1
|
Kang HC, Jeong HJ, Ok JH, Lim AS, Lee K, You JH, Park SA, Eom SH, Lee SY, Lee KH, Jang SH, Yoo YD, Lee MJ, Kim KY. Food web structure for high carbon retention in marine plankton communities. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadk0842. [PMID: 38100582 PMCID: PMC10848704 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk0842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Total annual net primary productions in marine and terrestrial ecosystems are similar. However, a large portion of the newly produced marine phytoplankton biomass is converted to carbon dioxide because of predation. Which food web structure retains high carbon biomass in the plankton community in the global ocean? In 6954 individual samples or locations containing phytoplankton, unicellular protozooplankton, and multicellular metazooplankton in the global ocean, phytoplankton-dominated bottom-heavy pyramids held higher carbon biomass than protozooplankton-dominated middle-heavy diamonds or metazooplankton-dominated top-heavy inverted pyramids. Bottom-heavy pyramids predominated, but the high predation impact by protozooplankton on phytoplankton or the vertical migration of metazooplankton temporarily changed bottom-heavy pyramids to middle-heavy diamonds or top-heavy inverted pyramids but returned to bottom-heavy pyramids shortly. This finding has profound implications for carbon retention by plankton communities in the global ocean.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Chang Kang
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Hae Jin Jeong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jin Hee Ok
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - An Suk Lim
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, South Korea
| | - Kitack Lee
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyun You
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Sang Ah Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Se Hee Eom
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Sung Yeon Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Kyung Ha Lee
- Food and Nutrition Tech, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon 16495, South Korea
| | - Se Hyeon Jang
- Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Yeong Du Yoo
- Department of Oceanography, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, South Korea
| | - Moo Joon Lee
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Anyang University, Incheon 23038, South Korea
| | - Kwang Young Kim
- Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Urrutia-Jalabert R, Barichivich J, Gutiérrez ÁG, Miranda A. Chile's road plans threaten ancient forests. Science 2023; 380:903. [PMID: 37262159 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Urrutia-Jalabert
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Tecnología, Universidad de Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile
- Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia, CR2, Santiago, Chile
- Corporación Alerce, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jonathan Barichivich
- Corporación Alerce, Valdivia, Chile
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Cató lica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Álvaro G Gutiérrez
- Corporación Alerce, Valdivia, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Miranda
- Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia, CR2, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Ecología del Paisaje y Conservación, Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Perez-Quezada JF, Barichivich J, Urrutia-Jalabert R, Carrasco E, Aguilera D, Bacour C, Lara A. Warming and drought weaken the carbon sink capacity of an endangered paleoendemic temperate rainforest in South America. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. BIOGEOSCIENCES 2023; 128:2022jg007258. [PMID: 37457913 PMCID: PMC7614759 DOI: 10.1029/2022jg007258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of ecosystem carbon (C) fluxes in temperate forests are concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere, leaving the functionally diverse temperate forests in the Southern Hemisphere underrepresented. Here, we report three years (February 2018-January 2021) of C fluxes, studied with eddy-covariance and closed chamber techniques, in an endangered temperate evergreen rainforest of the long-lived paleoendemic South American conifer Fitzroya cupressoides. Using classification and regression trees we analyzed the most relevant drivers and thresholds of daily net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and soil respiration. The annual NEE showed that the forest was a moderate C sink during the period analyzed (-287±38 g C m-2 year -1). We found that the capacity to capture C of the Fitzroya rainforests in the Coastal Range of southern Chile is optimal under cool and rainy conditions in the early austral spring (October-November) and decreases rapidly towards the summer dry season (January-February) and autumn. Although the studied forest type has a narrow geographical coverage, the gross primary productivity measured at the tower was highly representative of Fitzroya and other rainforests in the region. Our results suggest that C fluxes in paleoendemic cool F. cupressoides forests may be negatively affected by the warming and drying predicted by climate change models, reinforcing the importance of maintaining this and other long-term ecological research sites in the Southern Hemisphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge F. Perez-Quezada
- Department of Environmental Science and Renewable Natural Resources, University of Chile, Avenida Santa Rosa 11315, Santiago, Chile
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, Victoria 631, Barrio Universitario, Concepción, Chile
- Cape Horn International Institute, Ave. Bulnes 01855, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Jonathan Barichivich
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE), LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Rocío Urrutia-Jalabert
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales y Tecnología, Universidad de Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile
- Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrique Carrasco
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - David Aguilera
- Department of Environmental Science and Renewable Natural Resources, University of Chile, Avenida Santa Rosa 11315, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cédric Bacour
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE), LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Antonio Lara
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Fundación Centro de los Bosques Nativos FORECOS, Valdivia, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu J, Xia S, Zeng D, Liu C, Li Y, Yang W, Yang B, Zhang J, Slik F, Lindenmayer DB. Age and spatial distribution of the world's oldest trees. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2022; 36. [PMID: 35288993 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extremely old trees have important roles in providing insights about historical climatic events and supporting cultural values. Yet there has been limited work on the global distribution and conservation of these trees. We extracted information on 197,855 tree cores at 4,854 sites, and combined it with other tree age data from a further 156 sites, to determine the age of the world's oldest trees and quantify the factors influencing their global distribution. We found that extremely old trees >1,000 years are rare. Among 30 individual trees that exceeded 2,000 years old, 27 occurred in high mountains. Our model suggests that many of the existing oldest trees occur in high-elevation, cold and arid mountains with limited human disturbance. This pattern is markedly different from that of the tallest trees, which are more likely to occur in more mesic and productive locations. Global warming and expansion of human activities may induce rapid population declines of extremely old trees. New strategies, including targeted establishment of conservation reserves in remote regions, especially those in western Table 1 parts of China and USA, are required to protect these trees. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of the Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shangwen Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, China
| | - Di Zeng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Organismic and Evolutional Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Yingjun Li
- Research Centre for Scientific Development in Fenhe River Valley, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Qinghai Research Centre of Qilian Mountain National Park, Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability and Qinghai Normal University, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ferry Slik
- Environmental and Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - David B Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Occurrence and Abundance of an Apex Predator and a Sympatric Mesopredator in Rural Areas of the Coastal Range of Southern Chile. LAND 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/land11010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The two mammalian carnivores, puma (Puma concolor) and South American grey fox (Lycalopex griseus) were studied, in a remote area located in the humid temperate forest of the coastal range of southern Chile. A total of six locations were selected in three landscapes: pre-mountain range, mountain range, and coast. The chosen study locations are relevant because they correspond to threatened areas with different levels of human intervention., so they offer the ideal setting for studying how different species of carnivores respond to both human presence and activities. A dataset was collected for 24 months during 2016–2018 through photo-trapping (13 camera traps placed along 50 photo-trap stations). Wes estimated the apparent occurrence and relative abundance index (RAI) of the fauna registered, by means of generalized linear models to contrast those of an apex predator, such as the puma and a sympatric mesopredator, the South American grey fox, across the three landscapes. The ecological variables assessed were the RAI of the other carnivore considered, exotic carnivores such as dogs and cats, human intervention, farmland effect, prey availability, and habitat quality. The primary hypothesis was that the apparent occurrence and RAI of puma and fox would be positively associated with the RAI of prey and livestock and negatively with human intervention. On the other hand, the secondary hypothesis dealt with the interactions between puma and fox faced with different degrees of human intervention. The results showed that the apparent occurrence of the puma was statistically explained by location only, and it was highest at the mountain range. The apparent occurrence of foxes was explained by both puma apparent occurrence and relative integrated anthropization index (INRA), being highest in the pre-mountain range. Concerning the RAI of pumas, high values were yielded by location and fox RAI. For the RAI of foxes, they were location, puma RAI, and INRA. It can be suggested that eucalyptus plantations from the pre-mountain range could offer an adequate habitat for the puma and the fox, but not the coastal range, as the mountain range could be acting as a biological barrier. Due to the nature of the data, it was not possible to detect any relevant effect between the two carnivores’ considered, between their respective preys, or the very abundant presence of dogs.
Collapse
|
6
|
Piovesan G, Biondi F. On tree longevity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1318-1337. [PMID: 33305422 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Large, majestic trees are iconic symbols of great age among living organisms. Published evidence suggests that trees do not die because of genetically programmed senescence in their meristems, but rather are killed by an external agent or a disturbance event. Long tree lifespans are therefore allowed by specific combinations of life history traits within realized niches that support resistance to, or avoidance of, extrinsic mortality. Another requirement for trees to achieve their maximum longevity is either sustained growth over extended periods of time or at least the capacity to increase their growth rates when conditions allow it. The growth plasticity and modularity of trees can then be viewed as an evolutionary advantage that allows them to survive and reproduce for centuries and millennia. As more and more scientific information is systematically collected on tree ages under various ecological settings, it is becoming clear that tree longevity is a key trait for global syntheses of life history strategies, especially in connection with disturbance regimes and their possible future modifications. In addition, we challenge the long-held notion that shade-tolerant, late-successional species have longer lifespans than early-successional species by pointing out that tree species with extreme longevity do not fit this paradigm. Identifying extremely old trees is therefore the groundwork not only for protecting and/or restoring entire landscapes, but also to revisit and update classic ecological theories that shape our understanding of environmental change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Piovesan
- Dendrology Lab, Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Franco Biondi
- DendroLab, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Urrutia-Jalabert R, Lara A, Barichivich J, Vergara N, Rodriguez CG, Piper FI. Low Growth Sensitivity and Fast Replenishment of Non-structural Carbohydrates in a Long-Lived Endangered Conifer After Drought. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:905. [PMID: 32733500 PMCID: PMC7357304 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is an ongoing debate on whether a drought induced carbohydrate limitation (source limitation) or a direct effect of water shortage (sink limitation) limit growth under drought. In this study, we investigated the effects of the two driest summers recorded in southern Chile in the last seven decades, on the growth and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) concentrations of the slow-growing conifer Fitzroya cupressoides. Specifically, we studied the seasonal variation of NSC in saplings and adults one and two years after the occurrence of a 2 year-summer drought at two sites of contrasting precipitation and productivity (mesic-productive vs. rainy-less productive). We also evaluated radial growth before, during and after the drought, and predicted that drought could have reduced growth. If drought caused C source limitation, we expected that NSCs will be lower during the first than the second year after drought. Conversely, similar NSC concentrations between years or higher NSC concentrations in the first year would be supportive of sink limitation. Also, due to the lower biomass of saplings compared with adults, we expected that saplings should experience stronger seasonal NSC remobilization than adults. We confirmed this last expectation. Moreover, we found no significant growth reduction during drought in the rainy site and a slightly significant growth reduction at the mesic site for both saplings and adults. Across organs and in both sites and age classes, NSC, starch, and sugar concentrations were generally higher in the first than in the second year following drought, while NSC seasonal remobilization was generally lower. Higher NSC concentrations along with lower seasonal NSC remobilization during the first post-drought year are supportive of sink limitation. However, as these results were found at both sites while growth decreased slightly and just at the mesic site, limited growth only is unlikely to have caused NSC accumulation. Rather, these results suggest that the post-drought dynamics of carbohydrate storage are partly decoupled from the growth dynamics, and that the rebuild of C reserves after drought may be a priority in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Urrutia-Jalabert
- Instituto Forestal INFOR, Valdivia, Chile
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia, CR2, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonio Lara
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia, CR2, Santiago, Chile
- Fundación Centro de los Bosques Nativos FORECOS, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jonathan Barichivich
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, IPSL, CRNS/CEA/UVSQ, Paris, France
| | - Nicolás Vergara
- Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia, CR2, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Gloria Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Frida I. Piper
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia, Coyhaique, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rundel PW. A Neogene Heritage: Conifer Distributions and Endemism in Mediterranean-Climate Ecosystems. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
|
9
|
Carvajal F, Duran C, Aquea F. Effect of alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides) cell culture extract on wound healing repair in a human keratinocyte cell line. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 19:1254-1259. [PMID: 31486569 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fitzroya cupressoides, commonly known as alerce, is an endemic conifer unique to southern South America. Alerce wood is renowned for its durability and resistance to biological degradation due to the presence of a particular class of secondary metabolite. Alerce extracts have been used in traditional medicine for different skin lesion treatments. AIMS To develop a cell culture system to produce alerce extract and evaluate its cytotoxicity and effects on in vitro wound healing. METHODS Cell cultures and aqueous extracts were prepared from alerce needles. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in keratinocytes (HaCaT line) and melanocites (C32 line) using the XTT assay. Wound healing was assayed with the scratch test in HaCaT cells, using mitomycin C to evaluate the role of cell division in the wound closure. RESULTS Alerce cell culture extract has a significant effect on wound healing at different concentrations. No positive effects on the viability of normal and cancerous skin cells were observed. These results suggest that alerce extracts stimulate cell division in human skin epidermal cells in the context of wound repair. CONCLUSIONS Bioactive compounds extracted from alerce cell cultures show promise as ingredients in dermocosmetic formulations, but further clinical studies are required to support these findings at the tissue level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Felipe Aquea
- Rubisco Biotechnology, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile.,Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu J, Lindenmayer DB, Yang W, Ren Y, Campbell MJ, Wu C, Luo Y, Zhong L, Yu M. Diversity and density patterns of large old trees in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:255-262. [PMID: 30471593 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Large old trees are keystone ecological structures that provide vital ecosystem services to humans. However, there are few large-scale empirical studies on patterns of diversity and density of large old trees in human-dominated landscapes. We present the results of the first nationwide study in China to investigate the patterns of diversity and density of large old trees in human-dominated landscapes. We collated data on 682,730 large trees ≥100 years old from 198 Chinese regions to quantify tree species diversity, tree density and maximum tree age patterns. We modelled the effects of natural environmental variables (e.g. climate and topography) and anthropogenic variables (e.g. human population density and city age) on these measures. We found a low density of large old trees across study regions (0.36 trees/km2), and large variation in species richness among regions (ranging from 1 to 232 species). More than 95% of trees were <500 years old. The best fit models showed that: (1) Species diversity (species richness adjusted by region size) was positively associated with mean annual rainfall and city age; (2) Density of clustered trees, which are mostly remnants of ancient woods, was negatively influenced by human population density and rural population (% of total population). In contrast, the density of scattered trees, which are mostly managed by local people, was positively correlated with mean annual rainfall and human population density. To better protect large old trees in cities and other highly-populated areas, conservation policy should protect ancient wood remnants, mitigate the effects environmental change (e.g. habitat fragmentation), minimize the negative effects of human activities (e.g. logging), and mobilize citizens to participate in conservation activities (e.g. watering trees during droughts).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - David B Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Yuan Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mason J Campbell
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chuping Wu
- Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yangqing Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mingjian Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mycorrhizal Studies in Temperate Rainforests of Southern Chile. Fungal Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15228-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
12
|
Tejo CF, Fontúrbel FE. A vertical forest within the forest: millenary trees from the Valdivian rainforest as biodiversity hubs. Ecology 2018; 100:e02584. [PMID: 30561002 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila F Tejo
- Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR2), Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco E Fontúrbel
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The Oldest, Slowest Rainforests in the World? Massive Biomass and Slow Carbon Dynamics of Fitzroya cupressoides Temperate Forests in Southern Chile. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137569. [PMID: 26353111 PMCID: PMC4564186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Old-growth temperate rainforests are, per unit area, the largest and most long-lived stores of carbon in the terrestrial biosphere, but their carbon dynamics have rarely been described. The endangered Fitzroya cupressoides forests of southern South America include stands that are probably the oldest dense forest stands in the world, with long-lived trees and high standing biomass. We assess and compare aboveground biomass, and provide the first estimates of net primary productivity (NPP), carbon allocation and mean wood residence time in medium-age stands in the Alerce Costero National Park (AC) in the Coastal Range and in old-growth forests in the Alerce Andino National Park (AA) in the Andean Cordillera. Aboveground live biomass was 113-114 Mg C ha(-1) and 448-517 Mg C ha(-1) in AC and AA, respectively. Aboveground productivity was 3.35-3.36 Mg C ha(-1) year(-1) in AC and 2.22-2.54 Mg C ha(-1) year(-1) in AA, values generally lower than others reported for temperate wet forests worldwide, mainly due to the low woody growth of Fitzroya. NPP was 4.21-4.24 and 3.78-4.10 Mg C ha(-1) year(-1) in AC and AA, respectively. Estimated mean wood residence time was a minimum of 539-640 years for the whole forest in the Andes and 1368-1393 years for only Fitzroya in this site. Our biomass estimates for the Andes place these ecosystems among the most massive forests in the world. Differences in biomass production between sites seem mostly apparent as differences in allocation rather than productivity. Residence time estimates for Fitzroya are the highest reported for any species and carbon dynamics in these forests are the slowest reported for wet forests worldwide. Although primary productivity is low in Fitzroya forests, they probably act as ongoing biomass carbon sinks on long-term timescales due to their low mortality rates and exceptionally long residence times that allow biomass to be accumulated for millennia.
Collapse
|
14
|
Souto CP, Mathiasen P, Acosta MC, Quiroga MP, Vidal-Russell R, Echeverría C, Premoli AC. Identifying Genetic Hotspots by Mapping Molecular Diversity of Widespread Trees: When Commonness Matters. J Hered 2015; 106 Suppl 1:537-45. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esv023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
15
|
Impacts of anthropogenic land-use change on populations of the Endangered Patagonian cypress Fitzroya cupressoides in southern Chile: implications for its conservation. ORYX 2015. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605314000945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractLand-use change can have negative effects on threatened species by modifying their habitat and population dynamics. The habitat of the Endangered Patagonian cypress Fitzroya cupressoides (Mol.) Johnst. (Cupressaceae), a conifer endemic to the temperate forests of southern Chile and Argentina, has been transformed by land-use change and overexploitation. The impact of land-use change on the spatial pattern of F. cupressoides habitat from 1999 to 2011 was evaluated at the landscape level, using satellite images. Additionally, eight 20 × 25 m plots were established in four populations to assess their status. In each plot the density of F. cupressoides and the species richness of the associated plant communities were recorded and analysed, together with spatial patterns at the population and community levels. The loss of potential F. cupressoides habitat was 46% from 1999 to 2011 (38–100% for the four populations). The density of F. cupressoides was lowest in smaller habitat patches, where the number of plant species was higher and the matrix dominated by anthropogenic land-use. Land-use change was associated with a loss of potential habitat for F. cupressoides, and differences in the spatial patterns of habitat influenced the composition of remaining populations and communities. A landscape approach is recommended as a conservation planning strategy for F. cupressoides.
Collapse
|
16
|
Alves RJV, Da Silva NG, Fernandes Júnior AJ, Guimarães AR. Longevity of the Brazilian underground tree Jacaranda decurrens Cham. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2013; 85:671-7. [PMID: 23828362 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652013005000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Underground trees are a rare clonal growth form. In this survey we describe the branching pattern and estimate the age of the underground tree Jacaranda decurrens Cham. (Bignoniaceae), an endangered species from the Brazilian Cerrado, with a crown diameter of 22 meters. The mean age calculated for the individual was 3,801 years, making it one of the oldest known living Neotropical plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruy J V Alves
- Museu Nacional, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Enright NJ, Miller BP, Perry GLW, Goldblum D, Jaffré T. Stress-tolerator leaf traits determine population dynamics in the endangered New Caledonian coniferAraucaria muelleri. AUSTRAL ECOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neal J. Enright
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Murdoch Perth WA 6150
| | - Ben P. Miller
- Botanical Gardens and Parks Authority; West Perth
- School of Plant Biology; University of Western Australia; Nedlands Western Australia Australia
| | - George L. W. Perry
- Schools of Environment; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
- Biological Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - David Goldblum
- Department of Geography; Northern Illinois University; DeKalb USA
| | - Tanguy Jaffré
- UMR-AMAP, IRD: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement; Laboratoire de Botanique et d'Ecologie Végétale; Nouméa New Caledonia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
López L, Villalba R. Climate Influences on the Radial Growth of Centrolobium microchaete, a Valuable Timber Species from the Tropical Dry Forests in Bolivia. Biotropica 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2010.00653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
19
|
Paull R, Hill RS. Early Oligocene Callitris and Fitzroya (Cupressaceae) from Tasmania. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2010; 97:809-820. [PMID: 21622446 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.0900374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper documents Early Oligocene fossilized foliage and ovulate cones from Lea River, Tasmania and identifies them as belonging to two extant southern hemisphere Cupressaceae genera, Callitris and Fitzroya. Most importantly, it sheds some light on evolutionary trends within Callitris, a genus with numerous extant Australian species and two extant New Caledonian species. Callitris has a very poor fossil record and, because of the present absence of a molecular data set that includes all species, its phylogeny remains somewhat ambiguous. Although Fitzroya foliage has previously been described from a number of Tasmanian sites, this is the first recording of fertile material. The ovulate cones of the Callitris and Fitzroya macrofossils are characterized by bract-scale complexes in two whorls of three and are subtended by scale-like leaves in whorls of three. The fossilized foliage specimens consist of scale-like leaves in whorls of three. These morphological characteristics are only exhibited by three extant southern hemisphere cupressaceous genera, Callitris, Actinostrobus, and Fitzroya. The assignment of the fossils to extinct Callitris and Fitzroya species is made by comparisons with species from these three extant genera. Although much of the Lea River flora are wet rainforest taxa, the Callitris fossils have characteristics of both wet- and dry-adapted extant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Paull
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
PÉREZ CECILIAA, CARMONA MARTÍNR, ARAVENA JUANCARLOS, FARIÑA JOSÉM, ARMESTO JUANJ. Environmental controls and patterns of cumulative radial increment of evergreen tree species in montane, temperate rainforests of Chiloé Island, southern Chile. AUSTRAL ECOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.01927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
21
|
Li Y, Cole‐Dai J, Zhou L. Glaciochemical evidence in an East Antarctica ice core of a recent (AD 1450–1850) neoglacial episode. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
22
|
Moy CM, Moreno PI, Dunbar RB, Kaplan MR, Francois JP, Villalba R, Haberzettl T. Climate Change in Southern South America During the Last Two Millennia. PAST CLIMATE VARIABILITY IN SOUTH AMERICA AND SURROUNDING REGIONS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2672-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
|
23
|
Armesto JJ, Smith-Ramírez C, Carmona MR, Celis-Diez JL, Díaz IA, Gaxiola A, Gutiérrez AG, Núñez-Avila MC, Pérez CA, Rozzi R. Old-Growth Temperate Rainforests of South America: Conservation, Plant–Animal Interactions, and Baseline Biogeochemical Processes. OLD-GROWTH FORESTS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-92706-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
24
|
Takashima A, Kume A, Yoshida S, Murakami T, Kajisa T, Mizoue N. Discontinuous DBH–height relationship of Cryptomeria japonica on Yakushima Island: effect of frequent typhoons on the maximum height. Ecol Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-008-0574-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
25
|
Payette S, Filion L, Delwaide A. Spatially explicit fire-climate history of the boreal forest-tundra (Eastern Canada) over the last 2000 years. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008; 363:2301-16. [PMID: 18048298 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the boreal forest, fire is the main disturbance factor and driver of ecosystem changes. In this study, we reconstructed a long-term, spatially explicit fire history of a forest-tundra region in northeastern Canada. We hypothesized that current occupation of similar topographic and edaphic sites by tundra and forest was the consequence of cumulative regression with time of forest cover due to compounding fire and climate disturbances. All fires were mapped and dated per 100 year intervals over the last 2,000 years using several fire dating techniques. Past fire occurrences and post-fire regeneration at the northern forest limit indicate 70% reduction of forest cover since 1800 yr BP and nearly complete cessation of forest regeneration since 900 yr BP. Regression of forest cover was particularly important between 1500s-1700s and possibly since 900 yr BP. Although fire frequency was very low over the last 100 years, each fire event was followed by drastic removal of spruce cover. Contrary to widespread belief of northward boreal forest expansion due to recent warming, lack of post-fire recovery during the last centuries, in comparison with active tree regeneration more than 1,000 years ago, indicates that the current climate does not favour such expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serge Payette
- NSERC Northern Research Chair, Centre d'études nordiques, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada G1K 7P4.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gou X, Chen F, Yang M, Gordon J, Fang K, Tian Q, Zhang Y. Asymmetric variability between maximum and minimum temperatures in Northeastern Tibetan Plateau: Evidence from tree rings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11430-007-0154-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
27
|
Carrer M, Urbinati C. AGE-DEPENDENT TREE-RING GROWTH RESPONSES TO CLIMATE IN LARIX DECIDUA AND PINUS CEMBRA. Ecology 2004. [DOI: 10.1890/02-0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
28
|
Liu Y, Cai Q, Won-Kyu P, An Z, Ma L. Tree-ring precipitation records from Baiyinaobao, Inner Mongolia since A.D. 1838. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03185769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
29
|
Roig FA, Le-Quesne C, Boninsegna JA, Briffa KR, Lara A, Grudd H, Jones PD, Villagrán C. Climate variability 50,000 years ago in mid-latitude Chile as reconstructed from tree rings. Nature 2001; 410:567-70. [PMID: 11279491 DOI: 10.1038/35069040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution proxies of past climate are essential for a better understanding of the climate system. Tree rings are routinely used to reconstruct Holocene climate variations at high temporal resolution, but only rarely have they offered insight into climate variability during earlier periods. Fitzroya cupressoides-a South American conifer which attains ages up to 3,600 years-has been shown to record summer temperatures in northern Patagonia during the past few millennia. Here we report a floating 1,229-year chronology developed from subfossil stumps of F. cupressoides in southern Chile that dates back to approximately 50,000 14C years before present. We use this chronology to calculate the spectral characteristics of climate variability in this time, which was probably an interstadial (relatively warm) period. Growth oscillations at periods of 150-250, 87-94, 45.5, 24.1, 17.8, 9.3 and 2.7-5.3 years are identified in the annual subfossil record. A comparison with the power spectra of chronologies derived from living F. cupressoides trees shows strong similarities with the 50,000-year-old chronology, indicating that similar growth forcing factors operated in this glacial interstadial phase as in the current interglacial conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Roig
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología, IANIGLA-CONICET, CC 330 (5500) Mendoza, Argentina.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Grosfeld J, Barthélémy D. Dioecy in Fitzroya cupressoides (Molina) I.M. Johnst. and Pilgerodendron uviferum (D. Don.) Florin (Cupressaceae). COMPTES RENDUS DE L'ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES. SERIE III, SCIENCES DE LA VIE 2001; 324:245-50. [PMID: 11291311 DOI: 10.1016/s0764-4469(00)01289-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the dioecious or monoecious condition of Fitzroya cupressoides and Pilgerodendron uviferum. The study area lies west of the Nahuel Huapi National Park in northern Patagonia (Argentina), where these species form mixed stands. One hundred individuals of each species were studied over three successive years. The nature and position in the crown of their reproductive organs were recorded. Results showed that both species are dioecious. This feature has been confirmed on trees of these species growing in other sites within their natural distribution area in Argentina and Chile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Grosfeld
- Centro Reg. Univ. Bariloche, Univ. Nac. del Comahue, Concejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 8400 Bariloche, Argentina
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Allnutt TR, Newton AC, Lara A, Premoli A, Armesto JJ, Vergara R, Gardner M. Genetic variation in Fitzroya cupressoides (alerce), a threatened South American conifer. Mol Ecol 1999; 8:975-87. [PMID: 10434418 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fitzroya cupressoides (alerce, Cupressaceae) is a large and exceptionally long-lived conifer, endemic to a restricted area of southern Chile and neighbouring areas of Argentina. As a result of its high economic value, the species has been severely exploited for timber, and remnant populations are fragmented and often highly disturbed. The species is thought to have undergone a major range contraction during the last glaciation. In order to assess the extent of genetic variation using DNA markers within and between populations of this species, samples were obtained from throughout the natural range and analysed for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) variation. Eight 10-mer and three 15-mer primers were used to produce a total of 54 polymorphic bands. Shannon's diversity estimates were calculated to provide an estimate of the degree of variation within each population. Values varied from 0.343 to 0.636 with only the lowest value differing significantly from the others (Spop = 0.547). This indicated that there is a significant degree of variation within each population, and did not provide evidence for genetic 'bottle-neck' effects within the species. A pairwise distance measure calculated from the RAPD data was used as an input for principal coordinate (PCO) and AMOVA analyses. The first three principal coordinates of RAPD distances described 8.3, 5.9 and 5.4% of the total variance, respectively, and a degree of clustering of samples according to their geographical origin was detectable. AMOVA analysis indicated that although most of the variation (85.6%) was found within populations, a significant proportion (P < 0.002) was attributable to differences between populations. An UPGMA dendrogram constructed using phi ST values derived from AMOVA produced a pattern broadly similar to that produced by the PCO, highlighting differences between three main groups of populations within Chile: those from the northern Coastal Range, the southern Coastal Range and Central Depression, and the Andes. Populations from Argentina also emerged as significantly different from those in Chile. These results are interpreted in the context of the postglacial history of the species, and their implications for the development of conservation strategies for Fitzroya are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T R Allnutt
- Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Veblen TT, Kitzberger T, Villalba R, Donnegan J. FIRE HISTORY IN NORTHERN PATAGONIA: THE ROLES OF HUMANS AND CLIMATIC VARIATION. ECOL MONOGR 1999. [DOI: 10.1890/0012-9615(1999)069[0047:fhinpt]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
34
|
Genetic variation in Fitzroya cupressoides cultivated in the British Isles, assessed using RAPDs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1017/s096042860000322x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fitzroya cupressoides (Molina) Johnston (Cupressaceae), a threatened conifer native to southern South America, has been cultivated in a number of gardens and arboreta in the British Isles since its introduction in 1849. In order to assess the importance of these cultivated trees for ex situ conservation, foliar samples were collected from 48 trees from throughout the British Isles, including five of known wild origin (Chile). DNA was extracted from these samples and assessed using the RAPD technique, in order to examine the extent of genetic variation. All samples from the cultivated trees of unknown origin, with one exception, were found to be genetically identical. In contrast, the five samples of known wild origin revealed pronounced polymorphism, varying from 5.3% to 49.1% between individuals. These results suggest that virtually all of the F. cupressoides trees currently cultivated in the British Isles have been derived from a single individual by vegetative propagation. Their value for ex situ conservation is therefore likely to be extremely limited. The implications of these results for the genetic conservation of other taxa in gardens and arboreta is discussed.
Collapse
|
35
|
Jacoby GC, D'Arrigo RD. Tree rings, carbon dioxide, and climatic change. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:8350-3. [PMID: 11607744 PMCID: PMC33752 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.16.8350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree rings have been used in various applications to reconstruct past climates as well as to assess the effects of recent climatic and environmental change on tree growth. In this paper we briefly review two ways that tree rings provide information about climate change and CO2: (i) in determining whether recent warming during the period of instrumental observations is unusual relative to prior centuries to millennia, and thus might be related to increasing greenhouse gases; and (ii) in evaluating whether enhanced radial growth has taken place in recent decades that appears to be unexplained by climate and might instead be due to increasing atmospheric CO2 or other nutrient fertilization. It is found that a number of tree-ring studies from temperature-sensitive settings indicate unusual recent warming, although there are also exceptions at certain sites. The present tree-ring evidence for a possible CO2 fertilization effect under natural environmental conditions appears to be very limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G C Jacoby
- Tree-Ring Laboratory, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|