1
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Jackson JBC, O’Dea A. Evolution and environment of Caribbean coastal ecosystems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2307520120. [PMID: 37816056 PMCID: PMC10589623 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307520120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolation of the Caribbean Sea from the tropical Eastern Pacific by uplift of the Isthmus of Panama in the late Pliocene was associated with major, taxonomically variable, shifts in Caribbean biotic composition, and extinction, but inferred causes of these biological changes have remained elusive. We addressed this through falsifiable hypotheses about how independently determined historical changes in oceanographic conditions may have been responsible. The most striking environmental change was a sharp decline in upwelling intensity as measured from decreases in intra-annual fluctuations in temperature and consequently in planktonic productivity. We then hypothesized three general categories of biological response based upon observed differences in natural history between the oceans today. These include changes in feeding ecology, life histories, and habitats. As expected, suspension feeders and predators became rarer as upwelling declined. However, predicted increases in benthic productivity by reef corals, and benthic algae were drawn out over more than 1 Myr as seagrass and coral reef habitats proliferated; a shift that was itself driven by declining upwelling. Similar time lags occurred for predicted shifts in reproductive life history characteristics of bivalves, gastropods, and bryozoans. Examination of the spatial variability of biotic change helps to understand the time lags. Many older species characteristic of times before environmental conditions had changed tended to hang on in progressively smaller proportions of locations until they became extinct as expected from metapopulation theory and the concept of extinction debt. Faunal turnover may not occur until a million or more years after the environmental changes ultimately responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B. C. Jackson
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY10024-5192
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa2072, Republic of Panamá
| | - Aaron O’Dea
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa2072, Republic of Panamá
- Sistema Nacional de Investigación, Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, Clayton, Republic of Panamá
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2
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Pimiento C, Bacon CD, Silvestro D, Hendy A, Jaramillo C, Zizka A, Meyer X, Antonelli A. Selective extinction against redundant species buffers functional diversity. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201162. [PMID: 32693723 PMCID: PMC7423665 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The extinction of species can destabilize ecological processes. A way to assess the ecological consequences of species loss is by examining changes in functional diversity. The preservation of functional diversity depends on the range of ecological roles performed by species, or functional richness, and the number of species per role, or functional redundancy. However, current knowledge is based on short timescales and an understanding of how functional diversity responds to long-term biodiversity dynamics has been limited by the availability of deep-time, trait-based data. Here, we compile an exceptional trait dataset of fossil molluscs from a 23-million-year interval in the Caribbean Sea (34 011 records, 4422 species) and develop a novel Bayesian model of multi-trait-dependent diversification to reconstruct mollusc (i) diversity dynamics, (ii) changes in functional diversity, and (iii) extinction selectivity over the last 23 Myr. Our results identify high diversification between 23–5 Mya, leading to increases in both functional richness and redundancy. Conversely, over the last three million years, a period of high extinction rates resulted in the loss of 49% of species but only 3% of functional richness. Extinction rates were significantly higher in small, functionally redundant species suggesting that competition mediated the response of species to environmental change. Taken together, our results identify long-term diversification and selective extinction against redundant species that allowed functional diversity to grow over time, ultimately buffering the ecological functions of biological communities against extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Pimiento
- Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Christine D Bacon
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Austin Hendy
- Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - Carlos Jaramillo
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama.,Equipe de Paléontologie, Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France.,Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Alexander Zizka
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.,German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle Jena Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Xavier Meyer
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 461, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE, UK
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3
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Strotz LC, Saupe EE, Kimmig J, Lieberman BS. Metabolic rates, climate and macroevolution: a case study using Neogene molluscs. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1292. [PMID: 30135165 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is posited to be a fundamental control on the structure and dynamics of ecological networks, influencing organism resource use and rates of senescence. Differences in the maintenance energy requirements of individual species therefore potentially predict extinction likelihood. If validated, this would comprise an important link between organismic ecology and macroevolutionary dynamics. To test this hypothesis, the BMRs of organisms within fossil species were determined using body size and temperature data, and considered in the light of species' survival and extinction through time. Our analysis focused on the high-resolution record of Pliocene to recent molluscs (bivalves and gastropods) from the Western Atlantic. Species-specific BMRs were calculated by measuring the size range of specimens from museum collections, determining ocean temperature using the HadCM3 global climate model, and deriving values based on relevant equations. Intriguingly, a statistically significant difference in metabolic rate exists between those bivalve and gastropod taxa that went extinct and those that survived throughout the course of the Neogene. This indicates that there is a scaling up from organismic properties to species survival for these communities. Metabolic rate could therefore represent an important metric for predicting future extinction patterns, with changes in global climate potentially affecting the lifespan of individuals, ultimately leading to the extinction of the species they are contained within. We also find that, at the assemblage level, there are no significant differences in metabolic rates for different time intervals throughout the entire study period. This may suggest that Neogene mollusc communities have remained energetically stable, despite many extinctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke C Strotz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA .,Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Erin E Saupe
- Department of Earth Sciences, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Julien Kimmig
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Bruce S Lieberman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.,Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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4
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Diversification dynamics, species sorting, and changes in the functional diversity of marine benthic gastropods during the Pliocene-Quaternary at temperate western South America. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187140. [PMID: 29073224 PMCID: PMC5658142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional diversity based on species traits is a powerful tool to investigate how changes in species richness and composition affect ecosystem functioning. However, studies aimed at understanding changes in functional diversity over large temporal and spatial scales are still scant. Here we evaluate the combined effect of diversification and species sorting on functional diversity of fossil marine gastropods during the Pliocene-Quaternary transition in the Pacific coast of South America. We analyzed a total of 172 species in 29 Pliocene and 97 Quaternary sites. Each species was characterized according to six functional traits: body size, feeding type, mobility, attachment, life-habit, and larval mode. Functional diversity was estimated according to four indexes (functional richness, evenness, divergence and dispersion) based on functional traits measured. Extrapolated species richness showed a slight yet not significant decrease from the Pliocene to the Quaternary despite the fact that a large faunal turnover took place; furthermore, a large extinction of Pliocene species (61–76%) was followed by a high pulse of appearances (49–56%) during the Quaternary. Three out of four indices of functional diversity (evenness, divergence and dispersion) increased significantly towards the Quaternary which is more than expected under a random turnover of species. The increase in functional diversity is associated with a loss of large-sized carnivore forms, which tended to be replaced by small-sized grazers. Hence, this trait-selective species turnover, even in the absence of significant changes in species richness, likely had a large effect and has shaped the functional diversity of present-day assemblages.
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5
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Aguilera O, Silva GOA, Lopes RT, Machado AS, dos Santos TM, Marques G, Bertucci T, Aguiar T, Carrillo-Briceño J, Rodriguez F, Jaramillo C. Neogene Proto-Caribbean porcupinefishes (Diodontidae). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181670. [PMID: 28746370 PMCID: PMC5528887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fossil Diodontidae in Tropical America consist mostly of isolated and fused beak-like jawbones, and tooth plate batteries. These durophagous fishes are powerful shell-crushing predators on shallow water invertebrate faunas from Neogene tropical carbonate bottom, rocky reefs and surrounding flats. We use an ontogenetic series of high-resolution micro CT of fossil and extant species to recognize external and internal morphologic characters of jaws and tooth plate batteries. We compare similar sizes of jaws and/or tooth-plates from both extant and extinct species. Here, we describe three new fossil species including †Chilomycterus exspectatus n. sp. and †Chilomycterus tyleri n. sp. from the late Miocene Gatun Formation in Panama, and †Diodon serratus n. sp. from the middle Miocene Socorro Formation in Venezuela. Fossil Diodontidae review included specimens from the Neogene Basins of the Proto-Caribbean (Brazil: Pirabas Formation; Colombia: Jimol Formation, Panama: Gatun and Tuira formations; Venezuela: Socorro and Cantaure formations). Diodon is present in both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, whereas the distribution of Chilomycterus is highly asymmetrical with only one species in the Pacific. It seems that Diodon was as abundant in the Caribbean/Western Atlantic during the Miocene as it is there today. We analyze the paleogeographic distribution of the porcupinefishes group in Tropical America, after the complete exhumation of the Panamanian isthmus during the Pliocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orangel Aguilera
- Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, e Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Marinha e Ambientes Costeiros, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Guilherme Oliveira Andrade Silva
- Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, e Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Marinha e Ambientes Costeiros, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| | - Ricardo Tadeu Lopes
- Nuclear Instrumentation Laboratory, Nuclear Engineering Program/COPPE. Federal Univertsity of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Silveira Machado
- Nuclear Instrumentation Laboratory, Nuclear Engineering Program/COPPE. Federal Univertsity of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thaís Maria dos Santos
- Nuclear Instrumentation Laboratory, Nuclear Engineering Program/COPPE. Federal Univertsity of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Marques
- Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, e Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Marinha e Ambientes Costeiros, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Thayse Bertucci
- Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, e Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Marinha e Ambientes Costeiros, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Thayanne Aguiar
- Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, e Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Marinha e Ambientes Costeiros, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Jorge Carrillo-Briceño
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Felix Rodriguez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - Carlos Jaramillo
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama
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6
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Pimiento C, Griffin JN, Clements CF, Silvestro D, Varela S, Uhen MD, Jaramillo C. The Pliocene marine megafauna extinction and its impact on functional diversity. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:1100-1106. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Collins TM, Frazer K, Palmer AR, Vermeij GJ, Brown WM. EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF NORTHERN HEMISPHERE NUCELLA (GASTROPODA, MURICIDAE): MOLECULAR, MORPHOLOGICAL, ECOLOGICAL, AND PALEONTOLOGICAL EVIDENCE. Evolution 2017; 50:2287-2304. [PMID: 28565690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/1995] [Accepted: 06/20/1996] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
By combining data from a variety of sources we explore patterns of evolution and speciation in Nucella, a widely studied genus of shallow-water marine neogastropods. We present a hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships for all of the currently recognized species of northern hemisphere Nucella, based on an analysis of 718 base pairs of nucleotide sequence from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. The order of appearance of species in the fossil record is congruent with this hypothesis. The topology of the inferred phylogeny of Nucella, coupled with ecological, morphological, and fossil evidence, was used to address three main questions: (1) At what time and by which route was the North Atlantic invaded from the North Pacific compared to prior studies of the trans-Arctic interchange? (2) Do patterns of molecular variation within species corroborate the importance of climatic cycles in driving speciation in north temperate marine animals? (3) Was radiation in the direction of increased or decreased ecological specialization, body size, or vulnerability to predation? Molecular evidence confirmed that the sole North Atlantic species, N. lapillus, arose from a North Pacific ancestor. Biogeographic and paleontological evidence supported the dispersal of Nucella, and perhaps other interchange species, via the Eurasian Arctic. Rather intriguingly, the linkage of N. lapillus to a western as opposed to eastern Pacific clade, and the biogeographic origins of the eastern Pacific species, parallel closely similar patterns observed in another genus of rocky-shore gastropods, Littorina. This congruence, in conjunction with information on the climatic and geographic histories of the region, as well as the geographic arrangement of mtDNA haplotypes within Nucella species, supports a model of speciation in Nucella driven by cycles of climatic amelioration and deterioration that began during the Miocene. Calibrations from the fossil record of Nucella suggest that third position transitions and transversions accrue at a rate of 3-4% and 0.5% respectively per million yr. This supports an early participation by Nucella in the trans-Arctic interchange, as suggested by paleobiogeographic studies. Consistent with the unstable taxonomic history of species of Nucella, we found few nonmolecular traits to be phylogenetically informative. Among North Pacific species, more recently derived species (N. canaliculata and the N. emarginata clade) were more ecologically specialized (narrower diet and habitat range). Consistent with extensive intraspecific variation, shell traits were quite labile evolutionarily: neither overall size nor development of antipredatory traits exhibited consistent evolutionary trends over the history of the genus. Nurse eggs (unfertilized eggs consumed by developing embryos) were an ancestral trait that was lost evolutionarily in the two clades that also exhibited increased body size, suggesting that these two life-history traits may be coupled. The reduced number of chromosomes in N. lapillus is clearly a derived state and is consistent with White's (1978) observations on chromosome evolution in other clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Collins
- Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1048
| | - Kenneth Frazer
- Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1048
| | - A Richard Palmer
- Department of Zoology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada.,Bamfield Marine Station, British Columbia, V0R 1BO, Canada
| | - Geerat J Vermeij
- Department of Geology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616
| | - Wesley M Brown
- Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1048
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8
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Edie SM, Smits PD, Jablonski D. Probabilistic models of species discovery and biodiversity comparisons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3666-3671. [PMID: 28325881 PMCID: PMC5389289 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616355114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inferring large-scale processes that drive biodiversity hinges on understanding the phylogenetic and spatial pattern of species richness. However, clades and geographic regions are accumulating newly described species at an uneven rate, potentially affecting the stability of currently observed diversity patterns. Here, we present a probabilistic model of species discovery to assess the uncertainty in diversity levels among clades and regions. We use a Bayesian time series regression to estimate the long-term trend in the rate of species description for marine bivalves and find a distinct spatial bias in the accumulation of new species. Despite these biases, probabilistic estimates of future species richness show considerable stability in the currently observed rank order of regional diversity. However, absolute differences in richness are still likely to change, potentially modifying the correlation between species numbers and geographic, environmental, and biological factors thought to promote biodiversity. Applied to scallops and related clades, we find that accumulating knowledge of deep-sea species will likely shift the relative richness of these three families, emphasizing the need to consider the incomplete nature of bivalve taxonomy in quantitative studies of its diversity. Along with estimating expected changes to observed patterns of diversity, the model described in this paper pinpoints geographic areas and clades most urgently requiring additional systematic study-an important practice for building more complete and accurate models of biodiversity dynamics that can inform ecological and evolutionary theory and improve conservation practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart M Edie
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637;
| | - Peter D Smits
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - David Jablonski
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637;
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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9
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Prada C, Hanna B, Budd AF, Woodley CM, Schmutz J, Grimwood J, Iglesias-Prieto R, Pandolfi JM, Levitan D, Johnson KG, Knowlton N, Kitano H, DeGiorgio M, Medina M. Empty Niches after Extinctions Increase Population Sizes of Modern Corals. Curr Biol 2016; 26:3190-3194. [PMID: 27866895 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Large environmental fluctuations often cause mass extinctions, extirpating species and transforming communities [1, 2]. While the effects on community structure are evident in the fossil record, demographic consequences for populations of individual species are harder to evaluate because fossils reveal relative, but not absolute, abundances. However, genomic analyses of living species that have survived a mass extinction event offer the potential for understanding the demographic effects of such environmental fluctuations on extant species. Here, we show how environmental variation since the Pliocene has shaped demographic changes in extant corals of the genus Orbicella, major extant reef builders in the Caribbean that today are endangered. We use genomic approaches to estimate previously unknown current and past population sizes over the last 3 million years. Populations of all three Orbicella declined around 2-1 million years ago, coincident with the extinction of at least 50% of Caribbean coral species. The estimated changes in population size are consistent across the three species despite their ecological differences. Subsequently, two shallow-water specialists expanded their population sizes at least 2-fold, over a time that overlaps with the disappearance of their sister competitor species O. nancyi (the organ-pipe Orbicella). Our study suggests that populations of Orbicella species are capable of rebounding from reductions in population size under suitable conditions and that the effective population size of modern corals provides rich standing genetic variation for corals to adapt to climate change. For conservation genetics, our study suggests the need to evaluate genetic variation under appropriate demographic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Prada
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, State College, PA 16802, USA; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Smithsonian Institution, 9100 Panama City PL, Washington, DC 20521, USA.
| | - Bishoy Hanna
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ann F Budd
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Iowa, 115 Trowbridge Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Cheryl M Woodley
- CCEHBR, Hollings Marine Laboratory, NCCOS, National Ocean Service, US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way Northwest, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Jane Grimwood
- HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way Northwest, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Roberto Iglesias-Prieto
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, State College, PA 16802, USA; Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Prol. Av. Niños Héroes, Puerto Morelos C.P. 77580, Q. Roo, Cancún, Mexico
| | - John M Pandolfi
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Don Levitan
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Kenneth G Johnson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Nancy Knowlton
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10(th) and Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20560-0163, USA
| | - Hiroaki Kitano
- The Systems Biology Institute, Falcon Building 5F, Shirokanedai, Minato, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan
| | - Michael DeGiorgio
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, State College, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Mónica Medina
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, State College, PA 16802, USA; Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10(th) and Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20560-0163, USA; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Smithsonian Institution, 9100 Panama City PL, Washington, DC 20521, USA.
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10
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O’Dea A, Lessios HA, Coates AG, Eytan RI, Restrepo-Moreno SA, Cione AL, Collins LS, de Queiroz A, Farris DW, Norris RD, Stallard RF, Woodburne MO, Aguilera O, Aubry MP, Berggren WA, Budd AF, Cozzuol MA, Coppard SE, Duque-Caro H, Finnegan S, Gasparini GM, Grossman EL, Johnson KG, Keigwin LD, Knowlton N, Leigh EG, Leonard-Pingel JS, Marko PB, Pyenson ND, Rachello-Dolmen PG, Soibelzon E, Soibelzon L, Todd JA, Vermeij GJ, Jackson JBC. Formation of the Isthmus of Panama. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1600883. [PMID: 27540590 PMCID: PMC4988774 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The formation of the Isthmus of Panama stands as one of the greatest natural events of the Cenozoic, driving profound biotic transformations on land and in the oceans. Some recent studies suggest that the Isthmus formed many millions of years earlier than the widely recognized age of approximately 3 million years ago (Ma), a result that if true would revolutionize our understanding of environmental, ecological, and evolutionary change across the Americas. To bring clarity to the question of when the Isthmus of Panama formed, we provide an exhaustive review and reanalysis of geological, paleontological, and molecular records. These independent lines of evidence converge upon a cohesive narrative of gradually emerging land and constricting seaways, with formation of the Isthmus of Panama sensu stricto around 2.8 Ma. The evidence used to support an older isthmus is inconclusive, and we caution against the uncritical acceptance of an isthmus before the Pliocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron O’Dea
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - Harilaos A. Lessios
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - Anthony G. Coates
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - Ron I. Eytan
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
| | - Sergio A. Restrepo-Moreno
- Departamento de Geociencias y Medio Ambiente Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Alberto L. Cione
- División Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, B1900FWA La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laurel S. Collins
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Republic of Panama
- Department of Earth and Environment, and Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Alan de Queiroz
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557–0314, USA
| | - David W. Farris
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | | | - Robert F. Stallard
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Republic of Panama
- U.S. Geological Survey, 3215 Marine Street (Suite E127), Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Michael O. Woodburne
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - Orangel Aguilera
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Biologia, Campus do Valonguinho, Outeiro São João Batista, s/n°, cep. 24020-141, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marie-Pierre Aubry
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854–8066, USA
| | - William A. Berggren
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854–8066, USA
| | - Ann F. Budd
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Mario A. Cozzuol
- Laboratório de Paleozoologia, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, cep. 31270 010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Simon E. Coppard
- Department of Biology, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Road, Clinton, NY 13323, USA
| | - Herman Duque-Caro
- Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Seth Finnegan
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3040 Valley Life Science Building #3140, Berkeley, CA 94720–3140, USA
| | - Germán M. Gasparini
- División Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, B1900FWA La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ethan L. Grossman
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Kenneth G. Johnson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | | | - Nancy Knowlton
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Egbert G. Leigh
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Republic of Panama
| | - Jill S. Leonard-Pingel
- Department of Geology, Washington and Lee University, 204 West Washington Street, Lexington, VA 24450, USA
| | - Peter B. Marko
- Department of Biology, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, 2538 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Nicholas D. Pyenson
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Paola G. Rachello-Dolmen
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Republic of Panama
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Esteban Soibelzon
- División Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, B1900FWA La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leopoldo Soibelzon
- División Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, B1900FWA La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jonathan A. Todd
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Geerat J. Vermeij
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jeremy B. C. Jackson
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Republic of Panama
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093–0244, USA
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
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11
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Gold JR, Willis SC, Renshaw MA, Buentello A, Walker HJ, Puritz JB, Hollenbeck CM, Voelker G. Phylogenetic relationships of tropical eastern Pacific snappers (Lutjanidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. SYST BIODIVERS 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2015.1078857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Convergence, divergence, and parallelism in marine biodiversity trends: Integrating present-day and fossil data. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:4903-8. [PMID: 25901312 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1412219112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paleontological data provide essential insights into the processes shaping the spatial distribution of present-day biodiversity. Here, we combine biogeographic data with the fossil record to investigate the roles of parallelism (similar diversities reached via changes from similar starting points), convergence (similar diversities reached from different starting points), and divergence in shaping the present-day latitudinal diversity gradients of marine bivalves along the two North American coasts. Although both faunas show the expected overall poleward decline in species richness, the trends differ between the coasts, and the discrepancies are not explained simply by present-day temperature differences. Instead, the fossil record indicates that both coasts have declined in overall diversity over the past 3 My, but the western Atlantic fauna suffered more severe Pliocene-Pleistocene extinction than did the eastern Pacific. Tropical western Atlantic diversity remains lower than the eastern Pacific, but warm temperate western Atlantic diversity recovered to exceed that of the temperate eastern Pacific, either through immigration or in situ origination. At the clade level, bivalve families shared by the two coasts followed a variety of paths toward today's diversities. The drivers of these lineage-level differences remain unclear, but species with broad geographic ranges during the Pliocene were more likely than geographically restricted species to persist in the temperate zone, suggesting that past differences in geographic range sizes among clades may underlie between-coast contrasts. More detailed comparative work on regional extinction intensities and selectivities, and subsequent recoveries (by in situ speciation or immigration), is needed to better understand present-day diversity patterns and model future changes.
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Goodheart J, Camacho-García Y, Padula V, Schrödl M, Cervera JL, Gosliner TM, Valdés Á. Systematics and biogeography ofPleurobranchus Cuvier, 1804, sea slugs (Heterobranchia: Nudipleura: Pleurobranchidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Goodheart
- Department of Biological Sciences; California State Polytechnic University; 3801 West Temple Avenue Pomona CA 91768 USA
| | - Yolanda Camacho-García
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR); Universidad de Costa Rica; Apartado 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca San José Costa Rica
- Museo de Zoología; Escuela de Biología; Universidad de Costa Rica; Apartado 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca San José Costa Rica
- Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC); Universidad de Costa Rica; Apdo 2060 San Pedro de Montes de Oca San José Costa Rica
| | - Vinicius Padula
- SNSB-Zoologische Staatssammlung München; Münchhausenstrasse 21 81247 München Germany
| | - Michael Schrödl
- SNSB-Zoologische Staatssammlung München; Münchhausenstrasse 21 81247 München Germany
| | - Juan L. Cervera
- Departamento de Biología; Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales; Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR); Universidad de Cádiz; Avenida República Saharaui s/n Apartado 40 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz) Spain
| | - Terrence M. Gosliner
- California Academy of Sciences; Department of Invertebrate Zoology; California Academy of Sciences; 55 Music Concourse Drive San Francisco CA 94118 USA
| | - Ángel Valdés
- Department of Biological Sciences; California State Polytechnic University; 3801 West Temple Avenue Pomona CA 91768 USA
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14
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Hurt C, Silliman K, Anker A, Knowlton N. Ecological speciation in anemone-associated snapping shrimps (Alpheus armatusspecies complex). Mol Ecol 2013; 22:4532-48. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Hurt
- Cox Science Center; University of Miami; 1301 Memorial Drive Miami FL 33146 USA
| | - K. Silliman
- Cox Science Center; University of Miami; 1301 Memorial Drive Miami FL 33146 USA
| | - A. Anker
- Instituto de Ciências do Mar - Labomar; Universidade Federal do Ceará; Avenida da Abolição 3207 CEP 60.165-081 Fortaleza Brazil
| | - N. Knowlton
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology; National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; MRC 163 PO Box 37012 Washington DC 20013-7012 USA
- Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of California; La Jolla San Diego CA 92093-0202 USA
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15
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Coppard SE, Zigler KS, Lessios HA. Phylogeography of the sand dollar genus Mellita: cryptic speciation along the coasts of the Americas. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 69:1033-42. [PMID: 23792155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sand dollars of the genus Mellita are members of the sandy shallow-water fauna. The genus ranges in tropical and subtropical regions on the two coasts of the Americas. To reconstruct the phylogeography of the genus we sequenced parts of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and of 16S rRNA as well as part of the nuclear 28S rRNA gene from a total of 185 specimens of all ten described morphospecies from 31 localities. Our analyses revealed the presence of eleven species, including six cryptic species. Sequences of five morphospecies do not constitute monophyletic molecular units and thus probably represent ecophenotypic variants. The fossil-calibrated phylogeny showed that the ancestor of Mellita diverged into a Pacific lineage and an Atlantic+Pacific lineage close to the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. Atlantic M. tenuis, M. quinquiesperforata and two undescribed species of Mellita have non-overlapping distributions. Pacific Mellita consist of two highly divergent lineages that became established at different times, resulting in sympatric M. longifissa and M. notabilis. Judged by modern day ranges, not all divergence in this genus conforms to an allopatric speciation model. Only the separation of M. quinquiesperforata from M. notabilis is clearly due to vicariance as the result of the completion of the Isthmus of Panama. The molecular phylogeny calibrated on fossil evidence estimated this event as having occurred ~3 Ma, thus providing evidence that, contrary to a recent proposal, the central American Isthmus was not completed until this date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon E Coppard
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama.
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16
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Long prereproductive selection and divergence by depth in a Caribbean candelabrum coral. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:3961-6. [PMID: 23359716 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1208931110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-lived corals, the foundation of modern reefs, often follow ecological gradients, so that populations or sister species segregate by habitat. Adaptive divergence maintains sympatric congeners after secondary contact or may even generate species by natural selection in the face of gene flow. Such ecological divergence, initially between alternative phenotypes within populations, may be aided by immigrant inviability, especially when a long period separates larval dispersal and the onset of reproduction, during which selection can sort lineages to match different habitats. Here, we evaluate the strength of one ecological factor (depth) to isolate populations by comparing the genes and morphologies of pairs of depth-segregated populations of the candelabrum coral Eunicea flexuosa across the Caribbean. Eunicea is endemic to the Caribbean and all sister species co-occur. Eunicea flexuosa is widespread both geographically and across reef habitats. Our genetic analysis revealed two depth-segregated lineages. Field survivorship data, combined with estimates of selection coefficients based on transplant experiments, suggest that selection is strong enough to segregate these two lineages. Genetic exchange between the Shallow and Deep lineages occurred either immediately after divergence or the two have diverged with gene flow. Migration occurs asymmetrically from the Shallow to Deep lineage. Limited recruitment to reproductive age, even under weak annual selection advantage, is sufficient to generate habitat segregation because of the cumulative prolonged prereproductive selection. Ecological factors associated with depth can act as filters generating strong barriers to gene flow, altering morphologies, and contributing to the potential for speciation in the sea.
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Montes C, Bayona G, Cardona A, Buchs DM, Silva CA, Morón S, Hoyos N, Ramírez DA, Jaramillo CA, Valencia V. Arc-continent collision and orocline formation: Closing of the Central American seaway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jb008959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Jagadeeshan S, O’Dea A. Integrating fossils and molecules to study cupuladriid evolution in an emerging Isthmus. Evol Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-011-9522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Bromfield K, Pandolfi JM. Regional patterns of evolutionary turnover in Neogene coral reefs from the central Indo-West Pacific Ocean. Evol Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-011-9483-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Liow LH, Quental TB, Marshall CR. When Can Decreasing Diversification Rates Be Detected with Molecular Phylogenies and the Fossil Record? Syst Biol 2010; 59:646-59. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syq052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Hsiang Liow
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tiago B. Quental
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology
- Department of Invertebrate Paleontology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Present address: Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Charles R. Marshall
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology
- Department of Invertebrate Paleontology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Present address: Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Museum of Paleontology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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21
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Allmon WD, Rosenberg G, Portell RW, Schindler KS. Diversity of atlantic coastal plain mollusks since the pliocene. Science 2010; 260:1626-9. [PMID: 17810204 DOI: 10.1126/science.260.5114.1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
About 70 percent of tropical western Atlantic mollusk species have become extinct since the Pliocene, which has led to perceptions of a corresponding decline in diversity. However, a compilation of gastropod species from Plio-Pleistocene faunas of the United States Atlantic coastal plain and from Recent western Atlantic faunas indicates that regional diversity has not changed since the Pliocene. Gastropod diversity in the Pliocene Pinecrest Beds in Florida approximates that seen today on either coast of Florida. Gastropod diversity is not demonstrably different in the Recent tropical western Atlantic than in the Recent tropical eastern Pacific. High extinction rates must have been balanced by high origination rates.
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22
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Reid DG, Dyal P, Williams ST. Global diversification of mangrove fauna: a molecular phylogeny of Littoraria (Gastropoda: Littorinidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2009; 55:185-201. [PMID: 19808097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The genus Littoraria is one of very few molluscan groups that are closely associated with mangroves. We document its global evolutionary radiation and compare biogeographic patterns with those of mangrove plants, based on phylogenetic and fossil evidence. Using sequences from three genes (nuclear 28S rRNA, mitochondrial 12S rRNA and COI) we reconstruct a phylogeny of 37 of the 39 living morphospecies. Six monophyletic subgenera are defined (Bulimilittorina, Lamellilitorina, Littoraria, Palustorina, Protolittoraria, Littorinopsis) and we synonymize L. coccinea and L. glabrata. A deep division between Palustorina from the Indo-West Pacific and Littoraria from the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific is estimated by a Bayesian relaxed-clock method to be of Middle Eocene to Palaeocene age (43.2-62.7 Ma), which far predates the Early Miocene (18 Ma) closure of the Tethyan Seaway; this, as in mangrove plants, may reflect vicariance by climatic cooling, rather than tectonic processes. The age of Littoraria angulifera in the Atlantic is, however, consistent with Early Miocene vicariance of a Tethyan ancestor. We infer that speciation events are mainly of Miocene or older age, and that diversification has not been driven by depletion of mangrove habitats during recent glacial intervals. Parsimonious reconstruction of ancestral habitats suggests that the genus has inhabited mangrove or wood substrates since its origin, while the rock-dwelling habit of the four members of Protolittoraria is derived. Three species span the Eastern Pacific Barrier, and one is amphi-Atlantic, consistent with a long larval phase of up to 10 weeks. Allopatric speciation is inferred, but usually with subsequent range overlap. Ovoviviparity (interpreted as an adaptation to life in mangroves) has arisen twice.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Reid
- Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom.
| | - P Dyal
- Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - S T Williams
- Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
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23
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Hurt C, Anker A, Knowlton N. A MULTILOCUS TEST OF SIMULTANEOUS DIVERGENCE ACROSS THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA USING SNAPPING SHRIMP IN THE GENUSALPHEUS. Evolution 2009; 63:514-30. [PMID: 19154357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Hurt
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, USA.
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Lessios H. The Great American Schism: Divergence of Marine Organisms After the Rise of the Central American Isthmus. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2008. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H.A. Lessios
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama;
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Lower Miocene stratigraphy along the Panama Canal and its bearing on the Central American Peninsula. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2791. [PMID: 18665219 PMCID: PMC2464738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Before the formation of the Central American Isthmus, there was a Central American Peninsula. Here we show that southern Central America existed as a peninsula as early as 19 Ma, based on new lithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic and strontium chemostratigraphic analyses of the formations exposed along the Gaillard Cut of the Panama Canal. Land mammals found in the Miocene Cucaracha Formation have similar body sizes to conspecific taxa in North America, indicating that there existed a terrestrial connection with North America that allowed gene flow between populations during this time. How long did this peninsula last? The answer hinges on the outcome of a stratigraphic dispute: To wit, is the terrestrial Cucaracha Formation older or younger than the marine La Boca Formation? Previous stratigraphic studies of the Panama Canal Basin have suggested that the Cucaracha Formation lies stratigraphically between the shallow-marine Culebra Formation and the shallow-to-upper-bathyal La Boca Formation, the latter containing the Emperador Limestone. If the La Boca Formation is younger than the Cucaracha Formation, as many think, then the peninsula was short-lived (1–2 m.y.), having been submerged in part by the transgression represented by the overlying La Boca Formation. On the other hand, our data support the view that the La Boca Formation is older than the Cucaracha Formation. Strontium dating shows that the La Boca Formation is older (23.07 to 20.62 Ma) than both the Culebra (19.83–19.12 Ma) and Cucaracha (Hemingfordian to Barstovian North American Land Mammal Ages; 19–14 Ma) formations. The Emperador Limestone is also older (21.24–20.99 Ma) than the Culebra and Cucaracha formations. What has been called the “La Boca Formation” (with the Emperador Limestone), is re-interpreted here as being the lower part of the Culebra Formation. Our new data sets demonstrate that the main axis of the volcanic arc in southern Central America more than likely existed as a peninsula connected to northern Central America and North America for much of the Miocene, which has profound implications for our understanding of the tectonic, climatic, oceanographic and biogeographic history related to the formation of the Isthmus of Panama.
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Lessios HA, Kessing BD, Pearse JS. POPULATION STRUCTURE AND SPECIATION IN TROPICAL SEAS: GLOBAL PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF THE SEA URCHIN DIADEMA. Evolution 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Global patterns in species richness have resisted explanation since they first caught the attention of ecologists in the 1960s. The failure of ecology to fully integrate the diversity issue into its core of accepted wisdom derives from an inappropriate concept of community and the rejection of history and region as formative contexts for ecological systems. Traditionally, ecologists have held that the pervasive relationship between species richness and conditions of the physical environment reflects the influence of environment on the ability of populations to coexist locally. However, many ecologists now recognize that this relationship can also develop historically from the evolutionary diversification of lineages within and between ecological zones. To assess the relative roles of local ecological constraint vs. regional and historical unfolding of diversity-environment relationships, we must abandon localized concepts of the community and adopt historical (particularly phylogenetic) and geographic methods to evaluate the evolution of diversity within large regions and its influence on diversity at local scales. This integrated perspective opens new research directions for ecologists to explore the formation of species, adaptive diversification, and the adjustment of ecological distributions of species on regional scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Ricklefs
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 8001 Natural Bridge Road, St. Louis, Missouri 63121-4499, USA.
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28
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Barber PH, Bellwood DR. Biodiversity hotspots: evolutionary origins of biodiversity in wrasses (Halichoeres: Labridae) in the Indo-Pacific and new world tropics. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2005; 35:235-53. [PMID: 15737594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2004] [Accepted: 10/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Halichoeres is a widely distributed coral reef fish genus with high levels of biodiversity in both the Indo-Pacific and New World tropics. This study employed molecular phylogenetic techniques and biogeographic analyses on 1700-1800 bp of mitochondrial CO1, 16s, and 12s to test competing hypotheses regarding the origins of biodiversity in this genus in these two biodiversity hotspots. Analyses indicate that Halichoeres is polyphyletic with distinct New World and Indo-Pacific Ocean components. The Halichoeres in the New World tropics formed a strongly supported clade (99% MP, 100% ML bootstrap values) that diverged 21.2-18.1 mya, suggesting that this lineage may represent a relictual fauna of the ancient Tethys Sea. The closure of the Isthmus of Panama contributed to the creation of Halichoeres biodiversity, but diversification across the Isthmus prior to its closure and within the W. Atlantic after the closure 3.1 mya were also important processes creating biodiversity in the New World tropics. Within the Indonesian Australian Archipelago (IAA) analysis of age vs. geographic distribution supported neither Center of Origin, Center of Accumulation or Center of Overlap hypotheses, and molecular clock estimates indicated that the role of Pleistocene sea level changes in the origins of IAA marine biodiversity may be less important than previously thought. Ancestral distribution reconstructions within the Indo-West Pacific (IWP) clade (99% ML bootstrap value) also failed to support these hypotheses as the reconstructions were highly sensitive to the inclusion of missing taxa. Results suggest plueralistic origins of biodiversity, but that vast amounts of habitat may favor the survival of biodiversity in the IAA biodiversity hotspot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Barber
- Department of Biology, Boston University Marine Program, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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31
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Dietl GP, Herbert GS, Vermeij GJ. Reduced Competition and Altered Feeding Behavior Among Marine Snails After a Mass Extinction. Science 2004; 306:2229-31. [PMID: 15618513 DOI: 10.1126/science.1106182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Extinction may alter competitive interactions among surviving species, affecting their subsequent recovery and evolution, but these processes remain poorly understood. Analysis of predation traces produced by shell-drilling muricid snails on bivalve prey reveals that species interactions were substantially different before and after a Plio-Pleistocene mass extinction in the western Atlantic. Muricids edge- and wall-drilled their prey in the Pliocene, but Pleistocene and Recent snails attacked prey only through the shell wall. Experiments with living animals suggest that intense competition induces muricid snails to attack shell edges. Pliocene predators, therefore, probably competed for resources more intensely than their post-extinction counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Dietl
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA
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32
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Moran AL. EGG SIZE EVOLUTION IN TROPICAL AMERICAN ARCID BIVALVES: THE COMPARATIVE METHOD AND THE FOSSIL RECORD. Evolution 2004; 58:2718-33. [PMID: 15696750 DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb01624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Marine organisms exhibit a wide range of egg sizes, even among closely related taxa, and egg size is widely considered to be one of the most important components of the life histories of marine species. The nature of the trade-off between egg size and number and the consequences of variation in egg size for offspring growth and survivorship have been extensively modeled. Yet, there is little empirical evidence that supports the relative importance of particular environmental parameters in engendering the tremendous variation in egg size seen in marine organisms. This study compares egg sizes between six geminate species pairs of bivalves in the family Arcidae to determine whether egg size differs in predictable directions between geminate species in the two oceans separated by the Central American isthmus, and whether the direction and timing of egg size evolution among geminates in this family is correlated with both modern and paleoceanographic patterns of oceanic productivity. In all modern members of six geminate pairs, egg size was larger in the species in the western Atlantic than in its sister species the eastern Pacific. This pattern supports the hypothesis that optimal egg size differs in the two oceans due to the low productivity and poor larval feeding environment in the western Atlantic relative to the eastern Pacific. The fossil record of one geminate pair shows that egg size has remained consistently large in the western Atlantic from the Miocene to the Recent, while egg size in the eastern Pacific has decreased to the current small size in less than 2 million years; this suggests that modern-day differences between egg sizes in the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific are due to either an increase in productivity in the eastern Pacific and subsequent selection for smaller eggs in that ocean, or differential patterns of extinction that occurred well after the rise of the isthmus. These results agree with ancestral character state reconstruction using linear parsimony, but differ from squared-change parsimony reconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Moran
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3300, USA.
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Harrison JS. Evolution, biogeography, and the utility of mitochondrial 16s and COI genes in phylogenetic analysis of the crab genus Austinixa (Decapoda: Pinnotheridae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2004; 30:743-54. [PMID: 15012952 DOI: 10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00250-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2002] [Revised: 06/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study used molecular data (mitochondrial 16s and COI) for the first time to explore evolutionary relationships among species of the pinnotherid crab genus Austinixa. Low levels of phylogenetic signal were detected for COI. High levels of phylogenetic signal were detected for 16s, indicating it is a more useful marker for inferring species level phylogenies in Austinixa. Phylogeographic patterns among species of Austinixa are consistent with allopatric speciation due to numerous climatic and oceanographic fluctuations during the last 5-6 my. In addition, all but two species have been derived since the closure of the Isthmus of Panama, a pattern consistent with hypotheses that the marine biota of the Caribbean and southeastern North America underwent a pulse of biotic turnover within the last 2-3 my. Austinixa aidae and Austinixa hardyi had identical 16s sequences, and differed by only 2 bp in COI, raising questions about the validity of A. hardyi as a distinct species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Scott Harrison
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3258, USA.
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Moran AL. EGG SIZE EVOLUTION IN TROPICAL AMERICAN ARCID BIVALVES: THE COMPARATIVE METHOD AND THE FOSSIL RECORD. Evolution 2004. [DOI: 10.1554/04-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Baker AC. Flexibility and Specificity in Coral-Algal Symbiosis: Diversity, Ecology, and Biogeography ofSymbiodinium. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2003. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 736] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Baker
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Marine Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York 10460
- Center for Environmental Research and Conservation, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Avenue, MC 5557, New York, New York 10027;
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Zeh JA, Zeh DW, Bonilla MM. Phylogeography of the harlequin beetle-riding pseudoscorpion and the rise of the Isthmus of Panamá. Mol Ecol 2003; 12:2759-69. [PMID: 12969478 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Molecular and geological evidence indicates that the emergence of the Isthmus of Panamá influenced the historical biogeography of the Neotropics in a complex, staggered manner dating back at least 9 Myr bp. To assess the influence of Isthmus formation on the biogeography of the harlequin beetle-riding pseudoscorpion, Cordylochernes scorpioides, we analysed mitochondrial COI sequence data from 71 individuals from 13 locations in Panamá and northern South America. Parsimony and likelihood-based phylogenies identified deep divergence between South American and Panamanian clades. In contrast to low haplotype diversity in South America, the Panamanian Cordylochernes clade is comprised of three highly divergent lineages: one clade consisting predominantly of individuals from central Panamá (PAN A), and two sister clades (PAN B1 and PAN B2) of western Panamanian pseudoscorpions. Breeding experiments demonstrated a strictly maternal mode of inheritance, indicating that our analyses were not confounded by nuclear-mitochondrial pseudogenes. Haplotype diversity is striking in western Atlantic Panamá, where all three Panamanian clades can occur in a single host tree. This sympatry points to the existence of a cryptic species hybrid zone in western Panamá, a conclusion supported by interclade crosses and coalescence-based migration rates. Molecular clock estimates yield a divergence time of approximately 3 Myr between the central and western Panamanian clades. Taken together, these results are consistent with a recent model in which a transitory proto-Isthmus enabled an early wave of colonization out of South America at the close of the Miocene, followed by sea level rise, inundation of the terrestrial corridor and then a second wave of colonization that occurred when the Isthmus was completed approximately 3 Myr bp.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Zeh
- Department of Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution & Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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Hickerson MJ, Gilchrist MA, Takebayashi N. CALIBRATING A MOLECULAR CLOCK FROM PHYLOGEOGRAPHIC DATA: MOMENTS AND LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATORS. Evolution 2003; 57:2216-25. [PMID: 14628910 DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We present moments and likelihood methods that estimate a DNA substitution rate from a group of closely related sister species pairs separated at an assumed time, and we test these methods with simulations. The methods also estimate ancestral population size and can test whether there is a significant difference among the ancestral population sizes of the sister species pairs. Estimates presented in the literature often ignore the ancestral coalescent prior to speciation and therefore should be biased upward. The simulations show that both methods yield accurate estimates given sample sizes of five or more species pairs and that better likelihood estimates are obtained if there is no significant difference among ancestral population sizes. The model presented here indicates that the larger than expected variation found in multitaxa datasets can be explained by variation in the ancestral coalescence and the Poisson mutation process. In this context, observed variation can often be accounted for by variation in ancestral population sizes rather than invoking variation in other parameters, such as divergence time or mutation rate. The methods are applied to data from two groups of species pairs (sea urchins and Alpheus snapping shrimp) that are thought to have separated by the rise of Panama three million years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hickerson
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA.
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MEYER CHRISTOPHERP. Molecular systematics of cowries (Gastropoda: Cypraeidae) and diversification patterns in the tropics. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1095-8312.2003.00197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hickerson MJ, Gilchrist MA, Takebayashi N. CALIBRATING A MOLECULAR CLOCK FROM PHYLOGEOGRAPHIC DATA: MOMENTS AND LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATORS. Evolution 2003. [DOI: 10.1554/02-630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Marko PB. Fossil calibration of molecular clocks and the divergence times of geminate species pairs separated by the isthmus of panama. Mol Biol Evol 2002; 19:2005-21. [PMID: 12411609 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calibration of nucleotide sequence divergence rates provides an important method by which to test many hypotheses of evolution. In the absence of an adequate fossil record, geological events, rather than the first appearances of sister taxa in the geological record, are often used to calibrate molecular clocks. The formation of the Isthmus of Panama, which isolated the tropical western Atlantic and eastern Pacific oceans, is one such event that is frequently used to infer rates of nucleotide sequence divergence. Isthmian calibrations assume that morphologically similar "geminate" species living now on either side of the isthmus were isolated geographically by the latest stages of seaway closure 3.1-3.5 MYA. Here, I have applied calibration dates from the fossil record to cytochrome c oxidase-1 (CO1) and nuclear histone-3 (H3) divergences among six pairs of geminates in the Arcidae to test this hypothesis. Analysis of CO1 first and third positions yield geminate divergences that predate final seaway closure, and on the basis of CO1 first positions, times for all six geminates are significantly greater than 3.5 Myr. H3 sequences produce much more recent geminate divergences, some that are younger than 3.1 Myr. But H3-derived estimates for all arcid geminates are not significantly different from both 0 and 15 Myr. According to CO1, one of the two most divergent pairs, Arca mutabilis and A. imbricata, split more than 30 MYA. This date is compatible with the fossil record, which indicates that these species were morphologically distinct at least 16-21 MYA. Across all CO1 nucleotide sites, divergence rates for arcids are slower than the rates reported for other taxa on the basis of isthmian calibrations, with the exception of rates determined from the least divergent species pair in larger surveys of multiple transisthmian pairs. Rate differences between arcids and some taxa may be real, but these data suggest that divergence rates can be greatly overestimated when dates corresponding to final closure of the Central American Seaway are used to calibrate the molecular clocks of marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Marko
- Naos Marine Laboratory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Republic of Panama.
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Buzas MA, Collins LS, Culver SJ. Latitudinal difference in biodiversity caused by higher tropical rate of increase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:7841-3. [PMID: 12060730 PMCID: PMC122981 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.122241499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical diversity has generally exceeded temperate diversity in the present and at points in the past, but whether measured differences have remained relatively constant through time has been unknown. Here we examine tropical vs. temperate diversities from the Neogene to Recent using the within-habitat diversity measure Fisher's alpha of Cenozoic benthic foraminifera from the temperate Central Atlantic Coastal Plain and the tropical Central American Isthmus. During the Neogene, the mean value of alpha at temperate latitudes increased 1.4 times or 40%, whereas in the tropics it increased 2.1 times or 106%. Thus, while both areas exhibit an increase of diversity with time, past differences in the rate of increase have generated a more pronounced gradient today (164%) than existed in the Miocene (80%). These data disagree with the suggestion that the world reached an equilibrium number of species during the Paleozoic and demonstrate the need to consider both temperate and tropical components in global diversity assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Buzas
- Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560-0121, USA.
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Marko PB, Moran AL. Correlated evolutionary divergence of egg size and a mitochondrial protein across the Isthmus of Panama. Evolution 2002; 56:1303-9. [PMID: 12144030 DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An explicit assumption of studies that employ a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecular clock is that mtDNA evolves independently of morphology. Here we report a very strong correlation between egg size divergence and cytochrome c oxidase-1 (CO1) amino acid sequence divergence among sister species of bivalve molluscs separated by the Central American Isthmus (i.e., "geminate" species). Analyses of the molecular data reveal that CO1 sequences likely did not diverge as a function of time or evolve in response to positive natural selection. Given that an excess of CO1 amino acid polymorphism exists within species (as expected if most mutations are only slightly deleterious), a third hypothesis is that reductions in effective population size could simultaneously increase the fixation rate of nearly neutral mtDNA polymorphisms and in some way also facilitate egg size evolution. The remarkable strength of the relationship between egg size and CO1 amino acid sequence demonstrates that, even in the absence of an obvious functional relationship or clock-like evolution, the amounts of molecular and morphological change can be tightly correlated, and therefore may reflect common processes. Accordingly, the assumption that the evolutionary divergence of molecules and morphology are independent must always be carefully examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Marko
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama.
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Todd JA, Jackson JBC, Johnson KG, Fortunato HM, Heitz A, Alvarez M, Jung P. The ecology of extinction: molluscan feeding and faunal turnover in the Caribbean Neogene. Proc Biol Sci 2002; 269:571-7. [PMID: 11916472 PMCID: PMC1690932 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2001.1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Molluscan faunal turnover in the Plio-Pleistocene of the tropical western Atlantic has been attributed to drops in temperature or primary productivity, but these competing hypotheses have not been assessed ecologically. To test these alternatives, we compiled data on changing molluscan life habits and trophic composition over 12 million years derived from 463 newly made collections from the southwestern Caribbean. Shelf ecosystems have altered markedly in trophic structure since the Late Pliocene. Predatory gastropods and suspension-feeding bivalves declined significantly in abundance, but not in diversity, and reef-dwellers became common. By contrast, all other ecological life habits remained remarkably stable. Food-web changes strongly support the hypothesis that declining regional nutrient supply had an increasing impact on regional macroecology, culminating in a faunal turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Todd
- Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK.
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Benítez N, Maíz-Apellániz J, Canelles M. Evidence for nearby supernova explosions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 88:081101. [PMID: 11863949 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.88.081101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Supernova (SN) explosions are one of the most energetic---and potentially lethal---phenomena in the Universe. We show that the Scorpius-Centaurus OB association, a group of young stars currently located at approximately 130 pc from the Sun, has generated 20 SN explosions during the last 11 Myr, some of them probably as close as 40 pc to our planet. The deposition on Earth of (60)Fe atoms produced by these explosions can explain the recent measurements of an excess of this isotope in deep ocean crust samples. We propose that approximately 2 Myr ago, one of the SNe exploded close enough to Earth to seriously damage the ozone layer, provoking or contributing to the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary marine extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narciso Benítez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218,
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Marko PB, Moran AL. CORRELATED EVOLUTIONARY DIVERGENCE OF EGG SIZE AND A MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEIN ACROSS THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA. Evolution 2002. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2002)056[1303:cedoes]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Tropical reef fishes and corals exhibit highly predictable patterns of taxonomic composition across the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Despite steep longitudinal and latitudinal gradients in total species richness, the composition of these key taxa is constrained within a remarkably narrow range of values. Regional-scale variation in reef biodiversity is best explained by large-scale patterns in the availability of shallow-water habitat. Once habitat area is accounted for, there is surprisingly little residual effect of latitude or longitude. Low-diversity regions are most vulnerable to human impacts such as global warming, underscoring the urgent need for integrated management at multinational scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Bellwood
- Centre for Coral Reef Biodiversity, Department of Marine Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia.
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Lessios HA, Kessing BD, Pearse JS. Population structure and speciation in tropical seas: global phylogeography of the sea urchin Diadema. Evolution 2001; 55:955-75. [PMID: 11430656 DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[0955:psasit]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The causes of speciation in the sea are rarely obvious, because geographical barriers are not conspicuous and dispersal abilities or marine organisms, particularly those of species with planktonic larvae, are hard to determine. The phylogenetic relations of species in cosmopolitan genera can provide information on the likely mode of their formation. We reconstructed the phylogeny of the pantropical and subtropical sea urchin genus Diadema, using sequences of mitochondrial DNA from 482 individuals collected around the world, to determine the efficacy of barriers to gene flow and to ascertain the history of possible dispersal and vicariance events that led to speciation. We also compared 22 isozyme loci between all described species except D. palmeri. The mitochondrial DNA data show that the two deepest lineages are found in the Indian and West Pacific Oceans. (Indo-Pacific) Diadema setosum diverged first from all other extant Diadema, probably during the initiation of wide fluctuations in global sea levels in the Miocene. The D. setosum clade then split 3-5 million years ago into two clades, one found around the Arabian Peninsula and the other in the Indo-West Pacific. On the lineage leading to the other species of Diadema, the deepest branch is composed of D. palmeri, apparently separated when the climate of New Zealand became colder and other tropical echinoids at these islands went extinct. The next lineage to separate is composed of a currently unrecognized species of Diadema that is found at Japan and the Marshall Islands. Diadema mexicanum in the eastern Pacific separated next, whereas D. paucispinum, D. savignyi, and D. antillarum from the western and central Atlantic, and (as a separate clade) D. antillarum from the eastern Atlantic form a shallow polytomy. Apparently, Indo-Pacific populations of Diadema maintained genetic contact with Atlantic ones around the southern tip of Africa for some time after the Isthmus of Panama was complete. Diadema paucispinum contains two lineages: D. paucispinum sensu stricto is not limited to Hawaii as previously thought, but extends to Easter Island, Pitcairn, and Okinawa; A second mitochondrial clade of D. paucispinum extends from East Africa and Arabia to the Philippines and New Guinea. A more recent separation between West Indian Ocean and West Pacific populations was detected in D. setosum. Presumably, these genetic discontinuities are the result of water flow restrictions in the straits between northern Australia and Southeast Asia during Pleistocene episodes of low sea level. Diadema savignyi is characterized by high rates of gene flow from Kiribati in the central Pacific all the way to the East African Coast. In the Atlantic, there is a biogeographic barrier between the Caribbean and Brazil, possibly caused by fresh water outflow from the Amazon and the Orinoco Rivers. Diadema antillarum populations of the central Atlantic islands of Ascension and St. Helena are genetically isolated and phylogenetically derived from Brazil. Except for its genetic separation by the mid-Atlantic barrier, Diadema seems to have maintained connections through potential barriers to dispersal (including the Isthmus of Panama) more recently than did Eucidaris or Echinometra, two other genera of sea urchins in which phylogeography has been studied. Nevertheless, the mtDNA phylogeography of Diadema includes all stages expected from models of allopatric differentiation. There are anciently separated clades that now overlap in their geographic distribution, clades isolated in the periphery of the genus range that have remained in the periphery, clades that may have been isolated in the periphery but have since spread towards the center, closely related clades on either side of an existing barrier, and closely related monophyletic entities on either side of an historical barrier that have crossed the former barrier line, but have not attained genetic equilibrium. Except for D. paucispinum and D. savignyi, in which known hybridization may have lodged mtDNA from one species into the genome of the other, closely related clades are always allopatric, and only distantly related ones overlap geographically. Thus, the phylogenetic history and distribution of extant species of Diadema is by and large consistent with allopatric speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Lessios
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama.
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Abstract
AbstractBivalves have been fundamental in developing the understanding of large-scale biodiversity patterns in the marine realm. A new study based on 29 regional bivalve faunas indicates that both latitudinal and longitudinal gradients are not so regular in form as was once imagined. The northern hemisphere latitudinal gradient has a marked step, or inflection, at 20–30°N, and in the southern hemisphere Australia forms a distinct diversity hotspot. A longitudinal gradient runs between a large tropical high diversity focus in the southern China-Indonesia-Australia region and a somewhat smaller one in the Panamic-Caribbean region.It is unlikely that the marked asymmetry in both latitudinal and longitudinal gradients can be explained entirely by either the geometric patterns of species ranges in relation to geographical boundaries (the mid-domain effect) or the operation of contemporary, or equilibrium, factors. The role of history must be considered too, and in some cases this could involve a timescale of at least 60 Ma. For example, Australia has moved progressively northwards throughout the Cenozoic era and this seems to have led to the development of a unique assemblage of both tropical and temperate taxa around the continent. When Australia eventually collided with southeast Asia, some 15 Ma ago, three previously distinct tropical marine faunas were brought into close juxtaposition.However, something else seems to have been involved in order to generate a marked pantropical Neogene diversification event in bivalves and other marine invertebrate taxa. It is striking how this event coincided with a prolonged interval of global cooling and the suggestion has been made that glacioeustatic cycles may have promoted the formation of a tropical species diversity pump. In concert with regular and profound sea-level changes, new taxa were created in marginal tropical regions and then concentrated in certain core regions. These same glacioeustatic cycles may also have served to accentuate the latitudinal limits of many tropical taxa.As the knowledge of large-scale taxonomic diversity gradients in the marine realm has increased, so too has the realization that they are at least the partial products of major historical events.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Crame
- British Antarctic Survey
High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK
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Abstract
Sister species separated by the Isthmus of Panama have been widely used to estimate rates of molecular evolution. These estimates are based on the assumption that geographic isolation occurred nearly simultaneously for most taxa, when connections between the Caribbean and eastern Pacific closed approximately three million years ago. Here we show that this assumption is invalid for the only genus for which many taxa and multiple genetic markers have been analysed. Patterns of divergence exhibited by allozymes and the mitochondrial COI gene are highly concordant for 15 pairs of snapping shrimp in the genus Alpheus , indicating that they provide a reasonable basis for estimating time since cessation of gene flow. The extent of genetic divergence between pairs of sister species varied over fourfold. Sister species from mangrove environments showed the least divergence, as would be expected if these were among the last habitats to be divided. Using this pair yields a rate of sequence divergence of 1.4% per one million years, with implied times of separation for the 15 pairs of 3 to 18 million years ago. Many past studies may have overestimated rates of molecular evolution because they sampled pairs that were separated well before final closure of the Isthmus.
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