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Sequeira AN, O’Keefe IP, Katju V, Bergthorsson U. Friend turned foe: selfish behavior of a spontaneously arising mitochondrial deletion in an experimentally evolved Caenorhabditis elegans population. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024; 14:jkae018. [PMID: 38261394 PMCID: PMC11090458 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Selfish mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations are variants that can proliferate within cells and enjoy a replication or transmission bias without fitness benefits for the host. mtDNA deletions in Caenorhabditis elegans can reach high heteroplasmic frequencies despite significantly reducing fitness, illustrating how new mtDNA variants can give rise to genetic conflict between different levels of selection and between the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. During a mutation accumulation experiment in C. elegans, a 1,034-bp deletion originated spontaneously and reached an 81.7% frequency within an experimental evolution line. This heteroplasmic mtDNA deletion, designated as meuDf1, eliminated portions of 2 protein-coding genes (coxIII and nd4) and tRNA-thr in entirety. mtDNA copy number in meuDf1 heteroplasmic individuals was 35% higher than in individuals with wild-type mitochondria. After backcrossing into a common genetic background, the meuDf1 mitotype was associated with reduction in several fitness traits and independent competition experiments found a 40% reduction in composite fitness. Experiments that relaxed individual selection by single individual bottlenecks demonstrated that the deletion-bearing mtDNA possessed a strong transmission bias, thereby qualifying it as a novel selfish mitotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail N Sequeira
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, 402 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, College Station, TX 77845, USA
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ian P O’Keefe
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, 402 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, College Station, TX 77845, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland, 655 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Vaishali Katju
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, 402 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, College Station, TX 77845, USA
- Program in Evolutionary Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics (IEG), Evolutionsbiologiskt centrum, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulfar Bergthorsson
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, 402 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, College Station, TX 77845, USA
- Program in Evolutionary Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics (IEG), Evolutionsbiologiskt centrum, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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mtDNA Heteroplasmy: Origin, Detection, Significance, and Evolutionary Consequences. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11070633. [PMID: 34209862 PMCID: PMC8307225 DOI: 10.3390/life11070633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is predominately uniparentally transmitted. This results in organisms with a single type of mtDNA (homoplasmy), but two or more mtDNA haplotypes have been observed in low frequency in several species (heteroplasmy). In this review, we aim to highlight several aspects of heteroplasmy regarding its origin and its significance on mtDNA function and evolution, which has been progressively recognized in the last several years. Heteroplasmic organisms commonly occur through somatic mutations during an individual’s lifetime. They also occur due to leakage of paternal mtDNA, which rarely happens during fertilization. Alternatively, heteroplasmy can be potentially inherited maternally if an egg is already heteroplasmic. Recent advances in sequencing techniques have increased the ability to detect and quantify heteroplasmy and have revealed that mitochondrial DNA copies in the nucleus (NUMTs) can imitate true heteroplasmy. Heteroplasmy can have significant evolutionary consequences on the survival of mtDNA from the accumulation of deleterious mutations and for its coevolution with the nuclear genome. Particularly in humans, heteroplasmy plays an important role in the emergence of mitochondrial diseases and determines the success of the mitochondrial replacement therapy, a recent method that has been developed to cure mitochondrial diseases.
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Dubie JJ, Caraway AR, Stout MM, Katju V, Bergthorsson U. The conflict within: origin, proliferation and persistence of a spontaneously arising selfish mitochondrial genome. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 375:20190174. [PMID: 31787044 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial genomes can sustain mutations that are simultaneously detrimental to individual fitness and yet, can proliferate within individuals owing to a replicative advantage. We analysed the fitness effects and population dynamics of a mitochondrial genome containing a novel 499 bp deletion in the cytochrome b(1) (ctb-1) gene (Δctb-1) encoding the cytochrome b of complex III in Caenorhabditis elegans. Δctb-1 reached a high heteroplasmic frequency of 96% in one experimental line during a mutation accumulation experiment and was linked to additional spontaneous mutations in nd5 and tRNA-Asn. The Δctb-1 mutant mitotype imposed a significant fitness cost including a 65% and 52% reduction in productivity and competitive fitness, respectively, relative to individuals bearing wild-type (WT) mitochondria. Deletion-bearing worms were rapidly purged within a few generations when competed against WT mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) bearing worms in experimental populations. By contrast, the Δctb-1 mitotype was able to persist in large populations comprising heteroplasmic individuals only, although the average intracellular frequency of Δctb-1 exhibited a slow decline owing to competition among individuals bearing different frequencies of the heteroplasmy. Within experimental lines subjected to severe population bottlenecks (n = 1), the relative intracellular frequency of Δctb-1 increased, which is a hallmark of selfish drive. A positive correlation between Δctb-1 and WT mtDNA copy-number suggests a mechanism that increases total mtDNA per se, and does not discern the Δctb-1 mitotype from the WT mtDNA. This study demonstrates the selfish nature of the Δctb-1 mitotype, given its transmission advantage and substantial fitness load for the host, and highlights the importance of population size for the population dynamics of selfish mtDNA. This article is part of the theme issue 'Linking the mitochondrial genotype to phenotype: a complex endeavour'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph James Dubie
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, 402 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Avery Robert Caraway
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, 402 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - McKenna Margaret Stout
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, 402 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Vaishali Katju
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, 402 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Ulfar Bergthorsson
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, 402 Raymond Stotzer Parkway, College Station, TX 77845, USA
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Zouros E, Pogson GH, Cook DI, Dadswell MJ. APPARENT SELECTIVE NEUTRALITY OF MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SIZE VARIATION: A TEST IN THE DEEP-SEA SCALLOP PLACOPECTEN MAGELLANICUS. Evolution 2017; 46:1466-1476. [PMID: 28568984 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1992.tb01137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/1991] [Accepted: 02/14/1992] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Animal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is believed to have evolved under intense selection for economy of the size of the molecule. Among scallop species mtDNA size may vary by a factor of two and among conspecific individuals by as much as 25%. We have examined the possibility that large mtDNA size differences may be associated with fitness in the deep sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus by comparing shell lengths of individuals with different copy numbers of a large mtDNA repeated sequence. Among juvenile cohorts of same age, shell length is known to be a good index of overall fitness in marine bivalves and it is shown here to be affected by differences in nuclear genotype, expressed as the degree of enzyme heterozygosity. We have observed no correlation between shell length and mtDNA length and interpreted this to mean that variation in the size of animal mtDNA is effectively neutral to the forces of natural selection acting on the individual. This type of mtDNA variation must, therefore, be explained in terms of biases in the molecular mechanisms causing expansion or contraction of the molecule, differential replication rates of mtDNA molecules of different size, and the stochastic assortment of mtDNA size classes among individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zouros
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4J1, CANADA.,Department of Biology, University of Crete and Institute of Marine Biology of Crete, Iraklion, Crete, GREECE
| | - G H Pogson
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4J1, CANADA
| | - D I Cook
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4J1, CANADA
| | - M J Dadswell
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, BOP 1X0, CANADA
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Martin A, Simon C. DIFFERING LEVELS OF AMONG‐POPULATION DIVERGENCE IN THE MITOCHONDRIAL DNA OF PERIODICAL CICADAS RELATED TO HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY. Evolution 2017; 44:1066-1080. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1990.tb03826.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/1989] [Accepted: 09/15/1989] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Martin
- Zoology Program University of Hawaii Honolulu HI 96822
| | - Chris Simon
- Zoology Program University of Hawaii Honolulu HI 96822
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6
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Clark AG. DETERMINISTIC THEORY OF HETEROPLASMY. Evolution 2017; 42:621-626. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1988.tb04165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/1987] [Accepted: 12/15/1987] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Clark
- Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Lab; Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA 16802
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7
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Howard DJ, Grosberg RK, Noor MAF, Normark BB, Rand DM, Shaw KL, Willett CS. In memoriam: Richard G. Harrison - his life and legacy. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:2333-6. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Howard
- Office of the Executive Vice President and Provost; New Mexico State University; Las Cruces NM 88003 USA
| | - Richard K. Grosberg
- Department of Evolution and Ecology; College of Biological Sciences; University of California Davis; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | | | - Benjamin B. Normark
- Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology; University of Massachusetts; Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - David M. Rand
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Brown University; Box G-W 80 Waterman Street Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - Kerry L. Shaw
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Christopher S. Willett
- Department of Biology; University of North Carolina; CB#3280 Coker Hall Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
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8
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Population genetics and a study of speciation using next-generation sequencing: an educational primer for use with "Patterns of transcriptome divergence in the male accessory gland of two closely related species of field crickets". Genetics 2013; 193:671-5. [PMID: 23463799 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.112.148171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Understanding evidence for the genetic basis of reproductive isolation is imperative for supporting students' understanding of mechanisms of speciation in courses such as Genetics and Evolutionary Biology. An article by Andrés et al. in the February 2013 issue of GENETICS illustrates how advances in DNA sequencing are accelerating studies of population genetics in species with limited genetic and genomic resources. Andrés et al. use the latest sequencing technologies to systematically identify and characterize sites in the DNA that vary within, and have diverged between, species to explore speciation in crickets. This primer, coupled with that article, will help instructors introduce and reinforce important concepts in genetics and evolution while simultaneously introducing modern methodology in the undergraduate classroom. Related article in GENETICS Andrés, J. A., E. L. Larson, S. M. Bogdanowicz, and R. G. Harrison, 2013 Patterns of transcriptome divergence in the male accessory gland of two closely related species of field crickets. Genetics 193: 501-513.
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9
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He XL, Ding CQ, Han JL. Lack of Structural Variation but Extensive Length Polymorphisms and Heteroplasmic Length Variations in the Mitochondrial DNA Control Region of Highly Inbred Crested Ibis, Nipponia nippon. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66324. [PMID: 23805212 PMCID: PMC3689774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The animal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) length polymorphism and heteroplasmy are accepted to be universal. Here we report the lack of structural variation but the presence of length polymorphism as well as heteroplasmy in mtDNA control region of an endangered avian species - the Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon). The complete control region was directly sequenced while the distribution pattern and inheritance of the length variations were examined using both direct sequencing and genotyping of the PCR fragments from captive birds with pedigrees, wild birds and a historical specimen. Our results demonstrated that there was no structural variation in the control region, however, different numbers of short tandem repeats with an identical motif of CA3CA2CA3 at the 3'-end of the control region determined the length polymorphisms among and heteroplasmy within individual birds. There were one to three predominant fragments in every bird; nevertheless multiple minor fragments coexist in all birds. These extremely high polymorphisms were suggested to have derived from the 'replication slippage' of a perfect microsatellite evolution following the step-wise mutational model. The patterns of heteroplasmy were found to be shifted between generations and among siblings but rather stable between blood and feather samples. This study provides the first evidence of a very extensive mtDNA length polymorphism and heteroplasmy in the highly inbred Crested Ibis which carries an mtDNA genome lack of structural genetic diversity. The analysis of pedigreed samples also sheds light on the transmission of mtDNA length heteroplasmy in birds following the genetic bottleneck theory. Further research focusing on the generation and transmission of particular mtDNA heteroplasmy patterns in single germ line of Crested Ibis is encouraged by this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Lian He
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- CAAS-ILRI Joint Laboratory on Livestock and Forage Genetic Resources, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Qing Ding
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (CQD); (JLH)
| | - Jian-Lin Han
- CAAS-ILRI Joint Laboratory on Livestock and Forage Genetic Resources, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, China
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail: (CQD); (JLH)
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10
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New haplotype of the complete mitochondrial genome of Crocodylus siamensis and its species-specific DNA markers: distinguishing C. siamensis from C. porosus in Thailand. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:4709-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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11
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Wolff JN, White DJ, Woodhams M, White HE, Gemmell NJ. The strength and timing of the mitochondrial bottleneck in salmon suggests a conserved mechanism in vertebrates. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20522. [PMID: 21655224 PMCID: PMC3105079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In most species mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is inherited maternally in an apparently clonal fashion, although how this is achieved remains uncertain. Population genetic studies show not only that individuals can harbor more than one type of mtDNA (heteroplasmy) but that heteroplasmy is common and widespread across a diversity of taxa. Females harboring a mixture of mtDNAs may transmit varying proportions of each mtDNA type (haplotype) to their offspring. However, mtDNA variants are also observed to segregate rapidly between generations despite the high mtDNA copy number in the oocyte, which suggests a genetic bottleneck acts during mtDNA transmission. Understanding the size and timing of this bottleneck is important for interpreting population genetic relationships and for predicting the inheritance of mtDNA based disease, but despite its importance the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Empirical studies, restricted to mice, have shown that the mtDNA bottleneck could act either at embryogenesis, oogenesis or both. To investigate whether the size and timing of the mitochondrial bottleneck is conserved between distant vertebrates, we measured the genetic variance in mtDNA heteroplasmy at three developmental stages (female, ova and fry) in chinook salmon and applied a new mathematical model to estimate the number of segregating units (N(e)) of the mitochondrial bottleneck between each stage. Using these data we estimate values for mtDNA Ne of 88.3 for oogenesis, and 80.3 for embryogenesis. Our results confirm the presence of a mitochondrial bottleneck in fish, and show that segregation of mtDNA variation is effectively complete by the end of oogenesis. Considering the extensive differences in reproductive physiology between fish and mammals, our results suggest the mechanism underlying the mtDNA bottleneck is conserved in these distant vertebrates both in terms of it magnitude and timing. This finding may lead to improvements in our understanding of mitochondrial disorders and population interpretations using mtDNA data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonci N. Wolff
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel J. White
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Centre for Reproduction and Genomics, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Michael Woodhams
- School of Information Technology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Helen E. White
- National Genetics Reference Laboratory (Wessex), Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Neil J. Gemmell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Centre for Reproduction and Genomics, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand
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12
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Rand DM. Population genetics of the cytoplasm and the units of selection on mitochondrial DNA in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetica 2011; 139:685-97. [PMID: 21538136 PMCID: PMC3149803 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-011-9576-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Biological variation exists across a nested set of hierarchical levels from nucleotides within genes to populations within species to lineages within the tree of life. How selection acts across this hierarchy is a long-standing question in evolutionary biology. Recent studies have suggested that genome size is influenced largely by the balance of selection, mutation and drift in lineages with different population sizes. Here we use population cage and maternal transmission experiments to identify the relative strength of selection at an individual and cytoplasmic level. No significant trends were observed in the frequency of large (L) and small (S) mtDNAs across 14 generations in population cages. In all replicate cages, new length variants were observed in heteroplasmic states indicating that spontaneous length mutations occurred in these experimental populations. Heteroplasmic flies carrying L genomes were more frequent than those carrying S genomes suggesting an asymmetric mutation dynamic from larger to smaller mtDNAs. Mother-offspring transmission of heteroplasmy showed that the L mtDNA increased in frequency within flies both between and within generations despite sampling drift of the same intensity as occurred in population cages. These results suggest that selection for mtDNA size is stronger at the cytoplasmic than at the organismal level. The fixation of novel mtDNAs within and between species requires a transient intracellular heteroplasmic stage. The balance of population genetic forces at the cytoplasmic and individual levels governs the units of selection on mtDNA, and has implications for evolutionary inference as well as for the effects of mtDNA mutations on fitness, disease and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Rand
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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13
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Genetics and the origin of species: the continuing synthesis: a symposium in honor of Richard G. Harrison. Genetica 2010; 139:535-707. [PMID: 21152955 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-010-9518-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Snyder M, Fraser AR, Laroche J, Gartner-Kepkay KE, Zouros E. Atypical mitochondrial DNA from the deep-sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 84:7595-9. [PMID: 16593887 PMCID: PMC299346 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.21.7595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial DNA of most metazoan animals is highly conserved in size, averaging about 17 kilobase paris (kbp). The mitochondrial DNA from the deep-sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus, in contrast, has been found to be approximately 34 kbp long. It is also highly variable in size from individual to individual and is unusual in the extent of its size variation. Mitochondrial DNAs from individuals collected at the same site differ by as much as 7 kbp. The size variation is due largely to differences in the number of copies of a tandemly repeated 1.2-kbp element.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Snyder
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4J1
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15
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Hale LR, Singh RS. Extensive variation and heteroplasmy in size of mitochondrial DNA among geographic populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 83:8813-7. [PMID: 16578797 PMCID: PMC387022 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.83.22.8813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Size variation and heteroplasmy in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are relatively common in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Of 92 isofemale lines of flies obtained from various geographic regions throughout the world, 75 lines were homoplasmic and showed a total of 12 different mtDNA size classes. The remaining 17 lines were heteroplasmic, each line carrying two different mtDNAs, and, in all but one case, the mtDNAs in these heteroplasmic lines differed in size; a total of nine size classes was represented among them. In cases where one type was predominant within an individual, it was usually the smaller mtDNA. This finding parallels what was observed in homoplasmic lines, in that the smaller mtDNAs were much more common than the larger variants in most populations. The data suggest a high rate of mutational occurrence of mtDNA size variants and some natural selection against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Hale
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4K1
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16
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17
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Dubious maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA in D. simulans and evolution of D. mauritiana. Genet Res (Camb) 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0016672300027245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryWithin-line heterogeneity has been found in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in two isofemale lines of D. simulans. The co-existing types, S and M, were typical of the mtDNA in D. simulans and in D. mauritiana, respectively, their nucleotide divergence per site being ca. 2·1%. Segregation analysis confirmed that some individuals in these lines were heteroplasmic and suggested incomplete maternal inheritance of mtDNA in Drosophila. Examination of other lines of D. simulans revealed that the M type of D. mauritiana occurs at 71% in Réunion, 38% in Madagascar and 0% in Kenya. This finding and interspecific sequence comparisons of both M types indicate that D. mauritiana diverged from D. simulans probably less than 240000 years ago.
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WILSON ALLANC, CANN REBECCAL, CARR STEVENM, GEORGE MATTHEW, GYLLENSTEN ULFB, HELM-BYCHOWSKI KATHLEENM, HIGUCHI RUSSELLG, PALUMBI STEPHENR, PRAGER ELLENM, SAGE RICHARDD, STONEKING MARK. Mitochondrial DNA and two perspectives on evolutionary genetics. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1985.tb02048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 589] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Oshaghi MA. mtDNA inheritance in the mosquitoes of Anopheles stephensi. Mitochondrion 2005; 5:266-71. [PMID: 16050989 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2005.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2005] [Revised: 05/04/2005] [Accepted: 05/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The inheritance of mtDNA was tested in malaria vector mosquitoes of Anopheles stephensi strains using PCR-RFLP analysis for its utility in addressing epidemiological questions related to the transmission and spread of malaria. Reciprocal crosses were made between two haplotypes with distinct mtDNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles through 20 consecutive generations. All of the progenies produced by these crosses had the mtDNA haplotype of the female parent suggesting that, if it occurs, paternal inheritance of mtDNA in An. stephensi is rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Entomology, Tehran School of Public Health and Institute of Health Researches, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 6446, Tehran 14155, Iran.
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20
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Robinson HL, Ridout CJ, Sierotzki H, Gisi U, Brown JKM. Isogamous, hermaphroditic inheritance of mitochondrion-encoded resistance to Qo inhibitor fungicides in Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici. Fungal Genet Biol 2002; 36:98-106. [PMID: 12081463 DOI: 10.1016/s1087-1845(02)00006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A mutation of glycine to alanine at position 143 in the mitochondrial cytochrome b amino acid sequence of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici cosegregated with the QoI-resistant phenotype in a ratio of 1:1 in a cross between a sensitive and a resistant isolate. This mutation was used as a mitochondrial marker to determine whether mitochondrial inheritance in B. graminis was anisogamous, as in heterothallic Neurospora sp., or isogamous and hermaphroditic, as in Aspergillus nidulans. Segregation of mitochondrial genotypes in B. graminis f. sp. tritici was consistent with inheritance of mitochondria being hermaphroditic and isogamous, in that all ascospores from an individual cleistothecium had the same mitochondrial genotype and that either parent could act as the maternal parent of a cleistothecium. Within each cleistothecium, nuclear segregation occurred independently of mitochondrial inheritance, as shown by segregation of resistance to the fungicide triadimenol and by segregation of avirulences to the wheat cultivars Galahad (Pm2), Armada (Pm4b), and Holger (Pm6).
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Robinson
- Disease and Stress Biology Department, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Rand
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 69 Brown Street, Providence, Box G-W, Rhode Island 02912; e-mail:
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22
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Williams ST, Knowlton N. Mitochondrial pseudogenes are pervasive and often insidious in the snapping shrimp genus Alpheus. Mol Biol Evol 2001; 18:1484-93. [PMID: 11470839 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we show that multiple DNA sequences, similar to the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene, occur within single individuals in at least 10 species of the snapping shrimp genus Alpheus. Cloning of amplified products revealed the presence of copies that differed in length and (more frequently) in base substitutions. Although multiple copies were amplified in individual shrimp from total genomic DNA (gDNA), only one sequence was amplified from cDNA. These results are best explained by the presence of nonfunctional duplications of a portion of the mtDNA, probably located in the nuclear genome, since transfer into the nuclear gene would render the COI gene nonfunctional due to differences in the nuclear and mitochondrial genetic codes. Analysis of codon variation suggests that there have been 21 independent transfer events in the 10 species examined. Within a single animal, differences between the sequences of these pseudogenes ranged from 0.2% to 20.6%, and those between the real mtDNA and pseudogene sequences ranged from 0.2% to 18.8% (uncorrected). The large number of integration events and the large range of divergences between pseudogenes and mtDNA sequences suggest that genetic material has been repeatedly transferred from the mtDNA to the nuclear genome of snapping shrimp. Unrecognized pseudogenes in phylogenetic or population studies may result in spurious results, although previous estimates of rates of molecular evolution based on Alpheus sister taxa separated by the Isthmus of Panama appear to remain valid. Especially worrisome for researchers are those pseudogenes that are not obviously recognizable as such. An effective solution may be to amplify transcribed copies of protein-coding mitochondrial genes from cDNA rather than using genomic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Williams
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Naos Marine Laboratory, Panama, Republic of Panama.
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Raimond R, Marcadé I, Bouchon D, Rigaud T, Bossy JP, Souty-Grosset C. Organization of the large mitochondrial genome in the isopod Armadillidium vulgare. Genetics 1999; 151:203-10. [PMID: 9872960 PMCID: PMC1460444 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/151.1.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in animals is generally a circular molecule of approximately 15 kb, but there are many exceptions such as linear molecules and larger ones. RFLP studies indicated that the mtDNA in the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare varied from 20 to 42 kb. This variation depended on the restriction enzyme used, and on the restriction profile generated by a given enzyme. The DNA fragments had characteristic electrophoretic behaviors. Digestions with two endonucleases always generated fewer fragments than expected; denaturation of restriction profiles reduced the size of two bands by half; densitometry indicated that a number of small fragments were present in stoichiometry, which has approximately twice the expected concentration. Finally, hybridization to a 550-bp 16S rDNA probe often revealed two copies of this gene. These results cannot be due to the genetic rearrangements generally invoked to explain large mtDNA. We propose that the large A. vulgare mtDNA is produced by the tripling of a 14-kb monomer with a singular rearrangement: one monomer is linear and the other two form a circular dimer. Densitometry suggested that these two molecular structures were present in different proportions within a single individual. The absence of mutations within the dimers also suggests that replication occurs during the monomer phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Raimond
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 6556 Génétique et Biologie des Populations de Crustacés, Université de Poitiers, 86022 Poitiers, France
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24
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Thomas MG, Cook CE, Miller KW, Waring MJ, Hagelberg E. Molecular instability in the COII-tRNA(Lys) intergenic region of the human mitochondrial genome: multiple origins of the 9-bp deletion and heteroplasmy for expanded repeats. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1998; 353:955-65. [PMID: 9684291 PMCID: PMC1692296 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1998.0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified two individuals from Glasgow in Scotland who have a deletion of one of two copies of the intergenic 9-bp sequence motif CCCCCTCTA, located between the cytochrome oxidase II (COII) and lysine tRNA (tRNA(Lys)) genes of the human mitochondrial genome. Although this polymorphism is common in Africa and Asia, it has not been reported in Northern Europe. Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region sequences of these two individuals suggests that they belong to a lineage that originated independently of the previously characterized African and Asian 9-bp deleted lineages. Among the Scottish population we have also identified a maternal lineage of three generations exhibiting heteroplasmy for two, three and four copies of the CCCCCTCTA motif. Polymerase chain reaction amplification across the COII-tRNA(Lys) intergenic region of these individuals gives different ratios of the three product lengths that are dependent on the concentration of the DNA-binding dye crystal violet. To investigate whether changes in repeat number were generated de novo, we constructed clones containing known numbers of the CCCCCTCTA motif. In the presence of high concentrations of crystal violet we obtained two, three and four copies of this motif when the amplification template contained only four copies. Various DNA-binding drugs are known to stabilize bulged structures in DNA and contribute to the process of slipped-strand mispairing during DNA replication. These results suggest that the COII-tRNA(Lys) intergenic region is unstable owing to slipped-strand mispairing. Although sequences containing four copies of the CCCCCTCTA motif are less stable in vitro, we observed an increase in the proportion of mitochondrial genomes with four repeats between-a mother and a daughter in the heteroplasmic lineage. From this we conclude that drift in the germ-line lineage is a main factor in the maintenance or loss of heteroplasmy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Thomas
- Department of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, UK.
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25
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Sumida M. Mitochondrial DNA differentiation in the Japanese brown frog Rana japonica as revealed by restriction endonuclease analysis. Genes Genet Syst 1997; 72:79-90. [PMID: 9265735 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.72.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate mtDNA differentiation in the Japanese brown frog Rana japonica, and compare it with results from allozyme analysis and crossing experiments, RFLP analysis was conducted on 78 frogs from 16 populations in Honshu. Purified mtDNA was digested with eight six-base recognizing restriction enzymes and analyzed by 1% agarose-slab gel electrophoresis. Cleavage patterns of the mtDNA showed three distinct genome size classes: small (18.5 kb), middle (20.0 kb) and large (21.5 kb). Ten haplotypes (I approximately X) were observed among the 16 populations. The expected nucleotide divergences within populations ranged from 0 to 0.47% with a mean of 0.08%. The net nucleotide divergences among 16 populations ranged from 0 to 7.74% with a mean of 3.49%. The UPGMA dendrogram and NJ tree, which were constructed based on the net nucleotide divergences, showed that R. japonica diverged first into the eastern and western groups. The eastern group subsequently differentiated into a subgroup containing six populations and the Akita population, and the western group divided into several subgroups. These results, as well as the results of allozyme analysis and crossing experiments, suggest the the eastern and western groups have experienced secondary contact, and introgression has occurred in the Akita population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sumida
- Laboratory for Amphibian Biology, Faculty of Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
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26
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27
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Jazin EE, Cavelier L, Eriksson I, Oreland L, Gyllensten U. Human brain contains high levels of heteroplasmy in the noncoding regions of mitochondrial DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:12382-7. [PMID: 8901590 PMCID: PMC38000 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.22.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed the level of intraindividual sequence variability (heteroplasmy) of mtDNA in human brain by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequencing. Single base substitutions, as well as insertions or deletions of single bases, were numerous in the noncoding control region (D-loop), and 35-45% of the molecules from a single tissue showed sequence differences. By contrast, heteroplasmy in coding regions was not detected. The lower level of heteroplasmy in the coding regions is indicative of selection against deleterious mutations. Similar levels of heteroplasmy were found in two brain regions from the same individual, while no heteroplasmy was detected in blood. Thus, heteroplasmy seems to be more frequent in nonmitotic tissues. We observed a 7.7-fold increase in the frequency of deletions/insertions and a 2.2-fold increase in the overall frequency of heteroplasmic mutations in two individuals aged 96 and 99, relative to an individual aged 28. Our results show that intraindividual sequence variability occurs at a high frequency in the noncoding regions of normal human brain and indicate that small insertions and deletions might accumulate with age at a lower rate than large rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Jazin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Uppsala University, Sweden
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28
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Azeredo-Espin AM, Schroder RF, Roderick GK, Sheppard WS. Intraspecific mitochondrial DNA variation in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Biochem Genet 1996; 34:253-68. [PMID: 8894048 DOI: 10.1007/bf02399946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Restriction endonuclease analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were used to examine genetic variability and population structure in Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). A group of three enzymes, EcoRI, HpaI, and PstI, was used to reveal polymorphism both within and among some of the 10 populations tested, yielding 16 haplotypes in combination. The frequencies of these 16 haplotypes differed significantly across geographic regions, indicating some partitioning of mtDNA haplotypes. Estimates of mtDNA sequence divergence (delta) between haplotypes ranged from 0.016 to 0.135%, suggesting local differentiation of mtDNA in some populations. Analysis of these data suggests that Texas was colonized by more than one mtDNA lineage, most likely originating in Mexico. We hypothesize that a larger founder size for the initial introductions or high levels of variability in the parent population at the edge of the CPB expanding range led to the initial partitioning of haplotypes observed in samples from Texas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Azeredo-Espin
- Departameto de Genética e Evoluĉao, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP, Brasil
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29
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Azeredo-Espin AML, Schroder RFW, Roderick GK, Sheppard WS. Intraspecific mitochondrial DNA variation in the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Biochem Genet 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/pl00020576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Genetic variability in mitochondrial DNA of the screwworm,Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae), from Brazil. Biochem Genet 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00553622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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KOTOULAS G, MAGOULAS A, TSIMENIDES N, ZOUROS E. Marked mitochondrial DNA differences between Mediterranean and Atlantic populations of the swordfish, Xiphias gladius. Mol Ecol 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.1995.tb00241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Vargas MEI, de Azeredo Espin AML. Genetic variability in mitochondrial DNA of the screwworm,Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae), from Brazil. Biochem Genet 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02401854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Abstract
The patterns of mitochondrial genome-size variation were investigated in endothermic and ectothermic species to examine the role that thermal habit might play in the evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Data on mtDNA size (the modal, largest, and smallest mtDNA reported within a species), the percent variation in mtDNA size (the difference in size between the largest and smallest mtDNAs divided by the model genome size for a given species), and the frequency of heteroplasmic individuals (those carrying more than one mtDNA length variant) were tabulated from the literature. Endotherms showed significantly less variation in mtDNA size and tended to have smaller mtDNAs than ectotherms. Further comparisons between endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates revealed that the largest genome and the percent variation in genome size were significantly smaller in the former than the latter. There was no difference between endotherms and ectotherms in the frequency of heteroplasmy. These data are discussed in light of two hypotheses: (1) more intense directional and purifying selection for small genome size in the cytoplasms of species with higher metabolic rates and (2) reduced mutation pressures generating mtDNA size variants in endotherms relative to those in ectotherms. The general trends are consistent with the selection hypothesis but in certain species mtDNA size variation appears to be governed by mutational pressures. To test these competing hypotheses further, comparative studies are proposed where mitochondrial genome size is quantified in sister taxa and tissue types with very different metabolic rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Rand
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolution, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
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34
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Ghivizzani SC, Mackay SL, Madsen CS, Laipis PJ, Hauswirth WW. Transcribed heteroplasmic repeated sequences in the porcine mitochondrial DNA D-loop region. J Mol Evol 1993; 37:36-7. [PMID: 8360917 DOI: 10.1007/bf00170460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial D-loop region of the pig, Sus scrofa, was found to be several hundred base pairs larger than the corresponding region in cow, a related artiodactyl species, primarily because of an insertion containing the tandemly repeated sequence CGTGCGTACA. Porcine mitochondrial DNA from the tissue of a single animal exhibits a large population of length polymorphs, each member of which may have as few as 14 or as many as 29 of these repeat units. This intracellular variability may be due to the repeated and self-complementary properties of this sequence, which would favor mispairing and lead to replication slippage. The repeat domain is unusual in that symmetry properties suggest it may assume alternative conformations including cruciforms and left-handed (Z) DNA. It also appears to be the longest known, naturally occurring, alternating purine-pyrimidine sequence. In order to understand the functional significance of this heteroplasmic domain that potentially disrupts a key regulatory region in the mitochondrial genome, RNA and DNA mapping studies were conducted which located this region between the H-strand replication origin and the putative L-strand transcriptional start site. H-strand RNA analysis demonstrated that this heteroplasmic region is transcribed and, therefore, that priming for H-strand DNA replication in mitochondria is independent of the primer RNA length or secondary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Ghivizzani
- Department of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville 32610-0266
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35
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Intraspecific mitochondrial DNA variation in the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes. Heredity (Edinb) 1992. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1992.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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36
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Volz-Lingenhöhl A, Solignac M, Sperlich D. Stable heteroplasmy for a large-scale deletion in the coding region of Drosophila subobscura mitochondrial DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:11528-32. [PMID: 1454843 PMCID: PMC50585 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.23.11528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the extremely economic organization of the animal mitochondrial genome, large-scale deletions are rarely found in animal mtDNA. We report the occurrence of a massive deletion in the coding region of mtDNA in Drosophila subobscura. Restriction mapping and nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the deletion encompasses six protein genes and four tRNAs. All individuals of an isofemale strain proved to be heteroplasmic for normal and deficient mtDNA molecules. This type of heteroplasmy resembles one observed in patients with mitochondrial myopathies but differs in that the fitness of heteroplasmic flies is not significantly reduced even though the mutant mtDNA constitutes 50-80% of total mtDNA in most of the individuals studied. The heteroplasmic strain is genetically stable: despite extensive screening not a single homoplasmic fly was observed since the foundation of the line.
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37
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Yu W, Spreitzer RJ. Chloroplast heteroplasmicity is stabilized by an amber-suppressor tryptophan tRNA(CUA). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:3904-7. [PMID: 1570311 PMCID: PMC525599 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.9.3904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis-deficient mutants of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were previously shown to arise from nonsense mutations within the chloroplast rbcL gene, which encodes the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39). Photosynthesis-competent revertants of these nonsense mutants have often been found to be stably heteroplasmic, giving rise to both mutant and revertant cells during mitotic or meiotic divisions under nonselective growth conditions. It was proposed that the stable heteroplasmicity might arise from a balanced polymorphism of suppressor and wild-type alleles of a tRNA gene maintained within the polyploid chloroplast genome. In the present study, we have focused on determining the molecular basis for the heteroplasmicity of one such revertant, named R13-3C, which was recovered from the 18-7G amber (UAG) mutant. Restriction-enzyme analysis and DNA sequencing showed that the amber mutation is still present in the rbcL gene of the revertant strain. In contrast, DNA sequencing of the suspected tRNA(Trp) gene of the revertant revealed a mutation that would change its CCA anticodon to amber-specific CUA. This mutation was found to be heteroplasmic, being present in only 70% of the tRNA(Trp) gene copies. Under nonselective conditions, the suppressor mutation was lost from cells that also lost the revertant phenotype. We conclude that stable heteroplasmicity can arise as a balanced polymorphism of organellar alleles. This observation suggests that additional tRNA suppressors may be identified due to their heteroplasmic nature within polyploid genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68583-0718
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38
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Matsuura ET. Selective transmission of mitochondrial DNA in Drosophila. IDENGAKU ZASSHI 1991; 66:683-700. [PMID: 1814374 DOI: 10.1266/jjg.66.683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E T Matsuura
- Department of Biology, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
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39
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Hebert PDN, Billington N, Finston TL, Boileau MG, Beaton MJ, Barrette RJ. Genetic variation in the onychophoran Plicatoperipatus jamaicensis. Heredity (Edinb) 1991. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1991.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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40
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Matsuura ET, Niki Y, Chigusa SI. Selective transmission of mitochondrial DNA in heteroplasmic lines for intra- and interspecific combinations in Drosophila melanogaster. IDENGAKU ZASSHI 1991; 66:197-207. [PMID: 1907154 DOI: 10.1266/jjg.66.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The transmission of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was investigated in the heteroplasmic lines of Drosophila melanogaster at 19 degrees C and at 25 degrees C. The selective transmission of one type of mtDNA was dependent on the temperature at which the lines were maintained. In heteroplasmic lines for an intraspecific combination induced by germ-plasm transplantation using D. melanogaster as a germ-plasm donor, the proportion of donor mtDNA decreased in four out of five lines examined, the decreasing rate of which being greater at 25 degrees C than at 19 degrees C. Donor mtDNA was lost by the 20th generation at 25 degrees C. For an interspecific combination using D. mauritiana as a germ-plasm donor, the proportion of donor mtDNA increased and endogenous mtDNA was replaced with donor mtDNA at 25 degrees C. But donor mtDNA was almost lost at 19 degrees C by the 14th generation in all four lines examined. Possible mechanisms involved in the temperature-dependent modes of mtDNA transmission are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Matsuura
- Department of Biology, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo
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41
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Matsuura ET, Fukuda H, Chigusa SI. Mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy maintained in natural populations of Drosophila simulans in Réunion. Genet Res (Camb) 1991; 57:123-6. [PMID: 2055455 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672300029189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in Drosophila simulans was studied to determine whether the cytoplasmic state of mtDNA heteroplasmy persists in natural populations in Réunion. For this purpose, 172 isofemale lines, newly collected from two local populations, were examined, among which three types of mtDNA (siII, siIII and siIII') were found, based on the Hpa II restriction pattern. Ten of the lines were heteroplasmic for a combination of siII and siIII, as determined by autoradiography. The same type of heteroplasmy had been noted in one of the two local populations 8 years before (Satta et al. 1988). The present results suggest that the heteroplasmic state occurs recurrently in natural populations of D. simulans in Réunion.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Matsuura
- Department of Biology, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
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42
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Hoeh WR, Blakley KH, Brown WM. Heteroplasmy suggests limited biparental inheritance of Mytilus mitochondrial DNA. Science 1991; 251:1488-90. [PMID: 1672472 DOI: 10.1126/science.1672472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Strict maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA is commonly observed in animals. There is usually only one mitochondrial DNA population (homoplasmy) within an individual. Mussels of the Mytilus edulis species group appear to be exceptions in both respects. Of 150 Mytilus individuals examined, 85 were heteroplasmic. Mitochondrial DNA types within heteroplasmic individuals differed greatly; in one comparison, the inferred sequence difference was 20 +/- 5 percent. Homoplasmic individuals with mitochondrial DNA similar to the heteroplasmic mitochondrial DNA types were found. These observations are best explained by the hypothesis that biparental inheritance of mitochondrial DNA can occur in Mytilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Hoeh
- Laboratory for Molecular Systematics, Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, MI
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43
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Haginoya K, Miyabayashi S, Iinuma K, Tada K. Mosaicism of mitochondria in mitochondrial myopathy: an electronmicroscopic analysis of cytochrome c oxidase. Acta Neuropathol 1990; 80:642-8. [PMID: 2177307 DOI: 10.1007/bf00307633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Electron microscopic histochemistry was applied to the study of cytochrome c oxidase activity in each mitochondrion of biopsied muscles from four patients with mitochondrial myopathy [one case of fatal infantile mitochondrial myopathy, one case of myoclonus epilepsy associated with ragged-red fibers (MERRF), and two cases of mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)]. In the patient with fatal infantile mitochondrial myopathy, intercellular heterogeneity of mitochondria was recognized. In the three patients with either MERRF or MELAS, cytochrome c oxidase activity was segmentally changed from positive to negative within single muscle fibers. In the two patients with MELAS, small groups of positive-stained mitochondria were located among negative-stained mitochondria in the negative segment of a few muscle fibers. These findings revealed that there were heterogeneous populations of normal and abnormal mitochondria intracellularly or intercellularly within the muscles of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Haginoya
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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44
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Hyman BC, Slater TM. Recent appearance and molecular characterization of mitochondrial DNA deletions within a defined nematode pedigree. Genetics 1990; 124:845-53. [PMID: 2323554 PMCID: PMC1203976 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/124.4.845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial genome of Romanomermis culicivorax, a parasitic nematode of mosquitoes, contains an amplified 3.0-kilobase (kb) locus organized as direct repeats and as noncontiguous, inverted copies. These amplified sequences are actively undergoing rearrangement. One recent event has resulted in a 1133-base pair (bp) deletion located entirely within a single amplified segment. The deletion junction occurs between two imperfect 58-bp repeats, implicating strand pairing in this alteration. A second event has generated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) forms differing by a single, intact 3.0-kb repeating unit. By analyzing molecules derived from independently reared subcultures, it appears these new mtDNA forms arose within the last 170 nematode generations. Our results indicate that the occurrence and selection of novel animal mitochondrial genomes can now be studied in this experimentally manipulable nematode system.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Hyman
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside 92521
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Roehrdanz RL. Intraspecific genetic variability in mitochondrial DNA of the screwworm fly (Cochliomyia hominivorax). Biochem Genet 1989; 27:551-69. [PMID: 2619711 DOI: 10.1007/bf02396152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA variability has been analyzed in the primary screwworm fly (Cochliomyia hominivorax) using restriction endonuclease fragment patterns and restriction site mapping. A total of 30 different screwworm lines originating from Texas to Costa Rica and the Island of Jamaica was examined using 15 restriction endonucleases. Eleven of the restriction enzymes revealed polymorphism and yielded 16 mitochondrial genotypes or haplotypes. Two of the haplotypes were widely distributed, haplotype 1 being found scattered across southern Mexico and haplotype 2 along the west coast of Mexico. Haplotype 1 also appeared paired with several other haplotypes in mixed lines that were most likely the result of collecting an egg mass to which more than one female had contributed or to some form of contamination by haplotype 1 after introduction into the laboratory. These lines became fixed before single insects were examined and thus it is impossible to rule out heteroplasmy. The other 14 haplotypes were found in only a single locale and 12 of these were found in only one line. The average sequence diversity among 27 mainland lines was about 0.5%. The two Jamaican lines and one east coast mainland line differed from the others by greater than 2%. The pattern of geographical distribution, a small number of apparently recurring haplotypes and a substantial number (75%) of the haplotypes unique, bears similarities to patterns observed in other insects such as Drosophila. The high frequency of unique genotypes in southern Mexico suggests a population with a very reduced gene flow, which may have had a positive effect on the sterile male release control program.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Roehrdanz
- United States Department of Agriculture, Biosciences Research Laboratory, State University Station, Fargo, North Dakota 58105
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Ashley MV, Laipis PJ, Hauswirth WW. Rapid segregation of heteroplasmic bovine mitochondria. Nucleic Acids Res 1989; 17:7325-31. [PMID: 2798094 PMCID: PMC334812 DOI: 10.1093/nar/17.18.7325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
By following the transmission of a heteroplasmic mitochondrial DNA mutation through four generations of Holstein cows, we have documented that substantial shifts in the levels of heteroplasmy can occur between single mammalian generations, that neutral mitochondrial genotypes can segregate in different directions in offspring of the same female, and that a return to homoplasmy may occur in only two or three generations. This apparently rapid rate of mitochondrial DNA segregation in mammals contrasts to the much slower rates observed previously in insects and suggest fundamental differences between taxa regarding the mechanisms of mitochondrial gene transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Ashley
- Department of Immunology and Medical Microbiology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville 32610-0266
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De Giorgi C, Saccone C. Mitochondrial genome in animal cells. Structure, organization, and evolution. CELL BIOPHYSICS 1989; 14:67-78. [PMID: 2465087 DOI: 10.1007/bf02797392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, the development of new DNA, RNA, and protein technologies has greatly incremented the knowledge about the organization and expression of mitochondrial DNA. The complete base sequence of mitochondrial DNA of several animals is known and many data are rapidly accumulating on the mitochondrial genomes of other systems. Here we discuss the results so far obtained that disclosed unexpected features of mitochondrial genetics. Furthermore, mitochondrial DNA has become established as a powerful tool for evolutionary studies in animals. Evidences are presented demonstrating that the evolution of mitochondrial DNA has proceeded in different ways in the various taxonomic groups. Data on heteroplasmic animals, which demonstrate the rapid evolution of mitochondrial DNA, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C De Giorgi
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, University of Bari, Italy
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48
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Harrison RG. Animal mitochondrial DNA as a genetic marker in population and evolutionary biology. Trends Ecol Evol 1989; 4:6-11. [DOI: 10.1016/0169-5347(89)90006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Laipis PJ, Van de Walle MJ, Hauswirth WW. Unequal partitioning of bovine mitochondrial genotypes among siblings. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85:8107-10. [PMID: 2460862 PMCID: PMC282364 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.85.21.8107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Two polymorphic mitochondrial DNA genomes, differing by a single Hpa II restriction site, are present at significantly different levels in tissue of three sibling dairy cows. The relative ratio of the two heteroplasmic molecules varies 3-fold among these three animals and documents a rapid segregation of mitochondrial genotypes in mammals. DNA sequencing shows the difference is due to a single guanine at position 364 in bovine mitochondrial DNA. A model involving unequal partitioning of the two amplified mitochondrial DNA species during the early cell divisions of the embryo can explain the appearance of such variation in heteroplasmic sibling animals. The model provides a basis for understanding the rapid DNA sequence variation observed in vertebrate mitochondrial DNA despite its high copy number and strict maternal inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Laipis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville 32610
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50
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Smith DR, Brown WM. Polymorphisms in mitochondrial DNA of European and Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera). EXPERIENTIA 1988; 44:257-60. [PMID: 2895016 DOI: 10.1007/bf01941730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates polymorphisms in both the length and in the restriction enzyme cleavage sites of honeybee mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The levels of variation are typical of those found in other metazoan species. These polymorphisms are potentially useful for the identification of Africanized bees in the western hemisphere and for study of honeybee phylogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Smith
- Laboratory for Molecular Systematics, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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