1
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Dresselhaus JL, Zakharova M, Ivanov N, Fleckenstein H, Prasciolu M, Yefanov O, Li C, Zhang W, Middendorf P, Egorov D, De Gennaro Aquino I, Chapman HN, Bajt S. X-ray focusing below 3 nm with aberration-corrected multilayer Laue lenses. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:16004-16015. [PMID: 38859238 DOI: 10.1364/oe.518964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Multilayer Laue lenses are volume diffractive optical elements for hard X-rays with the potential to focus beams to sizes as small as 1 nm. This ability is limited by the precision of the manufacturing process, whereby systematic errors that arise during fabrication contribute to wavefront aberrations even after calibration of the deposition process based on wavefront metrology. Such aberrations can be compensated by using a phase plate. However, current high numerical aperture lenses for nanometer resolution exhibit errors that exceed those that can be corrected by a single phase plate. To address this, we accumulate a large wavefront correction by propagation through a linear array of 3D-printed phase correcting elements. With such a compound refractive corrector, we report on a point spread function with a full-width at half maximum area of 2.9 × 2.8 nm2 at a photon energy of 17.5 keV.
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2
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Tang Q, Yin D, Liu Y, Zhang J, Guan Y, Kong H, Wang Y, Zhang X, Li J, Wang L, Hu J, Cai X, Zhu Y. Clickable X-ray Nanoprobes for Nanoscopic Bioimaging of Cellular Structures. JACS AU 2024; 4:893-902. [PMID: 38559738 PMCID: PMC10976567 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Synchrotron-based X-ray microscopy (XRM) has garnered widespread attention from researchers due to its high spatial resolution and excellent energy (element) resolution. Existing molecular probes suitable for XRM include immune probes and genetic labeling probes, enabling the precise imaging of various biological targets within cells. However, immune labeling techniques are prone to cross-interference between antigens and antibodies. Genetic labeling technologies have limited systems that allow express markers independently, and moreover, genetically encoded labels based on catalytic polymerization lack a fixed morphology. When applied to cell imaging, this can result in reduced localization accuracy due to the diffusion of labels within the cells. Therefore, both techniques face challenges in simultaneously labeling multiple biotargets within cells and achieving high-precision imaging. In this work, we applied the click reaction and developed a third category of imaging probes suitable for XRM, termed clickable X-ray nanoprobes (Click-XRN). Click-XRN consists of two components: an X-ray-sensitive multicolor imaging module and a particle-size-controllable morphology module. Efficient identification of intra- and extracellular biotargets is achieved through click reactions between the probe and biomolecules. Click-XRN possesses a controllable particle size, and its loading of various metal ions provides distinctive signals for imaging under XRM. Based on this, we optimized the imaging energy of Click-XRN with different particle sizes, enabling single-color and two-color imaging of the cell membrane, cell nucleus, and mitochondria with nanoscale spatial nanometers. Our work provides a potent molecular tool for investigating cellular activities through XRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaowei Tang
- Institute
of Materiobiology, College of Science, Shanghai
University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Xiangfu
Laboratory, Jiashan 314102, China
| | - Dapeng Yin
- Division
of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and
Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Yubo Liu
- Division
of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and
Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Jichao Zhang
- Shanghai
Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai
Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Yong Guan
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Huating Kong
- Shanghai
Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai
Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Yiliu Wang
- Division
of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and
Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Xiangzhi Zhang
- Shanghai
Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai
Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Institute
of Materiobiology, College of Science, Shanghai
University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Division
of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and
Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Institute
of Materiobiology, College of Science, Shanghai
University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Division
of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and
Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Institute
of Materiobiology, College of Science, Shanghai
University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Division
of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and
Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- Shanghai
Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai
Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Institute
of Materiobiology, College of Science, Shanghai
University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Division
of Physical Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and
Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
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3
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Lotze G, Iyer AHS, Bäcke O, Kalbfleisch S, Colliander MH. In situ characterization of stresses, deformation and fracture of thin films using transmission X-ray nanodiffraction microscopy. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2024; 31:42-54. [PMID: 38095669 PMCID: PMC10833435 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577523010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The use of hard X-ray transmission nano- and microdiffraction to perform in situ stress and strain measurements during deformation has recently been demonstrated and used to investigate many thin film systems. Here a newly commissioned sample environment based on a commercially available nanoindenter is presented, which is available at the NanoMAX beamline at the MAX IV synchrotron. Using X-ray nanoprobes of around 60-70 nm at 14-16 keV and a scanning step size of 100 nm, we map the strains, stresses, plastic deformation and fracture during nanoindentation of industrial coatings with thicknesses in the range of several micrometres, relatively strong texture and large grains. The successful measurements of such challenging samples illustrate broad applicability. The sample environment is openly accessible for NanoMAX beamline users through the MAX IV sample environment pool, and its capability can be further extended for specific purposes through additional available modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Lotze
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund, Sweden
- LINXS Institute of Advanced Neutron and X-ray Science, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anand H. S. Iyer
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olof Bäcke
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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4
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Seret A, Kehres J, Gundlach C, Lund Olsen U, Friis Poulsen H, Juul Jensen D, Cordier M, Stripe B, Yun W, Zhang Y. Characterization of Pt-coated twin paraboloidal laboratory capillary high energy X-ray optics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:38840-38853. [PMID: 38017978 DOI: 10.1364/oe.499829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Novel focusing optics composed of twin paraboloidal capillaries coated with Pt, for laboratory X-ray sources are presented and characterized. The optics are designed to focus the X-rays, resulting in an achromatic focused beam with photon energies up to 40 keV. The performance of the optics under different operational conditions is studied by comparing the energy-photon count spectra of the direct and focused beams. Based on these analyses, the optics gain and efficiency as a function of photon energy are determined. A focal spot of 8.5 µm with a divergence angle of 0.59° is observed. The obtained characteristics are discussed and related to theoretical considerations. Moreover, the suitability and advantages of the present optics for X-ray microdiffraction is demonstrated using polycrystalline aluminium. Finally, possibilities for further developments are suggested.
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5
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Holstad TS, Dresselhaus-Marais LE, Ræder TM, Kozioziemski B, van Driel T, Seaberg M, Folsom E, Eggert JH, Knudsen EB, Nielsen MM, Simons H, Haldrup K, Poulsen HF. Real-time imaging of acoustic waves in bulk materials with X-ray microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2307049120. [PMID: 37725646 PMCID: PMC10523471 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307049120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of lattice vibrations govern many material processes, such as acoustic wave propagation, displacive phase transitions, and ballistic thermal transport. The maximum velocity of these processes and their effects is determined by the speed of sound, which therefore defines the temporal resolution (picoseconds) needed to resolve these phenomena on their characteristic length scales (nanometers). Here, we present an X-ray microscope capable of imaging acoustic waves with subpicosecond resolution within mm-sized crystals. We directly visualize the generation, propagation, branching, and energy dissipation of longitudinal and transverse acoustic waves in diamond, demonstrating how mechanical energy thermalizes from picosecond to microsecond timescales. Bulk characterization techniques capable of resolving this level of structural detail have previously been available on millisecond time scales-orders of magnitude too slow to capture these fundamental phenomena in solid-state physics and geoscience. As such, the reported results provide broad insights into the interaction of acoustic waves with the structure of materials, and the availability of ultrafast time-resolved dark-field X-ray microscopy opens a vista of new opportunities for 3D imaging of materials dynamics on their intrinsic submicrosecond time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodor S. Holstad
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby2800, Denmark
| | - Leora E. Dresselhaus-Marais
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA94025-7015
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA94550-9234
| | - Trygve Magnus Ræder
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby2800, Denmark
| | - Bernard Kozioziemski
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA94550-9234
| | - Tim van Driel
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA94025-7015
| | - Matthew Seaberg
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA94025-7015
| | - Eric Folsom
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA94550-9234
| | - Jon H. Eggert
- Physics Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA94550-9234
| | | | | | - Hugh Simons
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby2800, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Haldrup
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby2800, Denmark
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6
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Dhamgaye V, Laundy D, Khosroabadi H, Moxham T, Baldock S, Fox O, Sawhney K. Alvarez varifocal X-ray lens. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4582. [PMID: 37524749 PMCID: PMC10390599 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Visible light optical elements such as lenses and mirrors have counterparts for X-rays. In the visible regime, a variable focusing power can be achieved by an Alvarez lens which consists of a pair of inline planar refractors with a cubic thickness profile. When the two refractors are laterally displaced in opposite directions, the parabolic component of the wavefront is changed resulting in a longitudinal displacement of the focus. This paper reports an implementation of this concept for X-rays using two planar microfabricated refractive elements. The Alvarez X-ray lens can vary the focal distance of an elliptical X-ray mirror or a planar compound X-ray lens over several millimetres. The study presents the first demonstration of an Alvarez X-ray lens which adaptively corrects defocus and astigmatism aberrations of X-ray optics. In addition, the Alvarez X-ray lens eliminates coma aberration in an elliptical mirror, to the lowest order, when combining the lens with an adjustment of the pitch angle of the mirror.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Dhamgaye
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0DE, UK.
- Synchrotron Utilisation Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, India.
| | - David Laundy
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Hossein Khosroabadi
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Thomas Moxham
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0DE, UK
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, Oxon, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Sara Baldock
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Oliver Fox
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Kawal Sawhney
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0DE, UK
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7
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Abe M, Ishiguro N, Uematsu H, Takazawa S, Kaneko F, Takahashi Y. X-ray ptychographic and fluorescence microscopy using virtual single-pixel imaging based deconvolution with accurate probe images. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:26027-26039. [PMID: 37710473 DOI: 10.1364/oe.495733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous measurement of X-ray ptychography and fluorescence microscopy allows high-resolution and high-sensitivity observations of the microstructure and trace-element distribution of a sample. In this paper, we propose a method for improving scanning fluorescence X-ray microscopy (SFXM) images, in which the SFXM image is deconvolved via virtual single-pixel imaging using different probe images for each scanning point obtained by X-ray ptychographic reconstruction. Numerical simulations confirmed that this method can increase the spatial resolution while suppressing artifacts caused by probe imprecision, e.g., probe position errors and wavefront changes. The method also worked well in synchrotron radiation experiments to increase the spatial resolution and was applied to the observation of S element maps of ZnS particles.
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8
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Shi X, Kurman Y, Shentcis M, Wong LJ, García de Abajo FJ, Kaminer I. Free-electron interactions with van der Waals heterostructures: a source of focused X-ray radiation. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:148. [PMID: 37321995 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01141-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The science and technology of X-ray optics have come far, enabling the focusing of X-rays for applications in high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy, imaging, and irradiation. In spite of this, many forms of tailoring waves that had substantial impact on applications in the optical regime have remained out of reach in the X-ray regime. This disparity fundamentally arises from the tendency of refractive indices of all materials to approach unity at high frequencies, making X-ray-optical components such as lenses and mirrors much harder to create and often less efficient. Here, we propose a new concept for X-ray focusing based on inducing a curved wavefront into the X-ray generation process, resulting in the intrinsic focusing of X-ray waves. This concept can be seen as effectively integrating the optics to be part of the emission mechanism, thus bypassing the efficiency limits imposed by X-ray optical components, enabling the creation of nanobeams with nanoscale focal spot sizes and micrometer-scale focal lengths. Specifically, we implement this concept by designing aperiodic vdW heterostructures that shape X-rays when driven by free electrons. The parameters of the focused hotspot, such as lateral size and focal depth, are tunable as a function of an interlayer spacing chirp and electron energy. Looking forward, ongoing advances in the creation of many-layer vdW heterostructures open unprecedented horizons of focusing and arbitrary shaping of X-ray nanobeams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihang Shi
- Solid State Institute and Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Yaniv Kurman
- Solid State Institute and Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Michael Shentcis
- Solid State Institute and Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Liang Jie Wong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, 08860, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Solid State Institute and Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel.
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9
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Sun W, Wang Y, Meng X, Ren J, Cao J, Li J, Tai R. Partially coherent light propagation through a kinoform lens. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2023; 30:519-526. [PMID: 36947162 PMCID: PMC10161882 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577523000875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Combining wave optics propagation and geometric ray tracing, the mutual optical intensity (MOI) model is extended to quantitatively simulate the propagation of partially coherent light through a kinoform lens at high speed. The MOI model can provide both a high accuracy and a high efficiency simulation. The intensity and coherence degree distributions at the focal plane are calculated using the MOI model. It is beneficial to improve the focusing capability of the kinoform lens by reducing the coherence or increasing the number of lens steps. In addition, increasing the number of steps is also beneficial to increase the photon flux and reduce the depth of focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jialuo Road 2019, Jiading District, Shanghai 201800, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Meng
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhangheng Road 239, Pudong District, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Junchao Ren
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhangheng Road 239, Pudong District, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiefeng Cao
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhangheng Road 239, Pudong District, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqin Li
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhangheng Road 239, Pudong District, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Renzhong Tai
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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10
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Chacon C, Suarez M, Karakhanyan V, Desjardin K, Menneglier C, Soppera O, Moutarlier V, Grosjean T. Multipixel x ray detection integrated at the end of a narrow multicore fiber. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:2178-2181. [PMID: 37058671 DOI: 10.1364/ol.484887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We introduce and demonstrate the concept of a multipixel detector integrated at the tip of an individual multicore fiber. A pixel consists here of an aluminum-coated polymer microtip incorporating a scintillating powder. Upon irradiation, the luminescence released by the scintillators is efficiently transferred into the fiber cores owing to the specifically elongated metal-coated tips that ensure efficient luminescence matching to the fiber modes. With each pixel being selectively coupled to one of the cores of the multicore optical fiber, the resulting fiber-integrated x ray detection process is totally free from inter-pixel cross talk. Our approach holds promise for fiber-integrated probes and cameras for remote x and gamma ray analysis and imaging in hard-to-reach environments.
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11
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Shibazaki Y, Wakabayashi D, Suzuki Y, Nishimura R, Hirano K, Sugiyama H, Igarashi N, Funamori N. Alignment and use of microbeam with full-field x-ray microscopes. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:013102. [PMID: 36725569 DOI: 10.1063/5.0123780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Demonstration tests of the alignment of Fresnel zone plate focusing optics using a full-field x-ray microscope and microbeam x-ray diffraction measurements combined with the full-field x-ray microscope were performed. It was confirmed that the full-field x-ray microscope enables direct two-dimensional observation of a microbeam with sub-micrometer spatial resolution. This allowed visualization of the misalignment of the focusing optics, resulting in accurate alignment of the optics within a short time. In addition, the microscope could be used to observe the sample as well as the microbeam, which enabled clarification of the position and two-dimensional shape of the microbeam on the sample. This realized a measurement procedure that a 100-μm-size sample was imaged with sub-micrometer spatial resolution, and then, microbeam-use measurements were performed for only the region of interest determined by the microscope, which has been difficult with conventional microbeam applications. The combination of observations by a full-field x-ray microscope and measurements using a microbeam is expected to open a new style of measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Shibazaki
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Daisuke Wakabayashi
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Yoshio Suzuki
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Nishimura
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Keiichi Hirano
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Igarashi
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Funamori
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan
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12
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Edwards TEJ, Maeder X, Ast J, Berger L, Michler J. Mapping pure plastic strains against locally applied stress: Revealing toughening plasticity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo5735. [PMID: 35895819 PMCID: PMC9328672 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo5735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The deformation of all materials can be separated into elastic and plastic parts. Measuring the purely plastic component is complex but crucial to fully characterize, understand, and engineer structural materials to "bend, not break." Our approach has mapped this to answer the long-standing riddle in materials mechanics: The low toughness of body-centered cubic metals, where we advance an experimentally led mitigative theory. At a micromechanically loaded crack, we measured in situ the stress state applied locally on slip systems, and the dislocation content, and then correlatively compared with the occurrence-or not-of toughness-inducing local plasticity. We highlight limitations and potential misinterpretations of commonly used postmortem transmission electron imaging. This should enable better-informed design for beneficial plasticity and strength in crystalline and amorphous solids alike.
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13
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Ham D, Lee SY, Choi S, Oh HJ, Noh DY, Kang HC. Multimodal X-ray probe station at 9C beamline of Pohang Light Source-II. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:1114-1121. [PMID: 35787579 PMCID: PMC9255584 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522006397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the conceptual design and performance of a multimodal X-ray probe station recently installed at the 9C coherent X-ray scattering beamline of the Pohang Light Source-II are presented. The purpose of this apparatus is to measure coherent X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and electrical properties simultaneously. A miniature vacuum probe station equipped with a four-point probe was mounted on a six-axis motion hexapod. This can be used to study the structural and chemical evolution of thin films or nanostructures, as well as device performance including electronic transport properties. This probe station also provides the capability of varying sample environments such as gas atmosphere using a mass-flow-control system and sample temperatures up to 600°C using a pyrolytic boron nitride heater. The in situ annealing of ZnO thin films and the performance of ZnO nanostructure-based X-ray photodetectors are discussed. These results demonstrate that a multimodal X-ray probe station can be used for performing in situ and operando experiments to investigate structural phase transitions involving electrical resistivity switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daseul Ham
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Su Yong Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Sukjune Choi
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Ho Jun Oh
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Do Young Noh
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Hyon Chol Kang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
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14
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Dolabella S, Borzì A, Dommann A, Neels A. Lattice Strain and Defects Analysis in Nanostructured Semiconductor Materials and Devices by High-Resolution X-Ray Diffraction: Theoretical and Practical Aspects. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2100932. [PMID: 34951155 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The reliability of semiconductor materials with electrical and optical properties are connected to their structures. The elastic strain field and tilt analysis of the crystal lattice, detectable by the variation in position and shape of the diffraction peaks, is used to quantify defects and investigate their mobility. The exploitation of high-resolution X-ray diffraction-based methods for the evaluation of structural defects in semiconductor materials and devices is reviewed. An efficient and non-destructive characterization is possible for structural parameters such as, lattice strain and tilt, layer composition and thickness, lattice mismatch, and dislocation density. The description of specific experimental diffraction geometries and scanning methods is provided. Today's X-ray diffraction based methods are evaluated and compared, also with respect to their applicability limits. The goal is to understand the close relationship between lattice strain and structural defects. For different material systems, the appropriate analytical methods are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Dolabella
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Aurelio Borzì
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Alex Dommann
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
- ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Neels
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
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15
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Abstract
Abstract
Methods of coherent X-ray diffraction imaging of the spatial structure of noncrystalline objects and nanocrystals (nanostructures) are considered. Particular attention is paid to the methods of scanning-based coherent diffraction imaging (ptychography), visualization based on coherent surface scattering with application of correlation spectroscopy approaches, and specific features of visualization using X-ray free-electron laser radiation. The corresponding data in the literature are analyzed to demonstrate the state of the art of the methods of coherent diffraction imaging and fields of their application.
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16
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Liu X, Ao C, Shen X, Wang L, Wang S, Cao L, Zhang W, Dong J, Bao J, Ding T, Zhang L, Yao T. Dynamic Surface Reconstruction of Single-Atom Bimetallic Alloy under Operando Electrochemical Conditions. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8319-8325. [PMID: 33090809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The atomic-level understanding of the dynamic evolution of the surface structure of bimetallic nanoparticles under industrially relevant operando conditions provides a key guide for improving their catalytic performance. Here, we exploit operando X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy to determine the dynamic surface reconstruction of Cu/Au bimetallic alloy where single-atom Cu was embedded on the Au nanoparticle, under electrocatalytic conditions. We identify the migration of isolated Cu atoms from the vertex position of the Au nanoparticle to the stable (100) plane of the Au first atom layer, when the reduction potential is applied. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the surface atom migration would significantly modulate the Au electronic structure, thus serving as the real active site for the catalytic performance. These findings demonstrate the real structural change under electrochemical conditions and provide guidance for the rational design of high-activity bimetallic nanocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Chengcheng Ao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Shen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Lan Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
- School of National Defense Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
| | - Sicong Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Cao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Dong
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Jun Bao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Tao Ding
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Lidong Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
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17
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Dhamgaye V, Laundy D, Baldock S, Moxham T, Sawhney K. Correction of the X-ray wavefront from compound refractive lenses using 3D printed refractive structures. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:1518-1527. [PMID: 33147177 PMCID: PMC7642970 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520011765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A refractive phase corrector optics is proposed for the compensation of fabrication error of X-ray optical elements. Here, at-wavelength wavefront measurements of the focused X-ray beam by knife-edge imaging technique, the design of a three-dimensional corrector plate, its fabrication by 3D printing, and use of a corrector to compensate for X-ray lens figure errors are presented. A rotationally invariant corrector was manufactured in the polymer IP-STM using additive manufacturing based on the two-photon polymerization technique. The fabricated corrector was characterized at the B16 Test beamline, Diamond Light Source, UK, showing a reduction in r.m.s. wavefront error of a Be compound refractive Lens (CRL) by a factor of six. The r.m.s. wavefront error is a figure of merit for the wavefront quality but, for X-ray lenses, with significant X-ray absorption, a form of the r.m.s. error with weighting proportional to the transmitted X-ray intensity has been proposed. The knife-edge imaging wavefront-sensing technique was adapted to measure rotationally variant wavefront errors from two different sets of Be CRL consisting of 98 and 24 lenses. The optical aberrations were then quantified using a Zernike polynomial expansion of the 2D wavefront error. The compensation by a rotationally invariant corrector plate was partial as the Be CRL wavefront error distribution was found to vary with polar angle indicating the presence of non-spherical aberration terms. A wavefront correction plate with rotationally anisotropic thickness is proposed to compensate for anisotropy in order to achieve good focusing by CRLs at beamlines operating at diffraction-limited storage rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Dhamgaye
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
- Synchrotron Utilisation Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452012, India
- Correspondence e-mail:
| | - David Laundy
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Baldock
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Moxham
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
- Department of Engineering Science, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
| | - Kawal Sawhney
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
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18
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Pattammattel A, Tappero R, Ge M, Chu YS, Huang X, Gao Y, Yan H. High-sensitivity nanoscale chemical imaging with hard x-ray nano-XANES. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/37/eabb3615. [PMID: 32917679 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb3615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Resolving chemical species at the nanoscale is of paramount importance to many scientific and technological developments across a broad spectrum of disciplines. Hard x-rays with excellent penetration power and high chemical sensitivity are suitable for speciation of heterogeneous (thick) materials. Here, we report nanoscale chemical speciation by combining scanning nanoprobe and fluorescence-yield x-ray absorption near-edge structure (nano-XANES). First, the resolving power of nano-XANES was demonstrated by mapping Fe(0) and Fe(III) states of a reference sample composed of stainless steel and hematite nanoparticles with 50-nm scanning steps. Nano-XANES was then used to study the trace secondary phases in lithium iron phosphate (LFP) particles. We observed individual Fe-phosphide nanoparticles in pristine LFP, whereas partially (de)lithiated particles showed Fe-phosphide nanonetworks. These findings shed light on the contradictory reports on Fe-phosphide morphology in the literature. Nano-XANES bridges the capability gap of spectromicroscopy methods and provides exciting research opportunities across multiple disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pattammattel
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - R Tappero
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - M Ge
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Y S Chu
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - X Huang
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Y Gao
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - H Yan
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
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19
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Kato K, Ito K, Hoshino T. Anisotropic Amorphous X-ray Diffraction Attributed to the Orientation of Cyclodextrin. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6201-6205. [PMID: 32692182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The beauty of cyclic molecules is reflected in their host-guest complexation reactions, as well as their unique X-ray diffraction patterns. Cyclodextrins, the longest known host molecules with rigid ring structures, show anisotropic X-ray diffraction characteristic of their single-molecule structure, rather than their intermolecular relationships. Amorphous derivatives of α-cyclodextrin exhibit broad and strong halo diffractions in the solid, melted, and dilute solution states. The diffraction angle corresponds to the intramolecular distance between neighboring glycosidic oxygen atoms located at the vertices of a regular hexagonal array. Because the hexagon is parallel to the aperture plane of the rigid cyclic molecule, the diffraction appears only in the direction parallel to this plane. The anisotropy was confirmed by stretching an amorphous thermoplastic polymer threaded through the inclusion cavities of a sequence of cyclodextrins. The resultant unique anisotropic X-ray diffraction suggests the possible use of rigid cyclic molecules as molecular orientation probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Kato
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-noha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
- Research and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sen-gen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Kohzo Ito
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-noha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan
| | - Taiki Hoshino
- RIKEN SPring-8 Centre, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
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20
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Cacho-Nerin F, Parker JE, Quinn PD. A passive hutch-cooling system for achieving high thermal-stability operation at the Nanoprobe beamline, Diamond Light Source. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:912-922. [PMID: 33565999 PMCID: PMC7336176 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520004932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of low-emittance storage rings and the rapid developments in nano-optics and imaging techniques are leading to decreasing X-ray spot sizes and increasing requirements on the environmental and mechanical stability of beamline components. In particular, temperature stability in the experimental hutches is critical to minimize uncontrolled displacements caused by thermal expansion and ensure consistent performance. Here, the design and thermal performance of the experimental hutches of the Nanoprobe beamline at Diamond Light Source are described, where a standard deviation of the room temperature down to 0.017°C over extended periods is demonstrated. The rooms are kept at constant temperature using water-cooled radiant panels which line the ceiling and walls. Radiant panels are relatively common in high-end electron microscopy rooms, but this is the first demonstration of their use for fine temperature control in an X-ray hutch and may provide a useful basis for future upgrades at upcoming low-emittance sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Cacho-Nerin
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK
- Correspondence e-mail:
| | - Julia E. Parker
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Paul D. Quinn
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK
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21
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Bloomer C, Newton ME, Rehm G, Salter PS. A single-crystal diamond X-ray pixel detector with embedded graphitic electrodes. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:599-607. [PMID: 32381759 PMCID: PMC7206551 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752000140x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The first experimental results from a new transmissive diagnostic instrument for synchrotron X-ray beamlines are presented. The instrument utilizes a single-crystal chemical-vapour-deposition diamond plate as the detector material, with graphitic wires embedded within the bulk diamond acting as electrodes. The resulting instrument is an all-carbon transmissive X-ray imaging detector. Within the instrument's transmissive aperture there is no surface metallization that could absorb X-rays, and no surface structures that could be damaged by exposure to synchrotron X-ray beams. The graphitic electrodes are fabricated in situ within the bulk diamond using a laser-writing technique. Two separate arrays of parallel graphitic wires are fabricated, running parallel to the diamond surface and perpendicular to each other, at two different depths within the diamond. One array of wires has a modulated bias voltage applied; the perpendicular array is a series of readout electrodes. X-rays passing through the detector generate charge carriers within the bulk diamond through photoionization, and these charge carriers travel to the nearest readout electrode under the influence of the modulated electrical bias. Each of the crossing points between perpendicular wires acts as an individual pixel. The simultaneous read-out of all pixels is achieved using a lock-in technique. The parallel wires within each array are separated by 50 µm, determining the pixel pitch. Readout is obtained at 100 Hz, and the resolution of the X-ray beam position measurement is 600 nm for a 180 µm size beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Bloomer
- University of Warwick, UK
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, UK
| | | | - G. Rehm
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, UK
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22
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Akan R, Frisk T, Lundberg F, Ohlin H, Johansson U, Li K, Sakdinawat A, Vogt U. Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching and Electroless Deposition for Fabrication of Hard X-ray Pd/Si Zone Plates. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E301. [PMID: 32183040 PMCID: PMC7143916 DOI: 10.3390/mi11030301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Zone plates are diffractive optics commonly used in X-ray microscopes. Here, we present a wet-chemical approach for fabricating high aspect ratio Pd/Si zone plate optics aimed at the hard X-ray regime. A Si zone plate mold is fabricated via metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE) and further metalized with Pd via electroless deposition (ELD). MACE results in vertical Si zones with high aspect ratios. The observed MACE rate with our zone plate design is 700 nm/min. The ELD metallization yields a Pd density of 10.7 g/cm 3 , a value slightly lower than the theoretical density of 12 g/cm 3 . Fabricated zone plates have a grid design, 1:1 line-to-space-ratio, 30 nm outermost zone width, and an aspect ratio of 30:1. At 9 keV X-ray energy, the zone plate device shows a first order diffraction efficiency of 1.9%, measured at the MAX IV NanoMAX beamline. With this work, the possibility is opened to fabricate X-ray zone plates with low-cost etching and metallization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Akan
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics, Albanova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Frisk
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics, Albanova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fabian Lundberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics, Albanova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Ohlin
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics, Albanova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Johansson
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22 100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kenan Li
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Anne Sakdinawat
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Ulrich Vogt
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics, Albanova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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23
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Probst J, Braig C, Langlotz E, Rahneberg I, Kühnel M, Zeschke T, Siewert F, Krist T, Erko A. Conception of diffractive wavefront correction for XUV and soft x-ray spectroscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:2580-2590. [PMID: 32225799 DOI: 10.1364/ao.384782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a simple and precise method to minimize aberrations of mirror-based, wavelength-dispersive spectrometers for the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and soft x-ray domain. The concept enables an enhanced resolving power $ E/\Delta E $E/ΔE, in particular, close to the diffraction limit over a spectral band of a few percent around the design energy of the instrument. Our optical element, the "diffractive wavefront corrector" (DWC), is individually shaped to the form and figure error of the mirror profile and might be written directly with a laser on a plane and even strongly curved substrates. Theory and simulations of various configurations, like Hettrick-Underwood or compact, highly efficient all-in-one setups for $ {{\rm TiO}_2} $TiO2 spectroscopy with $ E/\Delta E \mathbin{\lower.3ex\hbox{$\buildrel{\displaystyle{\lt}}\over{\smash{\displaystyle\sim}\vphantom{_x}}$}} 4.5 \times {10^4} $E/ΔE∼x<4.5×104, are addressed, as well as aspects of their experimental realization.
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24
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Lin BH, Wu YH, Li XY, Hsu HC, Chiu YC, Lee CY, Chen BY, Yin GC, Tseng SC, Chang SH, Tang MT, Hsieh WF. Capabilities of time-resolved X-ray excited optical luminescence of the Taiwan Photon Source 23A X-ray nanoprobe beamline. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:217-221. [PMID: 31868755 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519013675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved X-ray excited optical luminescence (TR-XEOL) was developed successfully for the 23A X-ray nanoprobe beamline located at the Taiwan Photon Source (TPS). The advantages of the TR-XEOL facility include (i) a nano-focused X-ray beam (<60 nm) with excellent spatial resolution and (ii) a streak camera that can simultaneously record the XEOL spectrum and decay time. Three time spans, including normal (30 ps to 2 ns), hybrid (30 ps to 310 ns) and single (30 ps to 1.72 µs) bunch modes, are available at the TPS, which can fulfil different experimental conditions involving samples with various lifetimes. It is anticipated that TR-XEOL at the TPS X-ray nanoprobe could provide great characterization capabilities for investigating the dynamics of photonic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Hsuan Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Yu Hao Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Xiao Yun Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Hsu Cheng Hsu
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu Cheng Chiu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Chien Yu Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Bo Yi Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Gung Chian Yin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Shao Chin Tseng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Shih Hung Chang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Mau Tsu Tang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Wen Feng Hsieh
- Department of Photonics and Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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25
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Liu DH, Bai Z, Li M, Yu A, Luo D, Liu W, Yang L, Lu J, Amine K, Chen Z. Developing high safety Li-metal anodes for future high-energy Li-metal batteries: strategies and perspectives. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:5407-5445. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00636b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Developing high-safety Li-metal anodes (LMAs) are extremely important for the application of high-energy Li-metal batteries. The recently state-of-the-art technologies, strategies and perspectives for developing LMAs are comprehensively summarized in this review.
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26
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Abstract
For the past several decades, synchrotron radiation has been extensively used to measure the spatial distribution and chemical affinity of elements found in trace concentrations (<few μg/g) in animal and human tissues. Intense and highly focused (lateral size of several micrometers) X-ray beams combined with small steps of photon energy tuning (2-3 eV) of synchrotron radiation allowed X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) techniques to nondestructively and simultaneously detect trace elements as well as identify their chemical affinity and speciation in situ, respectively. Although limited by measurement time and radiation damage to the tissue, these techniques are commonly used to obtain two-dimensional and three-dimensional maps of several elements at synchrotron facilities around the world. The spatial distribution and chemistry of the trace elements obtained is then correlated to the targeted anatomical structures and to the biological functions (normal or pathological). For example, synchrotron-based in vitro studies of various human tissues showed significant differences between the normal and pathological distributions of metallic trace elements such as iron, zinc, copper, and lead in relation to human diseases ranging from Parkinson's disease and cancer to osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Current research effort is aimed at not only measuring the abnormal elemental distributions associated with various diseases, but also indicate or discover possible biological mechanisms that could explain such observations. While a number of studies confirmed and strengthened previous knowledge, others revealed or suggested new possible roles of trace elements or provided a more accurate spatial distribution in relation to the underlying histology. This area of research is at the intersection of several current fundamental and applied scientific inquiries such as metabolomics, medicine, biochemistry, toxicology, food science, health physics, and environmental and public health.
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27
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Hayashi Y, Setoyama D, Hirose Y, Yoshida T, Kimura H. Intragranular three-dimensional stress tensor fields in plastically deformed polycrystals. Science 2019; 366:1492-1496. [PMID: 31857480 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax9167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The failure of polycrystalline materials used in infrastructure and transportation can be catastrophic. Multiscale modeling, which requires multiscale measurements of internal stress fields, is the key to predicting the deformation and failure of alloys. We determined the three-dimensional intragranular stress tensor fields in plastically deformed bulk steel using a high-energy x-ray microbeam. We observed intragranular local stresses that deviated greatly from the grain-averaged stresses and exceeded the macroscopic tensile strength. Even under deformation smaller than the uniform elongation, the intragranular stress fields were in highly triaxial stress states, which cannot be determined from the grain-averaged stresses. The ability to determine intragranular stress tensor fields can facilitate the understanding and prediction of the deformation and failure of materials through multiscale modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Hayashi
- Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan.
| | - Daigo Setoyama
- Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Hirose
- Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yoshida
- Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Kimura
- Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
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28
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Jark W, Opolka A, Cecilia A, Last A. Zooming X-rays with a single rotation in X-ray prism zoom lenses (XPZL). OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:16781-16790. [PMID: 31252898 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.016781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Prism arrays arranged to form a slightly open alligator mouth were found to focus incident X-rays, as with increasing distance from the object symmetry axis these rays hit an increasing number of refracting prism tips. Such an object is then formally a refractive lens. Due to the strong energy dependence of the refractive index of material for X-rays a refractive X-ray lens is chromatically focusing. The attractive feature of the alligator lens is the inherent zoomability possible as the mouth can easily be opened or closed. However, the required tolerances for the jaw rotations and the jaw positioning are so stringent, that the routine use of such systems has not been reported yet. This study will show that the related technical problems can be overcome by proper object fabrication. In fact the here presented objects can already be aligned in the production stage. Then the assembly can be made with simple tools. And the zooming is achieved by just a simple rotation. The transmission through the devices was found to be as expected, and thus performance-wise these objects can directly compete with other refractive X-ray focusing systems.
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29
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Jiang H, Tian N, Liang D, Du G, Yan S. A piezoelectric deformable X-ray mirror for phase compensation based on global optimization. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2019; 26:729-736. [PMID: 31074437 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519003047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As a strong tool for the study of nanoscience, the synchrotron hard X-ray nanoprobe technique enables researchers to investigate complex samples with many advantages, such as in situ setup, high sensitivity and the integration of various experimental methods. In recent years, an important goal has been to push the focusing spot size to the diffraction limit of ∼10 nm. The multilayer-based Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) mirror system is one of the most important methods used to achieve this goal. This method was chosen by the nanoprobe beamline of the Phase-II project at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility. To overcome the limitations of current polishing technologies, the use of an additional phase compensator was necessary to decrease the wavefront distortions. In this experiment, a prototype phase compensator has been created to show how to obtain precise wavefront compensation. With the use of finite-element analysis and Fizeau interferometer measurements, some important factors such as the piezoresponse, different actuator distributions, stability and hysteresis were investigated. A global optimization method based on the measured piezoresponse has also been developed. This method overcame the limitations of the previous local algorithm related to the adjustment of every single actuator for compact piezoelectric layouts. The mirror figure can approach a target figure after several iterations. The figure difference can be reduced to several nanometres, which is far better than the mirror figure errors. The prototype was also used to successfully compensate for the real wavefront errors from upstream and for its own figure errors, measured using the speckle scanning technique. The residual figure error was reduced to a root-mean-square value of 0.7 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhangheng Road 239, Pudong District, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Naxi Tian
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiading District, Shanghai People's Republic of China
| | - Dongxu Liang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhangheng Road 239, Pudong District, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohao Du
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhangheng Road 239, Pudong District, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Yan
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhangheng Road 239, Pudong District, Shanghai 201204, People's Republic of China
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30
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Yang Y, Fus F, Pacureanu A, da Silva JC, De Nolf W, Biot C, Bohic S, Cloetens P. Three-Dimensional Correlative Imaging of a Malaria-Infected Cell with a Hard X-ray Nanoprobe. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6549-6554. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Yang
- ESRF - the European Sychrotron, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - F. Fus
- ESRF - the European Sychrotron, 38043 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, EA-7442 Rayonnement Synchrotron et Recherche Médicale, 38058 Grenoble, France
| | - A. Pacureanu
- ESRF - the European Sychrotron, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | | | - W. De Nolf
- ESRF - the European Sychrotron, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - C. Biot
- Université de Lille, Faculté des sciences et technologies, 59655 Villeneuve d’ Ascq, France
| | - S. Bohic
- ESRF - the European Sychrotron, 38043 Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, EA-7442 Rayonnement Synchrotron et Recherche Médicale, 38058 Grenoble, France
| | - P. Cloetens
- ESRF - the European Sychrotron, 38043 Grenoble, France
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31
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High Resolution Mapping of Orientation and Strain Gradients in Metals by Synchrotron 3D X-ray Laue Microdiffraction. QUANTUM BEAM SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/qubs3010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Synchrotron 3D X-ray Laue microdiffraction, available at beamline 34-ID-E at Advanced Photon Source in Argonne National Laboratory, is a powerful tool for 3D non-destructive mapping of local orientations and strains at sub-micron scale in the bulk. With this technique, it is possible to study local residual stresses developed during manufacturing or while in service due to interactions between, for example, different phases and/or grains with different orientations in materials containing multiple or single phase(s). Such information is essential for understanding mechanical properties and designing advanced materials, but is largely non-existent in the current generation of materials models. In the present paper, the principle and experimental set-up of the 3D microdiffraction are introduced, followed by a description of a method for quantification of the local plastic deformation based on high-angular-resolution orientation maps. The quantification of local residual stresses in two model materials, ductile cast iron (two phases) and partially recrystallized pure nickel (single phase), using 3D microdiffraction will then be presented. The results show that 3D microdiffraction is important for understanding the origin of local residual stresses and to relate them to the microstructural evolution. Finally, the limitations of the 3D microdiffraction on the current generation synchrotron source and new possibilities after the synchrotron upgrade are discussed.
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32
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Murray KT, Pedersen AF, Mohacsi I, Detlefs C, Morgan AJ, Prasciolu M, Yildirim C, Simons H, Jakobsen AC, Chapman HN, Poulsen HF, Bajt S. Multilayer Laue lenses at high X-ray energies: performance and applications. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:7120-7138. [PMID: 30876283 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.007120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
X-ray microscopy at photon energies above 15 keV is very attractive for the investigation of atomic and nanoscale properties of technologically relevant structural and bio materials. This method is limited by the quality of X-ray optics. Multilayer Laue lenses (MLLs) have the potential to make a major impact in this field because, as compared to other X-ray optics, they become more efficient and effective with increasing photon energy. In this work, MLLs were utilized with hard X-rays at photon energies up to 34.5 keV. The design, fabrication, and performance of these lenses are presented, and their application in several imaging configurations is described. In particular, two "full field" modes of imaging were explored, which provide various contrast modalities that are useful for materials characterisation. These include point projection imaging (or Gabor holography) for phase contrast imaging and direct imaging with both bright-field and dark-field illumination. With high-efficiency MLLs, such modes offer rapid data collection as compared with scanning methods as well as a large field of views.
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33
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Investigation of Cavity Enhanced XEOL of a Single ZnO Microrod by Using Multifunctional Hard X-ray Nanoprobe. Sci Rep 2019; 9:207. [PMID: 30659221 PMCID: PMC6338764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36764-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional hard X-ray nanoprobe at Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) exhibits the excellent ability to simultaneously characterize the X-ray absorption, X-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL) as well as the dynamics of XEOL of materials. Combining the scanning electron microscope (SEM) into the TPS 23A end-station, we can easily and quickly measure the optical properties to map out the morphology of a ZnO microrod. A special phenomenon has been observed that the oscillations in the XEOL associated with the confinement of the optical photons in the single ZnO microrod shows dramatical increase while the X-ray excitation energy is set across the Zn K-edge. Besides having the nano-scale spatial resolution, the synchrotron source also gives a good temporal domain measurement to investigate the luminescence dynamic process. The decay lifetimes of different emission wavelengths and can be simultaneously obtained from the streak image. Besides, SEM can provide the cathodoluminescence (CL) to be a complementary method to analyze the emission properties of materials, we anticipate that the X-ray nanoprobe will open new avenues with great characterization ability for developing nano/microsized optoelectronic devices.
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34
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Terzano R, Denecke MA, Falkenberg G, Miller B, Paterson D, Janssens K. Recent advances in analysis of trace elements in environmental samples by X-ray based techniques (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2019; 91:1029-1063. [PMID: 32831407 PMCID: PMC7433040 DOI: 10.1515/pac-2018-0605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trace elements analysis is a fundamental challenge in environmental sciences. Scientists measure trace elements in environmental media in order to assess the quality and safety of ecosystems and to quantify the burden of anthropogenic pollution. Among the available analytical techniques, X-ray based methods are particularly powerful, as they can quantify trace elements in situ. Chemical extraction is not required, as is the case for many other analytical techniques. In the last few years, the potential for X-ray techniques to be applied in the environmental sciences has dramatically increased due to developments in laboratory instruments and synchrotron radiation facilities with improved sensitivity and spatial resolution. In this report, we summarize the principles of the X-ray based analytical techniques most frequently employed to study trace elements in environmental samples. We report on the most recent developments in laboratory and synchrotron techniques, as well as advances in instrumentation, with a special attention on X-ray sources, detectors, and optics. Lastly, we inform readers on recent applications of X-ray based analysis to different environmental matrices, such as soil, sediments, waters, wastes, living organisms, geological samples, and atmospheric particulate, and we report examples of sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Terzano
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Melissa A. Denecke
- The University of Manchester, Dalton Nuclear Institute, Oxford Road, Manchester M14 9PL, UK
| | - Gerald Falkenberg
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Photon Science, Notkestr. 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bradley Miller
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Enforcement Investigations Center, Lakewood, Denver, CO 80225, USA
| | - David Paterson
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO Clayton Campus, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Koen Janssens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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35
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Shimomura K, Hirose M, Higashino T, Takahashi Y. Three-dimensional iterative multislice reconstruction for ptychographic X-ray computed tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:31199-31208. [PMID: 30650709 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.031199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ptychographic X-ray computed tomography (PXCT) is a potential tool for visualizing three-dimensional (3D) structures of large-volume samples at high spatial resolution. Currently, both the requirement of a large number of views and the narrow depth of field limit the range of applications of PXCT. Here, we propose an improved 3D reconstruction algorithm for PXCT that is based on 3D iterative reconstruction and multislice phase retrieval calculation. Computer simulations showed that the proposed algorithm can reduce the number of required views without degrading the spatial resolution. In a synchrotron experiment, ptychographic diffraction data sets of a flat and thick processor specimen were collected under a limited-angle condition, and then high-resolution multislice images of the Cu multilevel interconnects were clearly reconstructed using the proposed algorithm. The proposed algorithm is expected to open up a new frontier of large-volume 3D nanoimaging in various fields.
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36
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Chen BY, Yin GC, Lee CY, Hsu MY, Lin BH, Tseng SC, Li XY, Chen HY, Wu JX, Chang SH, Tang MT. The Precise Adjustment of X-ray Montel Mirrors for Diffraction-Limited Focal Spots. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/08940886.2018.1506239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yi Chen
- Experimental Technique Group, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Gung-Chian Yin
- Experimental Technique Group, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Lee
- Experimental Technique Group, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ying Hsu
- Experimental Technique Group, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Bi-Hsuan Lin
- X-ray and IR Imaging Group, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Chin Tseng
- X-ray and IR Imaging Group, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Xiao-Yun Li
- X-ray and IR Imaging Group, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Yeh Chen
- X-ray and IR Imaging Group, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Xing Wu
- X-ray and IR Imaging Group, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hung Chang
- Beamline Group, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Mau-Tsu Tang
- X-ray and IR Imaging Group, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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37
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GILLES M, NASHED Y, DU M, JACOBSEN C, WILD S. 3D X-Ray Imaging of Continuous Objects beyond the Depth of Focus Limit. OPTICA 2018; 5:1078-1086. [PMID: 30406160 PMCID: PMC6217975 DOI: 10.1364/optica.5.001078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
X-ray ptychography is becoming the standard method for sub-30 nm imaging of thick extended samples. Available algorithms and computing power have traditionally restricted sample reconstruction to 2D slices. We build on recent progress in optimization algorithms and high performance computing to solve the ptychographic phase retrieval problem directly in 3D. Our approach addresses samples that do not fit entirely within the depth of focus of the imaging system. Such samples pose additional challenges because of internal diffraction effects within the sample. We demonstrate our approach on a computational sample modeled with 17 million complex variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.A. GILLES
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
- Center for Applied Mathematics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Y.S.G. NASHED
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - M. DU
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - C. JACOBSEN
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - S.M. WILD
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
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38
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Kannan R, Ievlev AV, Laanait N, Ziatdinov MA, Vasudevan RK, Jesse S, Kalinin SV. Deep data analysis via physically constrained linear unmixing: universal framework, domain examples, and a community-wide platform. ADVANCED STRUCTURAL AND CHEMICAL IMAGING 2018; 4:6. [PMID: 29755927 PMCID: PMC5928180 DOI: 10.1186/s40679-018-0055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Many spectral responses in materials science, physics, and chemistry experiments can be characterized as resulting from the superposition of a number of more basic individual spectra. In this context, unmixing is defined as the problem of determining the individual spectra, given measurements of multiple spectra that are spatially resolved across samples, as well as the determination of the corresponding abundance maps indicating the local weighting of each individual spectrum. Matrix factorization is a popular linear unmixing technique that considers that the mixture model between the individual spectra and the spatial maps is linear. Here, we present a tutorial paper targeted at domain scientists to introduce linear unmixing techniques, to facilitate greater understanding of spectroscopic imaging data. We detail a matrix factorization framework that can incorporate different domain information through various parameters of the matrix factorization method. We demonstrate many domain-specific examples to explain the expressivity of the matrix factorization framework and show how the appropriate use of domain-specific constraints such as non-negativity and sum-to-one abundance result in physically meaningful spectral decompositions that are more readily interpretable. Our aim is not only to explain the off-the-shelf available tools, but to add additional constraints when ready-made algorithms are unavailable for the task. All examples use the scalable open source implementation from https://github.com/ramkikannan/nmflibrary that can run from small laptops to supercomputers, creating a user-wide platform for rapid dissemination and adoption across scientific disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Kannan
- The Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - A. V. Ievlev
- The Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - N. Laanait
- The Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - M. A. Ziatdinov
- The Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - R. K. Vasudevan
- The Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - S. Jesse
- The Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - S. V. Kalinin
- The Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
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39
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Bajt S, Prasciolu M, Fleckenstein H, Domaracký M, Chapman HN, Morgan AJ, Yefanov O, Messerschmidt M, Du Y, Murray KT, Mariani V, Kuhn M, Aplin S, Pande K, Villanueva-Perez P, Stachnik K, Chen JPJ, Andrejczuk A, Meents A, Burkhardt A, Pennicard D, Huang X, Yan H, Nazaretski E, Chu YS, Hamm CE. X-ray focusing with efficient high-NA multilayer Laue lenses. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:17162. [PMID: 30839543 PMCID: PMC6060042 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2017.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Multilayer Laue lenses are volume diffraction elements for the efficient focusing of X-rays. With a new manufacturing technique that we introduced, it is possible to fabricate lenses of sufficiently high numerical aperture (NA) to achieve focal spot sizes below 10 nm. The alternating layers of the materials that form the lens must span a broad range of thicknesses on the nanometer scale to achieve the necessary range of X-ray deflection angles required to achieve a high NA. This poses a challenge to both the accuracy of the deposition process and the control of the materials properties, which often vary with layer thickness. We introduced a new pair of materials-tungsten carbide and silicon carbide-to prepare layered structures with smooth and sharp interfaces and with no material phase transitions that hampered the manufacture of previous lenses. Using a pair of multilayer Laue lenses (MLLs) fabricated from this system, we achieved a two-dimensional focus of 8.4 × 6.8 nm2 at a photon energy of 16.3 keV with high diffraction efficiency and demonstrated scanning-based imaging of samples with a resolution well below 10 nm. The high NA also allowed projection holographic imaging with strong phase contrast over a large range of magnifications. An error analysis indicates the possibility of achieving 1 nm focusing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša Bajt
- Photon Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Mauro Prasciolu
- Photon Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Holger Fleckenstein
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Martin Domaracký
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Henry N Chapman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22607, Germany
- Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Andrew J Morgan
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Yefanov
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Marc Messerschmidt
- National Science Foundation BioXFEL Science and Technology Center, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Yang Du
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Kevin T Murray
- Photon Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Valerio Mariani
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Manuela Kuhn
- Photon Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Steven Aplin
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Kanupriya Pande
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | | | | | - Joe PJ Chen
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Andrzej Andrejczuk
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1L Str., Bialystok 15-245, Poland
| | - Alke Meents
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Anja Burkhardt
- Photon Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - David Pennicard
- Photon Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Hanfei Yan
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Evgeny Nazaretski
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Yong S Chu
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Christian E Hamm
- Alfred-Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research, Bussestr. 27, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany
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40
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Femtosecond mega-electron-volt electron microdiffraction. Ultramicroscopy 2018; 184:172-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Unraveling submicron-scale mechanical heterogeneity by three-dimensional X-ray microdiffraction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 115:483-488. [PMID: 29284751 PMCID: PMC5776969 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711994115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shear bands critically control the strength and ductility in a wide range of structural, geological, and biological materials. The nondestructive three-dimensional structural probing of individual shear bands has hitherto not been possible for investigation at the critical mesoscopic length scales. The X-ray microdiffraction study reported in this work reveals the highly localized stress gradients and microscopic damage mechanisms across the fatigue shear bands. The resulting local strain gradients lead to severe stress concentrations at the submicrometer scale, causing an anomalous deviation of the classical Coffin−Manson rule for the high-cycle fatigue failure of metals. This work opens an avenue for harnessing the synchrotron-based, 3D spatially resolved X-ray for studying the heterogeneous deformation and fracture in bulk materials. Shear banding is a ubiquitous phenomenon of severe plastic deformation, and damage accumulation in shear bands often results in the catastrophic failure of a material. Despite extensive studies, the microscopic mechanisms of strain localization and deformation damage in shear bands remain elusive due to their spatial−temporal complexities embedded in bulk materials. Here we conducted synchrotron-based X-ray microdiffraction (μXRD) experiments to map out the 3D lattice strain field with a submicron resolution around fatigue shear bands in a stainless steel. Both in situ and postmortem μXRD results revealed large lattice strain gradients at intersections of the primary and secondary shear bands. Such strain gradients resulted in severe mechanical heterogeneities across the fatigue shear bands, leading to reduced fatigue limits in the high-cycle regime. The ability to spatially quantify the localized strain gradients with submicron resolution through μXRD opens opportunities for understanding the microscopic mechanisms of damage and failure in bulk materials.
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42
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Sanchez DF, Simionovici AS, Lemelle L, Cuartero V, Mathon O, Pascarelli S, Bonnin A, Shapiro R, Konhauser K, Grolimund D, Bleuet P. 2D/3D Microanalysis by Energy Dispersive X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Tomography. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16453. [PMID: 29184091 PMCID: PMC5705590 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray spectroscopic techniques have proven to be particularly useful in elucidating the molecular and electronic structural information of chemically heterogeneous and complex micro- and nano-structured materials. However, spatially resolved chemical characterization at the micrometre scale remains a challenge. Here, we report the novel hyperspectral technique of micro Energy Dispersive X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (μED-XAS) tomography which can resolve in both 2D and 3D the spatial distribution of chemical species through the reconstruction of XANES spectra. To document the capability of the technique in resolving chemical species, we first analyse a sample containing 2-30 μm grains of various ferrous- and ferric-iron containing minerals, including hypersthene, magnetite and hematite, distributed in a light matrix of a resin. We accurately obtain the XANES spectra at the Fe K-edge of these four standards, with spatial resolution of 3 μm. Subsequently, a sample of ~1.9 billion-year-old microfossil from the Gunflint Formation in Canada is investigated, and for the first time ever, we are able to locally identify the oxidation state of iron compounds encrusting the 5 to 10 μm microfossils. Our results highlight the potential for attaining new insights into Precambrian ecosystems and the composition of Earth's earliest life forms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre S Simionovici
- ISTerre, UGA, CNRS, Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers, CS 40700, 38058, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Lemelle
- LGL-TPE, Univ Lyon, Ens de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR5276, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Vera Cuartero
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Mathon
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
| | - Sakura Pascarelli
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble, France
| | - Anne Bonnin
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Russell Shapiro
- Geological and Environmental Sciences Department, CSU Chico, Chico, CA, USA
| | - Kurt Konhauser
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Pierre Bleuet
- University Grenoble Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054, Grenoble, France
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43
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Nicolas JD, Bernhardt M, Markus A, Alves F, Burghammer M, Salditt T. Scanning X-ray diffraction on cardiac tissue: automatized data analysis and processing. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2017; 24:1163-1172. [PMID: 29091059 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577517011936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A scanning X-ray diffraction study of cardiac tissue has been performed, covering the entire cross section of a mouse heart slice. To this end, moderate focusing by compound refractive lenses to micrometer spot size, continuous scanning, data acquisition by a fast single-photon-counting pixel detector, and fully automated analysis scripts have been combined. It was shown that a surprising amount of structural data can be harvested from such a scan, evaluating the local scattering intensity, interfilament spacing of the muscle tissue, the filament orientation, and the degree of anisotropy. The workflow of data analysis is described and a data analysis toolbox with example data for general use is provided. Since many cardiomyopathies rely on the structural integrity of the sarcomere, the contractile unit of cardiac muscle cells, the present study can be easily extended to characterize tissue from a diseased heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan David Nicolas
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marten Bernhardt
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Markus
- Max-Planck-Institut für Experimentelle Medizin, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frauke Alves
- Max-Planck-Institut für Experimentelle Medizin, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Burghammer
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Tim Salditt
- Institut für Röntgenphysik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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44
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Hémonnot CYJ, Köster S. Imaging of Biological Materials and Cells by X-ray Scattering and Diffraction. ACS NANO 2017; 11:8542-8559. [PMID: 28787573 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b03447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cells and biological materials are large objects in comparison to the size of internal components such as organelles and proteins. An understanding of the functions of these nanoscale elements is key to elucidating cellular function. In this review, we describe the advances in X-ray scattering and diffraction techniques for imaging biological systems at the nanoscale. We present a number of principal technological advances in X-ray optics and development of sample environments. We identify radiation damage as one of the most severe challenges in the field, thus rendering the dose an important parameter when putting different X-ray methods in perspective. Furthermore, we describe different successful approaches, including scanning and full-field techniques, along with prominent examples. Finally, we present a few recent studies that combined several techniques in one experiment in order to collect highly complementary data for a multidimensional sample characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Y J Hémonnot
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Goettingen , Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Northwestern Argonne Institute of Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Sarah Köster
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Goettingen , Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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45
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Richard MI, Fernández S, Hofmann JP, Gao L, Chahine GA, Leake SJ, Djazouli H, De Bortoli Y, Petit L, Boesecke P, Labat S, Hensen EJM, Thomas O, Schülli T. Reactor for nano-focused x-ray diffraction and imaging under catalytic in situ conditions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:093902. [PMID: 28964168 DOI: 10.1063/1.5000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A reactor cell for in situ studies of individual catalyst nanoparticles or surfaces by nano-focused (coherent) x-ray diffraction has been developed. Catalytic reactions can be studied in flow mode in a pressure range of 10-2-103 mbar and temperatures up to 900 °C. This instrument bridges the pressure and materials gap at the same time within one experimental setup. It allows us to probe in situ the structure (e.g., shape, size, strain, faceting, composition, and defects) of individual nanoparticles using a nano-focused x-ray beam. Here, the setup was used to observe strain and facet evolution of individual model Pt catalysts during in situ experiments. It can be used for heating other (non-catalytically active) nanoparticles (e.g., nanowires) in inert or reactive gas atmospheres or vacuum as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-I Richard
- ID01/ESRF, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - S Fernández
- ID01/ESRF, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - J P Hofmann
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - L Gao
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - G A Chahine
- ID01/ESRF, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - S J Leake
- ID01/ESRF, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - H Djazouli
- ID01/ESRF, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Y De Bortoli
- ID01/ESRF, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - L Petit
- ID01/ESRF, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - P Boesecke
- ID01/ESRF, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - S Labat
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - E J M Hensen
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - O Thomas
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - T Schülli
- ID01/ESRF, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP220, F-38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
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46
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Laanait N, Saenrang W, Zhou H, Eom CB, Zhang Z. Dynamic X-ray diffraction imaging of the ferroelectric response in bismuth ferrite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:11. [PMID: 28690973 PMCID: PMC5477694 DOI: 10.1186/s40679-017-0044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
X-ray diffraction imaging is rapidly emerging as a powerful technique by which one can capture the local structure of crystalline materials at the nano- and meso-scale. Here, we present investigations of the dynamic structure of epitaxial monodomain BiFeO3 thin-films using a novel full-field Bragg diffraction imaging modality. By taking advantage of the depth penetration of hard X-rays and their exquisite sensitivity to the atomic structure, we imaged in situ and in operando, the electric field-driven structural responses of buried BiFeO3 epitaxial thin-films in micro-capacitor devices, with sub-100 nm lateral resolution. These imaging investigations were carried out at acquisition frame rates that reached up to 20 Hz and data transfer rates of 40 MB/s, while accessing diffraction contrast that is sensitive to the entire three-dimensional unit cell configuration. We mined these large datasets for material responses by employing matrix decomposition techniques, such as independent component analysis. We found that this statistical approach allows the extraction of the salient physical properties of the ferroelectric response of the material, such as coercive fields and transient spatiotemporal modulations in their piezoelectric response, and also facilitates their decoupling from extrinsic sources that are instrument specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouamane Laanait
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.,Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Wittawat Saenrang
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Hua Zhou
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439 USA
| | - Chang-Beom Eom
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Zhan Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439 USA
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47
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Zhang YB, Budai JD, Tischler JZ, Liu W, Xu R, Homer ER, Godfrey A, Juul Jensen D. Boundary migration in a 3D deformed microstructure inside an opaque sample. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4423. [PMID: 28667251 PMCID: PMC5493684 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
How boundaries surrounding recrystallization grains migrate through the 3D network of dislocation boundaries in deformed crystalline materials is unknown and critical for the resulting recrystallized crystalline materials. Using X-ray Laue diffraction microscopy, we show for the first time the migration pattern of a typical recrystallization boundary through a well-characterized deformation matrix. The data provide a unique possibility to investigate effects of both boundary misorientation and plane normal on the migration, information which cannot be accessed with any other techniques. The results show that neither of these two parameters can explain the observed migration behavior. Instead we suggest that the subdivision of the deformed microstructure ahead of the boundary plays the dominant role. The present experimental observations challenge the assumptions of existing recrystallization theories, and set the stage for determination of mobilities of recrystallization boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y B Zhang
- Section for Materials Science and Advanced Characterization, Department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Risø Campus, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark.
| | - J D Budai
- Materials Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831-6064, USA
| | - J Z Tischler
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, 60439, USA
| | - W Liu
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, 60439, USA
| | - R Xu
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, 60439, USA
| | - E R Homer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, 435 CTB, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - A Godfrey
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R. China
| | - D Juul Jensen
- Section for Materials Science and Advanced Characterization, Department of Wind Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Risø Campus, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
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48
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Lemelle L, Simionovici A, Schoonjans T, Tucoulou R, Enrico E, Salomé M, Hofmann A, Cavalazzi B. Analytical requirements for quantitative X-ray fluorescence nano-imaging of metal traces in solid samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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49
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Vogt U, Köhler D, Dickmann J, Rahomäki J, Parfeniukas K, Kubsky S, Alves F, Langlois F, Engblom C, Stankevič T. Moiré method for nanometer instability investigation of scanning hard x-ray microscopes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:12188-12194. [PMID: 28786577 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.012188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a Moiré method that can be used to investigate positional instabilities in a scanning hard x-ray microscope with nanometer precision. The development of diffraction-limited storage rings offering highly-brilliant synchrotron radiation and improvements of nanofocusing x-ray optics paves the way towards 3D nanotomography with 10 nm resolution or below. However, this trend demands improved designs of x-ray microscope instruments which should offer few-nm beam stabilities with respect to the sample. Our technique can measure the position of optics and sample stage relative to each other in the two directions perpendicular to the beam propagation in a scanning x-ray microscope using simple optical components and visible light. The usefulness of the method was proven by measuring short and long term instabilities of a zone-plate-optics-based prototype microscope. We think it can become an important tool for the characterization of scanning x-ray microscopes, especially prior to experiments with an actual x-ray beam.
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50
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Jiang J, Hirano K, Sakurai K. Interface-sensitive imaging by an image reconstruction aided X-ray reflectivity technique. J Appl Crystallogr 2017; 50:712-721. [PMID: 28656036 PMCID: PMC5458590 DOI: 10.1107/s160057671700509x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes interface-sensitive imaging of heterogeneous thin films by an image reconstruction aided X-ray reflectivity technique with an 8 mm-wide parallel beam; the possibility of extracting micro-X-ray reflectivity profiles from the same data collection is discussed. Recently, the authors have succeeded in realizing X-ray reflectivity imaging of heterogeneous ultrathin films at specific wavevector transfers by applying a wide parallel beam and an area detector. By combining in-plane angle and grazing-incidence angle scans, it is possible to reconstruct a series of interface-sensitive X-ray reflectivity images at different grazing-incidence angles (proportional to wavevector transfers). The physical meaning of a reconstructed X-ray reflectivity image at a specific wavevector transfer is the two-dimensional reflectivity distribution of the sample. In this manner, it is possible to retrieve the micro-X-ray reflectivity (where the pixel size is on the microscale) profiles at different local positions on the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Jiang
- University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan.,National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Keiichi Hirano
- Photon Factory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, KEK, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0087, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakurai
- University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan.,National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
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