, Feng Z, Yuan X, Wang M, Agathokleous E. Elevated ozone inhibits isoprene emission of a diploid and a triploid genotype of Populus tomentosa by different mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6449-6462. [PMID: 35767843 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) pollution affects plant growth and isoprene (ISO) emission. However, the response mechanism of isoprene emission rate (ISOrate) to elevated O3 (EO3) remains poorly understood. ISOrate was investigated in two genotypes (diploid and triploid) of Chinese white poplar (Populus tomentosa Carr.) exposed to EO3 in an open top chamber system. The triploid genotype had higher photosynthetic rate (A) and stomatal conductance (gs) than the diploid one. EO3 significantly decreased A, gs, and ISOrate of middle and lower leaves in both genotypes. In the diploid genotype, the reduction of ISOrate was caused by a systematic decrease related to ISO synthesis capacity, as indicated by decreased contents of the isoprene precursor dimethylallyl diphosphate and decreased isoprene synthase protein and activity. On the other hand, the negative effect of O3 on ISOrate of the triploid genotype did not result from inhibited ISO synthesis capacity, but from increased ISO oxidative loss within the leaf. Our findings will be useful for breeding poplar genotypes with high yield and lower ISOrate, depending on local atmospheric volatile organic compound/NOx ratio, to cope with both the rising O3 concentrations and increasing biomass demand. They can also inform the incorporation of O3 effects into process-based models of isoprene emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjiang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
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6
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Schwantes RH, Lacey FG, Tilmes S, Emmons LK, Lauritzen PH, Walters S, Callaghan P, Zarzycki CM, Barth MC, Jo DS, Bacmeister JT, Neale RB, Vitt F, Kluzek E, Roozitalab B, Hall SR, Ullmann K, Warneke C, Peischl J, Pollack IB, Flocke F, Wolfe GM, Hanisco TF, Keutsch FN, Kaiser J, Bui TPV, Jimenez JL, Campuzano‐Jost P, Apel EC, Hornbrook RS, Hills AJ, Yuan B, Wisthaler A. Evaluating the Impact of Chemical Complexity and Horizontal Resolution on Tropospheric Ozone Over the Conterminous US With a Global Variable Resolution Chemistry Model. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2022; 14:e2021MS002889. [PMID: 35864945 PMCID: PMC9286600 DOI: 10.1029/2021ms002889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A new configuration of the Community Earth System Model (CESM)/Community Atmosphere Model with full chemistry (CAM-chem) supporting the capability of horizontal mesh refinement through the use of the spectral element (SE) dynamical core is developed and called CESM/CAM-chem-SE. Horizontal mesh refinement in CESM/CAM-chem-SE is unique and novel in that pollutants such as ozone are accurately represented at human exposure relevant scales while also directly including global feedbacks. CESM/CAM-chem-SE with mesh refinement down to ∼14 km over the conterminous US (CONUS) is the beginning of the Multi-Scale Infrastructure for Chemistry and Aerosols (MUSICAv0). Here, MUSICAv0 is evaluated and used to better understand how horizontal resolution and chemical complexity impact ozone and ozone precursors over CONUS as compared to measurements from five aircraft campaigns, which occurred in 2013. This field campaign analysis demonstrates the importance of using finer horizontal resolution to accurately simulate ozone precursors such as nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide. In general, the impact of using more complex chemistry on ozone and other oxidation products is more pronounced when using finer horizontal resolution where a larger number of chemical regimes are resolved. Large model biases for ozone near the surface remain in the Southeast US as compared to the aircraft observations even with updated chemistry and finer horizontal resolution. This suggests a need for adding the capability of replacing sections of global emission inventories with regional inventories, increasing the vertical resolution in the planetary boundary layer, and reducing model biases in meteorological variables such as temperature and clouds.
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Wu Z, Zhang L, Walker JT, Makar PA, Perlinger JA, Wang X. Extension of a gaseous dry deposition algorithm to oxidized volatile organic compounds and hydrogen cyanide for application in chemistry transport models. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2021; 14:5093-5105. [PMID: 34721762 PMCID: PMC8549847 DOI: 10.5194/gmd-14-5093-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The dry deposition process refers to flux loss of an atmospheric pollutant due to uptake of the pollutant by the Earth's surfaces, including vegetation, underlying soil, and any other surface types. In chemistry transport models (CTMs), the dry deposition flux of a chemical species is typically calculated as the product of its surface layer concentration and its dry deposition velocity (V d); the latter is a variable that needs to be highly empirically parameterized due to too many meteorological, biological, and chemical factors affecting this process. The gaseous dry deposition scheme of Zhang et al. (2003) parameterizes V d for 31 inorganic and organic gaseous species. The present study extends the scheme of Zhang et al. (2003) to include an additional 12 oxidized volatile organic compounds (oVOCs) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN), while keeping the original model structure and formulas, to meet the demand of CTMs with increasing complexity. Model parameters for these additional chemical species are empirically chosen based on their physicochemical properties, namely the effective Henry's law constants and oxidizing capacities. Modeled V d values are compared against field flux measurements over a mixed forest in the southeastern US during June 2013. The model captures the basic features of the diel cycles of the observed V d. Modeled V d values are comparable to the measurements for most of the oVOCs at night. However, modeled V d values are mostly around 1 cm s-1 during daytime, which is much smaller than the observed daytime maxima of 2-5 cm s-1. Analysis of the individual resistance terms and uptake pathways suggests that flux divergence due to fast atmospheric chemical reactions near the canopy was likely the main cause of the large model-measurement discrepancies during daytime. The extended dry deposition scheme likely provides conservative V d values for many oVOCs. While higher V d values and bidirectional fluxes can be simulated by coupling key atmospheric chemical processes into the dry deposition scheme, we suggest that more experimental evidence of high oVOC V d values at additional sites is required to confirm the broader applicability of the high values studied here. The underlying processes leading to high measured oVOC V d values require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Wu
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
- ORISE Fellow at the US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - John T. Walker
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Paul A. Makar
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Judith A. Perlinger
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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Isoprene: An Antioxidant Itself or a Molecule with Multiple Regulatory Functions in Plants? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050684. [PMID: 33925614 PMCID: PMC8146742 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoprene (C5H8) is a small lipophilic, volatile organic compound (VOC), synthesized in chloroplasts of plants through the photosynthesis-dependent 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. Isoprene-emitting plants are better protected against thermal and oxidative stresses but only about 20% of the terrestrial plants are able to synthesize isoprene. Many studies have been performed to understand the still elusive isoprene protective mechanism. Isoprene reacts with, and quenches, many harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) like singlet oxygen (1O2). A role for isoprene as antioxidant, made possible by its reduced state and conjugated double bonds, has been often suggested, and sometimes demonstrated. However, as isoprene is present at very low concentrations compared to other molecules, its antioxidant role is still controversial. Here we review updated evidences on the function(s) of isoprene, and outline contrasting indications on whether isoprene is an antioxidant directly scavenging ROS, or a membrane strengthener, or a modulator of genomic, proteomic and metabolomic profiles (perhaps as a secondary effect of ROS removal) eventually leading to priming of antioxidant plant defenses, or a signal of stress for neighbor plants alike other VOCs, or a hormone-like molecule, controlling the metabolic flux of other hormones made by the MEP pathway, or acting itself as a growth and development hormone.
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Canaval E, Millet DB, Zimmer I, Nosenko T, Georgii E, Partoll EM, Fischer L, Alwe HD, Kulmala M, Karl T, Schnitzler JP, Hansel A. Rapid conversion of isoprene photooxidation products in terrestrial plants. COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 1:44. [PMID: 33615239 PMCID: PMC7894407 DOI: 10.1038/s43247-020-00041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is emitted from the biosphere into the atmosphere, and may strengthen the defense mechanisms of plants against oxidative and thermal stress. Once in the atmosphere, isoprene is rapidly oxidized, either to isoprene-hydroxy-hydroperoxides (ISOPOOH) at low levels of nitrogen oxides, or to methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) and methacrolein at high levels. Here we combine uptake rates and deposition velocities that we obtained in laboratory experiments with observations in natural forests to show that 1,2-ISOPOOH deposits rapidly into poplar leaves. There, it is converted first to cytotoxic MVK and then most probably through alkenal/ one oxidoreductase (AOR) to less toxic methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). This detoxification process is potentially significant globally because AOR enzymes are ubiquitous in terrestrial plants. Our simulations with a global chemistry-transport model suggest that around 6.5 Tg yr- of MEK are re-emitted to the atmosphere. This is the single largest MEK source presently known, and recycles 1.5% of the original isoprene flux. Eddy covariance flux measurements of isoprene and MEK over different forest ecosystems confirm that MEK emissions can reach 1-2% those of isoprene. We suggest that detoxification processes in plants are one of the most important sources of oxidized volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Canaval
- Department of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dylan B Millet
- Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, 439 Borlaug Hall, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Ina Zimmer
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tetyana Nosenko
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Georgii
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eva Maria Partoll
- Department of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas Fischer
- Department of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hariprasad D Alwe
- Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota, 439 Borlaug Hall, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas Karl
- Department of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52f, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Armin Hansel
- Department of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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10
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Rodrigues TB, Baker CR, Walker AP, McDowell N, Rogers A, Higuchi N, Chambers JQ, Jardine KJ. Stimulation of isoprene emissions and electron transport rates as key mechanisms of thermal tolerance in the tropical species Vismia guianensis. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:5928-5941. [PMID: 32525272 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests absorb large amounts of atmospheric CO2 through photosynthesis, but high surface temperatures suppress this absorption while promoting isoprene emissions. While mechanistic isoprene emission models predict a tight coupling to photosynthetic electron transport (ETR) as a function of temperature, direct field observations of this phenomenon are lacking in the tropics and are necessary to assess the impact of a warming climate on global isoprene emissions. Here we demonstrate that in the early successional species Vismia guianensis in the central Amazon, ETR rates increased with temperature in concert with isoprene emissions, even as stomatal conductance (gs ) and net photosynthetic carbon fixation (Pn ) declined. We observed the highest temperatures of continually increasing isoprene emissions yet reported (50°C). While Pn showed an optimum value of 32.6 ± 0.4°C, isoprene emissions, ETR, and the oxidation state of PSII reaction centers (qL ) increased with leaf temperature with strong linear correlations for ETR (ƿ = 0.98) and qL (ƿ = 0.99) with leaf isoprene emissions. In contrast, other photoprotective mechanisms, such as non-photochemical quenching, were not activated at elevated temperatures. Inhibition of isoprenoid biosynthesis repressed Pn at high temperatures through a mechanism that was independent of stomatal closure. While extreme warming will decrease gs and Pn in tropical species, our observations support a thermal tolerance mechanism where the maintenance of high photosynthetic capacity under extreme warming is assisted by the simultaneous stimulation of ETR and metabolic pathways that consume the direct products of ETR including photorespiration and the biosynthesis of thermoprotective isoprenoids. Our results confirm that models which link isoprene emissions to the rate of ETR hold true in tropical species and provide necessary "ground-truthing" for simulations of the large predicted increases in tropical isoprene emissions with climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayana B Rodrigues
- Forest Management Laboratory, National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Christopher R Baker
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Anthony P Walker
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Nate McDowell
- Earth System Analysis and Modeling, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Alistair Rogers
- Environmental and Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Niro Higuchi
- Forest Management Laboratory, National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey Q Chambers
- Forest Management Laboratory, National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kolby J Jardine
- Forest Management Laboratory, National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, Brazil
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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11
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Yáñez-Serrano AM, Bourtsoukidis E, Alves EG, Bauwens M, Stavrakou T, Llusià J, Filella I, Guenther A, Williams J, Artaxo P, Sindelarova K, Doubalova J, Kesselmeier J, Peñuelas J. Amazonian biogenic volatile organic compounds under global change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:4722-4751. [PMID: 32445424 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) play important roles at cellular, foliar, ecosystem and atmospheric levels. The Amazonian rainforest represents one of the major global sources of BVOCs, so its study is essential for understanding BVOC dynamics. It also provides insights into the role of such large and biodiverse forest ecosystem in regional and global atmospheric chemistry and climate. We review the current information on Amazonian BVOCs and identify future research priorities exploring biogenic emissions and drivers, ecological interactions, atmospheric impacts, depositional processes and modifications to BVOC dynamics due to changes in climate and land cover. A feedback loop between Amazonian BVOCs and the trends of climate and land-use changes in Amazonia is then constructed. Satellite observations and model simulation time series demonstrate the validity of the proposed loop showing a combined effect of climate change and deforestation on BVOC emission in Amazonia. A decreasing trend of isoprene during the wet season, most likely due to forest biomass loss, and an increasing trend of the sesquiterpene to isoprene ratio during the dry season suggest increasing temperature stress-induced emissions due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Yáñez-Serrano
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Efstratios Bourtsoukidis
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Multiphase Chemistry Departments, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eliane G Alves
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Maite Bauwens
- Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Joan Llusià
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Iolanda Filella
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Alex Guenther
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Multiphase Chemistry Departments, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katerina Sindelarova
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Atmospheric Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jana Doubalova
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Atmospheric Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Modelling and Assessment Department, Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jürgen Kesselmeier
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Multiphase Chemistry Departments, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit, CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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12
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Iiames JS, Cooter E, Pilant AN, Shao Y. Comparison of EPIC-Simulated and MODIS-Derived Leaf Area Index (LAI) across Multiple Spatial Scales. REMOTE SENSING 2020; 12:1-22. [PMID: 35136667 PMCID: PMC8819677 DOI: 10.3390/rs12172764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Modeled leaf area index (LAI) in conjunction with satellite-derived LAI data streams may be used to support various regional and local scale air quality models for retrospective and future meteorological assessments. The Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model holds promise for providing LAI within a dynamic range for input into climate and air quality models, improving on current LAI distribution assumptions typical within atmospheric modeling. To assess the potential use of EPIC LAI, we first evaluated the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LAI product collections 5 and 6 (i.e., Mc5, Mc6) with in situ LAI estimates upscaled at four 1.0 km resolution research sites distributed over the Albemarle-Pamlico Basin in North Carolina and Virginia, USA. We then compared the EPIC modeled 12.0 km resolution LAI to aggregated MODIS LAI (Mc5, Mc6) over a 3 × 3 grid (or 36 km × 36 km) centered over the same four research sites. Upscaled in situ LAI comparison with MODIS LAI showed improvement with the newer collection where the Mc5 overestimate of +2.22 LAI was reduced to +0.97 LAI with the Mc6. On three of the four sites, the EPIC/MODIS LAI comparison at 12.0 km resolution grid showed similar weighted mean LAI differences (LAI 1.29-1.34), with both Mc5 and Mc6 exceeding EPIC LAI across most dates. For all four research sites, both MODIS collections showed a positive bias when compared to EPIC LAI, with Mc6 (LAI = 0.40) aligning closer to EPIC than the Mc5 (LAI = 0.61) counterpart. Despite modest differences between both MODIS collections and EPIC LAI, the overestimation trend suggests the potential for EPIC to be used for future meteorological alternative management applications on a regional or national scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. Iiames
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 TW Alexander Dr. (MD D343-05), RTP, NC 27711, USA
| | - Ellen Cooter
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (retired), Office of Research and Development, 109 TW Alexander Dr. (MD E243-05), RTP, NC 27711, USA
| | - Andrew N. Pilant
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 TW Alexander Dr. (MD D343-05), RTP, NC 27711, USA
| | - Yang Shao
- Department of Geography, Virginia Tech, 115 Major Williams Hall, 220 Stranger St, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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13
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Mofikoya AO, Yli-Pirilä P, Kivimäenpää M, Blande JD, Virtanen A, Holopainen JK. Deposition of α-pinene oxidation products on plant surfaces affects plant VOC emission and herbivore feeding and oviposition. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114437. [PMID: 32268226 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
White cabbage, Brassica oleracea, plants and artificial leaves covered with B. oleracea epicuticular wax were exposed to α-pinene and α-pinene oxidation products formed through the oxidation of α-pinene by ozone (O3) and hydroxyl (OH) radicals. O3 and OH-induced oxidation of α-pinene led to the formation of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) and secondary organic aerosol particles (SOA), referred to together as oxidation products (OP). Exposure of cabbage plants to O3 and OH-induced α-pinene OP led to the deposition and re-emission of gas-phase OP by exposed cabbage plants. In a series of 2-choice bioassays, the specialist cruciferous herbivore, Plutella xylostella adults deposited less eggs on artificial leaves exposed to α-pinene OP than on control plants exposed to clean filtered air. P. xylostella larvae did not show a specific feeding preference when offered leaves from different exposure treatments. However, the generalist Indian stick insect, Carausius morosus, fed more on control filtered air-exposed plants than on those exposed to α-pinene OP. Taken together, our results show that exposure to α-pinene oxidation products affects VOC emissions of B. oleracea and alters P. xylostella oviposition and C. morosus feeding responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adedayo O Mofikoya
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Pasi Yli-Pirilä
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna Kivimäenpää
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - James D Blande
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annele Virtanen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarmo K Holopainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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14
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Jardine KJ, Zorzanelli RF, Gimenez BO, Oliveira Piva LRD, Teixeira A, Fontes CG, Robles E, Higuchi N, Chambers JQ, Martin ST. Leaf isoprene and monoterpene emission distribution across hyperdominant tree genera in the Amazon basin. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 175:112366. [PMID: 32278887 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests are acknowledged to be the largest global source of isoprene (C5H8) and monoterpenes (C10H16) emissions, with current synthesis studies suggesting few tropical species emit isoprenoids (20-38%) and do so with highly variable emission capacities, including within the same genera. This apparent lack of a clear phylogenetic thread has created difficulties both in linking isoprenoid function with evolution and for the development of accurate biosphere-atmosphere models. Here, we present a systematic emission study of "hyperdominant" tree species in the Amazon Basin. Across 162 individuals, distributed among 25 botanical families and 113 species, isoprenoid emissions were widespread among both early and late successional species (isoprene: 61.9% of the species; monoterpenes: 15.0%; both isoprene and monoterpenes: 9.7%). The hyperdominant species (69) across the top five most abundant genera, which make up about 50% of all individuals in the Basin, had a similar abundance of isoprenoid emitters (isoprene: 63.8%; monoterpenes: 17.4%; both 11.6%). Among the abundant genera, only Pouteria had a low frequency of isoprene emitting species (15.8% of 19 species). In contrast, Protium, Licania, Inga, and Eschweilera were rich in isoprene emitting species (83.3% of 12 species, 61.1% of 18 species, 100% of 8 species, and 100% of 12 species, respectively). Light response curves of individuals in each of the five genera showed light-dependent, photosynthesis-linked emission rates of isoprene and monoterpenes. Importantly, in every genus, we observed species with light-dependent isoprene emissions together with monoterpenes including β-ocimene. These observations support the emerging view of the evolution of isoprene synthases from β-ocimene synthases. Our results have important implications for understanding isoprenoid function-evolution relationships and the development of more accurate Earth System Models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolby J Jardine
- Earth and Environmental Science Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Rd, building 64-241, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), Department of Forest Management, Ave. Andre Araujo, 2936, Manaus, AM, 69.080-97, Brazil.
| | - Raquel F Zorzanelli
- Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Ave. Governador Lindemberg, nº 316, Centro, Jerônimo, Monteiro, ES, 29.550-000, Brazil
| | - Bruno O Gimenez
- National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), Department of Forest Management, Ave. Andre Araujo, 2936, Manaus, AM, 69.080-97, Brazil
| | | | - Andrea Teixeira
- National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), Department of Forest Management, Ave. Andre Araujo, 2936, Manaus, AM, 69.080-97, Brazil
| | - Clarissa G Fontes
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, 100 Ecology 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Emily Robles
- Earth and Environmental Science Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Rd, building 64-241, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; College of Natural Resources, University of California Berkeley, 260 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Niro Higuchi
- National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), Department of Forest Management, Ave. Andre Araujo, 2936, Manaus, AM, 69.080-97, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey Q Chambers
- Earth and Environmental Science Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Rd, building 64-241, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Department of Geography, University of California Berkeley, 507 McCone Hall #4740, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Scot T Martin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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15
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Yeager R, Riggs DW, DeJarnett N, Srivastava S, Lorkiewicz P, Xie Z, Krivokhizhina T, Keith RJ, Srivastava S, Browning MHEM, Zafar N, Krishnasamy S, DeFilippis A, Turner J, Rai SN, Bhatnagar A. Association between residential greenness and exposure to volatile organic compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:135435. [PMID: 31865083 PMCID: PMC7294698 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Residential proximity to vegetation and plants is associated with many health benefits, including reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and mental stress. Although the mechanisms by which proximity to greenness affects health remain unclear, plants have been shown to remove particulate air pollution. However, the association between residential-area vegetation and exposure to volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) has not been investigated. We recruited a cohort of 213 non-smoking individuals and estimated peak, cumulative, and contemporaneous greenery using satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) near their residence. We found that the urinary metabolites of exposure to VOCs - acrolein, acrylamide, acrylonitrile, benzene, 1-bromopropane, propylene oxide were inversely associated (7-31% lower) with 0.1 higher peak NDVI values within 100 m radius of the participants' home. These associations were significant at radii ranging from 25 to 300 m. Strongest associations were observed within a 200 m radius, where VOC metabolites were 22% lower per 0.1 unit higher NDVI. Of the 18 measured urinary metabolites, 7 were positively associated with variation of greenness within a 200 m radius of homes. The percent of tree canopy and street trees around participants' residence were less strongly associated with metabolite levels. The associations between urinary VOC metabolites and residential NDVI values were stronger in winter than in summer, and in participants who were more educated, White, and those who lived close to areas of high traffic. These findings suggest high levels of residential greenness are associated with lower VOC exposure, particularly in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Yeager
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Louisville, 485 E Gray St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, 580 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Daniel W Riggs
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, 580 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, 485 E Gray St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Natasha DeJarnett
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Louisville, 485 E Gray St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, 580 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Shweta Srivastava
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, 580 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Pawel Lorkiewicz
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, 580 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Zhengzhi Xie
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, 580 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Tatiana Krivokhizhina
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, 580 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Rachel J Keith
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, 580 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, 580 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Matthew H E M Browning
- Department of Recreation, Sport and Tourism, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 104 George Huff Hall, 1206 S 4th St., Champaign, IL 1820, United States
| | - Nagma Zafar
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, 580 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, 411 E Chestnut St., Louisville KY, 40202, United States
| | - Sathya Krishnasamy
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Diabetes, University of Louisville, 550 South Jackson Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Andrew DeFilippis
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, 401 E. Chestnut St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Jay Turner
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1100, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Shesh N Rai
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, 485 E Gray St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Department of Recreation, Sport and Tourism, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 104 George Huff Hall, 1206 S 4th St., Champaign, IL 1820, United States; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Facility, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 529 S Jackson St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Superfund Research Center, University of Louisville, 302 E Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, 580 S. Preston St., Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
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16
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Walker JT, Beachley G, Amos HM, Baron JS, Bash J, Baumgardner R, Bell MD, Benedict KB, Chen X, Clow DW, Cole A, Coughlin JG, Cruz K, Daly RW, Decina SM, Elliott EM, Fenn ME, Ganzeveld L, Gebhart K, Isil SS, Kerschner BM, Larson RS, Lavery T, Lear GG, Macy T, Mast MA, Mishoe K, Morris KH, Padgett PE, Pouyat RV, Puchalski M, Pye HOT, Rea AW, Rhodes MF, Rogers CM, Saylor R, Scheffe R, Schichtel BA, Schwede DB, Sexstone GA, Sive BC, Sosa Echeverría R, Templer PH, Thompson T, Tong D, Wetherbee GA, Whitlow TH, Wu Z, Yu Z, Zhang L. Toward the improvement of total nitrogen deposition budgets in the United States. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:1328-1352. [PMID: 31466212 PMCID: PMC7724633 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Frameworks for limiting ecosystem exposure to excess nutrients and acidity require accurate and complete deposition budgets of reactive nitrogen (Nr). While much progress has been made in developing total Nr deposition budgets for the U.S., current budgets remain limited by key data and knowledge gaps. Analysis of National Atmospheric Deposition Program Total Deposition (NADP/TDep) data illustrates several aspects of current Nr deposition that motivate additional research. Averaged across the continental U.S., dry deposition contributes slightly more (55%) to total deposition than wet deposition and is the dominant process (>90%) over broad areas of the Southwest and other arid regions of the West. Lack of dry deposition measurements imposes a reliance on models, resulting in a much higher degree of uncertainty relative to wet deposition which is routinely measured. As nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions continue to decline, reduced forms of inorganic nitrogen (NHx = NH3 + NH4+) now contribute >50% of total Nr deposition over large areas of the U.S. Expanded monitoring and additional process-level research are needed to better understand NHx deposition, its contribution to total Nr deposition budgets, and the processes by which reduced N deposits to ecosystems. Urban and suburban areas are hotspots where routine monitoring of oxidized and reduced Nr deposition is needed. Finally, deposition budgets have incomplete information about the speciation of atmospheric nitrogen; monitoring networks do not capture important forms of Nr such as organic nitrogen. Building on these themes, we detail the state of the science of Nr deposition budgets in the U.S. and highlight research priorities to improve deposition budgets in terms of monitoring and flux measurements, leaf- to regional-scale modeling, source apportionment, and characterization of deposition trends and patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Walker
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America.
| | - G Beachley
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - H M Amos
- AAAS Science and Technology Policy Fellow hosted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - J S Baron
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - J Bash
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - R Baumgardner
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - M D Bell
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, CO, United States of America
| | - K B Benedict
- Colorado State University, Department of Atmospheric Science, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - X Chen
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - D W Clow
- U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Water Science Center, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - A Cole
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Air Quality Research Division, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J G Coughlin
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 5, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - K Cruz
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - R W Daly
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - S M Decina
- University of California, Department of Chemistry, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - E M Elliott
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Geology & Environmental Science, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - M E Fenn
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - L Ganzeveld
- Meteorology and Air Quality (MAQ), Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - K Gebhart
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - S S Isil
- Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions, Inc., Newberry, FL, United States of America
| | - B M Kerschner
- Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, United States of America
| | - R S Larson
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - T Lavery
- Environmental Consultant, Cranston, RI, United States of America
| | - G G Lear
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - T Macy
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - M A Mast
- U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Water Science Center, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - K Mishoe
- Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions, Inc., Newberry, FL, United States of America
| | - K H Morris
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, CO, United States of America
| | - P E Padgett
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - R V Pouyat
- U.S. Forest Service, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - M Puchalski
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - H O T Pye
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - A W Rea
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - M F Rhodes
- D&E Technical, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - C M Rogers
- Wood Environment & Infrastructure Solutions, Inc., Newberry, FL, United States of America
| | - R Saylor
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Air Resources Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - R Scheffe
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - B A Schichtel
- National Park Service, Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - D B Schwede
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - G A Sexstone
- U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado Water Science Center, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - B C Sive
- National Park Service, Air Resources Division, Lakewood, CO, United States of America
| | - R Sosa Echeverría
- Centro de Ciencias de la Atmosfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - P H Templer
- Boston University, Department of Biology, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - T Thompson
- AAAS Science and Technology Policy Fellow hosted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Policy, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - D Tong
- George Mason University. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Air Resources Laboratory, College Park, MD, United States of America
| | - G A Wetherbee
- U.S. Geological Survey, Hydrologic Networks Branch, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - T H Whitlow
- Cornell University, Department of Horticulture, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Z Wu
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Z Yu
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Geology & Environmental Science, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - L Zhang
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Air Quality Research Division, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Chaliyakunnel S, Millet DB, Chen X. Constraining Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds Over the Indian Subcontinent Using Space-Based Formaldehyde Measurements. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2019; 124:10525-10545. [PMID: 33614368 PMCID: PMC7894393 DOI: 10.1029/2019jd031262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
India is an air pollution mortality hot spot, but regional emissions are poorly understood. We present a high-resolution nested chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) simulation for the Indian subcontinent and use it to interpret formaldehyde (HCHO) observations from two satellite sensors (OMI and GOME-2A) in terms of constraints on regional volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. We find modeled biogenic VOC emissions to be overestimated by ~30-60% for most locations and seasons, and derive a best estimate biogenic flux of 16 Tg C/year subcontinent-wide for year 2009. Terrestrial vegetation provides approximately half the total VOC flux in our base-case inversions (full uncertainty range: 44-65%). This differs from prior understanding, in which biogenic emissions represent >70% of the total. Our derived anthropogenic VOC emissions increase slightly (13-16% in the base case, for a subcontinent total of 15 Tg C/year in 2009) over RETRO year 2000 values, with some larger regional discrepancies. The optimized anthropogenic emissions agree well with the more recent CEDS inventory, both subcontinent-wide (within 2%) and regionally. An exception is the Indo-Gangetic Plain, where we find an underestimate for both RETRO and CEDS. Anthropogenic emissions thus constitute 37-50% of the annual regional VOC source in our base-case inversions and exceed biogenic emissions over the Indo-Gangetic Plain, West India, and South India, and over the entire subcontinent during winter and post-monsoon. Fires are a minor fraction (<7%) of the total regional VOC source in the prior and optimized model. However, evidence suggests that VOC emissions in the fire inventory used here (GFEDv4) are too low over the Indian subcontinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreelekha Chaliyakunnel
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Dylan B Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, USA
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18
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Jennings V, Gragg RS, Brown CP, Hartel D, Kuehler E, Sinykin A, Johnson E, Kondo M. Structural Characteristics of Tree Cover and the Association with Cardiovascular and Respiratory Health in Tampa, FL. J Urban Health 2019; 96:669-681. [PMID: 31502180 PMCID: PMC6814662 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-019-00380-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Urban tree cover can provide several ecological and public health benefits. Secondary datasets for Tampa, FL, including sociodemographic variables (e.g., race/ethnicity), health data, and interpolated values for features of tree cover (e.g., percent canopy and leaf area index) were analyzed using correlation and regression. Percent canopy cover and leaf area index were inversely correlated to respiratory and cardiovascular outcomes, yet only leaf area index displayed a significant association with respiratory conditions in the logistic regression model. Percent racial/ethnic minority residents at the block group level was significantly negatively correlated with median income and tree density. Leaf area index was also significantly lower in block groups with more African-American residents. The percentage of African Americans (p = 0.101) and Hispanics (p < 0.001) were positively associated with respiratory outcomes while population density (p < 0.001), percent canopy (p < 0.01), and leaf area index (p < 0.01) were negatively associated. In multivariate models, higher tree density, leaf area index, and median income were significantly negatively associated with respiratory cases. Block groups with a higher proportion of African Americans had a higher odds of displaying respiratory admissions above the median rate. Tree density and median income were also negatively associated with cardiovascular cases. Home ownership and tree condition were significantly positively associated with cardiovascular cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Schulterbrandt Gragg
- School of the Environment, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, FSH Science Research Bldg, 1515 South Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA.
| | - C Perry Brown
- Institute of Public Health, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Dudley Hartel
- Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Eric Kuehler
- Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Alex Sinykin
- Department of Geography, University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Elijah Johnson
- School of the Environment, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, FSH Science Research Bldg, 1515 South Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA
| | - Michelle Kondo
- Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Conchou L, Lucas P, Meslin C, Proffit M, Staudt M, Renou M. Insect Odorscapes: From Plant Volatiles to Natural Olfactory Scenes. Front Physiol 2019; 10:972. [PMID: 31427985 PMCID: PMC6688386 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction is an essential sensory modality for insects and their olfactory environment is mostly made up of plant-emitted volatiles. The terrestrial vegetation produces an amazing diversity of volatile compounds, which are then transported, mixed, and degraded in the atmosphere. Each insect species expresses a set of olfactory receptors that bind part of the volatile compounds present in its habitat. Insect odorscapes are thus defined as species-specific olfactory spaces, dependent on the local habitat, and dynamic in time. Manipulations of pest-insect odorscapes are a promising approach to answer the strong demand for pesticide-free plant-protection strategies. Moreover, understanding their olfactory environment becomes a major concern in the context of global change and environmental stresses to insect populations. A considerable amount of information is available on the identity of volatiles mediating biotic interactions that involve insects. However, in the large body of research devoted to understanding how insects use olfaction to locate resources, an integrative vision of the olfactory environment has rarely been reached. This article aims to better apprehend the nature of the insect odorscape and its importance to insect behavioral ecology by reviewing the literature specific to different disciplines from plant ecophysiology to insect neuroethology. First, we discuss the determinants of odorscape composition, from the production of volatiles by plants (section "Plant Metabolism and Volatile Emissions") to their filtering during detection by the olfactory system of insects (section "Insect Olfaction: How Volatile Plant Compounds Are Encoded and Integrated by the Olfactory System"). We then summarize the physical and chemical processes by which volatile chemicals distribute in space (section "Transportation of Volatile Plant Compounds and Spatial Aspects of the Odorscape") and time (section "Temporal Aspects: The Dynamics of the Odorscape") in the atmosphere. The following sections consider the ecological importance of background odors in odorscapes and how insects adapt to their olfactory environment. Habitat provides an odor background and a sensory context that modulate the responses of insects to pheromones and other olfactory signals (section "Ecological Importance of Odorscapes"). In addition, insects do not respond inflexibly to single elements in their odorscape but integrate several components of their environment (section "Plasticity and Adaptation to Complex and Variable Odorscapes"). We finally discuss existing methods of odorscape manipulation for sustainable pest insect control and potential future developments in the context of agroecology (section "Odorscapes in Plant Protection and Agroecology").
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Conchou
- INRA, Sorbonne Université, INRA, CNRS, UPEC, IRD, University P7, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Lucas
- INRA, Sorbonne Université, INRA, CNRS, UPEC, IRD, University P7, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Camille Meslin
- INRA, Sorbonne Université, INRA, CNRS, UPEC, IRD, University P7, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Magali Proffit
- CEFE, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael Staudt
- CEFE, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Michel Renou
- INRA, Sorbonne Université, INRA, CNRS, UPEC, IRD, University P7, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, Paris, France
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20
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Chen X, Millet DB, Singh HB, Wisthaler A, Apel EC, Atlas EL, Blake DR, Bourgeois I, Brown SS, Crounse JD, de Gouw JA, Flocke FM, Fried A, Heikes BG, Hornbrook RS, Mikoviny T, Min KE, Müller M, Neuman JA, O'Sullivan DW, Peischl J, Pfister GG, Richter D, Roberts JM, Ryerson TB, Shertz SR, Thompson CR, Treadaway V, Veres PR, Walega J, Warneke C, Washenfelder RA, Weibring P, Yuan B. On the sources and sinks of atmospheric VOCs: an integrated analysis of recent aircraft campaigns over North America. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2019; 19:9097-9123. [PMID: 33688334 PMCID: PMC7939023 DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-9097-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We apply a high-resolution chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem CTM) with updated treatment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and a comprehensive suite of airborne datasets over North America to (i) characterize the VOC budget and (ii) test the ability of current models to capture the distribution and reactivity of atmospheric VOCs over this region. Biogenic emissions dominate the North American VOC budget in the model, accounting for 70 % and 95 % of annually emitted VOC carbon and reactivity, respectively. Based on current inventories anthropogenic emissions have declined to the point where biogenic emissions are the dominant summertime source of VOC reactivity even in most major North American cities. Methane oxidation is a 2x larger source of nonmethane VOCs (via production of formaldehyde and methyl hydroperoxide) over North America in the model than are anthropogenic emissions. However, anthropogenic VOCs account for over half of the ambient VOC loading over the majority of the region owing to their longer aggregate lifetime. Fires can be a significant VOC source episodically but are small on average. In the planetary boundary layer (PBL), the model exhibits skill in capturing observed variability in total VOC abundance (R 2 = 0:36) and reactivity (R 2 = 0:54). The same is not true in the free troposphere (FT), where skill is low and there is a persistent low model bias (~ 60 %), with most (27 of 34) model VOCs underestimated by more than a factor of 2. A comparison of PBL: FT concentration ratios over the southeastern US points to a misrepresentation of PBL ventilation as a contributor to these model FT biases. We also find that a relatively small number of VOCs (acetone, methanol, ethane, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, isoprene C oxidation products, methyl hydroperoxide) drive a large fraction of total ambient VOC reactivity and associated model biases; research to improve understanding of their budgets is thus warranted. A source tracer analysis suggests a current overestimate of biogenic sources for hydroxyacetone, methyl ethyl ketone and glyoxal, an underestimate of biogenic formic acid sources, and an underestimate of peroxyacetic acid production across biogenic and anthropogenic precursors. Future work to improve model representations of vertical transport and to address the VOC biases discussed are needed to advance predictions of ozone and SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Dylan B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eric C. Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Elliot L. Atlas
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ilann Bourgeois
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Steven S. Brown
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John D. Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joost A. de Gouw
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Frank M. Flocke
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Alan Fried
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Brian G. Heikes
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tomas Mikoviny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kyung-Eun Min
- School of Earth Science and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Markus Müller
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J. Andrew Neuman
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Jeff Peischl
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Gabriele G. Pfister
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Dirk Richter
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James M. Roberts
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas B. Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Stephen R. Shertz
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Chelsea R. Thompson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Victoria Treadaway
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Patrick R. Veres
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - James Walega
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Petter Weibring
- Institute of Arctic & Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Bin Yuan
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Feng Z, Yuan X, Fares S, Loreto F, Li P, Hoshika Y, Paoletti E. Isoprene is more affected by climate drivers than monoterpenes: A meta-analytic review on plant isoprenoid emissions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1939-1949. [PMID: 30767225 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene and monoterpenes (MTs) are among the most abundant and reactive volatile organic compounds produced by plants (biogenic volatile organic compounds). We conducted a meta-analysis to quantify the mean effect of environmental factors associated to climate change (warming, drought, elevated CO2 , and O3 ) on the emission of isoprene and MTs. Results indicated that all single factors except warming inhibited isoprene emission. When subsets of data collected in experiments run under similar change of a given environmental factor were compared, isoprene and photosynthesis responded negatively to elevated O3 (-8% and -10%, respectively) and drought (-15% and -42%), and in opposite ways to elevated CO2 (-23% and +55%) and warming (+53% and -23%, respectively). Effects on MTs emission were usually not significant, with the exceptions of a significant stimulation caused by warming (+39%) and by elevated O3 (limited to O3 -insensitive plants, and evergreen species with storage organs). Our results clearly highlight individual effects of environmental factors on isoprene and MT emissions, and an overall uncoupling between these secondary metabolites produced by the same methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway. Future results from manipulative experiments and long-term observations may help untangling the interactive effects of these factors and filling gaps featured in the current meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhong Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xiangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Silvano Fares
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Arezzo, 52100, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences (DISBA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, 00185, Italy
- Department of Biology, University Federico II, Naples, 80138, Italy
| | - Pin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), 50019, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), 50019, Italy
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22
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George J, Shi Q, Stelinski LL, Stover E, Lapointe SL. Host Selection, Oviposition and Feeding by a Phytopathogen Vector, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae), Modulated by Plant Exposure to Formic Acid. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Wan F, Wang C, Han Y, Kong L, Yan J, Zhang X, Liu Y. SiO 2 aerogel monolith allows ultralow amounts of TiO 2 for the fast and efficient removal of gaseous pollutants. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:13608-13615. [PMID: 30207359 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02557f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Coupled adsorption and photocatalytic oxidation brings high expectations regarding the fast and efficient removal of gaseous pollutants in air. However, to fabricate an adsorbent-photocatalyst composite, coating of a photocatalyst on adsorbent support inevitably results in loss of adsorption and light blocking on interior surfaces. In this work, we attempt to develop an adsorbent-photocatalyst monolith composite, which not only perfectly retains original high adsorption capacity, but also allows complete penetration of UV light through the whole monolith. We employ a SiO2 aerogel monolith with a diameter of 2.5 cm and thickness of 0.7 cm as adsorbent and support. After atomic layer deposition (ALD) followed by calcination, 0.32-1.25 wt% TiO2 is dispersed on the skeleton of the SiO2 aerogel. In spite of such a low level of loading, the monolith composites exhibit fast and efficient removal of gaseous acetaldehyde and NO. Therein, the best performance is achieved at a loading of 0.6 wt% TiO2. By dark adsorption, the acetaldehyde pollutant with initial concentration of 200 ppm can be adsorbed by 54% within 10 min. Moreover, the light transmittance at 387 nm can be retained as high as 6% after penetrating through the whole monolith, confirming that all loaded TiO2 nanoparticles can participate in the photocatalytic oxidation of acetaldehyde. Under UV irradiation with intensity close to natural sunlight, the preadsorbed acetaldehyde can be completely mineralized into CO2 by photocatalytic oxidation in another 60 min, benefiting from the ultradispersion of TiO2 nanoparticles inside the SiO2 aerogel. The study provides a novel three-dimensional model of an adsorbent-photocatalyst composite for the fast and efficient removal of gaseous pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxu Wan
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China.
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24
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Sampaio Filho IDJ, Jardine KJ, de Oliveira RCA, Gimenez BO, Cobello LO, Piva LRDO, Candido LA, Higuchi N, Chambers JQ. Below versus above Ground Plant Sources of Abscisic Acid (ABA) at the Heart of Tropical Forest Response to Warming. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2023. [PMID: 30002274 PMCID: PMC6073271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Warming surface temperatures and increasing frequency and duration of widespread droughts threaten the health of natural forests and agricultural crops. High temperatures (HT) and intense droughts can lead to the excessive plant water loss and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in extensive physical and oxidative damage to sensitive plant components including photosynthetic membranes. ROS signaling is tightly integrated with signaling mechanisms of the potent phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA), which stimulates stomatal closure leading to a reduction in transpiration and net photosynthesis, alters hydraulic conductivities, and activates defense gene expression including antioxidant systems. While generally assumed to be produced in roots and transported to shoots following drought stress, recent evidence suggests that a large fraction of plant ABA is produced in leaves via the isoprenoid pathway. Thus, through stomatal regulation and stress signaling which alters water and carbon fluxes, we highlight the fact that ABA lies at the heart of the Carbon-Water-ROS Nexus of plant response to HT and drought stress. We discuss the current state of knowledge of ABA biosynthesis, transport, and degradation and the role of ABA and other isoprenoids in the oxidative stress response. We discuss potential variations in ABA production and stomatal sensitivity among different plant functional types including isohydric/anisohydric and pioneer/climax tree species. We describe experiments that would demonstrate the possibility of a direct energetic and carbon link between leaf ABA biosynthesis and photosynthesis, and discuss the potential for a positive feedback between leaf warming and enhanced ABA production together with reduced stomatal conductance and transpiration. Finally, we propose a new modeling framework to capture these interactions. We conclude by discussing the importance of ABA in diverse tropical ecosystems through increases in the thermotolerance of photosynthesis to drought and heat stress, and the global importance of these mechanisms to carbon and water cycling under climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel de Jesus Sampaio Filho
- National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), Ave. Andre Araujo 2936, Campus II, Building LBA, Manaus, AM 69080-97, Brazil.
| | - Kolby Jeremiah Jardine
- National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), Ave. Andre Araujo 2936, Campus II, Building LBA, Manaus, AM 69080-97, Brazil.
- Climate Science Department, Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Rd., Building 64-241, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | | | - Bruno Oliva Gimenez
- National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), Ave. Andre Araujo 2936, Campus II, Building LBA, Manaus, AM 69080-97, Brazil.
| | - Leticia Oliveira Cobello
- National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), Ave. Andre Araujo 2936, Campus II, Building LBA, Manaus, AM 69080-97, Brazil.
| | - Luani Rosa de Oliveira Piva
- Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Ave. Pref. Lothario Meissner 632, Campus III, Forest Sciences Department, Curitiba, PR 80210-170, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Antonio Candido
- National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), Ave. Andre Araujo 2936, Campus II, Building LBA, Manaus, AM 69080-97, Brazil.
| | - Niro Higuchi
- National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), Ave. Andre Araujo 2936, Campus II, Building LBA, Manaus, AM 69080-97, Brazil.
| | - Jeffrey Quintin Chambers
- National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), Ave. Andre Araujo 2936, Campus II, Building LBA, Manaus, AM 69080-97, Brazil.
- Climate Science Department, Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Rd., Building 64-241, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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A Comparison of Simulated and Field-Derived Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Canopy Height Values from Four Forest Complexes in the Southeastern USA. FORESTS 2018; 9:26. [PMID: 29780445 PMCID: PMC5954438 DOI: 10.3390/f9010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vegetative leaf area is a critical input to models that simulate human and ecosystem exposure to atmospheric pollutants. Leaf area index (LAI) can be measured in the field or numerically simulated, but all contain some inherent uncertainty that is passed to the exposure assessments that use them. LAI estimates for minimally managed or natural forest stands can be particularly difficult to develop as a result of interspecies competition, age and spatial distribution. Satellite-based LAI estimates hold promise for retrospective analyses, but we must continue to rely on numerical models for alternative management analysis. Our objective for this study is to calculate and validate LAI estimates generated from the USDA Environmental Policy Impact Climate (EPIC) model (a widely used, field-scale, biogeochemical model) on four forest complexes spanning three physiographic provinces in Virginia and North Carolina. Measurements of forest composition (species and number), LAI, tree diameter, basal area, and canopy height were recorded at each site during the 2002 field season. Calibrated EPIC results show stand-level temporally resolved LAI estimates with R2 values ranging from 0.69 to 0.96, and stand maximum height estimates within 20% of observation. This relatively high level of performance is attributable to EPIC's approach to the characterization of forest stand biogeochemical budgets, stand history, interspecies competition and species-specific response to local weather conditions. We close by illustrating the extension of this site-level approach to scales that could support regional air quality model simulations.
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26
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Mao J, Carlton A, Cohen RC, Brune WH, Brown SS, Wolfe GM, Jimenez JL, Pye HOT, Ng NL, Xu L, McNeill VF, Tsigaridis K, McDonald BC, Warneke C, Guenther A, Alvarado MJ, de Gouw J, Mickley LJ, Leibensperger EM, Mathur R, Nolte CG, Portmann RW, Unger N, Tosca M, Horowitz LW. Southeast Atmosphere Studies: learning from model-observation syntheses. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:2615-2651. [PMID: 29963079 PMCID: PMC6020695 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-2615-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of atmospheric trace species in the United States have changed dramatically over the past several decades in response to pollution control strategies, shifts in domestic energy policy and economics, and economic development (and resulting emission changes) elsewhere in the world. Reliable projections of the future atmosphere require models to not only accurately describe current atmospheric concentrations, but to do so by representing chemical, physical and biological processes with conceptual and quantitative fidelity. Only through incorporation of the processes controlling emissions and chemical mechanisms that represent the key transformations among reactive molecules can models reliably project the impacts of future policy, energy and climate scenarios. Efforts to properly identify and implement the fundamental and controlling mechanisms in atmospheric models benefit from intensive observation periods, during which collocated measurements of diverse, speciated chemicals in both the gas and condensed phases are obtained. The Southeast Atmosphere Studies (SAS, including SENEX, SOAS, NOMADSS and SEAC4RS) conducted during the summer of 2013 provided an unprecedented opportunity for the atmospheric modeling community to come together to evaluate, diagnose and improve the representation of fundamental climate and air quality processes in models of varying temporal and spatial scales. This paper is aimed at discussing progress in evaluating, diagnosing and improving air quality and climate modeling using comparisons to SAS observations as a guide to thinking about improvements to mechanisms and parameterizations in models. The effort focused primarily on model representation of fundamental atmospheric processes that are essential to the formation of ozone, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and other trace species in the troposphere, with the ultimate goal of understanding the radiative impacts of these species in the southeast and elsewhere. Here we address questions surrounding four key themes: gas-phase chemistry, aerosol chemistry, regional climate and chemistry interactions, and natural and anthropogenic emissions. We expect this review to serve as a guidance for future modeling efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqiu Mao
- Geophysical Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Annmarie Carlton
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ronald C. Cohen
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - William H. Brune
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Steven S. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Glenn M. Wolfe
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jose L. Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Nga Lee Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lu Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Kostas Tsigaridis
- Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian C. McDonald
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Alex Guenther
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Joost de Gouw
- Department of Chemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Loretta J. Mickley
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Rohit Mathur
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Christopher G. Nolte
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Robert W. Portmann
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Nadine Unger
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Mika Tosca
- School of the Art Institute of Chicago (SAIC), Chicago, IL 60603, USA
| | - Larry W. Horowitz
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory–National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ, USA
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27
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Urban flux measurements reveal a large pool of oxygenated volatile organic compound emissions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:1186-1191. [PMID: 29358383 PMCID: PMC5819406 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714715115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The exchange of nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) at the surface–atmosphere interface is a fundamental constraint and important boundary condition for atmospheric chemistry and its effects on climate. Anthropogenic emissions are thought to account for about half of the NMVOC flux into the atmosphere of the Northern Hemisphere, yet their budget is considerably uncertain due to the scarcity of appropriate top-down constraints. Here we present direct flux measurements of NMVOCs based on the eddy covariance technique, showing that the contribution of typical urban emission sources is comprised of a surprisingly large portion of oxygenated NMVOC. These results suggest that typical urban NMVOC emission sources could be significantly higher than currently projected in air chemistry and climate models. Atmospheric chemistry is fueled by a large annual influx of nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC). These compounds influence ozone formation, lead to secondary organic aerosol production, and play a significant role for the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. The anthropogenic NMVOC budget is considerably uncertain due to the diversity of urban emission sources. Here, we present comprehensive observations of urban NMVOC eddy covariance fluxes using a newly designed proton-transfer-reaction quadrupole interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer. We found emission fluxes of a surprisingly large pool of oxygenated NMVOCs (OVOCs) with an appreciable fraction of higher oxidized OVOCs that cannot be explained by known fast photochemical turnaround or current primary emission estimates. Measured OVOC/NMVOC bulk flux ratios are two to four times higher than inferred from aggregated anthropogenic emission inventories. Extrapolating these results would double the global anthropogenic NMVOC flux. In view of globally accelerating urbanization, our study highlights the need to reevaluate the influence of anthropogenic NMVOC on atmospheric chemistry, human health, and the climate system.
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28
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Large unexplained suite of chemically reactive compounds present in ambient air due to biomass fires. Sci Rep 2018; 8:626. [PMID: 29330495 PMCID: PMC5766614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-19139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomass fires impact global atmospheric chemistry. The reactive compounds emitted and formed due to biomass fires drive ozone and organic aerosol formation, affecting both air quality and climate. Direct hydroxyl (OH) Reactivity measurements quantify total gaseous reactive pollutant loadings and comparison with measured compounds yields the fraction of unmeasured compounds. Here, we quantified the magnitude and composition of total OH reactivity in the north-west Indo-Gangetic Plain. More than 120% increase occurred in total OH reactivity (28 s-1 to 64 s-1) and from no missing OH reactivity in the normal summertime air, the missing OH reactivity fraction increased to ~40 % in the post-harvest summertime period influenced by large scale biomass fires highlighting presence of unmeasured compounds. Increased missing OH reactivity between the two summertime periods was associated with increased concentrations of compounds with strong photochemical source such as acetaldehyde, acetone, hydroxyacetone, nitromethane, amides, isocyanic acid and primary emissions of acetonitrile and aromatic compounds. Currently even the most detailed state-of-the art atmospheric chemistry models exclude formamide, acetamide, nitromethane and isocyanic acid and their highly reactive precursor alkylamines (e.g. methylamine, ethylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine). For improved understanding of atmospheric chemistry-air quality-climate feedbacks in biomass-fire impacted atmospheric environments, future studies should include these compounds.
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29
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Ishizuka S, Fujii T, Matsugi A, Sakamoto Y, Hama T, Enami S. Controlling factors of oligomerization at the water surface: why is isoprene such a unique VOC? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:15400-15410. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01551a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The interfacial oligomerization of isoprene is facilitated by the resonance stabilization through the formation of a tertiary carbocation with a conjugated CC bond pair, and electron enrichment induced by the neighboring methyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinnosuke Ishizuka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-0819
- Japan
- National Institute for Environmental Studies
| | - Tomihide Fujii
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8501
- Japan
| | - Akira Matsugi
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
- Tsukuba 305-8569
- Japan
| | - Yosuke Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8501
- Japan
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies
| | - Tetsuya Hama
- Institute of Low Temperature Science
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo 060-0819
- Japan
| | - Shinichi Enami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies
- Tsukuba 305-8506
- Japan
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30
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Hama T, Kouchi A, Watanabe N, Enami S, Shimoaka T, Hasegawa T. In Situ Nondestructive Analysis of Kalanchoe pinnata Leaf Surface Structure by Polarization-Modulation Infrared Reflection-Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:11124-11131. [PMID: 29148773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b09173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The outermost surface of the leaves of land plants is covered with a lipid membrane called the cuticle that protects against various stress factors. Probing the molecular-level structure of the intact cuticle is highly desirable for understanding its multifunctional properties. We report the in situ characterization of the surface structure of Kalanchoe pinnata leaves using polarization-modulation infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS). Without sample pretreatment, PM-IRRAS measures the IR spectra of the leaf cuticle of a potted K. pinnata plant. The peak position of the CH2-related modes shows that the cuticular waxes on the leaf surface are mainly crystalline, and the alkyl chains are highly packed in an all-trans zigzag conformation. The surface selection rule of PM-IRRAS revealed the average orientation of the cuticular molecules, as indicated by the positive and negative signals of the IR peaks. This unique property of PM-IRRAS revealed that the alkyl chains of the waxes and the main chains of polysaccharides are oriented almost perpendicular to the leaf surface. The nondestructive, background-free, and environmental gas-free nature of PM-IRRAS allows the structure and chemistry of the leaf cuticle to be studied directly in its native environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Hama
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Akira Kouchi
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Naoki Watanabe
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Shinichi Enami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimoaka
- Laboratory of Chemistry for Functionalized Surfaces, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Chemistry for Functionalized Surfaces, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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31
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Yuan B, Koss AR, Warneke C, Coggon M, Sekimoto K, de Gouw JA. Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry: Applications in Atmospheric Sciences. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13187-13229. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yuan
- Institute
for Environment and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Abigail R. Koss
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Matthew Coggon
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kanako Sekimoto
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Graduate
School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Joost A. de Gouw
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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32
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Airborne observations reveal elevational gradient in tropical forest isoprene emissions. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15541. [PMID: 28534494 PMCID: PMC5457511 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoprene dominates global non-methane volatile organic compound emissions, and impacts tropospheric chemistry by influencing oxidants and aerosols. Isoprene emission rates vary over several orders of magnitude for different plants, and characterizing this immense biological chemodiversity is a challenge for estimating isoprene emission from tropical forests. Here we present the isoprene emission estimates from aircraft eddy covariance measurements over the Amazonian forest. We report isoprene emission rates that are three times higher than satellite top-down estimates and 35% higher than model predictions. The results reveal strong correlations between observed isoprene emission rates and terrain elevations, which are confirmed by similar correlations between satellite-derived isoprene emissions and terrain elevations. We propose that the elevational gradient in the Amazonian forest isoprene emission capacity is determined by plant species distributions and can substantially explain isoprene emission variability in tropical forests, and use a model to demonstrate the resulting impacts on regional air quality. Isoprene emissions are commonly estimated using satellite measurements and model simulations. Here, using eddy covariance, the authors report higher emission rates over the Amazon forest than those estimated with these techniques and a relationship between terrain elevation and isoprene emissions.
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33
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Jardine KJ, Jardine AB, Holm JA, Lombardozzi DL, Negron-Juarez RI, Martin ST, Beller HR, Gimenez BO, Higuchi N, Chambers JQ. Monoterpene 'thermometer' of tropical forest-atmosphere response to climate warming. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:441-452. [PMID: 27943309 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests absorb large amounts of atmospheric CO2 through photosynthesis but elevated temperatures suppress this absorption and promote monoterpene emissions. Using 13 CO2 labeling, here we show that monoterpene emissions from tropical leaves derive from recent photosynthesis and demonstrate distinct temperature optima for five groups (Groups 1-5), potentially corresponding to different enzymatic temperature-dependent reaction mechanisms within β-ocimene synthases. As diurnal and seasonal leaf temperatures increased during the Amazonian 2015 El Niño event, leaf and landscape monoterpene emissions showed strong linear enrichments of β-ocimenes (+4.4% °C-1 ) at the expense of other monoterpene isomers. The observed inverse temperature response of α-pinene (-0.8% °C-1 ), typically assumed to be the dominant monoterpene with moderate reactivity, was not accurately simulated by current global emission models. Given that β-ocimenes are highly reactive with respect to both atmospheric and biological oxidants, the results suggest that highly reactive β-ocimenes may play important roles in the thermotolerance of photosynthesis by functioning as effective antioxidants within plants and as efficient atmospheric precursors of secondary organic aerosols. Thus, monoterpene composition may represent a new sensitive 'thermometer' of leaf oxidative stress and atmospheric reactivity, and therefore a new tool in future studies of warming impacts on tropical biosphere-atmosphere carbon-cycle feedbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolby J Jardine
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Angela B Jardine
- National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), 69060-001, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Jennifer A Holm
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Danica L Lombardozzi
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, 80307, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Robinson I Negron-Juarez
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Scot T Martin
- Harvard University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 02138, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Harry R Beller
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 94068, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Bruno O Gimenez
- National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), 69060-001, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Niro Higuchi
- National Institute for Amazon Research (INPA), 69060-001, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey Q Chambers
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Geography, University of California, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
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34
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Matsuoka K, Sakamoto Y, Hama T, Kajii Y, Enami S. Reactive Uptake of Gaseous Sesquiterpenes on Aqueous Surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:810-818. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b11821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Matsuoka
- Graduate
School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yosuke Sakamoto
- Graduate
School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Graduate
School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8316, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hama
- Institute
of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Yoshizumi Kajii
- Graduate
School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Graduate
School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8316, Japan
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Shinichi Enami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
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35
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Atmospheric transformation of plant volatiles disrupts host plant finding. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33851. [PMID: 27651113 PMCID: PMC5030639 DOI: 10.1038/srep33851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play important roles in plant-insect interactions. Atmospheric pollutants such as ozone (O3) can react with VOCs and affect the dynamics and fidelity of these interactions. However, the effects of atmospheric degradation of plant VOCs on plant-insect interactions remains understudied. We used a system comprising Brassica oleracea subsp. capitata (cabbage) and the specialist herbivore Plutella xylostella to test whether O3-triggered VOC degradation disturbs larval host orientation, and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Larvae oriented towards both constitutive and larva-induced cabbage VOC blends, the latter being the more attractive. Such behaviour was, however, dramatically reduced in O3-polluted environments. Mechanistically, O3 rapidly degraded VOCs with the magnitude of degradation increasing with O3 levels. Furthermore, we used Teflon filters to collect VOCs and their reaction products, which were used as odour sources in behavioural tests. Larvae avoided filters exposed to O3-transformed VOCs and spent less time searching on them compared to filters exposed to original VOCs, which suggests that some degradation products may have repellent properties. Our study clearly demonstrates that oxidizing pollutants in the atmosphere can interfere with insect host location, and highlights the need to address their broader impacts when evaluating the ecological significance of VOC-mediated interactions.
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36
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Matsui K. A portion of plant airborne communication is endorsed by uptake and metabolism of volatile organic compounds. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 32:24-30. [PMID: 27281633 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants have the ability to sense volatile organic compounds (VOCs) so as to efficiently adapt to their environment. The mechanisms underlying such plant 'olfactory' systems are largely unknown. Here I would like to propose that the metabolism of VOCs in plant tissues is one of the mechanisms by which plants sense VOCs. During the gas-exchange that is essential for photosynthesis, VOCs in the atmosphere are taken into the intercellular spaces of leaves. Each VOC is partitioned between the gas phase (intercellular space) and liquid phase (cell wall) at a certain ratio determined by Henry's law. The VOCs in the cell wall diffuse through the plasma membrane to the cytosol depending on their oil/water partition coefficients. Plants detoxify some VOCs, especially those that are oxidized, through glycosylation, glutathionylation, and reduction. These metabolic processes lower the concentration of VOCs in the cytosol, which facilitates further cytosolic uptake. As a result, vigorous metabolism of VOCs in the cytosol can lead to a substantial accumulation of VOC metabolites and the depletion of glutathione or NADPH. One such metabolite (a VOC glycoside) is known to mount a direct defense against herbivores, whilst deprivation of glutathione and NADPH can fortify plants with responses similar to the oxidative stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Matsui
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, and Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan.
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37
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Glasius M, Goldstein AH. Recent Discoveries and Future Challenges in Atmospheric Organic Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2754-64. [PMID: 26862779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Earth's atmosphere contains a multitude of organic compounds, which differ by orders of magnitude regarding fundamental properties such as volatility, reactivity, and propensity to form cloud droplets, affecting their impact on global climate and human health. Despite recent major research efforts and advances, there are still substantial gaps in understanding of atmospheric organic chemistry, hampering efforts to understand, model, and mitigate environmental problems such as aerosol formation in both polluted urban and more pristine regions. The analytical toolbox available for chemists to study atmospheric organic components has expanded considerably during the past decade, opening new windows into speciation, time resolution and detection of reactive and semivolatile compounds at low concentrations. This has provided unprecedented opportunities, but also unveiled new scientific challenges. Specific groundbreaking examples include the role of epoxides in aerosol formation especially from isoprene, the importance of highly oxidized, reactive organics in air-surface processes (whether atmosphere-biosphere exchange or aerosols), as well as the extent of interactions of anthropogenic and biogenic emissions and the resulting impact on atmospheric organic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Glasius
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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38
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Wolfe GM, Kaiser J, Hanisco TF, Keutsch FN, de Gouw JA, Gilman JB, Graus M, Hatch CD, Holloway J, Horowitz LW, Lee BH, Lerner BM, Lopez-Hilifiker F, Mao J, Marvin MR, Peischl J, Pollack IB, Roberts JM, Ryerson TB, Thornton JA, Veres PR, Warneke C. Formaldehyde production from isoprene oxidation across NO x regimes. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2016; 16:2597-2610. [PMID: 29619046 PMCID: PMC5879783 DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-2597-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The chemical link between isoprene and formaldehyde (HCHO) is a strong, non-linear function of NOx (= NO + NO2). This relationship is a linchpin for top-down isoprene emission inventory verification from orbital HCHO column observations. It is also a benchmark for overall photochemical mechanism performance with regard to VOC oxidation. Using a comprehensive suite of airborne in situ observations over the Southeast U.S., we quantify HCHO production across the urban-rural spectrum. Analysis of isoprene and its major first-generation oxidation products allows us to define both a "prompt" yield of HCHO (molecules of HCHO produced per molecule of freshly-emitted isoprene) and the background HCHO mixing ratio (from oxidation of longer-lived hydrocarbons). Over the range of observed NOx values (roughly 0.1 - 2 ppbv), the prompt yield increases by a factor of 3 (from 0.3 to 0.9 ppbv ppbv-1), while background HCHO increases by a factor of 2 (from 1.6 to 3.3 ppbv). We apply the same method to evaluate the performance of both a global chemical transport model (AM3) and a measurement-constrained 0-D steady state box model. Both models reproduce the NOx dependence of the prompt HCHO yield, illustrating that models with updated isoprene oxidation mechanisms can adequately capture the link between HCHO and recent isoprene emissions. On the other hand, both models under-estimate background HCHO mixing ratios, suggesting missing HCHO precursors, inadequate representation of later-generation isoprene degradation and/or under-estimated hydroxyl radical concentrations. Detailed process rates from the box model simulation demonstrate a 3-fold increase in HCHO production across the range of observed NOx values, driven by a 100% increase in OH and a 40% increase in branching of organic peroxy radical reactions to produce HCHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. M. Wolfe
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - J. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - T. F. Hanisco
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - F. N. Keutsch
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J. A. de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J. B. Gilman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M. Graus
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - C. D. Hatch
- Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway, AR, USA
| | - J. Holloway
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - L. W. Horowitz
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - B. H. Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - B. M. Lerner
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - F. Lopez-Hilifiker
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J. Mao
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
| | - M. R. Marvin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - J. Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - I. B. Pollack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J. M. Roberts
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - T. B. Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J. A. Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - P. R. Veres
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - C. Warneke
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
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Brilli F, Gioli B, Fares S, Terenzio Z, Zona D, Gielen B, Loreto F, Janssens IA, Ceulemans R. Rapid leaf development drives the seasonal pattern of volatile organic compound (VOC) fluxes in a 'coppiced' bioenergy poplar plantation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:539-555. [PMID: 26386252 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Leaves of fast-growing, woody bioenergy crops often emit volatile organic compounds (VOC). Some reactive VOC (especially isoprene) play a key role in climate forcing and may negatively affect local air quality. We monitored the seasonal exchange of VOC using the eddy covariance technique in a 'coppiced' poplar plantation. The complex interactions of VOC fluxes with climatic and physiological variables were also explored by using an artificial neural network (Self Organizing Map). Isoprene and methanol were the most abundant VOC emitted by the plantation. Rapid development of the canopy (and thus of the leaf area index, LAI) was associated with high methanol emissions and high rates of gross primary production (GPP) since the beginning of the growing season, while the onset of isoprene emission was delayed. The highest emissions of isoprene, and of isoprene photo-oxidation products (Methyl Vinyl Ketone and Methacrolein, iox ), occurred on the hottest and sunniest days, when GPP and evapotranspiration were highest, and formaldehyde was significantly deposited. Canopy senescence enhanced the exchange of oxygenated VOC. The accuracy of methanol and isoprene emission simulations with the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature increased by applying a function to modify their basal emission factors, accounting for seasonality of GPP or LAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Brilli
- Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence on Plant and Vegetation Ecology (PLECO), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, B-2610, Belgium
- National Research Council, Institute of Agro-environmental and Forest Biology (IBAF-CNR), Via Salaria Km 29,300, Monterotondo Scalo, 00016, Roma, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP-CNR), National Research Council, Via Madonna del piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50017, Italy
| | - Beniamino Gioli
- Biometeorology Institute (IBIMET-CNR), National Research Council, Via G. Caproni 8, Firenze, 50145, Italy
| | - Silvano Fares
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for the Soil-Plant System (RPS-CREA), Via della Navicella 2-4, Roma, 00184, Italy
| | - Zenone Terenzio
- Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence on Plant and Vegetation Ecology (PLECO), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, B-2610, Belgium
| | - Donatella Zona
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Bert Gielen
- Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence on Plant and Vegetation Ecology (PLECO), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, B-2610, Belgium
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP-CNR), National Research Council, Via Madonna del piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50017, Italy
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences (CNR-DISBA), National Research Council, P.le Aldo Moro, Roma, 00185, Italy
| | - Ivan A Janssens
- Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence on Plant and Vegetation Ecology (PLECO), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, B-2610, Belgium
| | - Reinhart Ceulemans
- Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence on Plant and Vegetation Ecology (PLECO), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, B-2610, Belgium
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Nölscher AC, Yañez-Serrano AM, Wolff S, de Araujo AC, Lavrič JV, Kesselmeier J, Williams J. Unexpected seasonality in quantity and composition of Amazon rainforest air reactivity. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10383. [PMID: 26797390 PMCID: PMC4735797 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydroxyl radical (OH) removes most atmospheric pollutants from air. The loss frequency of OH radicals due to the combined effect of all gas-phase OH reactive species is a measureable quantity termed total OH reactivity. Here we present total OH reactivity observations in pristine Amazon rainforest air, as a function of season, time-of-day and height (0–80 m). Total OH reactivity is low during wet (10 s−1) and high during dry season (62 s−1). Comparison to individually measured trace gases reveals strong variation in unaccounted for OH reactivity, from 5 to 15% missing in wet-season afternoons to mostly unknown (average 79%) during dry season. During dry-season afternoons isoprene, considered the dominant reagent with OH in rainforests, only accounts for ∼20% of the total OH reactivity. Vertical profiles of OH reactivity are shaped by biogenic emissions, photochemistry and turbulent mixing. The rainforest floor was identified as a significant but poorly characterized source of OH reactivity. The degree to which biogenic volatile organic compounds released by the Amazon canopy impact oxidation capacity remains uncertain. Here, the authors evaluate the vertical distribution of total hydroxyl radical reactivity and individual trace gases in the Amazon rainforest, and determine seasonal variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Nölscher
- Air Chemistry and Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - A M Yañez-Serrano
- Air Chemistry and Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany.,Clima e Ambiente (CLIAMB), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Avenue André Araújo 2936, Manaus, Amazonas CEP 69083-000, Brazil
| | - S Wolff
- Air Chemistry and Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany.,Clima e Ambiente (CLIAMB), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Avenue André Araújo 2936, Manaus, Amazonas CEP 69083-000, Brazil
| | - A Carioca de Araujo
- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, Belem, Pará CEP 66095-100, Brazil
| | - J V Lavrič
- Biogeochemical Systems Department, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - J Kesselmeier
- Air Chemistry and Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - J Williams
- Air Chemistry and Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
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41
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Wolfe GM, Kaiser J, Hanisco TF, Keutsch FN, de Gouw JA, Gilman JB, Graus M, Hatch CD, Holloway J, Horowitz LW, Lee BH, Lerner BM, Lopez-Hilifiker F, Mao J, Marvin MR, Peischl J, Pollack IB, Roberts JM, Ryerson TB, Thornton JA, Veres PR, Warneke C. Formaldehyde production from isoprene oxidation across NO x regimes. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2016. [PMID: 29619046 DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-2597-] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The chemical link between isoprene and formaldehyde (HCHO) is a strong, non-linear function of NOx (= NO + NO2). This relationship is a linchpin for top-down isoprene emission inventory verification from orbital HCHO column observations. It is also a benchmark for overall photochemical mechanism performance with regard to VOC oxidation. Using a comprehensive suite of airborne in situ observations over the Southeast U.S., we quantify HCHO production across the urban-rural spectrum. Analysis of isoprene and its major first-generation oxidation products allows us to define both a "prompt" yield of HCHO (molecules of HCHO produced per molecule of freshly-emitted isoprene) and the background HCHO mixing ratio (from oxidation of longer-lived hydrocarbons). Over the range of observed NOx values (roughly 0.1 - 2 ppbv), the prompt yield increases by a factor of 3 (from 0.3 to 0.9 ppbv ppbv-1), while background HCHO increases by a factor of 2 (from 1.6 to 3.3 ppbv). We apply the same method to evaluate the performance of both a global chemical transport model (AM3) and a measurement-constrained 0-D steady state box model. Both models reproduce the NOx dependence of the prompt HCHO yield, illustrating that models with updated isoprene oxidation mechanisms can adequately capture the link between HCHO and recent isoprene emissions. On the other hand, both models under-estimate background HCHO mixing ratios, suggesting missing HCHO precursors, inadequate representation of later-generation isoprene degradation and/or under-estimated hydroxyl radical concentrations. Detailed process rates from the box model simulation demonstrate a 3-fold increase in HCHO production across the range of observed NOx values, driven by a 100% increase in OH and a 40% increase in branching of organic peroxy radical reactions to produce HCHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Wolfe
- Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - J Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - T F Hanisco
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - F N Keutsch
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J A de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J B Gilman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M Graus
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - C D Hatch
- Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway, AR, USA
| | - J Holloway
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - L W Horowitz
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - B H Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - B M Lerner
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - F Lopez-Hilifiker
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J Mao
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
| | - M R Marvin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - J Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - I B Pollack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J M Roberts
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - T B Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - P R Veres
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - C Warneke
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
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Weyens N, Thijs S, Popek R, Witters N, Przybysz A, Espenshade J, Gawronska H, Vangronsveld J, Gawronski SW. The Role of Plant-Microbe Interactions and Their Exploitation for Phytoremediation of Air Pollutants. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:25576-604. [PMID: 26516837 PMCID: PMC4632817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161025576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since air pollution has been linked to a plethora of human health problems, strategies to improve air quality are indispensable. Despite the complexity in composition of air pollution, phytoremediation was shown to be effective in cleaning air. Plants are known to scavenge significant amounts of air pollutants on their aboveground plant parts. Leaf fall and runoff lead to transfer of (part of) the adsorbed pollutants to the soil and rhizosphere below. After uptake in the roots and leaves, plants can metabolize, sequestrate and/or excrete air pollutants. In addition, plant-associated microorganisms play an important role by degrading, detoxifying or sequestrating the pollutants and by promoting plant growth. In this review, an overview of the available knowledge about the role and potential of plant-microbe interactions to improve indoor and outdoor air quality is provided. Most importantly, common air pollutants (particulate matter, volatile organic compounds and inorganic air pollutants) and their toxicity are described. For each of these pollutant types, a concise overview of the specific contributions of the plant and its microbiome is presented. To conclude, the state of the art and its related future challenges are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Weyens
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan building D, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium.
| | - Sofie Thijs
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan building D, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium.
| | - Robert Popek
- Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, Warsaw 02-766, Poland.
| | - Nele Witters
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan building D, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium.
| | - Arkadiusz Przybysz
- Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, Warsaw 02-766, Poland.
| | - Jordan Espenshade
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan building D, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium.
| | - Helena Gawronska
- Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, Warsaw 02-766, Poland.
| | - Jaco Vangronsveld
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan building D, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium.
| | - Stanislaw W Gawronski
- Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, Warsaw 02-766, Poland.
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43
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Fares S, Paoletti E, Loreto F, Brilli F. Bidirectional Flux of Methyl Vinyl Ketone and Methacrolein in Trees with Different Isoprenoid Emission under Realistic Ambient Concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:7735-42. [PMID: 26030832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) and methacrolein (MAC) are key oxidation products (iox) of isoprene, the most abundant volatile organic compound (VOC) emitted by vascular plants in the atmosphere. Increasing attention has been dedicated to iox, as they are involved in the photochemical cycles ultimately leading to ozone (O3) and particle formation. However, the capacity of plants to exchange iox under low and realistic ambient concentrations of iox needs to be assessed. We hypothesized that a foliar uptake of iox exists even under realistic concentrations of iox. We tested the capacity of iox exchange in trees constitutively emitting isoprene (Populus nigra) or monoterpenes (Quercus ilex), or that do not emit isoprenoids (Paulownia imperialis). Laboratory experiments were carried out at the leaf level using enclosures under controlled environmental factors and manipulating isoprene and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by using the isoprene specific inhibitor fosmidomycin, acute O3 exposure (300 ppbv for 4 h), and dark conditions. We also tested whether stress conditions inducing accumulation of ROS significantly enhance iox formation in the leaf, and their emission. Our results show a negligible level of constitutive iox emission in unstressed plants, and in plants treated with high O3. The uptake of iox increased linearly with exposure to increasing concentrations of ambient iox (from 0 to 6 ppbv of a 1:1 = MVK/MAC mixture) in all the investigated species, indicating iox fast removal and low compensation point in unstressed and stressed conditions. Plant capacity to take up iox should be included in global models that integrate estimates of iox formation, emission, and photochemical reactions in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvano Fares
- †Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Center for the Soil-Plant System, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- ‡National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Firenze 1-50019, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- §National Research Council, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Science (DISBA), Rome 7-00185, Italy
| | - Federico Brilli
- ∥National Research Council, Institute of Agro-Environmental and Forest Biology (IBAF), Rome 7-00185, Italy
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Ali N, Al-Awadhi H, Dashti N, Khanafer M, El-Nemr I, Sorkhoh N, Radwan SS. Bioremediation of Atmospheric Hydrocarbons via Bacteria Naturally Associated with Leaves of Higher Plants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2015; 17:1160-1170. [PMID: 25946637 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2015.1045125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria associated with leaves of sixteen cultivated and wild plant species from all over Kuwait were analyzed by a culture-independent approach. This technique depended on partial sequencing of 16S rDNA regions in total genomic DNA from the bacterial consortia and comparing the resulting sequences with those in the GenBank database. To release bacterial cells from leaves, tough methods such as sonication co-released too much leaf chloroplasts whose DNA interfered with the bacterial DNA. A more satisfactory bacterial release with a minimum of chloroplast co-release was done by gently rubbing the leaf surfaces with soft tooth brushes in phosphate buffer. The leaves of all plant species harbored on their surfaces bacterial communities predominated by hydrocarbonoclastic (hydrocarbon-utilizing) bacterial genera. Leaves of 6 representative plants brought about in the laboratory effective removal of volatile hydrocarbons in sealed microcosms. Each individual plant species had a unique bacterial community structure. Collectively, the phyllospheric microflora on the studied plants comprised the genera Flavobacterium, Halomonas, Arthrobacter, Marinobacter, Neisseria, Ralstonia, Ochrobactrum. Exiguobacterium, Planomicrobium, Propionibacterium, Kocuria, Rhodococcus and Stenotrophomonas. This community structure was dramatically different from the structure we determined earlier for the same plants using the culture-dependent approach, although in both cases, hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria were frequent.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ali
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Faculty of Science, Kuwait University , Safat , Kuwait
| | - H Al-Awadhi
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Faculty of Science, Kuwait University , Safat , Kuwait
| | - N Dashti
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Faculty of Science, Kuwait University , Safat , Kuwait
| | - M Khanafer
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Faculty of Science, Kuwait University , Safat , Kuwait
| | - I El-Nemr
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Faculty of Science, Kuwait University , Safat , Kuwait
| | - N Sorkhoh
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Faculty of Science, Kuwait University , Safat , Kuwait
| | - S S Radwan
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Faculty of Science, Kuwait University , Safat , Kuwait
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45
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Fares S, Loreto F. Isoprenoid emissions by the Mediterranean vegetation in Castelporziano. RENDICONTI LINCEI-SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-014-0331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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46
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Rinnan R, Steinke M, McGenity T, Loreto F. Plant volatiles in extreme terrestrial and marine environments. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1776-89. [PMID: 24601952 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the current understanding on plant and algal volatile organic compound (VOC) production and emission in extreme environments, where temperature, water availability, salinity or other environmental factors pose stress on vegetation. Here, the extreme environments include terrestrial systems, such as arctic tundra, deserts, CO₂ springs and wetlands, and marine systems such as sea ice, tidal rock pools and hypersaline environments, with mangroves and salt marshes at the land-sea interface. The emission potentials at fixed temperature and light level or actual emission rates for phototrophs in extreme environments are frequently higher than for organisms from less stressful environments. For example, plants from the arctic tundra appear to have higher emission potentials for isoprenoids than temperate species, and hypersaline marine habitats contribute to global dimethyl sulphide (DMS) emissions in significant amounts. DMS emissions are more widespread than previously considered, for example, in salt marshes and some desert plants. The reason for widespread VOC, especially isoprenoid, emissions from different extreme environments deserves further attention, as these compounds may have important roles in stress resistance and adaptation to extremes. Climate warming is likely to significantly increase VOC emissions from extreme environments both by direct effects on VOC production and volatility, and indirectly by altering the composition of the vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Rinnan
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, DK-2100, Denmark; Centre for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen K, DK-1350, Denmark
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Niinemets Ü, Fares S, Harley P, Jardine KJ. Bidirectional exchange of biogenic volatiles with vegetation: emission sources, reactions, breakdown and deposition. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1790-809. [PMID: 24635661 PMCID: PMC4289707 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions are widely modelled as inputs to atmospheric chemistry simulations. However, BVOC may interact with cellular structures and neighbouring leaves in a complex manner during volatile diffusion from the sites of release to leaf boundary layer and during turbulent transport to the atmospheric boundary layer. Furthermore, recent observations demonstrate that the BVOC emissions are bidirectional, and uptake and deposition of BVOC and their oxidation products are the rule rather than the exception. This review summarizes current knowledge of within-leaf reactions of synthesized volatiles with reactive oxygen species (ROS), uptake, deposition and storage of volatiles, and their oxidation products as driven by adsorption on leaf surface and solubilization and enzymatic detoxification inside leaves. The available evidence indicates that because of the reactions with ROS and enzymatic metabolism, the BVOC gross production rates are much larger than previously thought. The degree to which volatiles react within leaves and can be potentially taken up by vegetation depends upon compound reactivity, physicochemical characteristics, as well as upon their participation in leaf metabolism. We argue that future models should be based upon the concept of bidirectional BVOC exchange and consider modification of BVOC sink/source strengths by within-leaf metabolism and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Silvano Fares
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Centro di Ricerca per lo Studio delle Relazioni tra Pianta e Suolo, Via della Navicella 2-4, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Harley
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kolby J. Jardine
- Climate Science Department, Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Rd, building 64-241, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Wells KC, Millet DB, Cady-Pereira KE, Shephard MW, Henze DK, Bousserez N, Apel EC, de Gouw J, Warneke C, Singh HB. Quantifying global terrestrial methanol emissions using observations from the TES satellite sensor. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2014; 14:2555-2570. [PMID: 33758587 PMCID: PMC7983851 DOI: 10.5194/acp-14-2555-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We employ new global space-based measurements of atmospheric methanol from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) with the adjoint of the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model to quantify terrestrial emissions of methanol to the atmosphere. Biogenic methanol emissions in the model are based on version 2.1 of the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGANv2.1), using leaf area data from NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and GEOS-5 assimilated meteorological fields. We first carry out a pseudo observation test to validate the overall approach, and find that the TES sampling density is sufficient to accurately quantify regional- to continental-scale methanol emissions using this method. A global inversion of two years of TES data yields an optimized annual global surface flux of 122 Tg yr-1 (including biogenic, pyrogenic, and anthropogenic sources), an increase of 60 % from the a priori global flux of 76 Tg yr-1. Global terrestrial methanol emissions are thus nearly 25 % those of isoprene (~540 Tg yr-1), and are comparable to the combined emissions of all anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (~100-200 Tg yr-1). Our a posteriori terrestrial methanol source leads to a strong improvement of the simulation relative to an ensemble of airborne observations, and corroborates two other recent top-down estimates (114-120 Tg yr-1) derived using in situ and space-based measurements. Inversions testing the sensitivity of optimized fluxes to model errors in OH, dry deposition, and oceanic uptake of methanol, as well as to the assumed a priori constraint, lead to global fluxes ranging from 118 to 126 Tg yr-1. The TES data imply a relatively modest revision of model emissions over most of the tropics, but a significant upward revision in midlatitudes, particularly over Europe and North America. We interpret the inversion results in terms of specific source types using the methanol : CO correlations measured by TES, and find that biogenic emissions are overestimated relative to biomass burning and anthropogenic emissions in central Africa and southeastern China, while they are underestimated in regions such as Brazil and the US. Based on our optimized emissions, methanol accounts for > 25 % of the photochemical source of CO and HCHO over many parts of the northern extratropics during springtime, and contributes ~6 % of the global secondary source of those compounds annually.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Wells
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - D. B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - K. E. Cady-Pereira
- Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - D. K. Henze
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - N. Bousserez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - E. C. Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Division, NCAR, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - J. de Gouw
- Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - C. Warneke
- Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - H. B. Singh
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
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Abstract
Urbanization, resource exploitation, and lifestyle changes have diminished possibilities for human contact with nature in urbanized societies. Concern about the loss has helped motivate research on the health benefits of contact with nature. Reviewing that research here, we focus on nature as represented by aspects of the physical environment relevant to planning, design, and policy measures that serve broad segments of urbanized societies. We discuss difficulties in defining "nature" and reasons for the current expansion of the research field, and we assess available reviews. We then consider research on pathways between nature and health involving air quality, physical activity, social cohesion, and stress reduction. Finally, we discuss methodological issues and priorities for future research. The extant research does describe an array of benefits of contact with nature, and evidence regarding some benefits is strong; however, some findings indicate caution is needed in applying beliefs about those benefits, and substantial gaps in knowledge remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Hartig
- Institute for Housing and Urban Research, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden;
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Timkovsky J, Gankema P, Pierik R, Holzinger R. A plant chamber system with downstream reaction chamber to study the effects of pollution on biogenic emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:2301-2312. [PMID: 25068256 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00214h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A system of two plant chambers and a downstream reaction chamber has been set up to investigate the emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and possible effects of pollutants such as ozone. The system can be used to compare BVOC emissions from two sets of differently treated plants, or to study the photochemistry of real plant emissions under polluted conditions without exposing the plants to pollutants. The main analytical tool is a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS) which allows online monitoring of biogenic emissions and chemical degradation products. The identification of BVOCs and their oxidation products is aided by cryogenic trapping and subsequent in situ gas chromatographic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Timkovsky
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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