1
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Deng Y, Wang JX, Ghosh B, Lu Y. Enzymatic CO 2 reduction catalyzed by natural and artificial Metalloenzymes. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 259:112669. [PMID: 39059175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The continuously increasing level of atmospheric CO2 in the atmosphere has led to global warming. Converting CO2 into other carbon compounds could mitigate its atmospheric levels and produce valuable products, as CO2 also serves as a plentiful and inexpensive carbon feedstock. However, the inert nature of CO2 poses a major challenge for its reduction. To meet the challenge, nature has evolved metalloenzymes using transition metal ions like Fe, Ni, Mo, and W, as well as electron-transfer partners for their functions. Mimicking these enzymes, artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs) have been designed using alternative protein scaffolds and various metallocofactors like Ni, Co, Re, Rh, and FeS clusters. Both the catalytic efficiency and the scope of CO2-reduction product of these ArMs have been improved over the past decade. This review first focuses on the natural metalloenzymes that directly reduce CO2 by discussing their structures and active sites, as well as the proposed reaction mechanisms. It then introduces the common strategies for electrochemical, photochemical, or photoelectrochemical utilization of these native enzymes for CO2 reduction and highlights the most recent advancements from the past five years. We also summarize principles of protein design for bio-inspired ArMs, comparing them with native enzymatic systems and outlining challenges and opportunities in enzymatic CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunling Deng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - Jing-Xiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - Barshali Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America.
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2
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Wannipurage DC, Yang ES, Chivington AD, Fletcher J, Ray D, Yamamoto N, Pink M, Goicoechea JM, Smith JM. A Transient Iron Carbide Generated by Cyaphide Cleavage. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39287969 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c10704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Despite their potential relevance as molecular models for industrial and biological catalysis, well-defined mononuclear iron carbide complexes are unknown, in part due to the limited number of appropriate C1 synthons. Here, we show the ability of the cyaphide anion (C≡P-) to serve as a C1 source. The high spin (S = 2) cyaphide complex PhB(tBuIm)3Fe-C≡P (PhB(tBuIm)3- = phenyl(tris(3-tert-butylimidazol-2-ylidene)borate) is readily accessed using the new cyaphide transfer reagent [Mg(DippNacNac)(CP)]2 (DippNacNac = CH{C(CH3)N(Dipp)}2 and Dipp = 2,6-di(iso-propyl)phenyl). Phosphorus atom abstraction is effected by the three-coordinate Mo(III) complex Mo(NtBuAr)3 (Ar = 3,5-Me2C6H3), which produces the known phosphide (tBuArN)3Mo≡P along with a transient iron carbide complex PhB(tBuIm)3Fe≡C. Electronic structure calculations reveal that PhB(tBuIm)3Fe≡C adopts a doublet ground state with nonzero spin density on the carbide ligand. While isolation of this complex is thwarted by rapid dimerization to afford the corresponding diiron ethynediyl complex, the carbide can be intercepted by styrene to provide an iron alkylidene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duleeka C Wannipurage
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Eric S Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Austin D Chivington
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jess Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Debanik Ray
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Nobuyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Maren Pink
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jeremy M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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3
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Zhai X, Xue M, Zhao Q, Zheng Q, Song D, Tung CH, Wang W. Water-catalyzed iron-molybdenum carbyne formation in bimetallic acetylene transformation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7729. [PMID: 39232032 PMCID: PMC11375111 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Transition metal carbyne complexes are of fundamental importance in carbon-carbon bond formation, alkyne metathesis, and alkyne coupling reactions. Most reported iron carbyne complexes are stabilized by incorporating heteroatoms. Here we show the synthesis of bioinspired FeMo heterobimetallic carbyne complexes by the conversion of C2H2 through a diverse series of intermediates. Key reactions discovered include the reduction of a μ-η2:η2-C2H2 ligand with a hydride to produce a vinyl ligand (μ-η1:η2-CH = CH2), tautomerization of the vinyl ligand to a carbyne (μ-CCH3), and protonation of either the vinyl or the carbyne compound to form a hydrido carbyne heterobimetallic complex. Mechanistic studies unveil the pivotal role of H2O as a proton shuttle, facilitating the proton transfer that converts the vinyl group to a bridging carbyne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zhai
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100, Jinan, China
| | - Qiuting Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
| | - Qiucui Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
| | - Datong Song
- Davenport Chemical Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, 250100, Jinan, China
| | - Wenguang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China.
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4
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Rana A, Peredkov S, Behrens M, DeBeer S. Probing the Local Environment in Potassium Salts and Potassium-Promoted Catalysts by Potassium Valence-to-Core X-ray Emission Spectroscopy. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:16217-16223. [PMID: 39162299 PMCID: PMC11372750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c02069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Potassium plays an important role in biology as well as a promoter in heterogeneous catalysis. There are, however, limited characterization techniques for potassium available in the literature. This study elucidates the potential of element-selective X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) for characterizing the coordination environment and the electronic properties of potassium. A series of XES measurements were conducted, primarily focusing on the VtC transition (Kβ2,5) of potassium halides (KCl, KBr, and KI) and oxide-bound potassium salts, including potassium nitrate (KNO3) and potassium carbonate (K2CO3). Across the series of potassium halides, the VtC transition energy is observed to increase, as accurately reproduced by TDDFT calculations. Molecular orbital analysis suggests that the Kβ2,5 transition is primarily derived from halide np contributions, with the primary factor influencing the energy shift being the metal-ligand distances. For oxide ligands, an additional Kβ″ transition appears alongside the Kβ2,5, which is attributed to a low-energy ligand ns, as elucidated by theoretical calculations. Finally, the XES spectra of two potassium-promoted catalysts for ammonia decomposition/synthesis were measured. These spectra show that potassium within the catalyst is distinct from other K salts in the VtC region, which could be promising for understanding the role of potassium as an electronic promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Rana
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraβe 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Sergey Peredkov
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraβe 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Malte Behrens
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Kiel University, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraβe 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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5
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Dance I. The activating capture of N 2 at the active site of Mo-nitrogenase. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:14193-14211. [PMID: 39140218 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01866d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Dinitrogen is inherently inert. This report describes detailed density functional calculations (with a 485+ atom model) of mechanistic steps by which the enzyme nitrogenase activates unreactive N2 at the intact active site FeMo-co, to form a key intermediate with bound HNNH. This mechanism does not bind N2 first and then add H atoms, but rather captures N2 ('N2-ready') that diffuses in through the substrate channel and enters a strategic gallery of H atom donors in the reaction zone, between Fe2 and Fe6. This occurs at the E4 stage of the complete mechanism. Exploration of possible reactions of N2 in this space leads to the conclusion that the first reaction step is transfer of H on Fe7 to one end of N2-ready, soon followed by Fe-N bond formation, and then a second H transfer from bridging S2BH to the other N. Two H-N bonds and one or two N-Fe bonds are formed, in some cases with a single transition state. The variable positions and orientations of N2-ready lead to various reaction trajectories and products. The favourable products resulting from this capture, judged by the criteria of reaction energies, reaction barriers, and mechanistic competence for further hydrogenation reactions in the nitrogenase cycle, have Fe2-NH-NH bonding. The trajectory of one N2 capture reaction is described in detail, and calculations that separate the H atom component and the 'heavy atom' components of the classical activation energy are described, in the context of possible H atom tunneling in the activation of N2-ready. I present arguments for the activation of N2 by the pathway of concerted hydrogenation and binding of N2-ready, alternative to the commonly assumed pathway of binding N2 first, with subsequent hydrogenation. The active site of nitrogenase is well primed for the thermodynamic and kinetic advantages of N2 capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Dance
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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6
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Siegbahn PEM. Sulfide release and rebinding in the mechanism for nitrogenase. J Comput Chem 2024. [PMID: 39189512 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogenases are the only enzymes that activate the strong triple bond in N2. The mechanism for the activation has been very difficult to determine in spite of decades of work. In previous modeling studies it has been suggested that the mechanism for nitrogen activation starts out by four pre-activation steps (A0-A4) before catalysis. That suggestion led to excellent agreement with experimental Elecrtron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) observations in the step where N2 becomes protonated (E4). An important part of the pre-activation is that a sulfide is released. In the present paper, the details of the pre-activation are modeled, including the release of the sulfide. Several possible transition states for the release have been obtained. An A4(E0) state is reached which is very similar to the E4 state. For completeness, the steps going back from A4(E0) to A0 after catalysis are also modeled, including the insertion of a sulfide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per E M Siegbahn
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Hirao K, Nakajima T, Chan B. Exploiting the Correlation between the 1s, 2s, and 2p Energies for the Prediction of Core-Level Binding Energies of Si, P, S, and Cl species. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:6879-6897. [PMID: 39120958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c03252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2024]
Abstract
The binding energies (BEs) of the 1s, 2s, and 2p core electrons of third-period elements (Si, P, S, Cl) were calculated using Hartree-Fock (HF) and B3LYP, BH&HLYP, and LC-BOP ΔSCF, and the shifted KS ΔSCF methods. Linear relationships between two BEs were derived and compared with the Auger parameter. The derived lines are essentially parallel, with only the intercepts differing. The difference in intercepts is due to the lack of electron correlation effects in HF and the self-interaction errors (SIEs) of the functional. The slope is the slope of the linear relationship between the chemical shifts. The straight lines between the 2s and 2p BEs also coincided with the Auger parameter lines, which have a slope of 1 by definition and an intercept being the difference between the 2s and 2p BEs. The shifted KS ΔSCF scheme compensates for SIEs, yielding equations that are approximately invariant. The calculated average gaps for the 2s and 2p BEs are 51.21 eV for Si, 57.48 eV for P, 63.85 eV for S, and 70.48 eV for Cl. The straight lines representing the relationships between the BEs of the 1s and 2s and 1s and 2p electrons are also parallel to each other in ΔSCF and converge into a single line in the shifted ΔSCF scheme. However, these lines are steeper than the Auger parameter line. The derived relationships can be used to predict unknown BEs, which we have applied to many molecules. The results are highly accurate, with mean absolute errors (MAEs) of less than 0.2 eV compared to experimental values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimihiko Hirao
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Takano, Nishihiraki-cho 34-4, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Computational Science, 7-1-26, Minatojima-minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takahito Nakajima
- RIKEN Center for Computational Science, 7-1-26, Minatojima-minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Bun Chan
- RIKEN Center for Computational Science, 7-1-26, Minatojima-minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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8
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Roemelt C, Peredkov S, Neese F, Roemelt M, DeBeer S. Valence-to-core X-ray emission spectroscopy of transition metal tetrahalides: mechanisms governing intensities. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:19960-19975. [PMID: 38994715 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00967c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Valence-to-core (VtC) X-ray emission spectroscopy offers the opportunity to probe the valence electronic structure of a system filtered by selection rules. From this, the nature of its ligands can be inferred. While a preceding 1s ionization creates a core hole, in VtC XES this core hole is filled with electrons from mainly ligand based orbitals. In this work, we investigated the trends in the observed VtC intensities for a series of transition metal halides, which spans the first row transition metals from manganese to copper. Further, with the aid of computational studies, we corroborated these trends and identified the mechanisms and factors that dictate the observed intensity trends. Small amounts of metal p contribution to the ligand orbitals are known to give rise to intensity of a VtC transition. By employing an LCAO (linear combination of atomic orbitals) approach, we were able to assess the amount of metal p contribution to the ligand molecular orbitals, as well as the role of the transition dipole moment and correlate these factors to the experimentally observed intensities. Finally, by employing an ano (atomic natural orbital) basis set within the calculations, the nature of the metal p contribution (3p vs. 4p) was qualitatively assessed and their trends discussed within the same transition metal halide series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Roemelt
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Sergey Peredkov
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Frank Neese
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Michael Roemelt
- Humboldt University Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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9
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Li Y, Xu CQ, Chen C, Zhang Y, Liu S, Zhuang Z, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Li Z, Chen Z, Zheng L, Cheong WC, Wu K, Jiang G, Xiao H, Lian C, Wang D, Peng Q, Li J, Li Y. Carbon-Boosted and Nitrogen-Stabilized Isolated Single-Atom Sites for Direct Dehydrogenation of Lower Alkanes. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39031766 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Lower olefins are widely used in the chemical industry as basic carbon-based feedstocks. Here, we report the catalytic system featuring isolated single-atom sites of iridium (Ir1) that can function within the entire temperature range of 300-600 °C and transform alkanes with conversions close to thermodynamics-dictated levels. The high turnover frequency values of the Ir1 system are comparable to those of homogeneous catalytic reactions. Experimental data and theoretical calculations both indicate that Ir1 is the primary catalytic site, while the coordinating C and N atoms help to enhance the activity and stability, respectively; all three kinds of elements cooperatively contribute to the high performance of this novel active site. We have further immobilized this catalyst on particulate Al2O3, and we found that the resulting composite system under mimicked industrial conditions could still give high catalytic performances; in addition, we have also developed and established a new scheme of periodical in situ regeneration specifically for this composite particulate catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Single-Atom Catalysis Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100094, China
| | - Cong-Qiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shoujie Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zewen Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yaoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Qiyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weng-Chon Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Konglin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guiyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Hai Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chao Lian
- Beijing Single-Atom Catalysis Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100094, China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qing Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yadong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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10
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Yang D, Wang B, Qu J. Construction and Function of Thiolate-Bridged Diiron N xH y Nitrogenase Model Complexes. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1761-1776. [PMID: 38861704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusBiological nitrogen fixation mediated by nitrogenases has garnered significant research interest due to its critical importance to the development of efficient catalysts for mild ammonia synthesis. Although the active center of the most studied FeMo-nitrogenases has been determined to be a complicated [Fe7S9MoC] hetero-multinuclear metal-sulfur cluster known as the FeMo-cofactor, the exact binding site and reduction pathway of N2 remain a subject of debate. Over the past decades, the majority of studies have focused on mononuclear molybdenum or iron centers as potential reaction sites. In stark contrast, cooperative activation of N2 through bi- or multimetallic centers has been largely overlooked and underexplored, despite the renewed interest sparked by recent biochemical and computational studies. Consequently, constructing bioinspired bi- or multinuclear metallic model complexes presents an intriguing yet challenging prospect. In this Account, we detail our long-standing research on the design and synthesis of novel thiolate-bridged diiron complexes as nitrogenase models and their application to chemical simulations of potential biological N2 reduction pathways.Inspired by the structural and electronic features of the potential diiron active center in the belt region of the FeMo-cofactor, we have designed and synthesized a series of new thiolate-bridged diiron nitrogenase model complexes, wherein iron centers with +2 or +3 oxidation states are coordinated by Cp* as carbon-based donors and thiolate ligands as sulfur donors. Through the synergistic interaction between the two iron centers, unstable diazene (NH═NH) species can be trapped to generate the first example of a [Fe2S2]-type complex bearing a cis-μ-η1:η1-NH═NH subunit. Significantly, this species can not only catalyze the reductive N-N bond cleavage of hydrazine to ammonia but also trigger a stepwise reduction sequence NH═NH → [NH2-NH]- → [NH]2-(+NH3) → [NH2]- → NH3. Furthermore, an unprecedented thiolate-bridged diiron μ-nitride featuring a bent Fe-N-Fe moiety was successfully isolated and structurally characterized. Importantly, this diiron μ-nitride can undergo successive proton-coupled electron transfer processes to efficiently release ammonia in the presence of separate protons and electrons and can even be directly hydrogenated using H2 as a combination of protons and electrons for high-yield ammonia formation. Based on combined experimental and computational studies, we proposed two distinct reductive transformation sequences on the diiron centers, which involve a series of crucial NxHy intermediates. Moreover, we also achieved catalytic N2 reduction to silylamines with [Fe2S2]-type complexes by ligand modulation.Our bioinspired diiron cooperative scaffold may provide a suitable model for probing the potential N2 stepwise reduction pathways from the molecular level. Different from the traditional alternating and distal pathways dominated by mononuclear iron or molybdenum complexes, our proposed alternating transformation route based on the diiron centers may not involve the N2H4 intermediate, and the convergence point of the alternating and terminal pathways is imide, not amide. Our research strategy could inform the design and development of new types of bioinspired catalysts for mild and efficient nitrogen reduction in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Baomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jingping Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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11
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Leyser da Costa Gouveia T, Maganas D, Neese F. Restricted Open-Shell Hartree-Fock Method for a General Configuration State Function Featuring Arbitrarily Complex Spin-Couplings. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:5041-5053. [PMID: 38886177 PMCID: PMC11215774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we present a general spin restricted open-shell Hartree-Fock (ROHF) implementation that is able to generate self-consistent field (SCF) wave functions for an arbitrary configuration state function (CSF). These CSFs can contain an arbitrary number of unpaired electrons in arbitrary spin-couplings. The resulting method is named CSF-ROHF. We demonstrate that starting from the ROHF energy expression, for example, the one given by Edwards and Zerner, it is possible to obtain the values of the ROHF vector-coupling coefficients by setting up an open-shell for each group of consecutive parallel-coupled spins dictated by the unique spin-coupling pattern of any given CSF. To achieve this important and nontrivial goal, we employ the machinery of the iterative configuration expansion configuration interaction (ICE-CI) method, which is able to tackle general CI problems on the basis of spin-adapted CSFs. This development allows for the efficient generation of SCF spin-eigenfunctions for systems with complex spin-coupling patterns, such as polymetallic chains and metal clusters, while maintaining SCF scaling with system size (quadratic or less, depending on the specific algorithm and approximations chosen).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitrios Maganas
- Max-Planck-Institut für
Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Frank Neese
- Max-Planck-Institut für
Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
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12
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Jangid B, Hermes MR, Gagliardi L. Core Binding Energy Calculations: A Scalable Approach with the Quantum Embedding-Based Equation-of-Motion Coupled-Cluster Method. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:5954-5963. [PMID: 38810243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the use of density matrix embedding theory to facilitate the computation of core ionization energies (IPs) of large molecules at the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster singles doubles with perturbative triples (EOM-CCSD*) level in combination with the core-valence separation (CVS) approximation. The unembedded IP-CVS-EOM-CCSD* method with a triple-ζ basis set produced ionization energies within 1 eV of experiment with a standard deviation of ∼0.2 eV for the core65 data set. The embedded variant contributed very little systematic error relative to the unembedded method, with a mean unsigned error of 0.07 eV and a standard deviation of ∼0.1 eV, in exchange for accelerating the calculations by many orders of magnitude. By employing embedded EOM-CC methods, we computed the core ionization energies of the uracil hexamer, doped fullerene, and chlorophyll molecule, utilizing up to ∼4000 basis functions within 1 eV from experimental values. Such calculations are not currently possible with the unembedded EOM-CC method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavnesh Jangid
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Matthew R Hermes
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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13
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Al-Romema AA, Plass F, Nizovtsev AV, Kahnt A, Tsogoeva SB. Synthesis and Photo/Radiation Chemical Characterization of a New Redox-Stable Pyridine-Triazole Ligand. Chemphyschem 2024:e202400273. [PMID: 38819992 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalysis using transition-metal complexes is widely considered the future of effective and affordable clean-air technology. In particular, redox-stable, easily accessible ligands are decisive. Here, we report a straightforward and facile synthesis of a new highly stable 2,6-bis(triazolyl)pyridine ligand, containing a nitrile moiety as a masked anchoring group, using copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click reaction. The reported structure mimics the binding motif of uneasy to synthesize ligands. Pulse radiolysis under oxidizing and reducing conditions provided evidence for the high stability of the formed radical cation and radical anion 2,6-di(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-pyridine compound, thus indicating the feasibility of utilizing this as a ligand for redox active metal complexes and the sensitization of metal-oxide semiconductors (e. g., TiO2 nanoparticles or nanotubes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz A Al-Romema
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair for Organic Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolas-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian Plass
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair for Physical Chemistry I, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexey V Nizovtsev
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair for Organic Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolas-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya, 117997, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Axel Kahnt
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstrasse 15, D-04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair for Physical Chemistry I, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Svetlana B Tsogoeva
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair for Organic Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolas-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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14
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Hossain K, Atta S, Chakraborty AB, Karmakar S, Majumdar A. Nonheme binuclear transition metal complexes with hydrosulfide and polychalcogenides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4979-4998. [PMID: 38654604 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00929k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The intriguing chemistry of chalcogen (S, Se)-containing ligands and their capability to bridge multiple metal centres have resulted in a plethora of reports on transition metal complexes featuring hydrosulfide (HS-) and polychalcogenides (En2-, E = S, Se). While a large number of such molecules are strictly organometallic complexes, examples of non-organometallic complexes featuring HS- and En2- with N-/O-donor ligands are relatively rare. The general synthetic procedure for the transition metal-hydrosulfido complexes involves the reaction of the corresponding metal salts with HS-/H2S and this is prone to generate sulfido bridged oligomers in the absence of sterically demanding ligands. On the other hand, the synthetic methods for the preparation of transition metal-polychalcogenido complexes include the reaction of the corresponding metal salts with En2- or the two electron oxidation of low-valent metals with elemental chalcogen, often at an elevated temperature and/or for a long time. Recently, we have developed new synthetic methods for the preparation of two new classes of binuclear transition metal complexes featuring either HS-, or Sn2- and Sen2- ligands. The new method for the synthesis of transition metal-hydrosulfido complexes involved transition metal-mediated hydrolysis of thiolates at room temperature (RT), while the method for the synthesis of transition metal-polychalcogenido complexes involved redox reaction of coordinated thiolates and exogenous elemental chalcogens at RT. An overview of the synthetic aspects, structural properties and intriguing reactivity of these two new classes of transition metal complexes is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Hossain
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sayan Atta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.
| | - Anuj Baran Chakraborty
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.
| | - Soumik Karmakar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.
| | - Amit Majumdar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.
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15
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Geoghegan BL, Bilyj JK, Bernhardt PV, DeBeer S, Cutsail GE. X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopy of N 2S 2 Cu(II)/(III) complexes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:7828-7838. [PMID: 38624161 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00085d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of ligand charge on transition energies in a series of CuN2S2 complexes based on dithiocarbazate Schiff base ligands using Cu K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and Kβ valence-to-core (VtC) X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES). By comparing the formally Cu(II) complexes [CuII(HL1)] (HL12- = dimethyl pentane-2,4-diylidenebis[carbonodithiohydrazonate]) and [CuII(HL2)] (HL22- = dibenzyl pentane-2,4-diylidenebis[carbonodithiohydrazonate]) and the formally Cu(III) complex [CuIII(L2)], distinct changes in transition energies are observed, primarily attributed to the metal oxidation state. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate how an increased negative charge on the deprotonated L23- ligand stabilizes the Cu(III) center through enhanced charge donation, modulating the core transition energies. Overall, significant shifts to higher energies are noted upon metal oxidation, emphasizing the importance of scrutinizing ligand structure in XAS/VtC XES analysis. The data further support the redox-innocent role of the Schiff base ligands and underscore the criticality of ligand protonation levels in future spectroscopic studies, particularly for catalytic intermediates. The combined XAS-VtC XES methodology validates the Cu(III) oxidation state assignment while offering insights into ligand protonation effects on core-level spectroscopic transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise L Geoghegan
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, W12 0BZ, London, UK
| | - Jessica K Bilyj
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Paul V Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - George E Cutsail
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5-7, 45117 Essen, Germany
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16
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Thangudu S, Wu CH, Hwang KC. Photocatalytic Dinitrogen Reduction to Ammonia over Biomimetic FeMoS x Nanosheets. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:20629-20635. [PMID: 38737058 PMCID: PMC11080007 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c03076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Reduction of atmospheric dinitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) using water and sunlight in the absence of sacrificial reducing reagents at room temperature is very challenging and is considered an eco-friendly approach to meet the rapidly increasing demand for nitrogen storage, fertilizers, and a sustainable society. Currently, ammonia production via the energy-intensive Haber-Bosch process causes ∼350 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission per year. Interestingly, natural N2 fixation by the nitrogenase enzyme occurs under ambient conditions. Unfortunately, N2 fixation on biomimetic catalysts has rarely been studied. To mimic biological nitrogen fixation, herein, we synthesized the novel iron molybdenum sulfide (FeMoSx) micro-/nanosheets via a simple hydrothermal approach for the first time. Further, we successfully demonstrated the photochemical conversion of N2 to NH3 over a biomimetic FeMoSx photocatalyst. The estimated yield is around 99.79 ± 6.0 μmol/h/g photocatalyst with a quantum efficiency of ∼0.028% at 532 nm visible-light wavelength. Besides, we also systematically studied the influence of key factors to further improve NH3 yields. Overall, this study paves a new pathway to fabricate carbon-free, photochemical N2 fixation materials for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Thangudu
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing
Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Chein Hou Wu
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Kuo Chu Hwang
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing
Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan R.O.C
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17
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Mondal T, Leitner W, Hölscher M. Computational design of cooperatively acting molecular catalyst systems: carbene based tungsten- or molybdenum-catalysts with rhodium- or iridium-complexes for the ionic hydrogenation of N 2 to NH 3. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:7890-7898. [PMID: 38634911 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00563e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This density functional theory (DFT) study explores the efficacy of cooperative catalytic systems in enabling the ionic hydrogenation of N2 with H2, leading to NH3 formation. A set of N-heterocyclic carbene-based pincer tungsten/molybdenum metal complexes of the form [(PCP)M1(H)2] (M1 = W/Mo) were chosen to bind N2 at the respective metal centres. Simultaneously, cationic rhodium/iridium complexes of type [Cp*M2{2-(2-pyridyl)phenyl}(CH3CN)]+ (Cp* = C5(CH3)5 and M2 = Rh/Ir), are employed as cooperative coordination partners for heterolytic H2 splitting. The stepwise transfer of protons and hydrides to the bound N2 and intermediate NxHy units results in the formation of NH3. Interestingly, the calculated results reveal an encouraging low range of energy spans ranging from ∼30 to 42 kcal mol-1 depending on different combinations of ligands and metal complexes. The optimal combination of pincer ligand and metal center allowed for an energy span of unprecedented 29.7 kcal mol-1 demonstrating significant potential for molecular catalysts for the N2/H2 reaction system. While exploring obvious potential off-cycle reactions leading to catalyst deactivation, the computed results indicate that no increase in energy span would need to be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Totan Mondal
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Walter Leitner
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Markus Hölscher
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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18
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Li Y, Wei J, Han J, Chen XD. Synthesis and crystal structure of the cluster (Et 4N)[(Tp*)MoFe 3S 3(μ 3-NSiMe 3)(N 3) 3]. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2024; 80:691-694. [PMID: 38845704 PMCID: PMC11151308 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989024004833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The title compound, tetra-ethyl-ammonium tri-azido-tri-μ3-sulfido-[μ3-(tri-methyl-sil-yl)aza-nediido][tris-(3,5-di-methyl-pyrazol-1-yl)hydro-borato]triiron(+2.33)molybdenum(IV), (C8H20N)[Fe3MoS3(C15H22BN6)(C3H9NSi)(N3)3] or (Et4N)[(Tp*)MoFe3S3(μ3-NSiMe3)(N3)3] [Tp* = tris-(3,5-di-methyl-pyrazol-1-yl)hydro-bor-ate(1-)], crystallizes as needle-like black crystals in space group P . In this cluster, the Mo site is in a distorted octa-hedral coordination model, coordinating three N atoms on the Tp* ligand and three μ3-bridging S atoms in the core. The Fe sites are in a distorted tetra-hedral coordination model, coordinating two μ3-bridging S atoms, one μ3-bridging N atom from Me3SiN2-, and another N atom on the terminal azide ligand. This type of heterometallic and heteroleptic single cubane cluster represents a typical example within the Mo-Fe-S cluster family, which may be a good reference for understanding the structure and function of the nitro-genase FeMo cofactor. The residual electron density of disordered solvent mol-ecules in the void space could not be reasonably modeled, thus the SQUEEZE [Spek (2015). Acta Cryst. C71, 9-18] function was applied. The solvent contribution is not included in the reported mol-ecular weight and density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia district, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Wei
- Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia district, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Han
- School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong
| | - Xu-Dong Chen
- Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Qixia district, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People’s Republic of China
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19
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Peredkov S, Pereira N, Grötzsch D, Hendel S, Wallacher D, DeBeer S. PINK: a tender X-ray beamline for X-ray emission spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2024; 31:622-634. [PMID: 38662410 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577524002200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
A high-flux beamline optimized for non-resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) in the tender X-ray energy range has been constructed at the BESSY II synchrotron source. The beamline utilizes a cryogenically cooled undulator that provides X-rays over the energy range 2.1 keV to 9.5 keV. This energy range provides access to XES [and in the future X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS)] studies of transition metals ranging from Ti to Cu (Kα, Kβ lines) and Zr to Ag (Lα, Lβ), as well as light elements including P, S, Cl, K and Ca (Kα, Kβ). The beamline can be operated in two modes. In PINK mode, a multilayer monochromator (E/ΔE ≃ 30-80) provides a high photon flux (1014 photons s-1 at 6 keV and 300 mA ring current), allowing non-resonant XES measurements of dilute substances. This mode is currently available for general user operation. X-ray absorption near-edge structure and resonant XAS techniques will be available after the second stage of the PINK commissioning, when a high monochromatic mode (E/ΔE ≃ 10000-40000) will be facilitated by a double-crystal monochromator. At present, the beamline incorporates two von Hamos spectrometers, enabling time-resolved XES experiments with time scales down to 0.1 s and the possibility of two-color XES experiments. This paper describes the optical scheme of the PINK beamline and the endstation. The design of the two von Hamos dispersive spectrometers and sample environment are discussed here in detail. To illustrate, XES spectra of phosphorus complexes, KCl, TiO2 and Co3O4 measured using the PINK setup are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Peredkov
- Department of Inorganic Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Nilson Pereira
- Department of Inorganic Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Daniel Grötzsch
- Berlin Laboratory for Innovative X-ray Technologies (BLiX), Institute of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technical University of Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 36, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hendel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Wallacher
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin, Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Department of Inorganic Spectroscopy, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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20
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Xie ZL, Jin WT, Zhou ZH. Analyses of the electronic structures of FeFe-cofactors compared with those of FeMo- and FeV-cofactors and their P-clusters. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:6529-6536. [PMID: 38299993 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04126c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The electronic structures of FeFe-cofactors (FeFe-cos) in resting and turnover states, together with their PN clusters from iron-only nitrogenases, have been calculated using the bond valence method, and their crystallographic data were reported recently and deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB codes: 8BOQ and 8OIE). The calculated results have also been compared with those of their homologous Mo- and V-nitrogenases. For FeFe-cos in the resting state, Fe1/2/4/5/6/7/8 atoms are prone to Fe3+, while the Fe3 atom shows different degrees of mixed valences. The results support that the Fe8 atom at the terminal positions of FeFe-cos possesses the same oxidation states as the Mo3+/V3+ atoms of FeMo-/FeV-cos. In the turnover state, the overall oxidation state of FeFe-co is slightly reduced than those in the resting species, and its electronic configuration is rearranged after the substitution of S2B with OH, compatible with those found in CO-bound FeV-co. Moreover, the calculations give the formal oxidation states of 6Fe2+-2Fe3+ for the electronic structures of PN clusters in Fe-nitrogenases. By the comparison of Mo-, V- and Fe-nitrogenases, the overall oxidation levels of 7Fe atoms (Fe1-Fe7) for both FeFe- and FeMo-cos in resting states are found to be higher than that of FeV-co. For the PN clusters in MoFe-, VFe- and FeFe-proteins, they all exhibit a strong reductive character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Lang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Wan-Ting Jin
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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21
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Xu G, Cui YS, Jiang XL, Xu CQ, Li J, Chen XD. Synthesis and characterization of iron clusters with an icosahedral [Fe@Fe 12] 16+ Core. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwad327. [PMID: 38487495 PMCID: PMC10939364 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron-metal clusters are crucial in a variety of critical biological and material systems, including metalloenzymes, catalysts, and magnetic storage devices. However, a synthetic high-nuclear iron cluster has been absent due to the extreme difficulty in stabilizing species with direct iron-iron bonding. In this work, we have synthesized, crystallized, and characterized a (Tp*)4W4S12(Fe@Fe12) cluster (Tp* = tris(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)borate(1-)), which features a rare trideca-nuclear, icosahedral [Fe@Fe12] cluster core with direct multicenter iron-iron bonding between the interstitial iron (Fei) and peripheral irons (Fep), as well as Fep···Fep ferromagnetic coupling. Quantum chemistry studies reveal that the stability of the cluster arises from the 18-electron shell-closing of the [Fe@Fe12]16+ core, assisted by its bonding interactions with the peripheral tridentate [(Tp*)WS3]4- ligands which possess both S→Fe donation and spin-polarized Fe-W σ bonds. The ground-state electron spin is theoretically predicted to be S = 32/2 for the cluster. The existence of low oxidation-state (OS ∼ +1.23) iron in this compound may find interesting applications in magnetic storage, spintronics, redox chemistry, and cluster catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Xu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yun-Shu Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xue-Lian Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Cong-Qiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare-Earth Materials of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xu-Dong Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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22
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Hossain K, Roy Choudhury A, Majumdar A. Generation and Reactivity of Polychalcogenide Chains in Binuclear Cobalt(II) Complexes. JACS AU 2024; 4:771-787. [PMID: 38425921 PMCID: PMC10900221 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
A series of six binuclear Co(II)-thiolate complexes, [Co2(BPMP)(S-C6H4-o-X)2]1+ (X = OMe, 2; NH2, 3), [Co2(BPMP)(μ-S-C6H4-o-O)]1+ (4), and [Co2(BPMP)(μ-Y)]1+ (Y = bdt, 5; tdt, 6; mnt, 7), has been synthesized from [Co2(BPMP)(MeOH)2(Cl)2]1+ (1a) and [Co2(BPMP)(Cl)2]1+ (1b), where BPMP1- is the anion of 2,6-bis[[bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amino]methyl]-4-methylphenol. While 2 and 3 could allow the two-electron redox reaction of the two coordinated thiolates with elemental sulfur (S8) to generate [Co2(BPMP)(μ-S5)]1+ (8), the complexes, 4-7, could not undergo a similar reaction. An analogous redox reaction of 2 with elemental selenium ([Se]) produced [{Co2(BPMP)(μ-Se4)}{Co2(BPMP)(μ-Se3)}]2+ (9a) and [Co2(BPMP)(μ-Se4)]1+ (9b). Further reaction of these polychalcogenido complexes, 8 and 9a/9b, with PPh3 allowed the isolation of [Co2(BPMP)(μ-S)]1+ (10) and [Co2(BPMP)(μ-Se2)]1+ (11), which, in turn, could be converted back to 8 and 9a upon treatment with S8 and [Se], respectively. Interestingly, while the redox reaction of the polyselenide chains in 9a and 11 with S8 produced 8 and [Se], the treatment of 8 with [Se] gave back only the starting material (8), thus demonstrating the different redox behavior of sulfur and selenium. Furthermore, the reaction of 8 and 9a/9b with activated alkynes and cyanide (CN-) allowed the isolation of the complexes, [Co2(BPMP)(μ-E2C2(CO2R)2)]1+ (E = S: 12a, R = Me; 12b, R = Et; E = Se: 13a, R = Me; 13b, R = Et) and [Co2(BPMP)(μ-SH)(NCS)2] (14), respectively. The present work, thus, provides an interesting synthetic strategy, interconversions, and detailed comparative reactivity of binuclear Co(II)-polychalcogenido complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Hossain
- School
of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association
for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| | - Angshuman Roy Choudhury
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Indian
Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, S. A. S. Nagar, Manauli P.O., Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Amit Majumdar
- School
of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association
for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
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23
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Siegbahn PEM. Computational Model Study of the Experimentally Suggested Mechanism for Nitrogenase. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:985-989. [PMID: 38237063 PMCID: PMC10839828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism for N2 activation in the E4 state of nitrogenase was investigated by model calculations. In the experimentally suggested mechanism, the E4 state is obtained after four reductions to the ground state. In a recent theoretical study, results for a different mechanism have been found in excellent agreement with available Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) experiments for E4. The two hydrides in E4 leave as H2 concertedly with the binding of N2. The mechanism suggested differs from the experimentally suggested one by a requirement for four activation steps prior to catalysis. In the present study, the experimentally suggested mechanism is studied using the same methods as those used in the previous study on the theoretical mechanism. The computed results make it very unlikely that a structure obtained after four reductions from the ground state has two hydrides, and the experimentally suggested mechanism does therefore not agree with the EPR experiments for E4. Another structure with only one hydride is here suggested to be the one that has been observed to bind N2 after only four reductions of the ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per E. M. Siegbahn
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Chen S, Jelic J, Rein D, Najafishirtari S, Schmidt FP, Girgsdies F, Kang L, Wandzilak A, Rabe A, Doronkin DE, Wang J, Friedel Ortega K, DeBeer S, Grunwaldt JD, Schlögl R, Lunkenbein T, Studt F, Behrens M. Highly loaded bimetallic iron-cobalt catalysts for hydrogen release from ammonia. Nat Commun 2024; 15:871. [PMID: 38286982 PMCID: PMC10824716 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44661-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Ammonia is a storage molecule for hydrogen, which can be released by catalytic decomposition. Inexpensive iron catalysts suffer from a low activity due to a too strong iron-nitrogen binding energy compared to more active metals such as ruthenium. Here, we show that this limitation can be overcome by combining iron with cobalt resulting in a Fe-Co bimetallic catalyst. Theoretical calculations confirm a lower metal-nitrogen binding energy for the bimetallic catalyst resulting in higher activity. Operando spectroscopy reveals that the role of cobalt in the bimetallic catalyst is to suppress the bulk-nitridation of iron and to stabilize this active state. Such catalysts are obtained from Mg(Fe,Co)2O4 spinel pre-catalysts with variable Fe:Co ratios by facile co-precipitation, calcination and reduction. The resulting Fe-Co/MgO catalysts, characterized by an extraordinary high metal loading reaching 74 wt.%, combine the advantages of a ruthenium-like electronic structure with a bulk catalyst-like microstructure typical for base metal catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Chen
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Kiel University, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jelena Jelic
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Denise Rein
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universtätsstr. 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Sharif Najafishirtari
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Kiel University, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franz-Philipp Schmidt
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Girgsdies
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Liqun Kang
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Wandzilak
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Anna Rabe
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Kiel University, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universtätsstr. 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Dmitry E Doronkin
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 20, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jihao Wang
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Kiel University, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Klaus Friedel Ortega
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Kiel University, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 20, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Lunkenbein
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Studt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 20, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Malte Behrens
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Kiel University, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universtätsstr. 7, 45141, Essen, Germany.
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science KiNSIS, Kiel University, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
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25
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Guan R, Huang J, Xin J, Chen M, Du P, Li Q, Tan YZ, Yang S, Xie SY. A stabilization rule for metal carbido cluster bearing μ 3-carbido single-atom-ligand encapsulated in carbon cage. Nat Commun 2024; 15:150. [PMID: 38167842 PMCID: PMC10761991 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal carbido complexes bearing single-carbon-atom ligand such as nitrogenase provide ideal models of adsorbed carbon atoms in heterogeneous catalysis. Trimetallic μ3-carbido clusterfullerenes found recently represent the simplest metal carbido complexes with the ligands being only carbon atoms, but only few are crystallographically characterized, and its formation prerequisite is unclear. Herein, we synthesize and isolate three vanadium-based μ3-CCFs featuring V = C double bonds and high valence state of V (+4), including VSc2C@Ih(7)-C80, VSc2C@D5h(6)-C80 and VSc2C@D3h(5)-C78. Based on a systematic theoretical study of all reported μ3-carbido clusterfullerenes, we further propose a supplemental Octet Rule, i.e., an eight-electron configuration of the μ3-carbido ligand is needed for stabilization of metal carbido clusters within μ3-carbido clusterfullerenes. Distinct from the classic Effective Atomic Number rule based on valence electron count of metal proposed in the 1920s, this rule counts the valence electrons of the single-carbon-atom ligand, and offers a general rule governing the stabilities of μ3-carbido clusterfullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runnan Guan
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jinpeng Xin
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Muqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Pingwu Du
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qunxiang Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
| | - Su-Yuan Xie
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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26
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Schmidt FV, Schulz L, Zarzycki J, Prinz S, Oehlmann NN, Erb TJ, Rebelein JG. Structural insights into the iron nitrogenase complex. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:150-158. [PMID: 38062208 PMCID: PMC10803253 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogenases are best known for catalyzing the reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia at a complex metallic cofactor. Recently, nitrogenases were shown to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide to hydrocarbons, offering a pathway to recycle carbon waste into hydrocarbon products. Among the three nitrogenase isozymes, the iron nitrogenase has the highest wild-type activity for the reduction of CO2, but the molecular architecture facilitating these activities has remained unknown. Here, we report a 2.35-Å cryogenic electron microscopy structure of the ADP·AlF3-stabilized iron nitrogenase complex from Rhodobacter capsulatus, revealing an [Fe8S9C-(R)-homocitrate] cluster in the active site. The enzyme complex suggests that the iron nitrogenase G subunit is involved in cluster stabilization and substrate channeling and confers specificity between nitrogenase reductase and catalytic component proteins. Moreover, the structure highlights a different interface between the two catalytic halves of the iron and the molybdenum nitrogenase, potentially influencing the intrasubunit 'communication' and thus the nitrogenase mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik V Schmidt
- Microbial Metalloenzymes Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Luca Schulz
- Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jan Zarzycki
- Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Simone Prinz
- Central Electron Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Niels N Oehlmann
- Microbial Metalloenzymes Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias J Erb
- Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Johannes G Rebelein
- Microbial Metalloenzymes Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany.
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27
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Einsle O. On the Shoulders of Giants-Reaching for Nitrogenase. Molecules 2023; 28:7959. [PMID: 38138449 PMCID: PMC10745432 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28247959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Only a single enzyme system-nitrogenase-carries out the conversion of atmospheric N2 into bioavailable ammonium, an essential prerequisite for all organismic life. The reduction of this inert substrate at ambient conditions poses unique catalytic challenges that strain our mechanistic understanding even after decades of intense research. Structural biology has added its part to this greater tapestry, and in this review, I provide a personal (and highly biased) summary of the parts of the story to which I had the privilege to contribute. It focuses on the crystallographic analysis of the three isoforms of nitrogenases at high resolution and the binding of ligands and inhibitors to the active-site cofactors of the enzyme. In conjunction with the wealth of available biochemical, biophysical, and spectroscopic data on the protein, this has led us to a mechanistic hypothesis based on an elementary mechanism of repetitive hydride formation and insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Einsle
- Institute of Biochemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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28
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Jiang H, Lundgren KJM, Ryde U. Protonation of Homocitrate and the E 1 State of Fe-Nitrogenase Studied by QM/MM Calculations. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:19433-19445. [PMID: 37987624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogenase is the only enzyme that can cleave the strong triple bond in N2, making nitrogen available for biological life. There are three isozymes of nitrogenase, differing in the composition of the active site, viz., Mo, V, and Fe-nitrogenase. Recently, the first crystal structure of Fe-nitrogenase was presented. We have performed the first combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) study of Fe-nitrogenase. We show with QM/MM and quantum-refinement calculations that the homocitrate ligand is most likely protonated on the alcohol oxygen in the resting E0 state. The most stable broken-symmetry (BS) states are the same as for Mo-nitrogenase, i.e., the three Noodleman BS7-type states (with a surplus of β spin on the eighth Fe ion), which maximize the number of nearby antiferromagnetically coupled Fe-Fe pairs. For the E1 state, we find that protonation of the S2B μ2 belt sulfide ion is most favorable, 14-117 kJ/mol more stable than structures with a Fe-bound hydride ion (the best has a hydride ion on the Fe2 ion) calculated with four different density-functional theory methods. This is similar to what was found for Mo-nitrogenase, but it does not explain the recent EPR observation that the E1 state of Fe-nitrogenase should contain a photolyzable hydride ion. For the E1 state, many BS states are close in energy, and the preferred BS state differs depending on the position of the extra proton and which density functional is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department of Computational Chemistry, Lund University, Chemical Centre, P.O. Box 124, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer J M Lundgren
- Department of Computational Chemistry, Lund University, Chemical Centre, P.O. Box 124, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Ulf Ryde
- Department of Computational Chemistry, Lund University, Chemical Centre, P.O. Box 124, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
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29
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Einsle O. Catalysis and structure of nitrogenases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 83:102719. [PMID: 37802004 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
In providing bioavailable nitrogen as building blocks for all classes of biomacromolecules, biological nitrogen fixation is an essential process for all organismic life. Only a single enzyme, nitrogenase, performs this task at ambient conditions and with ATP as an energy source. The assembly of the complex iron-sulfur enzyme nitrogenase and its catalytic mechanism remains a matter of intense study. Recent progress in the structural analysis of the three known isoforms of nitrogenase-differentiated primarily by the heterometal in their active site cofactor-has revealed a degree of structural plasticity of these clusters that suggest two distinct binding sites for substrates and reaction intermediates. A mechanistic proposal based on this finding integrates most of the available experimental data. Furthermore, the first applications of high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy have highlighted further dynamic conformational changes. Structures obtained under turnover conditions support the proposed alternating half-site reactivity in the C2-symmetric nitrogenase complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Einsle
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
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30
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Zhai H, Lee S, Cui ZH, Cao L, Ryde U, Chan GKL. Multireference Protonation Energetics of a Dimeric Model of Nitrogenase Iron-Sulfur Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9974-9984. [PMID: 37967028 PMCID: PMC10694817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the electronic structure of the iron-sulfur clusters in nitrogenase is necessary to understand their role in the nitrogen fixation process. One challenging task is to determine the protonation state of the intermediates in the nitrogen fixing cycle. Here, we use a dimeric iron-sulfur model to study relative energies of protonation at C, S, or Fe. Using a composite method based on coupled cluster and density matrix renormalization group energetics, we converge the relative energies of four protonated configurations with respect to basis set and correlation level. We find that accurate relative energies require large basis sets as well as a proper treatment of multireference and relativistic effects. We have also tested ten density functional approximations for these systems. Most of them give large errors in their relative energies. The best performing functional in this system is B3LYP, which gives mean absolute and maximum deviations of only 10 and 13 kJ/mol with respect to our correlated wave function estimates, respectively, comparable to the uncertainty in our correlated estimates. Our work provides benchmark results for the calibration of new approximate electronic structure methods and density functionals for these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanchen Zhai
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Seunghoon Lee
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Zhi-Hao Cui
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Lili Cao
- Department
of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf Ryde
- Department
of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Garnet Kin-Lic Chan
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California
Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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31
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Tokmina-Lukaszewska M, Huang Q, Berry L, Kallas H, Peters JW, Seefeldt LC, Raugei S, Bothner B. Fe protein docking transduces conformational changes to MoFe nitrogenase active site in a nucleotide-dependent manner. Commun Chem 2023; 6:254. [PMID: 37980448 PMCID: PMC10657360 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia catalyzed by nitrogenase involves a complex series of events, including ATP hydrolysis, electron transfer, and activation of metal clusters for N2 reduction. Early evidence shows that an essential part of the mechanism involves transducing information between the nitrogenase component proteins through conformational dynamics. Here, millisecond time-resolved hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry was used to unravel peptide-level protein motion on the time scale of catalysis of Mo-dependent nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii. Normal mode analysis calculations complemented this data, providing insights into the specific signal transduction pathways that relay information across protein interfaces at distances spanning 100 Å. Together, these results show that conformational changes induced by protein docking are rapidly transduced to the active site, suggesting a specific mechanism for activating the metal cofactor in the enzyme active site.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qi Huang
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Luke Berry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Hayden Kallas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - John W Peters
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Lance C Seefeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Simone Raugei
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Brian Bothner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.
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32
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Wang GX, Yin ZB, Wei J, Xi Z. Dinitrogen Activation and Functionalization Affording Chromium Diazenido and Hydrazido Complexes. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3211-3222. [PMID: 37937752 PMCID: PMC10666292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusThe activation and functionalization of N2 to form nitrogen-element bonds have long posed challenges to industrial, biological, and synthetic chemists. The first transition-metal dinitrogen complex prepared by Allen and Senoff in 1965 provoked researchers to explore homogeneous N2 fixation. Despite intensive research in the last six decades, efficient and quantitative conversion of N2 to diazenido and hydrazido species remains problematic. Relative to a plethora of reactions to generate N2 complexes, their functionalization reactions are rather rare, and the yields are often unsatisfactory, emphasizing the need for systematic investigations of the reaction mechanisms.In this Account, we summarize our recent work on the synthesis, spectroscopic features, electronic structures, and reactivities of several Cr-N2 complexes. Initially, a series of dinuclear and trinuclear Cr(I)-N2 complexes bearing cyclopentadienyl-phosphine ligands were accessed. However, they cannot achieve N2 functionalization but undergo oxidative addition reactions with phenylsilane, azobenzene, and other unsaturated organic compounds at the low-valent Cr(I) centers rather than at the N2 unit. Further reduction of these Cr(I) complexes leads to the formation of more activated mononuclear Cr(0) bis-dinitrogen complexes. Remarkably, silylation of the cyclopentadienyl-phosphine Cr(0)-N2 complex with Me3SiCl afforded the first Cr hydrazido complex. This process follows the distal pathway to functionalize the Nβ atom twice, yielding an end-on η1-hydrazido complex, Cr(III)═N-N(SiMe3)2. In contrast, upon substitution of the phosphine ligand in the Cr(0)-N2 complex with a N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand, the corresponding reaction with Me3SiCl proceeds via the alternating pathway; the silylation occurs at both Nα and Nβ atoms and generates a side-on η2-hydrazido complex, Cr(III)(η2-Me3SiN-NSiMe3). Both silylation reactions are inevitably accompanied by the formation of Cr(III) hydrazido complexes and Cr(II) chlorides with a 2:1 ratio. These processes exhibit a peculiar '3-4-2-1' stoichiometry (i.e., treating 3 equiv of Cr(0)-N2 complexes with 4 equiv of Me3SiCl yields 2 equiv of Cr(III) disilyl-hydrazido complexes and 1 equiv of Cr(II) chloride). Upon replacing the monodentate phosphine and/or NHC ligand with a bisphosphine ligand, a monodinitrogen Cr(0) complex, instead of the bis-dinitrogen Cr(0) complexes, is obtained; consequently, the silylation reactions progress via the normal two-electron route, which passes through Cr(II)-N═N-R diazenido species as an intermediate and furnishes [Cr(IV)═N-NR2]+ hydrazido as the final products. More importantly, this type of Cr(0)-N2 complex can be not only silylated but also protonated and alkylated proficiently. All of the second-order reaction rates of the first and second transformations are determined along with the lifetimes of the intervening diazenido species. Based on these findings, we have successfully carried out nearly quantitative preparations of the Cr(IV) hydrazido species with unmixed or hybrid substituents.The studies of Cr-N2 systems provide effective approaches for the activation and functionalization of N2, deepening the understanding of N2 electrophilic attack. We hope that this Account will inspire more discoveries related to the transformation of gaseous N2 to high-value-added nitrogen-containing organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Xiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhu-Bao Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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33
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Lima FA, Otte F, Vakili M, Ardana-Lamas F, Biednov M, Dall’Antonia F, Frankenberger P, Gawelda W, Gelisio L, Han H, Huang X, Jiang Y, Kloos M, Kluyver T, Knoll M, Kubicek K, Bermudez Macias IJ, Schulz J, Turkot O, Uemura Y, Valerio J, Wang H, Yousef H, Zalden P, Khakhulin D, Bressler C, Milne C. Experimental capabilities for liquid jet samples at sub-MHz rates at the FXE Instrument at European XFEL. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2023; 30:1168-1182. [PMID: 37860937 PMCID: PMC10624029 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577523008159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The Femtosecond X-ray Experiments (FXE) instrument at the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL) provides an optimized platform for investigations of ultrafast physical, chemical and biological processes. It operates in the energy range 4.7-20 keV accommodating flexible and versatile environments for a wide range of samples using diverse ultrafast X-ray spectroscopic, scattering and diffraction techniques. FXE is particularly suitable for experiments taking advantage of the sub-MHz repetition rates provided by the EuXFEL. In this paper a dedicated setup for studies on ultrafast biological and chemical dynamics in solution phase at sub-MHz rates at FXE is presented. Particular emphasis on the different liquid jet sample delivery options and their performance is given. Our portfolio of high-speed jets compatible with sub-MHz experiments includes cylindrical jets, gas dynamic virtual nozzles and flat jets. The capability to perform multi-color X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) experiments is illustrated by a set of measurements using the dispersive X-ray spectrometer in von Hamos geometry. Static XES data collected using a multi-crystal scanning Johann-type spectrometer are also presented. A few examples of experimental results on ultrafast time-resolved X-ray emission spectroscopy and wide-angle X-ray scattering at sub-MHz pulse repetition rates are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. A. Lima
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - F. Otte
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Fakultät für Physik, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - M. Vakili
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - M. Biednov
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - W. Gawelda
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - L. Gelisio
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - H. Han
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - X. Huang
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Y. Jiang
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - M. Kloos
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - T. Kluyver
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - M. Knoll
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - K. Kubicek
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - J. Schulz
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - O. Turkot
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Y. Uemura
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - J. Valerio
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - H. Wang
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - H. Yousef
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - P. Zalden
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - D. Khakhulin
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - C. Bressler
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C. Milne
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
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34
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Quechol R, Solomon JB, Liu YA, Lee CC, Jasniewski AJ, Górecki K, Oyala P, Hedman B, Hodgson KO, Ribbe MW, Hu Y. Heterologous synthesis of the complex homometallic cores of nitrogenase P- and M-clusters in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2314788120. [PMID: 37871225 PMCID: PMC10622910 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314788120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogenase is an active target of heterologous expression because of its importance for areas related to agronomy, energy, and environment. One major hurdle for expressing an active Mo-nitrogenase in Escherichia coli is to generate the complex metalloclusters (P- and M-clusters) within this enzyme, which involves some highly unique bioinorganic chemistry/metalloenzyme biochemistry that is not generally dealt with in the heterologous expression of proteins via synthetic biology; in particular, the heterologous synthesis of the homometallic P-cluster ([Fe8S7]) and M-cluster core (or L-cluster; [Fe8S9C]) on their respective protein scaffolds, which represents two crucial checkpoints along the biosynthetic pathway of a complete nitrogenase, has yet to be demonstrated by biochemical and spectroscopic analyses of purified metalloproteins. Here, we report the heterologous formation of a P-cluster-containing NifDK protein upon coexpression of Azotobacter vinelandii nifD, nifK, nifH, nifM, and nifZ genes, and that of an L-cluster-containing NifB protein upon coexpression of Methanosarcina acetivorans nifB, nifS, and nifU genes alongside the A. vinelandii fdxN gene, in E. coli. Our metal content, activity, EPR, and XAS/EXAFS data provide conclusive evidence for the successful synthesis of P- and L-clusters in a nondiazotrophic host, thereby highlighting the effectiveness of our metallocentric, divide-and-conquer approach that individually tackles the key events of nitrogenase biosynthesis prior to piecing them together into a complete pathway for the heterologous expression of nitrogenase. As such, this work paves the way for the transgenic expression of an active nitrogenase while providing an effective tool for further tackling the biosynthetic mechanism of this important metalloenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Quechol
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA92697-3900
| | - Joseph B. Solomon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA92697-3900
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA92697-2025
| | - Yiling A. Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA92697-3900
| | - Chi Chung Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA92697-3900
| | - Andrew J. Jasniewski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA92697-3900
| | - Kamil Górecki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA92697-3900
| | - Paul Oyala
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Britt Hedman
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA94025
| | - Keith O. Hodgson
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA94025
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Markus W. Ribbe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA92697-3900
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA92697-2025
| | - Yilin Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA92697-3900
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35
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Ravel-Massol R, Munshi S, Pujol A, Garcia-Serres R, Saffon-Merceron N, Mézailles N, Fustier-Boutignon M. One Ligand to Bind them All: S~C~S 2- Carbon- and Sulfur-Based Gem-Dianion as Structuring Ligand for Iron Polymetallic Assemblies. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302130. [PMID: 37681691 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerous synthetic models of the FeMo-co cluster of nitrogenases have been proposed to find the simplest structure with relevant reactivity. Indeed, such structures are able to perform multi-electrons reduction processes, such as the conversion of N2 to ammonia, and of CO2 into methane and alkenes. The most challenging parameter to imitate is indeed the central carbide ligand, which is believed to maintain the integrity of iron sulfide assembly during the course of catalytic cycles. The study proposes the use of bis(diphenylthiophosphinoyl)methanediide (SCS)2- as an ideal platform for the synthesis of bi- and tetra-metallic iron complexes, in which the iron-carbon interaction is maintained upon structural diversification and redox state changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Ravel-Massol
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, LHFA UMR CNRS 5069, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandip Munshi
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, LHFA UMR CNRS 5069, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Anthony Pujol
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, LHFA UMR CNRS 5069, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Ricardo Garcia-Serres
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Nathalie Saffon-Merceron
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse ICT-UAR2599, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Mézailles
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, LHFA UMR CNRS 5069, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Fustier-Boutignon
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, LHFA UMR CNRS 5069, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
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36
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Hirao K, Nakajima T, Chan B. Core-Level 2s and 2p Binding Energies of Third-Period Elements (P, S, and Cl) Calculated by Hartree-Fock and Kohn-Sham Δ SCF Theory. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7954-7963. [PMID: 37703090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigate the use of the ΔSCF method and Slater's transition state (STS) theory to calculate the binding energies of the 2s and 2p electrons of third-period elements (P, S, and Cl). Both the Hartree-Fock (HF) and Kohn-Sham (KS) approximations are examined. The STS approximation performs well in reproducing the ΔSCF values. However, for the ΔSCF method itself, while the binding energy of the 2p electrons is accurately predicted, the results for 2s are fairly sensitive to the functional, exhibiting significant variations due to self-interaction errors (SIE). Nonetheless, the variations in chemical shifts between different species remain relatively small, and the values agree with experiments due to the cancellation of SIE. A notable observation is that the chemical shifts of the 2s and 2p electrons are similar, indicating a perturbation caused by the valence electrons. The error in the absolute binding energy of KS ΔSCF against the experiment is nearly constant for the same element in different molecules, and it depends largely on the functional owing to SIE. A shifting scheme previously developed can be employed to reproduce the experimental 2s and 2p binding energies, with dependence on the functional and atom but not on the molecule even for 2s KS ΔSCF binding energies. Upon obtaining the corrected binding energies, we find that the gap between 2s and 2p binding energy is nearly independent of chemical environment for a given element: 57.5, 63.9, and 70.9 eV for the elements P, S, and Cl, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimihiko Hirao
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Takano, Nishihiraki-cho 34-4, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Computational Science, 7-1-26, Minatojima-minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takahito Nakajima
- RIKEN Center for Computational Science, 7-1-26, Minatojima-minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Bun Chan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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37
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Gómez-Suárez A, Neumann CN. Stereochemistry in All Its Shapes and Forms: The 56 th Bürgenstock Conference. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309468. [PMID: 37590448 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Acknowledging the crucial role of stereochemistry in fields as diverse as total synthesis, synthetic methodology, spectroscopy, and the study of the origin of life, the 56th SCS Conference on Stereochemistry, better known as the BÃ1/4rgenstock Conference, brought together a diverse range of chemistry expertise in Brunnen, Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Gómez-Suárez
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Constanze N Neumann
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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38
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Siegbahn PEM. The mechanism for N 2 activation in the E 4 - state of nitrogenase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:23602-23613. [PMID: 37622205 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02851h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogenases take nitrogen from the air and reduce it to ammonia. It has long been known that N2 becomes activated after four reductions in the catalytic cycle, in the E4 state. Several mechanisms for the activation have been suggested. In the present study a previous mechanism has been revised based on recent experimental findings. In the present mechanism N2H2 is formed in E4. As in the previously suggested mechanism, there are four initial reductions before catalysis (the A-states), after which a sulfide is released and the first state in catalysis (E0) is formed. In E4, N2 becomes bound and protonated in the Fe1, Fe2, Fe4 region, in which the hydrides have left two electrons. The rate-limiting step is the formation of N2H by a hydrogen atom transfer from Cys275 to N2 bound to Fe4, concerted with an additional electron transfer from the cofactor. The mechanism fulfills all requirements set by experiments. The activation of N2 is preceded by a formation of H2 from two hydrides, the carbide is kinetically hindered from being protonated, the E4 state is reversible. An important aspect is the presence of a water molecule in the Fe2, Fe6 region. The non-allowed formations of H2 from a hydride and a proton have been investigated and found to have higher barriers than the allowed formation of H2 from two hydrides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per E M Siegbahn
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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39
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Cesari C, Bortoluzzi M, Funaioli T, Femoni C, Iapalucci MC, Zacchini S. Highly Reduced Ruthenium Carbide Carbonyl Clusters: Synthesis, Molecular Structure, Reactivity, Electrochemistry, and Computational Investigation of [Ru 6C(CO) 15] 4. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:14590-14603. [PMID: 37646082 PMCID: PMC10498495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of [Ru6C(CO)16]2- (1) with NaOH in DMSO resulted in the formation of a highly reduced [Ru6C(CO)15]4- (2), which was readily protonated by acids, such as HBF4·Et2O, to [HRu6C(CO)15]3- (3). Oxidation of 2 with [Cp2Fe][PF6] or [C7H7][BF4] in CH3CN resulted in [Ru6C(CO)15(CH3CN)]2- (5), which was quantitatively converted into 1 after exposure to CO atmosphere. The reaction of 2 with a mild methylating agent such as CH3,I afforded the purported [Ru6C(CO)14(COCH3)]3- (6). By employing a stronger reagent, that is, CF3SO3CH3, a mixture of [HRu6C(CO)16]- (4), [H3Ru6C(CO)15]- (7), and [Ru6C(CO)15(CH3CNCH3)]- (8) was obtained. The molecular structures of 2-5, 7, and 8 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction as their [NEt4]4[2]·CH3CN, [NEt4]3[3], [NEt4][4], [NEt4]2[5], [NEt4][7], and [NEt4][8]·solv salts. The carbyne-carbide cluster 6 was partially characterized by IR spectroscopy and ESI-MS, and its structure was computationally predicted using DFT methods. The redox behavior of 2 and 3 was investigated by electrochemical and IR spectroelectrochemical methods. Computational studies were performed in order to unravel structural and thermodynamic aspects of these octahedral Ru-carbide carbonyl clusters displaying miscellaneous ligands and charges in comparison with related iron derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cesari
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna. Italy
| | - Marco Bortoluzzi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Ca’
Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30175 Mestre (Ve), Italy
| | - Tiziana Funaioli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi
13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Femoni
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna. Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Iapalucci
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna. Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna. Italy
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40
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Pollock CJ, Debefve LM. Resonant Excitation Unlocks Chemical Selectivity of Platinum Lβ Valence-to-Core X-ray Emission Spectra. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:13681-13691. [PMID: 37578150 PMCID: PMC10467576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Valence-to-core X-ray emission spectroscopy (VtC XES) is an emerging technique that uses hard X-rays to probe the valence electronic structure of an absorbing atom. Despite finding varied applications for light elements and first row transition metals, little work has been done on heavier elements such as second and third row transition metals. This lack of application is at least partially due to the relatively low resolution of the data at the high energies required to measure these elements, which obscures the useful chemical information that can be extracted from the lower energy, higher resolution spectra of lighter elements. Herein, we collect data on a set of platinum-containing compounds and demonstrate that the VtC XES resolution can be dramatically enhanced by exciting the platinum atom in resonance with its L3-edge white line absorption. Whereas spectra excited using standard nonresonant absorption well above the Pt L3-edge display broad, unfeatured VtC regions, resonant XES (RXES) spectra have more than twofold improved resolution and are revealed to be rich in chemical information with the ability to distinguish between even closely related species. We further demonstrate that these RXES spectra may be used to selectively probe individual components of a mixture of Pt-containing compounds, establishing this technique as a viable probe for chemically complex samples. Lastly, it is shown that the spectra are interpretable using a molecular orbital framework and may be calculated using density functional theory, thus suggesting resonant excitation as a general strategy for extracting chemically useful information from heavy element VtC spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Pollock
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source,
Wilson Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Louise M. Debefve
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source,
Wilson Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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41
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Pang Y, Bjornsson R. The E3 state of FeMoco: one hydride, two hydrides or dihydrogen? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:21020-21036. [PMID: 37522223 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01106b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Hydrides are present in the reduced states of the iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMoco) of Mo nitrogenase and are believed to play a key mechanistic role in the dinitrogen reduction reaction catalyzed by the enzyme. Two hydrides are present in the E4 state according to 1H ENDOR and there is likely a single hydride in the E2 redox state. The 2-hydride E4 state has been experimentally observed to bind N2 and it has been speculated that E3 may bind N2 as well. However, the E3 state has not been directly observed and very little is known about its molecular and electronic structure or reactivity. In recent computational studies, we have explored the energy surfaces of the E2 and E4 by QM/MM modelling, and found that the most stable hydride isomers contain bridging or partially bridging hydrides with an open protonated belt sulfide-bridge. In this work we systematically explore the energy surface of the E3 redox state, comparing single hydride and two-hydride isomers with varying coordination and bridging vs. terminal sulfhydryl groups. We also include a model featuring a triply protonated carbide. The results are only mildly dependent on the QM-region size. The three most stable E3 isomers at the r2SCAN level of theory have in common: an open belt sulfide-bridge (terminal sulfhydryl group on Fe6) and either 2 bridging hydrides (between Fe2 and Fe6), 1 bridging-1-terminal hydride (around Fe2 and Fe6) or a dihydrogen ligand bound at the Fe2 site. Analyzing the functional dependency of the results, we find that functionals previously found to predict accurate structures of spin-coupled Fe/Mo dimers and FeMoco (TPSSh, B97-D3, r2SCAN, and B3LYP*) are in generally good agreement about the stability of these 3 E3 isomers. However, B3LYP*, similar to its parent B3LYP method, predicts a triply protonated carbide isomer as the most stable isomer, an unlikely scenario in view of the lack of experimental evidence for carbide protonation occurring in reduced FeMoco states. Distinguishing further between the 3 hydride isomers is difficult and this flexible coordination nature of hydrides suggests that multiple hydride isomers could be present during experimental conditions. N2 binding was explored and resulted in geometries with 2 bridging hydrides and N2 bound to either Fe2 or Fe6 with a local low-spin state on the Fe. N2 binding is predicted to be mildly endothermic, similar to the E2 state, and it seems unlikely that the E3 state is capable of binding N2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjie Pang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China
- Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Ragnar Bjornsson
- Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, 17 Rue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, Cedex, France.
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42
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Payne D, Spietz RL, Newell DL, Dijkstra P, Boyd ES. Influence of sulfide on diazotrophic growth of the methanogen Methanococcus maripaludis and its implications for the origin of nitrogenase. Commun Biol 2023; 6:799. [PMID: 37524775 PMCID: PMC10390477 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05163-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Methanogens inhabit euxinic (sulfide-rich) or ferruginous (iron-rich) environments that promote the precipitation of transition metals as metal sulfides, such as pyrite, reducing metal or sulfur availability. Such environments have been common throughout Earth's history raising the question as to how anaerobes obtain(ed) these elements for the synthesis of enzyme cofactors. Here, we show a methanogen can synthesize molybdenum nitrogenase metallocofactors from pyrite as the source of iron and sulfur, enabling nitrogen fixation. Pyrite-grown, nitrogen-fixing cells grow faster and require 25-fold less molybdenum than cells grown under euxinic conditions. Growth yields are 3 to 8 times higher in cultures grown under ferruginous relative to euxinic conditions. Physiological, transcriptomic, and geochemical data indicate these observations are due to sulfide-promoted metal limitation, in particular molybdenum. These findings suggest that molybdenum nitrogenase may have originated in a ferruginous environment that titrated sulfide to form pyrite, facilitating the availability of sufficient iron, sulfur, and molybdenum for cofactor biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Payne
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Rachel L Spietz
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Dennis L Newell
- Department of Geosciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Paul Dijkstra
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Eric S Boyd
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA.
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43
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Zhang HY, Qiu SJ, Yang HH, Wang MT, Yang J, Wang HB, Liu NH, Chen XD. Cubane-type tungsten-iron-sulfur clusters with a nitrogen atom in the core: terminal ligand substitutions and redox behaviors. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:7166-7174. [PMID: 37161834 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00865g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The lack of M-Fe-S (M = Mo or W) clusters incorporating a second period (2p) atom in the core has resulted in limited investigations and poor understanding of the physical and chemical properties of the M-Fe-S clusters closely related to the FeMo cofactor. In this work, systematic studies have been carried out to explore the chemical reactivities at the terminal ligand sites and the redox properties of a series of clusters comprising a [WFe3S3N] cubane core, based on the previously developed cluster [(Tp*)WFe3S3(μ3-NSiMe3)Cl3]1-. Substitutions of the terminal chlorides with ethanethiolate, methanethiolate, thiophenolate, p-thiocresolate and azide occurred smoothly, while the replacement of the chlorides with carbene ligands required the reduction of the precursor into [(Tp*)WFe3S3(μ3-NSiMe3)Cl3]2- first. The reduced cluster core could also be supported by thiophenolates as terminal ligands, but not thiolates or azides. It is remarkable that the thiophenolate ligated reduced cluster can be synthesized from the precursor [(Tp*)WFe3S3(μ3-NSiMe3)Cl3]1-via different synthetic routes, either reduction followed by substitution or substitution followed by reduction, either in situ or stepwise. This work indicates that terminal ligands contribute significantly to determine the chemical and physical properties of the clusters, even though they might affect the cluster core to a limited extent from a structural point of view, which raises the possibility of delicate control in regulating the physical/chemical properties of M-Fe-S clusters with a heteroleptic core incorporating 2p atom(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ying Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shu-Juan Qiu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Huan-Huan Yang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Meng-Ting Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Han-Bin Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Nai-Hao Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xu-Dong Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, China
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Abstract
The Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process converts a mixture of CO and H2 into liquid hydrocarbons as a major component of the gas-to-liquid technology for the production of synthetic fuels. Contrary to the energy-demanding chemical FT process, the enzymatic FT-type reactions catalyzed by nitrogenase enzymes, their metalloclusters, and synthetic mimics utilize H+ and e- as the reducing equivalents to reduce CO, CO2, and CN- into hydrocarbons under ambient conditions. The C1 chemistry exemplified by these FT-type reactions is underscored by the structural and electronic properties of the nitrogenase-associated metallocenters, and recent studies have pointed to the potential relevance of this reactivity to nitrogenase mechanism, prebiotic chemistry, and biotechnological applications. This review will provide an overview of the features of nitrogenase enzymes and associated metalloclusters, followed by a detailed discussion of the activities of various nitrogenase-derived FT systems and plausible mechanisms of the enzymatic FT reactions, highlighting the versatility of this unique reactivity while providing perspectives onto its mechanistic, evolutionary, and biotechnological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine 92697-3900, USA
| | - Chi Chung Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine 92697-3900, USA
| | - Mario Grosch
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine 92697-3900, USA
| | - Joseph B. Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
| | - Wolfgang Weigand
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Markus W. Ribbe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine 92697-3900, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
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45
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Zhang Y, Pan X, Xu M, Xiong C, Hong D, Fang H, Cui P. Dinitrogen Complexes of Cobalt(-I) Supported by Rare-Earth Metal-Based Metalloligands. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:3836-3846. [PMID: 36800534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Sequential reactions of heptadentate phosphinoamine LH3 with rare-earth metal tris-alkyl precursor (Me3SiCH2)3Ln(THF)2 (Ln = Sc, Lu, Yb, Y, Gd) and a low-valent cobalt complex (Ph3P)3CoI afforded rare-earth metal-supported cobalt iodide complexes. Reduction of these iodide complexes under N2 allowed the isolation of the first series of dinitrogen complexes of Co(-I) featuring dative Co(-I) → Ln (Ln = Sc, Lu, Yb, Y, Gd) bonding interactions. These compounds were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, electrochemistry, and computational studies. The correlation of N-N vibrational frequencies with the pKa of [Ln(H2O)6]3+ showed that strongest activation of N2 was achieved with the least Lewis acidic Gd(III) ion. Interestingly, these Ln-Co-N2 complexes catalyzed silylation of N2 in the presence of KC8 and Me3SiCl with turnover numbers (TONs) up to 16, where the lutetium-supported Co(-I) complex showed the highest activity within the series. The role of the Lewis acidic Ln(III) was crucial to achieve catalytic turnovers and tunable reactivity toward N2 functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, 189 South Jiuhua Road, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Pan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, 189 South Jiuhua Road, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, 189 South Jiuhua Road, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China
| | - Dongjing Hong
- Key Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, 189 South Jiuhua Road, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China
| | - Huayi Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Peng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Laboratory of Molecule-Based Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, 189 South Jiuhua Road, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P. R. China
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46
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Ding J, Teng Z, Su X, Kato K, Liu Y, Xiao T, Liu W, Liu L, Zhang Q, Ren X, Zhang J, Chen Z, Teruhisa O, Yamakata A, Yang H, Huang Y, Liu B, Zhai Y. Asymmetrically coordinated cobalt single atom on carbon nitride for highly selective photocatalytic oxidation of CH4 to CH3OH. Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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47
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Taut J, Chambron J, Kersting B. Fifty Years of Inorganic Biomimetic Chemistry: From the Complexation of Single Metal Cations to Polynuclear Metal Complexes by Multidentate Thiolate Ligands. Eur J Inorg Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Taut
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Leipzig Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg 1, rue Blaise Pascal 67008 Strasbourg France
| | - Jean‐Claude Chambron
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg 1, rue Blaise Pascal 67008 Strasbourg France
| | - Berthold Kersting
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Leipzig Johannisallee 29 04103 Leipzig Germany
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48
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Yogendra S, Wilson DWN, Hahn AW, Weyhermüller T, Van Stappen C, Holland P, DeBeer S. Sulfur-Ligated [2Fe-2C] Clusters as Synthetic Model Systems for Nitrogenase. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:2663-2671. [PMID: 36715662 PMCID: PMC9930126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Metal clusters featuring carbon and sulfur donors have coordination environments comparable to the active site of nitrogenase enzymes. Here, we report a series of di-iron clusters supported by the dianionic yldiide ligands, in which the Fe sites are bridged by two μ2-C atoms and four pendant S donors.The [L2Fe2] (L = {[Ph2P(S)]2C}2-) cluster is isolable in two oxidation levels, all-ferrous Fe2II and mixed-valence FeIIFeIII. The mixed-valence cluster displays two peaks in the Mössbauer spectra, indicating slow electron transfer between the two sites. The addition of the Lewis base 4-dimethylaminopyridine to the Fe2II cluster results in coordination with only one of the two Fe sites, even in the presence of an excess base. Conversely, the cluster reacts with 8 equiv of isocyanide tBuNC to give a monometallic complex featuring a new C-C bond between the ligand backbone and the isocyanide. The electronic structure descriptions of these complexes are further supported by X-ray absorption and resonant X-ray emission spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivathmeehan Yogendra
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Daniel W. N. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Anselm W. Hahn
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Thomas Weyhermüller
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Casey Van Stappen
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Patrick Holland
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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49
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Ribbe MW, Hu Y. Belt-sulfur mobilization in nitrogenase biosynthesis and catalysis. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2023; 5:108-111. [PMID: 38463155 PMCID: PMC10923593 DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus W. Ribbe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine 92697-3900, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
| | - Yilin Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine 92697-3900, USA
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50
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Sarma BB, Maurer F, Doronkin DE, Grunwaldt JD. Design of Single-Atom Catalysts and Tracking Their Fate Using Operando and Advanced X-ray Spectroscopic Tools. Chem Rev 2023; 123:379-444. [PMID: 36418229 PMCID: PMC9837826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The potential of operando X-ray techniques for following the structure, fate, and active site of single-atom catalysts (SACs) is highlighted with emphasis on a synergetic approach of both topics. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and related X-ray techniques have become fascinating tools to characterize solids and they can be applied to almost all the transition metals deriving information about the symmetry, oxidation state, local coordination, and many more structural and electronic properties. SACs, a newly coined concept, recently gained much attention in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. In this way, one can achieve a minimum use of the metal, theoretically highest efficiency, and the design of only one active site-so-called single site catalysts. While single sites are not easy to characterize especially under operating conditions, XAS as local probe together with complementary methods (infrared spectroscopy, electron microscopy) is ideal in this research area to prove the structure of these sites and the dynamic changes during reaction. In this review, starting from their fundamentals, various techniques related to conventional XAS and X-ray photon in/out techniques applied to single sites are discussed with detailed mechanistic and in situ/operando studies. We systematically summarize the design strategies of SACs and outline their exploration with XAS supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and recent machine learning tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidyut Bikash Sarma
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Florian Maurer
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dmitry E. Doronkin
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
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