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Palácios R, Castagna D, Barbosa L, Souza AP, Imbiriba B, Zolin CA, Nassarden D, Duarte L, Morais FG, Franco MA, Cirino G, Kuhn P, Sodré G, Curado L, Basso J, Roberto de Paulo S, Rodrigues T. ENSO effects on the relationship between aerosols and evapotranspiration in the south of the Amazon biome. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 250:118516. [PMID: 38373551 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The effects of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events have local, regional, and global consequences for water regimes, causing floods or extreme drought events. Tropical forests are strongly affected by ENSO, and in the case of the Amazon, its territorial extension allows for a wide variation of these effects. The prolongation of drought events in the Amazon basin contributes to an increase in gas and aerosol particle emissions mainly caused by biomass burning, which in turn alter radiative fluxes and evapotranspiration rates, cyclically interfering with the hydrological regime. The ENSO effects on the interactions between aerosol particles and evapotranspiration is a critical aspect to be systematically investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the ENSO effect on a site located on the southern portion of the Amazonian region. In addition to quantifying and testing possible differences between aerosols and evapotranspiration under different ENSO classes (El Niño, La Niña and Neutrality), this study also evaluated possible variations in evapotranspiration as a function of the aerosol load. A highly significant difference was found for air temperature, relative humidity and aerosol load between the El Niño and La Niña classes. For evapotranspiration, significant differences were found for the El Niño and La Niña classes and for El Niño and Neutrality classes. Under the Neutrality class, the aerosol load correlated significantly with evapotranspiration, explaining 20% of the phenomenon. Under the El Niño and La Niña classes, no significant linear correlation was found between aerosol load and evapotranspiration. However, the results showed that for the total data set, there is a positive and significant correlation between aerosol and evapotranspiration. It increases with a quadratic fit, i.e., the aerosol favors evapotranspiration rates up to a certain concentration threshold. The results obtained in this study can help to understand the effects of ENSO events on atmospheric conditions in the southern Amazon basin, in addition to elucidating the role of aerosols in feedback to the water cycle in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Palácios
- Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil; Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Castagna
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Luzinete Barbosa
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Adilson P Souza
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Breno Imbiriba
- Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Cornélio A Zolin
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa), Sinop, MT, 78550-000, Brazil
| | - Danielle Nassarden
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Leilane Duarte
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando G Morais
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Marco A Franco
- Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Glauber Cirino
- Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Paulo Kuhn
- Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Giordani Sodré
- Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Leone Curado
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - João Basso
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Rodrigues
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil; Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
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2
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Xie L, Slotsbo S, Damgaard C, Holmstrup M. Exposure to teflubenzuron reduces drought tolerance of collembolans. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142448. [PMID: 38823429 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs) are commonly used insecticides compromising cuticle formation and structure in arthropods. Arthropods rely on intact cuticles to maintain water balance and cellular homeostasis to survive in different weather conditions. We hypothesized that physiological impacts of CSIs may make arthropods more vulnerable to harsh environmental conditions, such as extreme heat, cold or drought. The aim of this study was to investigate if pre-exposure to teflubenzuron (a common CSI) would influence Folsomia candida's (Collembola: Isotomidae) sensitivity to natural stressors. Here, we exposed adult collembolans to teflubenzuron through food for two weeks, then survivors were immediately divided into three groups for subsequent acute heat, cold, and drought exposure. After acute exposure to these natural stressors, the collembolans were moved to optimal conditions for a one-week recovery period during which their survival, time to regain reproduction, and egg production were examined. We analyzed the interaction between effects of teflubenzuron and natural stressors using a multiplicative model. No interaction between effects of teflubenzuron and heat was observed in any test endpoints. A synergistic interaction between effects of teflubenzuron and cold was observed in the time to regain reproduction. Both survival and egg production, on the other hand, showed synergistic interaction between effects of teflubenzuron and drought, as well as a tendency for longer reproduction recovery times. Our results suggest that pre-exposure to teflubenzuron reduces drought tolerance in F. candida, while its impact on heat or cold tolerance is minor or absent. This study is among the first to explore the combined effects of CSI and natural stressors on soil arthropods, providing more insight on potential risks posed by such chemicals in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Xie
- Aarhus University, Department of Ecoscience, Section for Terrestrial Ecology, C.F. Møllers Allé 4, Building 1120, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Stine Slotsbo
- Aarhus University, Department of Ecoscience, Section for Terrestrial Ecology, C.F. Møllers Allé 4, Building 1120, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christian Damgaard
- Aarhus University, Department of Ecoscience, Section for Terrestrial Ecology, C.F. Møllers Allé 4, Building 1120, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Martin Holmstrup
- Aarhus University, Department of Ecoscience, Section for Terrestrial Ecology, C.F. Møllers Allé 4, Building 1120, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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3
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Ng CY, Wan Jaafar WZ, Othman F, Lai SH, Mei Y, Juneng L. Assessment of Evaporative Demand Drought Index for drought analysis in Peninsular Malaysia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170249. [PMID: 38278251 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
An effective drought monitoring tool is essential for the development of timely drought early warning system. This study evaluates Evaporative Demand Drought Index (EDDI) as a drought indicator in measuring spatiotemporal evolution of droughts over Peninsular Malaysia during 1989-2018. The modified Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope tests were performed to detect the presence of monotonic trends in EDDI, Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and their related climate variables. The performance of EDDI in capturing the drought onset, evolutions and demise of historical severe droughts was also compared with SPI and SPEI at multiple timescales. EDDI demonstrates strong spatiotemporal correlations with SPI and SPEI and comparable performance in historical drought events identification. At sub-monthly timescale, 2-week EDDI displays equivalent drought severities and durations for all historical severe droughts corresponding to the monthly EDDI. In the case when rainfall deficits are normalized in an otherwise warm and dry month, EDDI may serve as a great alternative to SPI and SPEI due to it being sensitive to the changes in prevalent atmospheric conditions. Collectively, the results fill in the knowledge gaps on drought evolutions from the evaporative perspective and highlight the efficacy of EDDI as a valuable drought early warning tool for Peninsular Malaysia. Future study should explore the physical mechanisms behind the development of flash drought and the role of evaporation in the drought propagation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cia Yik Ng
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia.
| | - Wan Zurina Wan Jaafar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia.
| | - Faridah Othman
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia.
| | - Sai Hin Lai
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Yiwen Mei
- Carbon-Water Research Station in Karst Regions of Northern Guangdong, School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, China.
| | - Liew Juneng
- Center for Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia.
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4
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Roy P, Pal SC, Chakrabortty R, Chowdhuri I, Saha A, Ruidas D, Islam ARMT, Islam A. Climate change and geo-environmental factors influencing desertification: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-32432-9. [PMID: 38372926 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32432-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The problem of desertification (DSF) is one of the most severe environmental disasters which influence the overall condition of the environment. In Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit on Environment and Development (1922), DSF is defined as arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid induced LD and that is adopted at the UNEP's Nairobi ad hoc meeting in 1977. It has been seen that there is no variability in the trend of long-term rainfall, but the change has been found in the variability of temperature (avg. temp. 0-5 °C). There is no proof that the air pollution brought on by CO2 and other warming gases is the cause of this rise, which seems to be partially caused by urbanization. The two types of driving factors in DSF-CC (climate change) along with anthropogenic influences-must be compared in order to work and take action to stop DSF from spreading. The proportional contributions of human activity and CC to DSF have been extensively evaluated in this work from "qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative" perspectives. In this study, we have tried to connect the drives of desertification to desertification-induced migration due to loss of biodiversity and agriculture failure. The authors discovered that several of the issues from the earlier studies persisted. The policy-makers should follow the proper SLM (soil and land management) through using the land. The afforestation with social forestry and consciousness among the people can reduce the spreading of the desertification (Badapalli et al. 2023). The green wall is also playing an important role to reduce the desertification. For instance, it was clear that assessments were subjective; they could not be readily replicated, and they always relied on administrative areas rather than being taken and displayed in a continuous space. This research is trying to fulfill the mentioned research gap with the help of the existing literatures related to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Roy
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, 713104, India
| | - Subodh Chandra Pal
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, 713104, India.
| | - Rabin Chakrabortty
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, 713104, India
| | - Indrajit Chowdhuri
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, 713104, India
| | - Asish Saha
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, 713104, India
| | - Dipankar Ruidas
- Department of Geography, The University of Burdwan, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, 713104, India
| | - Abu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam
- Department of Disaster Management, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur, 5400, Bangladesh
- Department of Development Studies, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Aznarul Islam
- Department of Geography, Aliah University, 17 Gorachand Road, Kolkata, 700014, West Bengal, India
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Simpson IR, McKinnon KA, Kennedy D, Lawrence DM, Lehner F, Seager R. Observed humidity trends in dry regions contradict climate models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2302480120. [PMID: 38147646 PMCID: PMC10769846 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302480120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Arid and semi-arid regions of the world are particularly vulnerable to greenhouse gas-driven hydroclimate change. Climate models are our primary tool for projecting the future hydroclimate that society in these regions must adapt to, but here, we present a concerning discrepancy between observed and model-based historical hydroclimate trends. Over the arid/semi-arid regions of the world, the predominant signal in all model simulations is an increase in atmospheric water vapor, on average, over the last four decades, in association with the increased water vapor-holding capacity of a warmer atmosphere. In observations, this increase in atmospheric water vapor has not happened, suggesting that the availability of moisture to satisfy the increased atmospheric demand is lower in reality than in models in arid/semi-arid regions. This discrepancy is most clear in locations that are arid/semi-arid year round, but it is also apparent in more humid regions during the most arid months of the year. It indicates a major gap in our understanding and modeling capabilities which could have severe implications for hydroclimate projections, including fire hazard, moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isla R. Simpson
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80305
| | - Karen A. McKinnon
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Daniel Kennedy
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80305
- Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA93106
| | - David M. Lawrence
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80305
| | - Flavio Lehner
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO80305
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14850
- Polar Bears International, Bozeman, MT59772
| | - Richard Seager
- Ocean and Climate Physics, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, New York, NY10964
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Li H, Terrer C, Berdugo M, Maestre FT, Zhu Z, Peñuelas J, Yu K, Luo L, Gong JY, Ye JS. Nitrogen addition delays the emergence of an aridity-induced threshold for plant biomass. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad242. [PMID: 37900195 PMCID: PMC10600907 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Crossing certain aridity thresholds in global drylands can lead to abrupt decays of ecosystem attributes such as plant productivity, potentially causing land degradation and desertification. It is largely unknown, however, whether these thresholds can be altered by other key global change drivers known to affect the water-use efficiency and productivity of vegetation, such as elevated CO2 and nitrogen (N). Using >5000 empirical measurements of plant biomass, we showed that crossing an aridity (1-precipitation/potential evapotranspiration) threshold of ∼0.50, which marks the transition from dry sub-humid to semi-arid climates, led to abrupt declines in aboveground biomass (AGB) and progressive increases in root:shoot ratios, thus importantly affecting carbon stocks and their distribution. N addition significantly increased AGB and delayed the emergence of its aridity threshold from 0.49 to 0.55 (P < 0.05). By coupling remote sensing estimates of leaf area index with simulations from multiple models, we found that CO2 enrichment did not alter the observed aridity threshold. By 2100, and under the RCP 8.5 scenario, we forecast a 0.3% net increase in the global land area exceeding the aridity threshold detected under a scenario that includes N deposition, in comparison to a 2.9% net increase if the N effect is not considered. Our study thus indicates that N addition could mitigate to a great extent the negative impact of increasing aridity on plant biomass in drylands. These findings are critical for improving forecasts of abrupt vegetation changes in response to ongoing global environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, China
| | - César Terrer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Miguel Berdugo
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio “Ramón Margalef,” Universidad de Alicante, Alicante 03690, Spain
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona08003, Spain
| | - Fernando T Maestre
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio “Ramón Margalef,” Universidad de Alicante, Alicante 03690, Spain
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante 03690, Spain
| | - Zaichun Zhu
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Kailiang Yu
- High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Lin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, China
| | - Jie-Yu Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, China
| | - Jian-Sheng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou730000, China
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He L, Wang J, Ciais P, Ballantyne A, Yu K, Zhang W, Xiao J, Ritter F, Liu Z, Wang X, Li X, Peng S, Ma C, Zhou C, Li ZL, Xie Y, Ye JS. Non-symmetric responses of leaf onset date to natural warming and cooling in northern ecosystems. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad308. [PMID: 37780232 PMCID: PMC10538477 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The northern hemisphere has experienced regional cooling, especially during the global warming hiatus (1998-2012) due to ocean energy redistribution. However, the lack of studies about the natural cooling effects hampers our understanding of vegetation responses to climate change. Using 15,125 ground phenological time series at 3,620 sites since the 1950s and 31-year satellite greenness observations (1982-2012) covering the warming hiatus period, we show a stronger response of leaf onset date (LOD) to natural cooling than to warming, i.e. the delay of LOD caused by 1°C cooling is larger than the advance of LOD with 1°C warming. This might be because cooling leads to larger chilling accumulation and heating requirements for leaf onset, but this non-symmetric LOD response is partially offset by warming-related drying. Moreover, spring greening magnitude, in terms of satellite-based greenness and productivity, is more sensitive to LOD changes in the warming area than in the cooling. These results highlight the importance of considering non-symmetric responses of spring greening to warming and cooling when predicting vegetation-climate feedbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l′Environnement, CEA/CNRS/UVSQ/Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Ashley Ballantyne
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l′Environnement, CEA/CNRS/UVSQ/Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
| | - Kailiang Yu
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l′Environnement, CEA/CNRS/UVSQ/Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund 22362, Sweden
| | - Jingfeng Xiao
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - François Ritter
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l′Environnement, CEA/CNRS/UVSQ/Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Zhihua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xufeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- INRAE, UMR1391 ISPA, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d′Ornon 33140, France
| | - Shouzhang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Changhui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chenghu Zhou
- Center for Ocean Remote Sensing of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Zhao-Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yaowen Xie
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jian-Sheng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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8
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Nölte A, Yousefpour R, Cifuentes-Jara M, Hanewinkel M. Sharp decline in future productivity of tropical reforestation above 29°C mean annual temperature. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg9175. [PMID: 37611114 PMCID: PMC10446480 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg9175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Tropical reforestation is among the most powerful tools for carbon sequestration. Yet, climate change impacts on productivity are often not accounted for when estimating its mitigation potential. Using the process-based forest growth model 3-PGmix, we analyzed future productivity of tropical reforestation in Central America. Around 29°C mean annual temperature, productivity sharply and consistently declined (-11% per 1°C of warming) across all tropical lowland climate zones and five tree species spanning a wide range of ecological characteristics. Under a high-emission scenario (SSP3-7.0), productivity of dry tropical reforestation nearly halved and tropical moist and rain forest sites showed moderate losses around 10% by the end of the century. Under SSP2-4.5, tropical moist and rain forest sites were resilient and tropical dry forest sites showed moderate losses (-17%). Increased vapor pressure deficit, caused by increasing temperatures, was the main driver of growth decline. Thus, to continue following high-emission pathways could reduce the effectiveness of reforestation as climate action tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Nölte
- University of Freiburg, Tennenbacherstr. 4, Freiburg 79106, Germany
| | - Rasoul Yousefpour
- University of Freiburg, Tennenbacherstr. 4, Freiburg 79106, Germany
- Institute of Forestry and Forest Conservation, John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape, and Design, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S3B3, Canada
| | - Miguel Cifuentes-Jara
- Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Dr., Ste 600, Arlington, VA 22202, USA
- CATIE—Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Turrialba 30501, Costa Rica
| | - Marc Hanewinkel
- University of Freiburg, Tennenbacherstr. 4, Freiburg 79106, Germany
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Georgieva K, Mihailova G, Gigova L, Popova AV, Velitchkova M, Simova-Stoilova L, Sági-Kazár M, Zelenyánszki H, Solymosi K, Solti Á. Antioxidative Defense, Suppressed Nitric Oxide Accumulation, and Synthesis of Protective Proteins in Roots and Leaves Contribute to the Desiccation Tolerance of the Resurrection Plant Haberlea rhodopensis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2834. [PMID: 37570988 PMCID: PMC10421438 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The desiccation tolerance of plants relies on defense mechanisms that enable the protection of macromolecules, biological structures, and metabolism. Although the defense of leaf tissues exposed to solar irradiation is challenging, mechanisms that protect the viability of the roots, yet largely unexplored, are equally important for survival. Although the photosynthetic apparatus in leaves contributes to the generation of oxidative stress under drought stress, we hypothesized that oxidative stress and thus antioxidative defense is also predominant in the roots. Thus, we aimed for a comparative analysis of the protective mechanisms in leaves and roots during the desiccation of Haberlea rhodopensis. Consequently, a high content of non-enzymatic antioxidants and high activity of antioxidant enzymes together with the activation of specific isoenzymes were found in both leaves and roots during the final stages of desiccation of H. rhodopensis. Among others, catalase and glutathione reductase activity showed a similar tendency of changes in roots and leaves, whereas, unlike that in the leaves, superoxide dismutase activity was enhanced under severe but not under medium desiccation in roots. Nitric oxide accumulation in the root tips was found to be sensitive to water restriction but suppressed under severe desiccation. In addition to the antioxidative defense, desiccation induced an enhanced abundance of dehydrins, ELIPs, and sHSP 17.7 in leaves, but this was significantly better in roots. In contrast to leaf cells, starch remained in the cells of the central cylinder of desiccated roots. Taken together, protective compounds and antioxidative defense mechanisms are equally important in protecting the roots to survive desiccation. Since drought-induced damage to the root system fundamentally affects the survival of plants, a better understanding of root desiccation tolerance mechanisms is essential to compensate for the challenges of prolonged dry periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya Georgieva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academic Georgi Bonchev Str., Building 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (G.M.); (L.G.); (L.S.-S.)
| | - Gergana Mihailova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academic Georgi Bonchev Str., Building 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (G.M.); (L.G.); (L.S.-S.)
| | - Liliana Gigova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academic Georgi Bonchev Str., Building 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (G.M.); (L.G.); (L.S.-S.)
| | - Antoaneta V. Popova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academic Georgi Bonchev Str., Building 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (A.V.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Maya Velitchkova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academic Georgi Bonchev Str., Building 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (A.V.P.); (M.V.)
| | - Lyudmila Simova-Stoilova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Academic Georgi Bonchev Str., Building 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (G.M.); (L.G.); (L.S.-S.)
| | - Máté Sági-Kazár
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (M.S.-K.); (H.Z.); (Á.S.)
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Helga Zelenyánszki
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (M.S.-K.); (H.Z.); (Á.S.)
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Ádám Solti
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (M.S.-K.); (H.Z.); (Á.S.)
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10
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Douville H, Willett KM. A drier than expected future, supported by near-surface relative humidity observations. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade6253. [PMID: 37506204 PMCID: PMC10381915 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade6253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite continuous progress in climate modeling, global projections of the terrestrial water cycle remain highly model dependent. Here, we use quality-controlled gridded observations of temperature and humidity to constrain projected changes in continental near-surface relative humidity across the 21st century. Results show that the projections are poorly constrained when using surface temperature observations only and argue for mitigation policies that are not only rooted in global warming levels. Projections constrained with both near-surface temperature and relative humidity observations show an inevitable continental drying, especially in the northern midlatitudes where anthropogenic aerosols have, however, countered this long-term response until the late 1980s. A "strong drying" storyline is then used to highlight the urgent need for careful adaptation strategies and to suggest a possible contribution of land surface processes to model uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Douville
- CNRM, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, 31057 Toulouse Cedex, France
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11
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Sammarco I, Münzbergová Z, Latzel V. Response of Fragaria vesca to projected change in temperature, water availability and concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10678. [PMID: 37393360 PMCID: PMC10314927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37901-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The high rate of climate change may soon expose plants to conditions beyond their adaptation limits. Clonal plants might be particularly affected due to limited genotypic diversity of their populations, potentially decreasing their adaptability. We therefore tested the ability of a widely distributed predominantly clonally reproducing herb (Fragaria vesca) to cope with periods of drought and flooding in climatic conditions predicted to occur at the end of the twenty-first century, i.e. on average 4 °C warmer and with twice the concentration of CO2 in the air (800 ppm) than the current state. We found that F. vesca can phenotypically adjust to future climatic conditions, although its drought resistance may be reduced. Increased temperature and CO2 levels in the air had a far greater effect on growth, phenology, reproduction, and gene expression than the temperature increase itself, and promoted resistance of F. vesca to repeated flooding periods. Higher temperature promoted clonal over sexual reproduction, and increased temperature and CO2 concentration in the air triggered change in expression of genes controlling the level of self-pollination. We conclude that F. vesca can acclimatise to predicted climate change, but the increased ratio of clonal to sexual reproduction and the alteration of genes involved in the self-(in)compatibility system may be associated with reduced genotypic diversity of its populations, which may negatively impact its ability to genetically adapt to novel climate in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Sammarco
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia.
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.
| | - Zuzana Münzbergová
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vít Latzel
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia.
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12
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Ozgul A, Fichtel C, Paniw M, Kappeler PM. Destabilizing effect of climate change on the persistence of a short-lived primate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2214244120. [PMID: 36972440 PMCID: PMC10083614 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214244120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal tropical environments are among those regions that are the most affected by shifts in temperature and rainfall regimes under climate change, with potentially severe consequences for wildlife population persistence. This persistence is ultimately determined by complex demographic responses to multiple climatic drivers, yet these complexities have been little explored in tropical mammals. We use long-term, individual-based demographic data (1994 to 2020) from a short-lived primate in western Madagascar, the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus), to investigate the demographic drivers of population persistence under observed shifts in seasonal temperature and rainfall. While rainfall during the wet season has been declining over the years, dry season temperatures have been increasing, with these trends projected to continue. These environmental changes resulted in lower survival and higher recruitment rates over time for gray mouse lemurs. Although the contrasting changes have prevented the study population from collapsing, the resulting increase in life-history speed has destabilized an otherwise stable population. Population projections under more recent rainfall and temperature levels predict an increase in population fluctuations and a corresponding increase in the extinction risk over the next five decades. Our analyses show that a relatively short-lived mammal with high reproductive output, representing a life history that is expected to closely track changes in its environment, can nonetheless be threatened by climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpat Ozgul
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich,8057Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Fichtel
- Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research,37077Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria Paniw
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich,8057Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville41001, Spain
| | - Peter M. Kappeler
- Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research,37077Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Sociobiology/Anthropology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen,37077Göttingen, Germany
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13
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Munné A, Solà C, Ejarque E, Sanchís J, Serra P, Corbella I, Aceves M, Galofré B, Boleda MR, Paraira M, Molist J. Indirect potable water reuse to face drought events in Barcelona city. Setting a monitoring procedure to protect aquatic ecosystems and to ensure a safe drinking water supply. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161339. [PMID: 36603611 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The climate change and increasing anthropogenic pressures are expected to limit the availability of water resources. Hence, active measures must be planned in vulnerable regions to ensure a sustainable water supply and minimize environmental impacts. A pilot test was carried out in the Llobregat River (NE Spain) aiming to provide a useful procedure to cope with severe droughts through indirect water reuse. Reclaimed water was used to restore the minimum flow of the lower Llobregat River, ensuring a suitable water supply downstream for Barcelona. A monitoring was performed to assess chemical and microbiological threats throughout the water treatment train, the river and the final drinking water, including 376 micropollutants and common microbiological indicators. The effects of water disinfection were studied by chlorinating reclaimed water prior to its discharge into the river. Data showed that 10 micropollutants (bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, chloroform, EDDP, diclofenac, iopamidol, ioprimid, lamotrigine, ofloxacin and valsartan) posed a potential risk to aquatic life, whereas one solvent (1,4-dioxane) could affect human health. The chlorination of reclaimed water mitigated the occurrence of pharmaceuticals but, conversely, the concentration of halogenated disinfection by-products increased. From a microbiological perspective, the microbial load decreased along wastewater treatments and, later, along drinking water treatment, ultimately reaching undetectable values in final potable water. Non-chlorinated reclaimed water showed a lower log reduction of E. coli and coliphages than chlorinated water. However, the effect of disinfection vanished once reclaimed water was discharged into the river, as the basal concentration of microorganisms in the Llobregat River was comparable to that of non-chlorinated reclaimed water. Overall, our study indicates that indirect water reuse can be a valid alternative source of drinking water in densely populated areas such as Barcelona (Catalonia - NE Spain). A suitable monitoring procedure is presented to assess the related risks to human health and the aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Munné
- Catalan Water Agency, c/ Provença 260, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carolina Solà
- Catalan Water Agency, c/ Provença 260, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Josep Sanchís
- Catalan Water Agency, c/ Provença 260, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Serra
- Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Roc Boronat 81, 08182 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Corbella
- Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Roc Boronat 81, 08182 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Aceves
- Barcelona Metropolitan Area, C/62, 18, Zona Franca, 08040 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belen Galofré
- Aigües de Barcelona, General Batet 1-7, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Rosa Boleda
- Aigües de Barcelona, General Batet 1-7, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Paraira
- Aigües de Barcelona, General Batet 1-7, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Molist
- Catalan Water Agency, c/ Provença 260, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Vargas Godoy MR, Markonis Y. Water cycle changes in reanalyses: a complementary framework. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4795. [PMID: 36959365 PMCID: PMC10036538 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31873-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate reanalyses complement traditional surface-based measurements and offer unprecedented coverage over previously inaccessible or unmonitored regions. Even though these have improved the quantification of the global water cycle, their varying performances and uncertainties limit their applicability. Herein, we discuss how a framework encompassing precipitation, evaporation, their difference, and their sum could further constrain uncertainty by unveiling discrepancies otherwise overlooked. Ahead, we physically define precipitation plus evaporation to describe the global water cycle fluxes in four reanalysis data sets (20CR v3, ERA-20C, ERA5, and NCEP1). Among them, we observe four different responses to the temperature increase between 1950-2010, with ERA5 showing the best agreement with the water cycle acceleration hypothesis. Our results show that implementing the framework proposed can improve the evaluation of reanalyses' performance and enhance our understanding of the water cycle changes on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijael Rodrigo Vargas Godoy
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Yannis Markonis
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
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15
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Pfeilsticker TR, Jones RC, Steane DA, Vaillancourt RE, Potts BM. Molecular insights into the dynamics of species invasion by hybridisation in Tasmanian eucalypts. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:2913-2929. [PMID: 36807951 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
In plants where seed dispersal is limited compared with pollen dispersal, hybridisation may enhance gene exchange and species dispersal. We provide genetic evidence of hybridisation contributing to the expansion of the rare Eucalyptus risdonii into the range of the widespread Eucalyptus amygdalina. These closely related tree species are morphologically distinct, and observations suggest that natural hybrids occur along their distribution boundaries and as isolated trees or in small patches within the range of E. amygdalina. Hybrid phenotypes occur outside the range of normal dispersal for E. risdonii seed, yet in some hybrid patches small individuals resembling E. risdonii occur and are hypothesised to be a result of backcrossing. Using 3362 genome-wide SNPs assessed from 97 individuals of E. risdonii and E. amygdalina and 171 hybrid trees, we show that (i) isolated hybrids match the genotypes expected of F1 /F2 hybrids, (ii) there is a continuum in the genetic composition among the isolated hybrid patches from patches dominated by F1 /F2 -like genotypes to those dominated by E. risdonii-backcross genotypes, and (iii) the E. risdonii-like phenotypes in the isolated hybrid patches are most-closely related to proximal larger hybrids. These results suggest that the E. risdonii phenotype has been resurrected in isolated hybrid patches established from pollen dispersal, providing the first steps in its invasion of suitable habitat by long-distance pollen dispersal and complete introgressive displacement of E. amygdalina. Such expansion accords with the population demographics, common garden performance data, and climate modelling which favours E. risdonii and highlights a role of interspecific hybridisation in climate change adaptation and species expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais R Pfeilsticker
- School of Natural Sciences and ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rebecca C Jones
- School of Natural Sciences and ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Dorothy A Steane
- School of Natural Sciences and ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - René E Vaillancourt
- School of Natural Sciences and ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Brad M Potts
- School of Natural Sciences and ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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16
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Seltzer AM, Blard PH, Sherwood SC, Kageyama M. Terrestrial amplification of past, present, and future climate change. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf8119. [PMID: 36753551 PMCID: PMC9908018 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf8119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial amplification (TA) of land warming relative to oceans is apparent in recent climatic observations. TA results from land-sea coupling of moisture and heat and is therefore important for predicting future warming and water availability. However, the theoretical basis for TA has never been tested outside the short instrumental period, and the spatial pattern and amplitude of TA remain uncertain. Here, we investigate TA during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ~20 thousand years) in the low latitudes, where the theory is most applicable. We find remarkable consistency between paleotemperature proxies, theory, and climate model simulations of both LGM and future climates. Paleoclimate data thus provide crucial new support for TA, refining the range of future low-latitude, low-elevation TA to [Formula: see text] (95% confidence interval), i.e., land warming ~40% more than oceans. The observed data model theory agreement helps reconcile LGM marine and terrestrial paleotemperature proxies, with implications for equilibrium climate sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M. Seltzer
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Pierre-Henri Blard
- Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques, CNRS, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Laboratoire de Glaciologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Steven C. Sherwood
- Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Masa Kageyama
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement/Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (LSCE/IPSL), UMR CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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17
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He L, Guo J, Yang W, Jiang Q, Chen L, Tang K. Multifaceted responses of vegetation to average and extreme climate change over global drylands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159942. [PMID: 36343828 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Average climatic events describe the occurrence of weather or climate at an average value, whereas extreme events are defined as events that exceed the upper or lower threshold value of statistical or observational average climatic events. This study investigated the impacts of both average climate change (ACC) (i.e., average precipitation, temperature, and potential evapotranspiration [PET]) and extreme climate change (ECC) (i.e., five precipitation and five temperature extremes) on dryland vegetation based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The spatial divergences of ACC and ECC in affecting changes in NDVI over drylands were determined using the geographical detector model. In this study, the growth of vegetation in 40.29 % of global drylands was driven by average precipitation and this dominant effect also occurred in all the plant species, particularly shrubs. However, the sensitivity of grassland to average precipitation exceeded that of most of the woody vegetation. The average temperature and PET controlled 28.64 % and 31.07 % of the changes in NDVI, respectively. Precipitation extremes (except for consecutive dry days and consecutive wet days) and warm temperature extremes (WTE) had positive influences on dryland vegetation, and the effect of WTE on NDVI exceeded that of the remaining temperature extremes. Temperature extremes exerted more significant effects than precipitation extremes for changes in the grassland NDVI. In contrast, the variations in shrub NDVI were primarily dominated by precipitation extremes. We also found that the impacts of parts of average and extreme climatic factors on vegetation had changed over time. Furthermore, temperature extremes had far exceeded the average temperature in affecting vegetation growth at the spatial scale, and this action gradually intensified from 1982 to 2015. The influences of all precipitation extremes were weaker than those of the average precipitation. Those can offer scientific references for ecosystem protection in drylands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang He
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianbin Guo
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Wenbin Yang
- Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Qunou Jiang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Breeding Base for State Key Laboratory of Land Degradation and Ecological Restoration in Northwest China, College of Ecology and Environmental Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Kexin Tang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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18
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Li D, Liu K, Wang S, Wu T, Li H, Bo Y, Zhang H, Huang Y, Li X. Four decades of hydrological response to vegetation dynamics and anthropogenic factors in the Three-North Region of China and Mongolia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159546. [PMID: 36265641 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Afforestation has been initiated in Northeast Asia to improve ecological status. The responses of the regional hydrological cycle to vegetation restoration remain insufficiently explored. This study uses a variety of satellite-derived vegetation variables and hydrological cycle components to scan the eco-hydrological regimes in the Three-North Region of China and Mongolia during the past four decades. We observe that vegetation productivity increases mainly in North China (NC), Northeast China (NEC), Northwest China (NWC), and the north of Inner Mongolia and Mongolia. Precipitation and runoff show a decreasing trend (-0.4 mm/year and - 0.6 mm/year, respectively), yet they are less correlated to the normalized difference vegetation index and leaf area index. Along with increasing vegetation productivity, evapotranspiration increases (0.05 mm/year) obviously in NC and NEC, while root soil moisture (-0.001 m3/m3/year) and terrestrial water storage (-2.0 mm/year) decrease in NC and parts of NEC and NWC. The correlation coefficient between evapotranspiration and vegetation variables is up to 0.73. Collectively, results imply one potential adverse response of terrestrial water fluxes to increasing vegetation. Independent ecological and hydrological datasets further corroborate our work. Climatic factors (i.e., downward shortwave radiation and air temperature) and human activities (i.e., aerosol optical depth, carbon dioxide, and water withdrawal) substantially affect regional hydrological cycles. Considering the increasing vegetation productivity in the Three-North Region of China and Mongolia is likely to continue in the 21st century based on the Sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) simulations, the terrestrial water fluxes may undergo deficit pressure. Overall, this study comprehensively investigates the vegetation and hydrology interplays, and provides a reference for protecting and improving ecological-hydrological conditions in Northeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehui Li
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China.
| | - Shudong Wang
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China; Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Taixia Wu
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, 210098 Nanjing, China
| | - Hang Li
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Yong Bo
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuling Huang
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueke Li
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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19
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Kim J, Waugh DW, Zaitchik BF, Luong A, Bergmark R, Lam K, Roland L, Levy J, Lee JT, Cho DY, Ramanathan M, Baroody F, Takashima M, O'Brien D, Lin SY, Joe S, Chaaban MR, Butrymowicz A, Smith S, Mullings W, Smith S, Mullings W. Climate change, the environment, and rhinologic disease. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2022; 13:865-876. [PMID: 36575965 DOI: 10.1002/alr.23128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The escalating negative impact of climate change on our environment has the potential to result in significant morbidity of rhinologic diseases. METHODS Evidence based review of examples of rhinologic diseases including allergic and nonallergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, and allergic fungal rhinosinusitis was performed. RESULTS The lower socioeconomic population, including historically oppressed groups, will be disproportionately affected. CONCLUSIONS We need a systematic approach to improve healthcare database infrastructure and funding to promote diverse scientific collaboration to address these healthcare needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Kim
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Darryn W Waugh
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin F Zaitchik
- Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amber Luong
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, McGovern Medical School of University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Regan Bergmark
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School and Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kent Lam
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Lauren Roland
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joshua Levy
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jivianne T Lee
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Do-Yeon Cho
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Murugappan Ramanathan
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fuad Baroody
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mas Takashima
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel O'Brien
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sandra Y Lin
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Stephanie Joe
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mohamad R Chaaban
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Anna Butrymowicz
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stephanie Smith
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Warren Mullings
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ear, Nose and Throat Department, Kingston Public Hospital, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Stephanie Smith
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Warren Mullings
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ear, Nose and Throat Department, Kingston Public Hospital, Kingston, Jamaica
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20
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Vicente-Serrano SM, Peña-Angulo D, Beguería S, Domínguez-Castro F, Tomás-Burguera M, Noguera I, Gimeno-Sotelo L, El Kenawy A. Global drought trends and future projections. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210285. [PMID: 36300353 PMCID: PMC9588423 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Drought is one of the most difficult natural hazards to quantify and is divided into categories (meteorological, agricultural, ecological and hydrological), which makes assessing recent changes and future scenarios extremely difficult. This opinion piece includes a review of the recent scientific literature on the topic and analyses trends in meteorological droughts by using long-term precipitation records and different drought metrics to evaluate the role of global warming processes in trends of agricultural, hydrological and ecological drought severity over the last four decades, during which a sharp increase in atmospheric evaporative demand (AED) has been recorded. Meteorological droughts do not show any substantial changes at the global scale in at least the last 120 years, but an increase in the severity of agricultural and ecological droughts seems to emerge as a consequence of the increase in the severity of AED. Lastly, this study evaluates drought projections from earth system models and focuses on the most important aspects that need to be considered when evaluating drought processes in a changing climate, such as the use of different metrics and the uncertainty of modelling approaches. This article is part of the Royal Society Science+ meeting issue 'Drought risk in the Anthropocene'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPE–CSIC), Zaragoza 50059, Spain
| | - Dhais Peña-Angulo
- HydroSciences Montpellier, University Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, CEDEX, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Santiago Beguería
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEAD–CSIC), Zaragoza 50059, Spain
| | - Fernando Domínguez-Castro
- Aragonese Agency for Research and Development Researcher (ARAID), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Geography, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Miquel Tomás-Burguera
- Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse 31057, France
| | - Iván Noguera
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPE–CSIC), Zaragoza 50059, Spain
| | - Luis Gimeno-Sotelo
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Environmental Physics Laboratory (EPhysLab), Ourense, Spain
| | - Ahmed El Kenawy
- Department of Geography, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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21
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Wang Z, Receveur JP, Pu J, Cong H, Richards C, Liang M, Chung H. Desiccation resistance differences in Drosophila species can be largely explained by variations in cuticular hydrocarbons. eLife 2022; 11:e80859. [PMID: 36473178 PMCID: PMC9757832 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining water balance is a universal challenge for organisms living in terrestrial environments, especially for insects, which have essential roles in our ecosystem. Although the high surface area to volume ratio in insects makes them vulnerable to water loss, insects have evolved different levels of desiccation resistance to adapt to diverse environments. To withstand desiccation, insects use a lipid layer called cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) to reduce water evaporation from the body surface. It has long been hypothesized that the water-proofing capability of this CHC layer, which can confer different levels of desiccation resistance, depends on its chemical composition. However, it is unknown which CHC components are important contributors to desiccation resistance and how these components can determine differences in desiccation resistance. In this study, we used machine-learning algorithms, correlation analyses, and synthetic CHCs to investigate how different CHC components affect desiccation resistance in 50 Drosophila and related species. We showed that desiccation resistance differences across these species can be largely explained by variation in CHC composition. In particular, length variation in a subset of CHCs, the methyl-branched CHCs (mbCHCs), is a key determinant of desiccation resistance. There is also a significant correlation between the evolution of longer mbCHCs and higher desiccation resistance in these species. Given that CHCs are almost ubiquitous in insects, we suggest that evolutionary changes in insect CHC components can be a general mechanism for the evolution of desiccation resistance and adaptation to diverse and changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinan Wang
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Joseph P Receveur
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of MarylandBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Jian Pu
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- College of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural UniversitySichuanChina
| | - Haosu Cong
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Cole Richards
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Muxuan Liang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Henry Chung
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
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22
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Han F, Ling H, Yan J, Deng M, Deng X, Gong Y, Wang W. Shift in the migration trajectory of the green biomass loss barycenter in Central Asia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 847:157656. [PMID: 35907538 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Revealing the vegetation response law under drought stress has become a hot issue in global climate change research. Against the background of human beings actively responding to climate change, quantitatively revealing the change and migration laws of green biomass loss (GBL) caused by drought in historical and future periods is insufficient. In this regard, we innovatively constructed a joint kNDVI-SPEI (kernel normalized difference vegetation index and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index) distribution based on copula theory to accurately capture GBL dynamic under various drought scenarios unlike previous studies conducted in a deterministic way. Taking the drought-sensitive and ecologically vulnerable Central Asia (CA) as a typical region, we verified that an average 94.4 % of region showed greater vegetation vulnerability in times of water shortage from May to October, which exhibited the greatest probability of GBL under different drought scenarios, mainly in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Significantly intensified drought due to high emissions will cause an 18.16 percentage-point increase in GBL probability in the far future (FFP, 2061-2100) compared to the near future (NFP, 2019-2060), which is much higher than in the lower-emission (0.38 %) and moderate-emission scenarios (9.82 %). In the NFP, the GBL barycenter will shift from Kazakhstan to Xinjiang, China; in the FFP, it will shift back to Kazakhstan due to the measures taken by the Chinese government to conserve energy and reduce emissions. Results illustrate that against the background of worsening drought, active climate change coping strategies can reverse the migration trajectory of the GBL barycenter caused by drought, which provides a new idea for vegetation protection research in response to global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Han
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hongbo Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Urumqi 830011, China.
| | - Junjie Yan
- Institute of Resources and Ecology, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Mingjiang Deng
- Engineering Research Center of Water Resources and Ecological Water Conservancy in Cold and Arid Area of Xinjiang, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Xiaoya Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, Department of Water Resources, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Yanming Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresources in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Wenqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Urumqi 830011, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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23
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Ruane AC, Vautard R, Ranasinghe R, Sillmann J, Coppola E, Arnell N, Cruz FA, Dessai S, Iles CE, Islam AKMS, Jones RG, Rahimi M, Carrascal DR, Seneviratne SI, Servonnat J, Sörensson AA, Sylla MB, Tebaldi C, Wang W, Zaaboul R. The Climatic Impact-Driver Framework for Assessment of Risk-Relevant Climate Information. EARTH'S FUTURE 2022; 10:e2022EF002803. [PMID: 36582412 PMCID: PMC9787381 DOI: 10.1029/2022ef002803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The climate science and applications communities need a broad and demand-driven concept to assess physical climate conditions that are relevant for impacts on human and natural systems. Here, we augment the description of the "climatic impact-driver" (CID) approach adopted in the Working Group I (WGI) contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report. CIDs are broadly defined as "physical climate system conditions (e.g., means, events, and extremes) that affect an element of society or ecosystems. Depending on system tolerance, CIDs and their changes can be detrimental, beneficial, neutral, or a mixture of each across interacting system elements and regions." We give background information on the IPCC Report process that led to the development of the 7 CID types (heat and cold, wet and dry, wind, snow and ice, coastal, open ocean, and other) and 33 distinct CID categories, each of which may be evaluated using a variety of CID indices. This inventory of CIDs was co-developed with WGII to provide a useful collaboration point between physical climate scientists and impacts/risk experts to assess the specific climatic phenomena driving sectoral responses and identify relevant CID indices within each sector. The CID Framework ensures that a comprehensive set of climatic conditions informs adaptation planning and risk management and may also help prioritize improvements in modeling sectoral dynamics that depend on climatic conditions. CIDs contribute to climate services by increasing coherence and neutrality when identifying and communicating relevant findings from physical climate research to risk assessment and planning activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C. Ruane
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Robert Vautard
- Institut Pierre‐Simon LaplaceCNRSParisFrance
- Université Paris‐SaclayParisFrance
- Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Roshanka Ranasinghe
- Department of Coastal and Urban Risk & ResilienceIHE Delft Institute for Water EducationDelftThe Netherlands
- Department of Harbour, Coastal and Offshore EngineeringDeltaresDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Jana Sillmann
- Research Unit for Sustainability and Climate RisksUniversity of HamburgHamburgGermany
- Center for International Climate ResearchOsloNorway
| | - Erika Coppola
- The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical PhysicsTriesteItaly
| | - Nigel Arnell
- Department of MeteorologyUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
| | | | - Suraje Dessai
- School of Earth and Environment and ESRC Centre for Climate Change Economics and PolicyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Carley E. Iles
- Institut Pierre‐Simon LaplaceCNRSParisFrance
- Center for International Climate ResearchOsloNorway
| | - A. K. M. Saiful Islam
- Institute of Water and Flood ManagementBangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)DhakaBangladesh
| | - Richard G. Jones
- Met Office Hadley CentreExeterUK
- School of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - Daniel Ruiz Carrascal
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental BiologyColumbia University in the City of New YorkNew YorkNYUSA
- Columbia Climate SchoolColumbia University in the City of New YorkNew YorkNYUSA
- International Research Institute for Climate and SocietyColumbia University in the City of New YorkNew YorkNYUSA
| | | | | | - Anna A. Sörensson
- Faculty of Exact and Natural SciencesUniversity of Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
- Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmosfera (CONICET – UBA)Buenos AiresArgentina
- CNRS, CNRS – IRD – CONICET – UBA, Instituto Franco‐Argentino para el Estudio del Clima y sus Impactos (IRL 3351 IFAECI)Buenos AiresArgentina
| | | | - Claudia Tebaldi
- Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCAUSA
- Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryCollege ParkMDUSA
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology‐Water Resources and Hydraulic EngineeringHohai UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Rashyd Zaaboul
- International Centre for Biosaline AgricultureDubaiUAE
- University of AlmeríaAlmeríaSpain
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24
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Reich PB, Bermudez R, Montgomery RA, Rich RL, Rice KE, Hobbie SE, Stefanski A. Even modest climate change may lead to major transitions in boreal forests. Nature 2022; 608:540-545. [PMID: 35948640 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivity of forests to near-term warming and associated precipitation shifts remains uncertain1-9. Herein, using a 5-year open-air experiment in southern boreal forest, we show divergent responses to modest climate alteration among juveniles of nine co-occurring North American tree species. Warming alone (+1.6 °C or +3.1 °C above ambient temperature) or combined with reduced rainfall increased the juvenile mortality of all species, especially boreal conifers. Species differed in growth responses to warming, ranging from enhanced growth in Acer rubrum and Acer saccharum to severe growth reductions in Abies balsamea, Picea glauca and Pinus strobus. Moreover, treatment-induced changes in both photosynthesis and growth help explain treatment-driven changes in survival. Treatments in which species experienced conditions warmer or drier than at their range margins resulted in the most adverse impacts on growth and survival. Species abundant in southern boreal forests had the largest reductions in growth and survival due to climate manipulations. By contrast, temperate species that experienced little mortality and substantial growth enhancement in response to warming are rare throughout southern boreal forest and unlikely to rapidly expand their density and distribution. Therefore, projected climate change will probably cause regeneration failure of currently dominant southern boreal species and, coupled with their slow replacement by temperate species, lead to tree regeneration shortfalls with potential adverse impacts on the health, diversity and ecosystem services of regional forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA. .,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia. .,Institute for Global Change Biology and School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Raimundo Bermudez
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Roy L Rich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | - Karen E Rice
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Sarah E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Artur Stefanski
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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25
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Ombadi M, Varadharajan C. Urbanization and aridity mediate distinct salinity response to floods in rivers and streams across the contiguous United States. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 220:118664. [PMID: 35671686 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is an important water quality parameter that affects ecosystem health and the use of freshwaters for industrial, agricultural, and other beneficial purposes. Although a number of studies have investigated the variability and trends of salinity in rivers and streams, the effects of floods on salinity across a wide range of watersheds have not been determined. Here, we examine this question by utilizing long-term observational records of daily streamflow and specific conductance (SC; a proxy for salinity) in addition to catchment characteristics for 259 United States Geological Survey (USGS) monitoring sites in the contiguous United States spanning a wide range of climatic, geologic and hydrologic conditions. We used a combination of statistical methods, random forest machine learning models, and information-theoretic causal inference algorithms to determine the response of SC to floods and the factors that impact salinity changes within sites (intra-site variability) and across sites (inter-site variability). Our results show that changes to SC during flood events exhibited substantial variability ranging from a 100% decrease to 34% increase relative to the long-term mean. We found that dilution is the prevailing mechanism that decreases SC levels during floods for most sites, but other mechanisms caused an increase of SC for 6.1% (n = 5521) of flood events. Our analysis revealed that antecedent conditions of SC in the few days preceding the flood are the most important factor in explaining intra-site variability. The response of salinity to floods also varied considerably across sites with different characteristics, with a notable effect of urbanization in temperate climates resulting in increased dilution of SC, and mining in arid climates, which adversely increases SC levels. Overall, we find that the combined effect of aridity and anthropogenic factors is of primary importance in determining how salinity responds to floods, and it bears strongly on water quality conditions in a future world - one in which floods are expected to increase in frequency and intensity, concurrent with shifting aridity patterns and increasing urbanization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ombadi
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA.
| | - Charuleka Varadharajan
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
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26
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Steinbauer K, Lamprecht A, Winkler M, Di Cecco V, Fasching V, Ghosn D, Maringer A, Remoundou I, Suen M, Stanisci A, Venn S, Pauli H. Recent changes in high-mountain plant community functional composition in contrasting climate regimes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154541. [PMID: 35302025 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
High-mountain plant communities are strongly determined by abiotic conditions, especially low temperature, and are therefore susceptible to effects of climate warming. Rising temperatures, however, also lead to increased evapotranspiration, which, together with projected shifts in seasonal precipitation patterns, could lead to prolonged, detrimental water deficiencies. The current study aims at comparing alpine plant communities along elevation and water availability gradients from humid conditions (north-eastern Alps) to a moderate (Central Apennines) and a pronounced dry period during summer (Lefka Ori, Crete) in the Mediterranean area. We do this in order to (1) detect relationships between community-based indices (plant functional leaf and growth traits, thermic vegetation indicator, plant life forms, vegetation cover and diversity) and soil temperature and snow duration and (2) assess if climatic changes have already affected the vegetation, by determining directional changes over time (14-year period; 2001-2015) in these indices in the three regions. Plant community indices responded to decreasing temperatures along the elevation gradient in the NE-Alps and the Apennines, but this elevation effect almost disappeared in the summer-dry mountains of Crete. This suggests a shift from low-temperature to drought-dominated ecological filters. Leaf trait (Leaf Dry Matter Content and Specific Leaf Area) responses changed in direction from the Alps to the Apennines, indicating that drought effects already become discernible at the northern margin of the Mediterranean. Over time, a slight increase in vegetation cover was found in all regions, but thermophilisation occurred only in the NE-Alps and Apennines, accompanied by a decline of cold-adapted cushion plants in the Alps. On Crete, xeromorphic shrubs were increasing in abundance. Although critical biodiversity losses have not yet been observed, an intensified monitoring of combined warming-drought impacts will be required in view of threatened alpine plants that are either locally restricted in the south or weakly adapted to drought in the north.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Steinbauer
- GLORIA Coordination, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; GLORIA Coordination, Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; UNESCO-Chair on Sustainable Management of Conservation Areas, Carinthia University of Applied Science, 9524 Villach, Austria; E.C.O. - Institut für Ökologie, 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria.
| | - A Lamprecht
- GLORIA Coordination, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; GLORIA Coordination, Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Winkler
- GLORIA Coordination, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; GLORIA Coordination, Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - V Di Cecco
- Maiella Seed Bank, Maiella National Park, Loc. Colle Madonna, Lama dei Peligni 66010, Italy
| | - V Fasching
- GLORIA Coordination, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; GLORIA Coordination, Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - D Ghosn
- Department of Geoinformation in Environmental Management - CIHEAM Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Alsyllio Agrokepiou, 73100 Chania, Greece
| | - A Maringer
- Gesaeuse National Park, 8911 Admont, Austria
| | - I Remoundou
- Department of Geoinformation in Environmental Management - CIHEAM Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Alsyllio Agrokepiou, 73100 Chania, Greece
| | - M Suen
- Gesaeuse National Park, 8911 Admont, Austria
| | - A Stanisci
- Dep. Bioscience and Territory, University of Molise, Termoli 86039, Italy
| | - S Venn
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - H Pauli
- GLORIA Coordination, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; GLORIA Coordination, Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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27
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Chakraborty S, Harris JM. At the Crossroads of Salinity and Rhizobium-Legume Symbiosis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:540-553. [PMID: 35297650 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-21-0231-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Legume roots interact with soil bacteria rhizobia to develop nodules, de novo symbiotic root organs that host these rhizobia and are mini factories of atmospheric nitrogen fixation. Nodulation is a sophisticated developmental process and is sensitive to several abiotic factors, salinity being one of them. While salinity influences both the free-living partners, symbiosis is more vulnerable than other aspects of plant and microbe physiology, and the symbiotic interaction is strongly impaired even under moderate salinity. In this review, we tease apart the various known components of rhizobium-legume symbiosis and how they interact with salt stress. We focus primarily on the initial stages of symbiosis since we have a greater mechanistic understanding of the interaction at these stages.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanhita Chakraborty
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, U.S.A
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, U.S.A
| | - Jeanne M Harris
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, U.S.A
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28
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Climate Drivers Contribute in Vegetation Greening Stalls of Arid Xinjiang, China: An Atmospheric Water Drying Effect. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14132019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Xinjiang, an arid region of China, has experienced a substantial warming–wetting trend over the past five decades. However, climate change has affected vegetation growth/greening in arid Central Asia in unexpected ways due to complex ecological effects. We found a significant greening trend (consistent increase in the normalized difference vegetation index or NDVI) from 1982 to 1996, during the growing season; however, the NDVI consequently decreased and plateaued from 1997 to 2015, especially in naturally vegetated regions. Atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD) is a critical driver of vegetation growth, is a direct measure of atmospheric aridity, and has increased sharply in recent decades. A partial correlation analysis indicated a significant relationship between growing season NDVI and VPD from 1997 to 2015. This implies that decreased VPD corresponds to increasing NDVI, and increasing VPD corresponds to a decrease and plateauing in the NDVI trend. Using the partial derivative equation method, our results suggest that the trend in growing season NDVI was affected primarily by increasing VPD (contributing 87.57%) from 1997 to 2015, especially in the grassland and desert biomes. Rising temperatures lead to a greater VPD, resulting in exacerbated evaporative water loss. Soil drought and atmospheric aridity limit plant stomatal conductance and could effectively lead to a decrease in the greening trend and increased vegetation mortality in arid Xinjiang. Our results emphasize the importance of VPD as a limiting factor of greening trends in arid regions. The influence of VPD on vegetation growth should be considered when evaluating arid ecosystem functioning under global warming.
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Yao H, Montagna PA, Wetz MS, Staryk CJ, Hu X. Subtropical estuarine carbon budget under various hydrologic extremes and implications on the lateral carbon exchange from tidal wetlands. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 217:118436. [PMID: 35447571 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As coastal areas become more vulnerable to climatic impacts, the need for understanding estuarine carbon budgets with sufficient spatiotemporal resolution arises. Under various hydrologic extremes ranging from drought to hurricane-induced flooding, a mass balance model was constructed for carbon fluxes and their variabilities in four estuaries along the northwestern Gulf of Mexico (nwGOM) coast over a four-year period (2014-2018). Loading of total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) to estuaries included riverine discharge and lateral exchange from tidal wetlands. The lateral exchanges of TOC and DIC reached 4.5 ± 5.7 and 8.9 ± 1.4 mol·C·m-2·yr-1, accounting for 86.5% and 62.7% of total TOC and DIC inputs into these estuaries, respectively. A relatively high regional CO2 efflux (4.0 ± 0.7 mol·C·m-2·yr-1) was found, which was two times the average value in North American coastal estuaries reported in the literature. Oceanic export was the major pathway for losses of TOC (5.6 ± 1.7 mol·C·m-2·yr-1, 81.2% of total) and DIC (9.9 ± 2.9 mol·C·m-2·yr-1, 69.7% of total). The carbon budget exhibited high variability in response to hydrologic changes. For example, storm or hurricane induced flooding elevated CO2 efflux by 2-10 times in short periods of time. Flood following a drought also increased lateral TOC exchange (from -3.5 ± 4.7 to 67.8 ± 17.6 mmol·C·m-2·d-1) but decreased lateral DIC exchange (from 28.9 ± 3.5 to -7.1 ± 7.6 mmol·C·m-2·d-1). The large variability of carbon budgets highlights the importance of high-resolution spatiotemporal coverage under different hydrologic conditions, and the importance of carbon contribution from tidal wetlands to coastal carbon cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Yao
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
| | - Paul A Montagna
- Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
| | - Michael S Wetz
- Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
| | - Cory J Staryk
- Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
| | - Xinping Hu
- Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA.
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Hirata A, Kominami Y, Ohashi H, Tsuyama I, Tanaka N, Nakao K, Hijioka Y, Matsui T. Global estimates of stress-reflecting indices reveal key climatic drivers of climate-induced forest range shifts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153697. [PMID: 35143798 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has the potential to cause forest range shifts at a broad scale and consequently can alter crucial forest functions, including carbon sequestration. However, global-scale projections of future forest range shifts remain challenging because our knowledge of the physiological responses of plants to climatic stress is limited to particular species and is insufficient for wide-range projections, in addition to the uncertainties in the impacts of non-climatic factors, such as wildfire, wind, and insect outbreaks. To evaluate the vulnerability and resilience of forests to climate change, we developed a new empirical approach using climatic indices reflecting physiological stressors on plants. We calculated the global distributions of seven indices based on primary climatic stressors (drought, solar radiation, and temperature) at high resolution. We then modeled the relationship between the seven indices and global forest extent. We found two key stressors driving climate-induced forest range shifts on a global scale: low temperature under high radiation and drought. At high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, forest establishment became difficult when the mean temperature was less than approximately 7.2 °C in the highest radiation quarter. Forest sensitivity to drought was more pronounced at mid-latitudes. In areas where the humidity index (ratio of precipitation to potential evapotranspiration) was below 0.45, shrubland and grassland became more dominant than forests. Our results also suggested that the impacts of climate change on global forest range shifts will be geographically biased depending on the areas affected by the key climatic stressors. Potential forest gain was remarkable in boreal regions due to increasing temperature. Potential forest loss was remarkable in current tropical grassland and temperate forest/grassland ecoregions due to increasing drought. Our approach using stress-reflecting indices could improve our ability to detect the roles of climatic stressors on climate-induced forest range shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Hirata
- Center for Biodiversity and Climate Change, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan.
| | - Yuji Kominami
- Department of Disaster Prevention, Meteorology and Hydrology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Haruka Ohashi
- Department of Wildlife Biology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Ikutaro Tsuyama
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8516, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tanaka
- Faculty of International Agriculture and Food Studies, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan; Environment Consultant ENVI, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0062, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Nakao
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Kyoto, Kyoto 612-0855, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Hijioka
- Center for Climate Change Adaptation, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsui
- Center for Biodiversity and Climate Change, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan; Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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31
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Quan J, Münzbergová Z, Latzel V. Time dynamics of stress legacy in clonal transgenerational effects: A case study on
Trifolium repens. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8959. [PMID: 35646308 PMCID: PMC9130644 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress can be remembered by plants in a form of stress legacy that can alter future phenotypes of previously stressed plants and even phenotypes of their offspring. DNA methylation belongs among the mechanisms mediating the stress legacy. It is however not known for how long the stress legacy is carried by plants. If the legacy is long‐lasting, it can become maladaptive in situations when parental–offspring environment do not match. We investigated for how long after the last exposure of a parental plant to drought can the phenotype of its clonal offspring be altered. We grew parental plants of three genotypes of Trifolium repens for five months either in control conditions or in control conditions that were interrupted with intense drought periods applied for two months in four different time slots. We also treated half of the parental plants with a demethylating agent (5‐azacytidine, 5‐azaC) to test for the potential role of DNA methylation in the stress memory. Then, we transplanted parental cuttings (ramets) individually to control environment and allowed them to produce offspring ramets for two months. The drought stress experienced by parents affected phenotypes of offspring ramets. The stress legacy resulted in enhanced number of offspring ramets originating from plants that experienced drought stress even 56 days before their transplantation to the control environment. 5‐azaC altered transgenerational effects on offspring ramets. We confirmed that drought stress can trigger transgenerational effects in T. repens that is very likely mediated by DNA methylation. Most importantly, the stress legacy in parental plants persisted for at least 8 weeks suggesting that the stress legacy can persist in a clonal plant Trifolium repens for relatively long period. We suggest that the stress legacy should be considered in future ecological studies on clonal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Quan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China Ministry of Education Northwest University Xi’an China
- Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Münzbergová
- Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
- Department of Botany Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Vít Latzel
- Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice Czech Republic
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Behzad H, Ohyanagi H, Alharbi B, Ibarra M, Alarawi M, Saito Y, Duarte CM, Bajic V, Mineta K, Gojobori T. A cautionary signal from the Red Sea on the impact of increased dust activity on marine microbiota. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:277. [PMID: 35392799 PMCID: PMC8991508 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08485-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global climate change together with growing desertification is leading to increased dust emissions to the atmosphere, drawing attention to possible impacts on marine ecosystems receiving dust deposition. Since microorganisms play important roles in maintaining marine homeostasis through nutrient cycling and carbon flow, detrimental changes in the composition of marine microbiota in response to increased dust input could negatively impact marine health, particularly so in seas located within the Global Dust Belt. Due to its strategic location between two deserts and unique characteristics, the Red Sea provides an attractive semi-enclosed "megacosm" to examine the impacts of large dust deposition on the vastly diverse microbiota in its exceptionally warm oligotrophic waters. RESULTS We used culture-independent metagenomic approaches to assess temporal changes in the Red Sea microbiota in response to two severe sandstorms, one originated in the Nubian Desert in the summer 2016 and a second one originated in the Libyan Desert in the spring 2017. Despite differences in sandstorm origin and meteorological conditions, both sandstorms shifted bacterial and Archaeal groups in a similar mode. In particular, the relative abundance of autotrophic bacteria declined while those of heterotrophic bacteria, particularly Bacteroidetes, and Archaea increased. The changes peaked within six days from the start of sandstorms, and the community recovered the original assemblage within one month. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that increased dust emission with expanding desertification could lead to undesirable impacts in ocean function, enhancing heterotrophic processes while reducing autotrophic ones, thereby affecting the marine food web in seas receiving dust deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayedeh Behzad
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.,Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hajime Ohyanagi
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.,Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badr Alharbi
- National Centre for Environmental Technology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martin Ibarra
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.,Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alarawi
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.,Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yoshimoto Saito
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.,Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.,Marine Open Innovation (MaOI) Institute, Shizuoka, 424-0922, Japan
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.,Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.,Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vladimir Bajic
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.,Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Katsuhiko Mineta
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia. .,Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia. .,Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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Akat E, Yenmiş M, Pombal MA, Molist P, Megías M, Arman S, Veselỳ M, Anderson R, Ayaz D. Comparison of Vertebrate Skin Structure at Class Level: A Review. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 305:3543-3608. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esra Akat
- Ege University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department Bornova, İzmir Turkey
| | - Melodi Yenmiş
- Ege University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department Bornova, İzmir Turkey
| | - Manuel A. Pombal
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía‐IBIV Vigo, España
| | - Pilar Molist
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía‐IBIV Vigo, España
| | - Manuel Megías
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía‐IBIV Vigo, España
| | - Sezgi Arman
- Sakarya University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Biology Department Sakarya Turkey
| | - Milan Veselỳ
- Palacky University, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology Olomouc Czechia
| | - Rodolfo Anderson
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista São Paulo Brazil
| | - Dinçer Ayaz
- Ege University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department Bornova, İzmir Turkey
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Jung CG, Xu X, Shi Z, Niu S, Xia J, Sherry R, Jiang L, Zhu K, Hou E, Luo Y. Warmer and wetter climate promotes net primary production in
C
4
grassland with additional enhancement by hay harvesting. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gyo Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
- Department of Biology University of Central Florida Orlando Florida USA
| | - Xia Xu
- College of Biology and the Environment Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - Zheng Shi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Irvine Irvine California USA
| | - Shuli Niu
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jianyang Xia
- Tiantong National Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University Shanghai China
- Research Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Rebecca Sherry
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology University of Oklahoma Norman Oklahoma USA
| | - Lifen Jiang
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Environmental Studies University of California Santa Cruz California USA
| | - Enqing Hou
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
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Clemens M, Faralli M, Lagreze J, Bontempo L, Piazza S, Varotto C, Malnoy M, Oechel W, Rizzoli A, Dalla Costa L. VvEPFL9-1 Knock-Out via CRISPR/Cas9 Reduces Stomatal Density in Grapevine. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:878001. [PMID: 35656017 PMCID: PMC9152544 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.878001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal Patterning Factor Like 9 (EPFL9), also known as STOMAGEN, is a cysteine-rich peptide that induces stomata formation in vascular plants, acting antagonistically to other epidermal patterning factors (EPF1, EPF2). In grapevine there are two EPFL9 genes, EPFL9-1 and EPFL9-2 sharing 82% identity at protein level in the mature functional C-terminal domain. In this study, CRISPR/Cas9 system was applied to functionally characterize VvEPFL9-1 in 'Sugraone', a highly transformable genotype. A set of plants, regenerated after gene transfer in embryogenic calli via Agrobacterium tumefaciens, were selected for evaluation. For many lines, the editing profile in the target site displayed a range of mutations mainly causing frameshift in the coding sequence or affecting the second cysteine residue. The analysis of stomata density revealed that in edited plants the number of stomata was significantly reduced compared to control, demonstrating for the first time the role of EPFL9 in a perennial fruit crop. Three edited lines were then assessed for growth, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency in experiments carried out at different environmental conditions. Intrinsic water-use efficiency was improved in edited lines compared to control, indicating possible advantages in reducing stomatal density under future environmental drier scenarios. Our results show the potential of manipulating stomatal density for optimizing grapevine adaptation under changing climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Clemens
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- Global Change Research Group, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Michele Faralli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- *Correspondence: Michele Faralli,
| | - Jorge Lagreze
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Luana Bontempo
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Stefano Piazza
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Claudio Varotto
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Mickael Malnoy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Walter Oechel
- Global Change Research Group, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Annapaola Rizzoli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Lorenza Dalla Costa
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- Lorenza Dalla Costa,
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Bader MY, Moureau E, Nikolić N, Madena T, Koehn N, Zotz G. Simulating climate change in situ in a tropical rainforest understorey using active air warming and CO 2 addition. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8406. [PMID: 35127002 PMCID: PMC8796887 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Future climate-change effects on plant growth are most effectively studied using microclimate-manipulation experiments, the design of which has seen much advance in recent years. For tropical forests, however, such experiments are particularly hard to install and have hence not been widely used. We present a system of active heating and CO2 fertilization for use in tropical forest understoreys, where passive heating is not possible. The system was run for 2 years to study climate-change effects on epiphytic bryophytes, but is also deemed suitable to study other understorey plants. Warm air and CO2 addition were applied in 1.6-m-tall, 1.2-m-diameter hexagonal open-top chambers and the microclimate in the chambers compared to outside air. Warming was regulated with a feedback system while CO2 addition was fixed. The setup successfully heated the air by 2.8 K and increased CO2 by 250 ppm on average, with +3 K and +300 ppm as the targets. Variation was high, especially due to technical breakdowns, but not biased to times of the day or year. In the warming treatment, absolute humidity slightly increased but relative humidity dropped by between 6% and 15% (and the vapor pressure deficit increased) compared to ambient, depending on the level of warming achieved in each chamber. Compared to other heating systems, the chambers provide a realistic warming and CO2 treatment, but moistening the incoming air would be needed to avoid drying as a confounding factor. The method is preferable over infrared heating in the radiation-poor forest understorey, particularly when combined with CO2 fertilization. It is suitable for plant-level studies, but ecosystem-level studies in forests may require chamber-less approaches like infrared heating and free-air CO2 enrichment. By presenting the advantages and limitations of our approach, we aim to facilitate further climate-change experiments in tropical forests, which are urgently needed to understand the processes determining future element fluxes and biodiversity changes in these ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Y. Bader
- Faculty of GeographyEcological Plant GeographyUniversity of MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Elodie Moureau
- Faculty of GeographyEcological Plant GeographyUniversity of MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Nada Nikolić
- Faculty of GeographyEcological Plant GeographyUniversity of MarburgMarburgGermany
- Institute for Biology and Environmental SciencesFunctional Ecology of PlantsUniversity of OldenburgOldenburgGermany
| | - Thomas Madena
- Faculty of Natural SciencesElectronics WorkshopUniversity of OldenburgOldenburgGermany
| | - Nils Koehn
- Faculty of Natural SciencesElectronics WorkshopUniversity of OldenburgOldenburgGermany
| | - Gerhard Zotz
- Institute for Biology and Environmental SciencesFunctional Ecology of PlantsUniversity of OldenburgOldenburgGermany
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37
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Harrison PA. Climate change and the suitability of local and non‐local species for ecosystem restoration. ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT & RESTORATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/emr.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Zhuang Y, Fu R, Santer BD, Dickinson RE, Hall A. Quantifying contributions of natural variability and anthropogenic forcings on increased fire weather risk over the western United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2111875118. [PMID: 34725162 PMCID: PMC8609294 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111875118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have identified a recent increase in wildfire activity in the western United States (WUS). However, the extent to which this trend is due to weather pattern changes dominated by natural variability versus anthropogenic warming has been unclear. Using an ensemble constructed flow analogue approach, we have employed observations to estimate vapor pressure deficit (VPD), the leading meteorological variable that controls wildfires, associated with different atmospheric circulation patterns. Our results show that for the period 1979 to 2020, variation in the atmospheric circulation explains, on average, only 32% of the observed VPD trend of 0.48 ± 0.25 hPa/decade (95% CI) over the WUS during the warm season (May to September). The remaining 68% of the upward VPD trend is likely due to anthropogenic warming. The ensemble simulations of climate models participating in the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project suggest that anthropogenic forcing explains an even larger fraction of the observed VPD trend (88%) for the same period and region. These models and observational estimates likely provide a lower and an upper bound on the true impact of anthropogenic warming on the VPD trend over the WUS. During August 2020, when the August Complex "Gigafire" occurred in the WUS, anthropogenic warming likely explains 50% of the unprecedented high VPD anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Zhuang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
| | - Benjamin D Santer
- Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - Robert E Dickinson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Alex Hall
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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Precipitation Pattern Regulates Soil Carbon Flux Responses to Nitrogen Addition in a Temperate Forest. Ecosystems 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-021-00606-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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40
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O'Connor JC, Dekker SC, Staal A, Tuinenburg OA, Rebel KT, Santos MJ. Forests buffer against variations in precipitation. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:4686-4696. [PMID: 34319636 PMCID: PMC8457185 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric moisture recycling effectively increases the amount of usable water over land as the water can undergo multiple precipitation-evapotranspiration cycles. Differences in land cover and climate regulate the evapotranspiration flux. Forests can have deep roots that access groundwater facilitating transpiration throughout the dry season independent of precipitation. This stable transpiration buffers the forest against precipitation variability. However, it is not known whether the buffering effect, already modeled for tropical forests, is common to all forests globally. Here we apply a state-of-the-art Lagrangian moisture tracking model (UTrack) to study whether forest land cover in the upwind precipitationshed can lead to a reduction in monthly precipitation variability downwind. We found a significant buffering effect of forests in the precipitation variability of 10 out of 14 biomes globally. On average, if 50% of precipitation originates from forest, then we find a reduction in the coefficient of variation of monthly precipitation of 60%. We also observed that a high fraction of precipitation from non-forest land sources tends to have the opposite effect, that is, no buffering effect. The average variation of monthly precipitation was 69% higher in areas where 50% of precipitation originates from non-forest land sources in the precipitationshed. Our results emphasize the importance of land cover composition in the precipitationshed to buffer precipitation variability downwind, in particular forest cover. Understanding the influence of land cover in a precipitationshed on atmospheric moisture transport is key for evaluating an area's water-climate regulatory ecosystem services and may become increasingly important due to continued changes in land cover and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. O'Connor
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable DevelopmentDepartment Environmental SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Stefan C. Dekker
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable DevelopmentDepartment Environmental SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Arie Staal
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable DevelopmentDepartment Environmental SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Obbe A. Tuinenburg
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable DevelopmentDepartment Environmental SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Karin T. Rebel
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable DevelopmentDepartment Environmental SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Maria J. Santos
- Department of GeographyUniversity of ZürichZurichSwitzerland
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41
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Lo S, Parker T, Muñoz-Amatriaín M, Berny-Mier Y Teran JC, Jernstedt J, Close TJ, Gepts P. Genetic, anatomical, and environmental patterns related to pod shattering resistance in domesticated cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp]. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6219-6229. [PMID: 34106233 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pod shattering, which causes the explosive release of seeds from the pod, is one of the main sources of yield losses in cowpea in arid and semi-arid areas. Reduction of shattering has therefore been a primary target for selection during domestication and improvement of cowpea, among other species. Using a mini-core diversity panel of 368 cowpea accessions, four regions with a statistically significant association with pod shattering were identified. Two genes (Vigun03g321100 and Vigun11g100600), involved in cell wall biosynthesis, were identified as strong candidates for pod shattering. Microscopic analysis was conducted on a subset of accessions representing the full spectrum of shattering phenotypes. This analysis indicated that the extent of wall fiber deposition was highly correlated with shattering. The results from this study also demonstrate that pod shattering in cowpea is exacerbated by arid environmental conditions. Finally, using a subset of West African landraces, patterns of historical selection for shattering resistance related to precipitation in the environment of origin were identified. Together, these results shed light on sources of resistance to pod shattering, which will, in turn, improve climate resilience of a major global nutritional staple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sassoum Lo
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521,USA
- Department of Plant Sciences/MS1, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8780,USA
| | - Travis Parker
- Department of Plant Sciences/MS1, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8780,USA
| | - María Muñoz-Amatriaín
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521,USA
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523,USA
| | | | - Judy Jernstedt
- Department of Plant Sciences/MS1, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8780,USA
| | - Timothy J Close
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521,USA
| | - Paul Gepts
- Department of Plant Sciences/MS1, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8780,USA
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42
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De Kauwe MG, Medlyn BE, Tissue DT. To what extent can rising [CO 2 ] ameliorate plant drought stress? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:2118-2124. [PMID: 34101183 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant responses to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (eCO2 ) have been hypothesized as a key mechanism that may ameliorate the impact of future drought. Yet, despite decades of experiments, the question of whether eCO2 reduces plant water use, yielding 'water savings' that can be used to maintain plant function during periods of water stress, remains unresolved. In this Viewpoint, we identify the experimental challenges and limitations to our understanding of plant responses to drought under eCO2 . In particular, we argue that future studies need to move beyond exploring whether eCO2 played 'a role' or 'no role' in responses to drought, but instead more carefully consider the timescales and conditions that would induce an influence. We also argue that considering emergent differences in soil water content may be an insufficient means of assessing the impact of eCO2 . We identify eCO2 impact during severe drought (e.g. to the point of mortality), interactions with future changes in vapour pressure deficit and uncertainty about changes in leaf area as key gaps in our current understanding. New insights into CO2 × drought interactions are essential to better constrain model theory that governs future climate model projections of land-atmosphere interactions during periods of water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G De Kauwe
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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43
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Chakraborty S, Driscoll HE, Abrahante JE, Zhang F, Fisher RF, Harris JM. Salt Stress Enhances Early Symbiotic Gene Expression in Medicago truncatula and Induces a Stress-Specific Set of Rhizobium-Responsive Genes. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:904-921. [PMID: 33819071 PMCID: PMC8578154 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-21-0019-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress is a major agricultural concern inhibiting not only plant growth but also the symbiotic association between legume roots and the soil bacteria rhizobia. This symbiotic association is initiated by a molecular dialogue between the two partners, leading to the activation of a signaling cascade in the legume host and, ultimately, the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. Here, we show that a moderate salt stress increases the responsiveness of early symbiotic genes in Medicago truncatula to its symbiotic partner, Sinorhizobium meliloti while, conversely, inoculation with S. meliloti counteracts salt-regulated gene expression, restoring one-third to control levels. Our analysis of early nodulin 11 (ENOD11) shows that salt-induced expression is dynamic, Nod-factor dependent, and requires the ionic but not the osmotic component of salt. We demonstrate that salt stimulation of rhizobium-induced gene expression requires NSP2, which functions as a node to integrate the abiotic and biotic signals. In addition, our work reveals that inoculation with S. meliloti succinoglycan mutants also hyperinduces ENOD11 expression in the presence or absence of salt, suggesting a possible link between rhizobial exopolysaccharide and the plant response to salt stress. Finally, we identify an accessory set of genes that are induced by rhizobium only under conditions of salt stress and have not been previously identified as being nodulation-related genes. Our data suggest that interplay of core nodulation genes with different accessory sets, specific for different abiotic conditions, functions to establish the symbiosis. Together, our findings reveal a complex and dynamic interaction between plant, microbe, and environment.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanhita Chakraborty
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Heather E. Driscoll
- Vermont Biomedical Research Network (VBRN), Department of Biology, Norwich University, Northfield, Vermont 05663, USA
| | - Juan E. Abrahante
- University of Minnesota Informatics Institute (UMII) (CCRB 1-210C), 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Vermont Biomedical Research Network (VBRN), Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
- Institute for Translational Research and Department of family medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107
| | - Robert F. Fisher
- Stanford University, Department of Biology, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford, California 94305-5020, USA
| | - Jeanne M. Harris
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Corresponding author: Jeanne M. Harris ()
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44
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Qi S, Huang Z, Ma X, Huang J, Zhou T, Zhang S, Dong Q, Bi J, Shi J. Classification of atmospheric aerosols and clouds by use of dual-polarization lidar measurements. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:23461-23476. [PMID: 34614611 DOI: 10.1364/oe.430456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Accurate identification of aerosols and cloud from remote sensing observations is of importance for quantitatively evaluating their radiative forcing and related impacts. Even though polarization lidar has exhibited a unique advantage of classifying atmospheric aerosols and clouds over the past several decades, polarization measurements are often achieved at one wavelength (UV or VIS) using laser remote sensing. To better identify the types of aerosols and clouds, we developed a ground-based dual-polarization lidar system that can simultaneously detect polarization measurements at wavelengths of 355 nm and 532 nm. Our results show that the volume depolarization ratios (VDRs) at 355 nm and 532 nm markedly differ for typical types of aerosols and clouds in the atmosphere. For non-spherical particles, the ratio of VDRs at 532 nm and 355 nm are 2.87 ± 1.35 for ice cloud and 1.51 ± 0.29 for dust-dominated aerosols, respectively. However, for spherical particles, the ratios are 0.43 ± 0.26 for water cloud and 0.56 ± 0.05 for air pollutants. Consequently, we proposed a simple reliable method for classifying atmospheric aerosols and clouds from polarization measurements observed by the developed lidar system. The proposed method first distinguishes clouds from aerosols using a combination of the color ratio (CR, 532 nm/355 nm) and attenuated backscattering coefficients (ABC) at 532 nm. Then, subtypes of clouds and aerosols are identified based on the ratio of VDRs at 532 nm and 355 nm. The results showed that dual-polarization lidar measurements can remarkably improve the classification of atmospheric aerosols and clouds, compared with results using a traditional method. This study illustrates that more information on atmospheric aerosols and clouds can be obtained from polarization measurements at multiple wavelengths by active remote sensing.
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45
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Observed increasing water constraint on vegetation growth over the last three decades. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3777. [PMID: 34145253 PMCID: PMC8213694 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the growing interest in predicting global and regional trends in vegetation productivity in response to a changing climate, changes in water constraint on vegetation productivity (i.e., water limitations on vegetation growth) remain poorly understood. Here we conduct a comprehensive evaluation of changes in water constraint on vegetation growth in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere between 1982 and 2015. We document a significant increase in vegetation water constraint over this period. Remarkably divergent trends were found with vegetation water deficit areas significantly expanding, and water surplus areas significantly shrinking. The increase in water constraints associated with water deficit was also consistent with a decreasing response time to water scarcity, suggesting a stronger susceptibility of vegetation to drought. We also observed shortened water surplus period for water surplus areas, suggesting a shortened exposure to water surplus associated with humid conditions. These observed changes were found to be attributable to trends in temperature, solar radiation, precipitation, and atmospheric CO2. Our findings highlight the need for a more explicit consideration of the influence of water constraints on regional and global vegetation under a warming climate. Jiao et al. conducted a comprehensive evaluation of changes in water constraint on vegetation growth in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere between 1982 and 2015. They document a significant increase in vegetation water constraint over the last three decades.
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46
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Chiang F, Mazdiyasni O, AghaKouchak A. Evidence of anthropogenic impacts on global drought frequency, duration, and intensity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2754. [PMID: 33980822 PMCID: PMC8115225 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22314-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Most climate change detection and attribution studies have focused on mean or extreme temperature or precipitation, neglecting to explore long-term changes in drought characteristics. Here we provide evidence that anthropogenic forcing has impacted interrelated meteorological drought characteristics. Using SPI and SPEI indices generated from an ensemble of 9 CMIP6 models (using 3 realizations per model), we show that the presence of anthropogenic forcing has increased the drought frequency, maximum drought duration, and maximum drought intensity experienced in large parts of the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Using individual greenhouse gas and anthropogenic aerosol forcings, we also highlight that regional balances between the two major forcings have contributed to the drying patterns detected in our results. Overall, we provide a comprehensive characterization of the influence of anthropogenic forcing on drought characteristics, providing important perspectives on the role of forcings in driving changes in drought events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Chiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Omid Mazdiyasni
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Amir AghaKouchak
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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47
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Yue L, Kong W, Li C, Zhu G, Zhu L, Makhalanyane TP, Cowan DA. Dissolved inorganic carbon determines the abundance of microbial primary producers and primary production in Tibetan Plateau lakes. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6006872. [PMID: 33242086 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change globally accelerates the shrinkage of inland lakes, resulting in increases in both water salinity and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). The increases of salinity and DIC generate contrasting effects on microbial primary producers and primary production, however, their combined effects remain unclear in aquatic ecosystems. We hypothesized that increased DIC mitigates the constraints of enhanced salinity on microbial primary producers and primary production. To test this, we employed isotope labeling and molecular methods to explore primary production and four dominant types of microbial primary producers (form IA, IB, IC and ID) in lakes on the Tibetan Plateau. Results showed that DIC was positively correlated with the abundance of the form IAB and ID microbial primary producers and primary production (all P < 0.001) and offset salinity constraints. Structural equation models elucidated that DIC substantially enhanced primary production by stimulating the abundance of form ID microbial primary producers. The abundance of form ID primary producers explained more variations (14.6%) of primary production than form IAB (6%) and physicochemical factors (6.8%). Diatoms (form ID) played a determinant role in primary production in the lakes by adapting to high DIC and high salinity. Our findings suggest that inland lakes may support higher primary productivity in future climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyan Yue
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.,College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Weidong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.,College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Chunge Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guibing Zhu
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.,Key Lab Drinking Water Science & Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Thulani P Makhalanyane
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Don A Cowan
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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48
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Parker TA, Lo S, Gepts P. Pod shattering in grain legumes: emerging genetic and environment-related patterns. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:179-199. [PMID: 33793864 PMCID: PMC8136915 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A reduction in pod shattering is one of the main components of grain legume domestication. Despite this, many domesticated legumes suffer serious yield losses due to shattering, particularly under arid conditions. Mutations related to pod shattering modify the twisting force of pod walls or the structural strength of the dehiscence zone in pod sutures. At a molecular level, a growing body of evidence indicates that these changes are controlled by a relatively small number of key genes that have been selected in parallel across grain legume species, supporting partial molecular convergence. Legume homologs of Arabidopsis thaliana silique shattering genes play only minor roles in legume pod shattering. Most domesticated grain legume species contain multiple shattering-resistance genes, with mutants of each gene typically showing only partial shattering resistance. Hence, crosses between varieties with different genes lead to transgressive segregation of shattering alleles, producing plants with either enhanced shattering resistance or atavistic susceptibility to the trait. The frequency of these resistance pod-shattering alleles is often positively correlated with environmental aridity. The continued development of pod-shattering-related functional information will be vital for breeding crops that are suited to the increasingly arid conditions expected in the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis A Parker
- Department of Plant Sciences/MS1, Section of Crop & Ecosystem Sciences, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8780
| | - Sassoum Lo
- Department of Plant Sciences/MS1, Section of Crop & Ecosystem Sciences, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8780
| | - Paul Gepts
- Department of Plant Sciences/MS1, Section of Crop & Ecosystem Sciences, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8780
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49
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Parker TA, de Sousa LL, de Oliveira Floriani T, Palkovic A, Gepts P. Toward the introgression of PvPdh1 for increased resistance to pod shattering in common bean. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:313-325. [PMID: 33130953 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03698-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A common bean shattering-resistance allele of PvPdh1 reduces pod twists during dehiscence, shows dominance that varies by phenotyping method, is part of a selective sweep, and can be introgressed using CAPS markers. Some varieties of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) suffer from pod shattering, which can severely reduce yields, especially in arid conditions. The PvPdh1 locus on chromosome Pv03 has recently been described as a major locus controlling pod shattering in common bean and could be used to mitigate pod shattering in the future. Despite this, the role of a possible second locus on chromosome Pv08 remains unclear and patterns of dominance and epistasis between alleles of these genes have not been resolved. This information will be vital for efficient selection to decrease pod shattering. Further, the genetic diversity around the PvPdh1 gene has not yet been thoroughly explored, and there are not yet genetic screens that can be used to evaluate pod shattering in segregating populations. Here, we have developed a recombinant inbred population to determine the roles of genes implicated in pod shattering and evaluate the patterns of dominance among the relevant alleles. Our results suggest that a PvPdh1 allele reduces pod valve twisting, and its dominance varies by phenotyping method. This allele is the only genetic variant that provides environmentally stable and widespread resistance to pod shattering in Middle American common beans grown for grain. Further analyses identified a selective sweep around PvPdh1 with greater nucleotide diversity in individuals with the ancestral, shattering-susceptible allele. Finally, we developed simple, effective CAPS markers to facilitate the introgression of PvPdh1 into new varieties of common bean. These genetic resources will be critical for improving the aridity resilience of a major global staple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis A Parker
- Department of Plant Sciences / MS1, Section of Crop & Ecosystem Sciences, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616-8780, USA
| | - Lorenna Lopes de Sousa
- Department of Plant Sciences / MS1, Section of Crop & Ecosystem Sciences, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616-8780, USA
| | - Talissa de Oliveira Floriani
- Department of Plant Sciences / MS1, Section of Crop & Ecosystem Sciences, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616-8780, USA
| | - Antonia Palkovic
- Department of Plant Sciences / MS1, Section of Crop & Ecosystem Sciences, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616-8780, USA
| | - Paul Gepts
- Department of Plant Sciences / MS1, Section of Crop & Ecosystem Sciences, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616-8780, USA.
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50
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Sherwood SC, Webb MJ, Annan JD, Armour KC, Forster PM, Hargreaves JC, Hegerl G, Klein SA, Marvel KD, Rohling EJ, Watanabe M, Andrews T, Braconnot P, Bretherton CS, Foster GL, Hausfather Z, von der Heydt AS, Knutti R, Mauritsen T, Norris JR, Proistosescu C, Rugenstein M, Schmidt GA, Tokarska KB, Zelinka MD. An Assessment of Earth's Climate Sensitivity Using Multiple Lines of Evidence. REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS (WASHINGTON, D.C. : 1985) 2020; 58:e2019RG000678. [PMID: 33015673 PMCID: PMC7524012 DOI: 10.1029/2019rg000678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes feedback process understanding, the historical climate record, and the paleoclimate record. An S value lower than 2 K is difficult to reconcile with any of the three lines of evidence. The amount of cooling during the Last Glacial Maximum provides strong evidence against values of S greater than 4.5 K. Other lines of evidence in combination also show that this is relatively unlikely. We use a Bayesian approach to produce a probability density function (PDF) for S given all the evidence, including tests of robustness to difficult-to-quantify uncertainties and different priors. The 66% range is 2.6-3.9 K for our Baseline calculation and remains within 2.3-4.5 K under the robustness tests; corresponding 5-95% ranges are 2.3-4.7 K, bounded by 2.0-5.7 K (although such high-confidence ranges should be regarded more cautiously). This indicates a stronger constraint on S than reported in past assessments, by lifting the low end of the range. This narrowing occurs because the three lines of evidence agree and are judged to be largely independent and because of greater confidence in understanding feedback processes and in combining evidence. We identify promising avenues for further narrowing the range in S, in particular using comprehensive models and process understanding to address limitations in the traditional forcing-feedback paradigm for interpreting past changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Sherwood
- Climate Change Research Centre and ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes University of New South Wales Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - M J Webb
- Met Office Hadley Centre Exeter UK
| | | | | | - P M Forster
- Priestley International Centre for Climate University of Leeds Leeds UK
| | | | - G Hegerl
- School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | | | - K D Marvel
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Math Columbia University New York NY USA
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies New York NY USA
| | - E J Rohling
- Research School of Earth Sciences Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre University of Southampton Southampton UK
| | - M Watanabe
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | | | - P Braconnot
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, unité mixte CEA-CNRS-UVSQ Université Paris-Saclay Gif sur Yvette France
| | | | - G L Foster
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre University of Southampton Southampton UK
| | | | - A S von der Heydt
- Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, and Centre for Complex Systems Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - R Knutti
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science Zurich Switzerland
| | - T Mauritsen
- Department of Meteorology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - J R Norris
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla CA USA
| | - C Proistosescu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences and Department of Geology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL USA
| | - M Rugenstein
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Hamburg Germany
| | - G A Schmidt
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies New York NY USA
| | - K B Tokarska
- School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science Zurich Switzerland
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