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Bi P, Geisbrecht ER. Cell fusion: Inter-organ tissue communication promotes a union between myoblasts. Curr Biol 2024; 34:R343-R345. [PMID: 38714160 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Repeated rounds of fusion between apposing myoblasts allow muscles to become multinucleated. New research finds that myoblasts undergoing fusion in the Drosophila embryo respond to hormone signaling from a nearby tissue, resulting in the activation of a myoblast-specific gene necessary for the fusion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Bi
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Erika R Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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2
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Anjum AA, Lin MJ, Jin L, Li GQ. Twist is required for muscle development of the adult legs in Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 115:e22063. [PMID: 37920138 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Although muscle development has been widely studied in Drosophila melanogaster, it was a great challenge to apply to developmental processes of other insect muscles. This study was focused on the functional characterization of a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor gene twist in an herbivorous ladybird Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata. Its transcript (Hvtwist) levels were detected in all developmental stages. RNA interference (RNAi)-aided knockdown of Hvtwist at the penultimate larval instar stage impaired pupation, and caused a deformed adult in the legs. The tarsi were malformed and did not support the bodies in an upright position. The climbing ability was impaired. Moreover, around 50% of the impaired adults had a malformed elytrum. In addition, they consumed less foliage and did not lay eggs. A hematoxylin-eosin staining of the leg demonstrated that the tibial extensor (TE) and the tibial flexor (TF) muscles were originated from the femurs while levator and depressor muscles of the tarsus (TL and TD) were located in the tibia in the control adults, in which tarsal segments were devoid of muscles. RNAi treatment specific to Hvtwist expression markedly impaired TE and TF muscles in the femurs, and prevented the development of TL and TD muscles in the tibia. Therefore, our findings demonstrate Twist plays a vital role in the myogenesis in H. vigintioctopunctata adult legs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ali Anjum
- Department of Entomology, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng-Jiao Lin
- Department of Entomology, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Jin
- Department of Entomology, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- Department of Entomology, Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests/State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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3
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Dong W, Li T, Wu WJ, Zhang XB. Cell lineage analysis reveals signal tracing and compartment characterisation in Drosophila haltere. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 32:583-591. [PMID: 37212394 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Insect halteres, as specialised hind wings, play an important role during aerial manoeuvres. In Drosophila, halteres and wings are homologous appendages with different morphology. Previous studies have focused on the metamorphosis of halteres, while current knowledge about its cell lineage and regional compartmentalization is still limited. In this study, we performed cell-lineage tracing of canonical landmark signals in halteres and present a simple model for haltere development. Cell lineage tracing in wings was used as a reference. The nub showed wing-like expressions in halteres, whereas hth and pnr exhibited different expressions in adult wings and halteres. The lineage tracing revealed that the pouch region gives rise to end-bulb, and hinge cells contribute to proximal haltere formation. Moreover, we demonstrated that twi-expressing cells participate in the cell population of the distal end-bulb. Haematoxylin and eosin staining indicated that muscle cells were present at the distal end-bulb. These results indicated that adult halteres displayed unique cell lineage patterns and the muscle cells are important components of end-bulbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dong
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Biopesticides, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ting Li
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Biopesticides, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wen-Jun Wu
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Biopesticides, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
- College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xu-Bo Zhang
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Biopesticides, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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4
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Gähler A, Trufa DI, Chiriac MT, Tausche P, Hohenberger K, Brunst AK, Rauh M, Geppert CI, Rieker RJ, Krammer S, Leberle A, Neurath MF, Sirbu H, Hartmann A, Finotto S. Glucose-Restricted Diet Regulates the Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Prevents Tumor Growth in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:873293. [PMID: 35574343 PMCID: PMC9102798 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.873293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundLung cancer is the second common cancer type in western countries and has a high mortality. During the development and progression of the tumor, the nutrients in its environment play a central role. The tumor cells depend crucially on glucose metabolism and uptake. Tumor cell metabolism is dominated by the Warburg effect, where tumor cells produce large amounts of lactate from pyruvate under aerobic conditions. We thus reasoned that, reducing carbohydrates in the diet might support anti-tumoral effects of current immunotherapy and additionally target tumor immune escape.ObjectivesThe link between reducing carbohydrates to improve current immunotherapy is not clear. We thus aimed at analyzing the effects of different glucose levels on the tumor development, progression and the anti-tumoral immune response.MethodsWe correlated the clinical parameters of our LUAD cohort with different metabolic markers. Additionally, we performed cell culture experiments with A549 tumor cell line under different glucose levels. Lastly, we investigated the effect of low and high carbohydrate diet in an experimental murine model of lung cancer on the tumor progression and different immune subsets.ResultsHere we found a positive correlation between the body mass index (BMI), blood glucose levels, reduced overall survival (OS) and the expression of Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) in the lung tumoral region of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Furthermore, increasing extracellular glucose induced IGF1R expression in A549 LUAD cells. Functional studies in a murine model of LUAD demonstrated that, glucose restricted diet resulted in decreased tumor load in vivo. This finding was associated with increased presence of lung infiltrating cytotoxic CD8+ T effector memory (TEM), tissue resident memory T (TRM) and natural killer cells as well as reduced IGFR mRNA expression, suggesting that glucose restriction regulates lung immunity in the tumor microenvironment.ConclusionsThese results indicate that, glucose restricted diet improves lung immune responses of the host and suppresses tumor growth in experimental lung adenocarcinoma. As glucose levels in LUAD patients were negatively correlated to postoperative survival rates, glucose-restricted diet emerges as therapeutic avenue for patients with LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gähler
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Denis I. Trufa
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mircea T. Chiriac
- Department of Medicine 1 - Gastroenterology, Pneumology and Endocrinology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Patrick Tausche
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katja Hohenberger
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Brunst
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Rauh
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carol I. Geppert
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralf J. Rieker
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Krammer
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Leberle
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F. Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1 - Gastroenterology, Pneumology and Endocrinology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Horia Sirbu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susetta Finotto
- Department of Molecular Pneumology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Susetta Finotto,
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5
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Rose M, Domsch K, Bartle-Schultheis J, Reim I, Schaub C. Twist regulates Yorkie activity to guide lineage reprogramming of syncytial alary muscles. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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6
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Junion G, Jagla K. Diversification of muscle types in Drosophila embryos. Exp Cell Res 2022; 410:112950. [PMID: 34838813 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila embryonic somatic muscles represent a simple and tractable model system to study the gene regulatory networks that control diversification of cell types. Somatic myogenesis in Drosophila is initiated by intrinsic action of the mesodermal master gene twist, which activates a cascade of transcriptional outputs including myogenic differentiation factor Mef2, which triggers all aspects of the myogenic differentiation program. In parallel, the expression of a combinatorial code of identity transcription factors (iTFs) defines discrete particular features of each muscle fiber, such as number of fusion events, and specific attachment to tendon cells or innervation, thus ensuring diversification of muscle types. Here, we take the example of a subset of lateral transverse (LT) muscles and discuss how the iTF code and downstream effector genes progressively define individual LT properties such as fusion program, attachment and innervation. We discuss new challenges in the field including the contribution of posttranscriptional and epitranscriptomic regulation of gene expression in the diversification of cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Junion
- Genetics Reproduction and Development Institute (iGReD), CNRS UMR6293, INSERM U1103, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Krzysztof Jagla
- Genetics Reproduction and Development Institute (iGReD), CNRS UMR6293, INSERM U1103, University of Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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7
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Poliacikova G, Maurel-Zaffran C, Graba Y, Saurin AJ. Hox Proteins in the Regulation of Muscle Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:731996. [PMID: 34733846 PMCID: PMC8558437 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.731996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hox genes encode evolutionary conserved transcription factors that specify the anterior-posterior axis in all bilaterians. Being well known for their role in patterning ectoderm-derivatives, such as CNS and spinal cord, Hox protein function is also crucial in mesodermal patterning. While well described in the case of the vertebrate skeleton, much less is known about Hox functions in the development of different muscle types. In contrast to vertebrates however, studies in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, have provided precious insights into the requirement of Hox at multiple stages of the myogenic process. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of Hox protein function in Drosophila and vertebrate muscle development, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying target gene regulation in this process. Emphasizing a tight ectoderm/mesoderm cross talk for proper locomotion, we discuss shared principles between CNS and muscle lineage specification and the emerging role of Hox in neuromuscular circuit establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yacine Graba
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, UMR 7288, Marseille, France
| | - Andrew J Saurin
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, UMR 7288, Marseille, France
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8
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Kögler AC, Kherdjemil Y, Bender K, Rabinowitz A, Marco-Ferreres R, Furlong EEM. Extremely rapid and reversible optogenetic perturbation of nuclear proteins in living embryos. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2348-2363.e8. [PMID: 34363757 PMCID: PMC8387026 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many developmental regulators have complex and context-specific roles in different tissues and stages, making the dissection of their function extremely challenging. As regulatory processes often occur within minutes, perturbation methods that match these dynamics are needed. Here, we present the improved light-inducible nuclear export system (iLEXY), an optogenetic loss-of-function approach that triggers translocation of proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. By introducing a series of mutations, we substantially increased LEXY's efficiency and generated variants with different recovery times. iLEXY enables rapid (t1/2 < 30 s), efficient, and reversible nuclear protein depletion in embryos, and is generalizable to proteins of diverse sizes and functions. Applying iLEXY to the Drosophila master regulator Twist, we phenocopy loss-of-function mutants, precisely map the Twist-sensitive embryonic stages, and investigate the effects of timed Twist depletions. Our results demonstrate the power of iLEXY to dissect the function of pleiotropic factors during embryogenesis with unprecedented temporal precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Kögler
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Yacine Kherdjemil
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Katharina Bender
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Adam Rabinowitz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Raquel Marco-Ferreres
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Eileen E M Furlong
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg 69117, Germany.
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Drosophila, an Integrative Model to Study the Features of Muscle Stem Cells in Development and Regeneration. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082112. [PMID: 34440881 PMCID: PMC8394675 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle stem cells (MuSCs) are essential for muscle growth, maintenance and repair. Over the past decade, experiments in Drosophila have been instrumental in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating MuSCs (also known as adult muscle precursors, AMPs) during development. A large number of genetic tools available in fruit flies provides an ideal framework to address new questions which could not be addressed with other model organisms. This review reports the main findings revealed by the study of Drosophila AMPs, with a specific focus on how AMPs are specified and properly positioned, how they acquire their identity and which are the environmental cues controlling their behavior and fate. The review also describes the recent identification of the Drosophila adult MuSCs that have similar characteristics to vertebrates MuSCs. Integration of the different levels of MuSCs analysis in flies is likely to provide new fundamental knowledge in muscle stem cell biology largely applicable to other systems.
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10
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Twist activates miR-22 to suppress estrogen receptor alpha in breast cancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2295-2306. [PMID: 33582945 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04065-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
TWIST1 (Twist) is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that is overexpressed in many cancers and promotes tumor cell invasion, metastasis, and recurrence. In this study, we demonstrate that Twist upregulates expression of microRNA 22 (miR-22) which, in turn, downregulates estrogen receptor alpha (ER) expression in breast cancer. Initial analysis of miR-22 and Twist expression in a panel of breast cancer cell lines showed a direct correlation between Twist and miR-22 levels with miR-22 being highly expressed in ER negative cell lines. Overexpressing Twist caused increased miR-22 levels while downregulating it led to decreased miR-22 expression. To characterize the upstream promoter region of miR-22, we utilized rapid amplification of cDNA ends and identified the transcription start site and the putative promoter region of miR-22. Mechanistically, we determined that Twist, in combination with HDAC1 and DNMT3B, transcriptionally upregulates miR-22 expression by binding to E-boxes in the proximal miR-22 promoter. We also established that miR-22 causes an increase in growth in 3D but not 2D cultures. Importantly, we observed a direct correlation between increased breast cancer grade and Twist and miR-22 expression. We also identified two potential miR-22 binding sites in the 3'-UTR region of ER and confirmed by promoter assays that miR-22 regulates ER expression by binding to both target sites. These results reveal a novel pathway of ER suppression by Twist through miR-22 activation that could potentially promote the ER negative phenotype in breast cancers.
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11
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Domsch K, Schröder J, Janeschik M, Schaub C, Lohmann I. The Hox Transcription Factor Ubx Ensures Somatic Myogenesis by Suppressing the Mesodermal Master Regulator Twist. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108577. [PMID: 33406430 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Early lineage-specific master regulators are essential for the specification of cell types. However, once cells are committed to a specific fate, it is critical to restrict the activity of such factors to enable differentiation. To date, it remains unclear how these factors are silenced. Using the Drosophila mesoderm as a model and a comparative genomic approach, we identify the Hox transcription factor Ultrabithorax (Ubx) to be critical for the repression of the master regulator Twist. Mesoderm-specific Ubx loss-of-function experiments using CRISPR-Cas9 and overexpression studies demonstrate that Ubx majorly impacts twist transcription. A mechanistic analysis reveals that Ubx requires the NK-homeodomain protein Tinman to bind to the twist promoter. Furthermore, we find these factor interactions to be critical for silencing by recruiting the Polycomb DNA binding protein Pleiohomeotic. Altogether, our data reveal that Ubx is a critical player in mediating the silencing of Twist, which is crucial for coordinated muscle differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Domsch
- Heidelberg University, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Julia Schröder
- Heidelberg University, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Janeschik
- Heidelberg University, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Schaub
- Erlangen-Nürnberg University, Developmental Biology, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingrid Lohmann
- Heidelberg University, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Ludwig JC, Trimmer BA. Metamorphosis in Insect Muscle: Insights for Engineering Muscle-Based Actuators. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2020; 27:330-340. [PMID: 33012237 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
One of the major limitations to advancing the development of soft robots is the absence of lightweight, effective soft actuators. While synthetic systems, such as pneumatics and shape memory alloys, have created important breakthroughs in soft actuation, they typically rely on large external power sources and some rigid components. Muscles provide an ideal actuator for soft constructs, as they are lightweight, deformable, biodegradable, silent, and powered by energy-dense hydrocarbons such as glucose. Vertebrate cell lines and embryonic cultures have allowed critical foundational work to this end, but progress there is limited by the difficulty of identifying individual pathways in embryonic development, and the divergence of immortal cell lines from these normal developmental programs. An alternative to culturing muscles from embryonic cells is to exploit the advantages of species with metamorphic stages. In these animals, muscles develop from a predefined pool of myoblasts with well-characterized contacts to other tissues. In addition, the endocrine triggers for development into adult muscles are often known and tractable for experimental manipulation. This is particularly true for metamorphic muscle development in holometabolous insects, which provide exciting new avenues for tissue engineering. Using insect tissues for actuator development confers additional benefits; insect muscles are more robust to varying pH, temperature, and oxygenation than are vertebrate cells. Given that biohybrid robots are likely to be used in ambient conditions and changing environments, this sort of hardiness is likely to be required for practical use. In this study, we summarize key processes and signals in metamorphic muscle development, drawing attention to those pathways that offer entry points for manipulation. By focusing on lessons learned from in vivo insect development, we propose that future culture designs will be able to use more systematic, hypothesis-driven approaches to optimizing engineered muscle. Impact statement This review summarizes our current understanding of metamorphic muscle development in insects. It provides a framework for engineering muscle-based actuators that can be used in robotic applications in a wide range of ambient conditions. The focus is on identifying key processes that might be manipulated to solve current challenges in controlling tissue development such as myoblast proliferation, myotube formation and fusion, cytoskeletal alignment, myotendinous attachment and full differentiation. An important goal is to gather findings that cross disciplinary boundaries and to promote the development of better bioactuators for nonclinical applications.
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13
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Overton IM, Sims AH, Owen JA, Heale BSE, Ford MJ, Lubbock ALR, Pairo-Castineira E, Essafi A. Functional Transcription Factor Target Networks Illuminate Control of Epithelial Remodelling. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102823. [PMID: 33007944 PMCID: PMC7652213 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell identity is governed by gene expression, regulated by transcription factor (TF) binding at cis-regulatory modules. Decoding the relationship between TF binding patterns and gene regulation is nontrivial, remaining a fundamental limitation in understanding cell decision-making. We developed the NetNC software to predict functionally active regulation of TF targets; demonstrated on nine datasets for the TFs Snail, Twist, and modENCODE Highly Occupied Target (HOT) regions. Snail and Twist are canonical drivers of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a cell programme important in development, tumour progression and fibrosis. Predicted "neutral" (non-functional) TF binding always accounted for the majority (50% to 95%) of candidate target genes from statistically significant peaks and HOT regions had higher functional binding than most of the Snail and Twist datasets examined. Our results illuminated conserved gene networks that control epithelial plasticity in development and disease. We identified new gene functions and network modules including crosstalk with notch signalling and regulation of chromatin organisation, evidencing networks that reshape Waddington's epigenetic landscape during epithelial remodelling. Expression of orthologous functional TF targets discriminated breast cancer molecular subtypes and predicted novel tumour biology, with implications for precision medicine. Predicted invasion roles were validated using a tractable cell model, supporting our approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. Overton
- MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (A.H.S.); (B.S.E.H.); (M.J.F.); (A.L.R.L.); (E.P.-C.); (A.E.)
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrew H. Sims
- MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (A.H.S.); (B.S.E.H.); (M.J.F.); (A.L.R.L.); (E.P.-C.); (A.E.)
| | - Jeremy A. Owen
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bret S. E. Heale
- MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (A.H.S.); (B.S.E.H.); (M.J.F.); (A.L.R.L.); (E.P.-C.); (A.E.)
| | - Matthew J. Ford
- MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (A.H.S.); (B.S.E.H.); (M.J.F.); (A.L.R.L.); (E.P.-C.); (A.E.)
| | - Alexander L. R. Lubbock
- MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (A.H.S.); (B.S.E.H.); (M.J.F.); (A.L.R.L.); (E.P.-C.); (A.E.)
| | - Erola Pairo-Castineira
- MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (A.H.S.); (B.S.E.H.); (M.J.F.); (A.L.R.L.); (E.P.-C.); (A.E.)
| | - Abdelkader Essafi
- MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (A.H.S.); (B.S.E.H.); (M.J.F.); (A.L.R.L.); (E.P.-C.); (A.E.)
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14
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Zullo L, Bozzo M, Daya A, Di Clemente A, Mancini FP, Megighian A, Nesher N, Röttinger E, Shomrat T, Tiozzo S, Zullo A, Candiani S. The Diversity of Muscles and Their Regenerative Potential across Animals. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091925. [PMID: 32825163 PMCID: PMC7563492 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells with contractile functions are present in almost all metazoans, and so are the related processes of muscle homeostasis and regeneration. Regeneration itself is a complex process unevenly spread across metazoans that ranges from full-body regeneration to partial reconstruction of damaged organs or body tissues, including muscles. The cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in regenerative processes can be homologous, co-opted, and/or evolved independently. By comparing the mechanisms of muscle homeostasis and regeneration throughout the diversity of animal body-plans and life cycles, it is possible to identify conserved and divergent cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying muscle plasticity. In this review we aim at providing an overview of muscle regeneration studies in metazoans, highlighting the major regenerative strategies and molecular pathways involved. By gathering these findings, we wish to advocate a comparative and evolutionary approach to prompt a wider use of “non-canonical” animal models for molecular and even pharmacological studies in the field of muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Zullo
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Micro-BioRobotics & Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology (NSYN), 16132 Genova, Italy;
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (A.Z.)
| | - Matteo Bozzo
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 5, 16132 Genova, Italy; (M.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Alon Daya
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Michmoret 40297, Israel; (A.D.); (N.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Alessio Di Clemente
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Micro-BioRobotics & Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology (NSYN), 16132 Genova, Italy;
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Aram Megighian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Nir Nesher
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Michmoret 40297, Israel; (A.D.); (N.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Eric Röttinger
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INSERM, 06107 Nice, France;
| | - Tal Shomrat
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Michmoret 40297, Israel; (A.D.); (N.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Stefano Tiozzo
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 06230 Paris, France;
| | - Alberto Zullo
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy;
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (A.Z.)
| | - Simona Candiani
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 5, 16132 Genova, Italy; (M.B.); (S.C.)
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15
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Poovathumkadavil P, Jagla K. Genetic Control of Muscle Diversification and Homeostasis: Insights from Drosophila. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061543. [PMID: 32630420 PMCID: PMC7349286 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, the larval somatic muscles or the adult thoracic flight and leg muscles are the major voluntary locomotory organs. They share several developmental and structural similarities with vertebrate skeletal muscles. To ensure appropriate activity levels for their functions such as hatching in the embryo, crawling in the larva, and jumping and flying in adult flies all muscle components need to be maintained in a functionally stable or homeostatic state despite constant strain. This requires that the muscles develop in a coordinated manner with appropriate connections to other cell types they communicate with. Various signaling pathways as well as extrinsic and intrinsic factors are known to play a role during Drosophila muscle development, diversification, and homeostasis. In this review, we discuss genetic control mechanisms of muscle contraction, development, and homeostasis with particular emphasis on the contractile unit of the muscle, the sarcomere.
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16
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Li J, Alvero AB, Nuti S, Tedja R, Roberts CM, Pitruzzello M, Li Y, Xiao Q, Zhang S, Gan Y, Wu X, Mor G, Yin G. CBX7 binds the E-box to inhibit TWIST-1 function and inhibit tumorigenicity and metastatic potential. Oncogene 2020; 39:3965-3979. [PMID: 32205869 PMCID: PMC8343988 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Deaths from ovarian cancer usually occur when patients succumb to overwhelmingly numerous and widespread micrometastasis. Whereas epithelial-mesenchymal transition is required for epithelial ovarian cancer cells to acquire metastatic potential, the cellular phenotype at secondary sites and the mechanisms required for the establishment of metastatic tumors are not fully determined. Using in vitro and in vivo models we show that secondary epithelial ovarian cancer cells (sEOC) do not fully reacquire the molecular signature of the primary epithelial ovarian cancer cells from which they are derived. Despite displaying an epithelial morphology, sEOC maintains a high expression of the mesenchymal effector, TWIST-1. TWIST-1 is however transcriptionally nonfunctional in these cells as it is precluded from binding its E-box by the PcG protein, CBX7. Deletion of CBX7 in sEOC was sufficient to reactivate TWIST-1-induced transcription, prompt mesenchymal transformation, and enhanced tumorigenicity in vivo. This regulation allows secondary tumors to achieve an epithelial morphology while conferring the advantage of prompt reversal to a mesenchymal phenotype upon perturbation of CBX7. We also describe a subclassification of ovarian tumors based on CBX7 and TWIST-1 expression, which predicts clinical outcomes and patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanni Li
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ayesha B Alvero
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sudhakar Nuti
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Roslyn Tedja
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cai M Roberts
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mary Pitruzzello
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yimin Li
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qing Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Sai Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yaqi Gan
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaoying Wu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Gil Mor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Gang Yin
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
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17
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Yang Z, Zhang L, Hu J, Wang J, Bao Z, Wang S. The evo-devo of molluscs: Insights from a genomic perspective. Evol Dev 2020; 22:409-424. [PMID: 32291964 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Molluscs represent one of ancient and evolutionarily most successful groups of marine invertebrates, with a tremendous diversity of morphology, behavior, and lifestyle. Molluscs are excellent subjects for evo-devo studies; however, understanding of the evo-devo of molluscs has been largely hampered by incomplete fossil records and limited molecular data. Recent advancement of genomics and other technologies has greatly fueled the molluscan "evo-devo" field, and decoding of several molluscan genomes provides unprecedented insights into molluscan biology and evolution. Here, we review the recent progress of molluscan genome sequencing as well as novel insights gained from their genomes, by emphasizing how molluscan genomics enhances our understanding of the evo-devo of molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingjie Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shi Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,The Sars-Fang Centre, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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18
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Choi IY, Lim H, Cho HJ, Oh Y, Chou BK, Bai H, Cheng L, Kim YJ, Hyun S, Kim H, Shin JH, Lee G. Transcriptional landscape of myogenesis from human pluripotent stem cells reveals a key role of TWIST1 in maintenance of skeletal muscle progenitors. eLife 2020; 9:e46981. [PMID: 32011235 PMCID: PMC6996923 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of skeletal muscle cells with human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) opens new avenues for deciphering essential, but poorly understood aspects of transcriptional regulation in human myogenic specification. In this study, we characterized the transcriptional landscape of distinct human myogenic stages, including OCT4::EGFP+ pluripotent stem cells, MSGN1::EGFP+ presomite cells, PAX7::EGFP+ skeletal muscle progenitor cells, MYOG::EGFP+ myoblasts, and multinucleated myotubes. We defined signature gene expression profiles from each isolated cell population with unbiased clustering analysis, which provided unique insights into the transcriptional dynamics of human myogenesis from undifferentiated hPSCs to fully differentiated myotubes. Using a knock-out strategy, we identified TWIST1 as a critical factor in maintenance of human PAX7::EGFP+ putative skeletal muscle progenitor cells. Our data revealed a new role of TWIST1 in human skeletal muscle progenitors, and we have established a foundation to identify transcriptional regulations of human myogenic ontogeny (online database can be accessed in http://www.myogenesis.net/).
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Affiliation(s)
- In Young Choi
- The Institute for Cell EngineeringJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Graduate SchoolKyung Hee UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hotae Lim
- The Institute for Cell EngineeringJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- College of Veterinary MedicineChungbuk National UniversityChungbukRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jin Cho
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical CampusBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Yohan Oh
- The Institute for Cell EngineeringJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Bin-Kuan Chou
- The Institute for Cell EngineeringJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Division of Hematology, Department of MedicineJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Hao Bai
- The Institute for Cell EngineeringJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Division of Hematology, Department of MedicineJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Linzhao Cheng
- Division of Hematology, Department of MedicineJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Yong Jun Kim
- Department of Pathololgy, College of MedicineKyung Hee UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - SangHwan Hyun
- The Institute for Cell EngineeringJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- College of Veterinary MedicineChungbuk National UniversityChungbukRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyesoo Kim
- The Institute for Cell EngineeringJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Joo Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical CampusBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Gabsang Lee
- The Institute for Cell EngineeringJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- The Solomon H. Synder Department of NeuroscienceJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
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19
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Peng PC, Khoueiry P, Girardot C, Reddington JP, Garfield DA, Furlong EEM, Sinha S. The Role of Chromatin Accessibility in cis-Regulatory Evolution. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 11:1813-1828. [PMID: 31114856 PMCID: PMC6601868 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor (TF) binding is determined by sequence as well as chromatin accessibility. Although the role of accessibility in shaping TF-binding landscapes is well recorded, its role in evolutionary divergence of TF binding, which in turn can alter cis-regulatory activities, is not well understood. In this work, we studied the evolution of genome-wide binding landscapes of five major TFs in the core network of mesoderm specification, between Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila virilis, and examined its relationship to accessibility and sequence-level changes. We generated chromatin accessibility data from three important stages of embryogenesis in both Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila virilis and recorded conservation and divergence patterns. We then used multivariable models to correlate accessibility and sequence changes to TF-binding divergence. We found that accessibility changes can in some cases, for example, for the master regulator Twist and for earlier developmental stages, more accurately predict binding change than is possible using TF-binding motif changes between orthologous enhancers. Accessibility changes also explain a significant portion of the codivergence of TF pairs. We noted that accessibility and motif changes offer complementary views of the evolution of TF binding and developed a combined model that captures the evolutionary data much more accurately than either view alone. Finally, we trained machine learning models to predict enhancer activity from TF binding and used these functional models to argue that motif and accessibility-based predictors of TF-binding change can substitute for experimentally measured binding change, for the purpose of predicting evolutionary changes in enhancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chen Peng
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.,Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Pierre Khoueiry
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany.,American University of Beirut (AUB), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Charles Girardot
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - James P Reddington
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David A Garfield
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany.,IRI-Life Sciences, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eileen E M Furlong
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Saurabh Sinha
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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20
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Schloop AE, Bandodkar PU, Reeves GT. Formation, interpretation, and regulation of the Drosophila Dorsal/NF-κB gradient. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 137:143-191. [PMID: 32143742 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The morphogen gradient of the transcription factor Dorsal in the early Drosophila embryo has become one of the most widely studied tissue patterning systems. Dorsal is a Drosophila homolog of mammalian NF-κB and patterns the dorsal-ventral axis of the blastoderm embryo into several tissue types by spatially regulating upwards of 100 zygotic genes. Recent studies using fluorescence microscopy and live imaging have quantified the Dorsal gradient and its target genes, which has paved the way for mechanistic modeling of the gradient. In this review, we describe the mechanisms behind the initiation of the Dorsal gradient and its regulation of target genes. The main focus of the review is a discussion of quantitative and computational studies of the Dl gradient system, including regulation of the Dl gradient. We conclude with a discussion of potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E Schloop
- Genetics Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Prasad U Bandodkar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Gregory T Reeves
- Genetics Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.
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21
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A Large Scale Systemic RNAi Screen in the Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum Identifies Novel Genes Involved in Insect Muscle Development. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2019; 9:1009-1026. [PMID: 30733381 PMCID: PMC6469426 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although muscle development has been widely studied in Drosophila melanogaster there are still many gaps in our knowledge, and it is not known to which extent this knowledge can be transferred to other insects. To help in closing these gaps we participated in a large-scale RNAi screen that used the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, as a screening platform. The effects of systemic RNAi were screened upon double-stranded RNA injections into appropriate muscle-EGFP tester strains. Injections into pupae were followed by the analysis of the late embryonic/early larval muscle patterns, and injections into larvae by the analysis of the adult thoracic muscle patterns. Herein we describe the results of the first-pass screens with pupal and larval injections, which covered ∼8,500 and ∼5,000 genes, respectively, of a total of ∼16,500 genes of the Tribolium genome. Apart from many genes known from Drosophila as regulators of muscle development, a collection of genes previously unconnected to muscle development yielded phenotypes in larval body wall and leg muscles as well as in indirect flight muscles. We then present the main candidates from the pupal injection screen that remained after being processed through a series of verification and selection steps. Further, we discuss why distinct though overlapping sets of genes are revealed by the Drosophila and Tribolium screening approaches.
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22
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The Repo Homeodomain Transcription Factor Suppresses Hematopoiesis in Drosophila and Preserves the Glial Fate. J Neurosci 2018; 39:238-255. [PMID: 30504274 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1059-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their different origins, Drosophila glia and hemocytes are related cell populations that provide an immune function. Drosophila hemocytes patrol the body cavity and act as macrophages outside the nervous system, whereas glia originate from the neuroepithelium and provide the scavenger population of the nervous system. Drosophila glia are hence the functional orthologs of vertebrate microglia, even though the latter are cells of immune origin that subsequently move into the brain during development. Interestingly, the Drosophila immune cells within (glia) and outside (hemocytes) the nervous system require the same transcription factor glial cells deficient/glial cells missing (Glide/Gcm) for their development. This raises the issue of how do glia specifically differentiate in the nervous system, and hemocytes in the procephalic mesoderm. The Repo homeodomain transcription factor and panglial direct target of Glide/Gcm is known to ensure glial terminal differentiation. Here we show that Repo also takes center stage in the process that discriminates between glia and hemocytes. First, Repo expression is repressed in the hemocyte anlagen by mesoderm-specific factors. Second, Repo ectopic activation in the procephalic mesoderm is sufficient to repress the expression of hemocyte-specific genes. Third, the lack of Repo triggers the expression of hemocyte markers in glia. Thus, a complex network of tissue-specific cues biases the potential of Glide/Gcm. These data allow us to revise the concept of fate determinants and help us to understand the bases of cell specification. Both sexes were analyzed.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Distinct cell types often require the same pioneer transcription factor, raising the issue of how one factor triggers different fates. In Drosophila, glia and hemocytes provide a scavenger activity within and outside the nervous system, respectively. While they both require the glial cells deficient/glial cells missing (Glide/Gcm) transcription factor, glia originate from the ectoderm, and hemocytes from the mesoderm. Here we show that tissue-specific factors inhibit the gliogenic potential of Glide/Gcm in the mesoderm by repressing the expression of the homeodomain protein Repo, a major glial-specific target of Glide/Gcm. Repo expression in turn inhibits the expression of hemocyte-specific genes in the nervous system. These cell-specific networks secure the establishment of the glial fate only in the nervous system and allow cell diversification.
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23
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Takenouchi T, Sakamoto Y, Sato H, Suzuki H, Uehara T, Ohsone Y, Kosaki K. Ablepharon and craniosynostosis in a patient with a localized TWIST1 basic domain substitution. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:2777-2780. [PMID: 30450715 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The TWIST family is a group of highly conserved basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors. In humans, TWIST1 haploinsufficiency causes Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, which is characterized by craniosynostosis. Heterozygous localized TWIST1 and TWIST2 basic domain substitutions exert antimorphic effects to cause Sweeney-Cox syndrome, Barber-Say syndrome, and ablepharon-macrostomia syndrome, respectively. Sweeney-Cox syndrome, Barber-Say syndrome, and ablepharon-macrostomia syndrome share the facial features of ablepharon, hypertelorism, underdevelopment of the eyelids, and cheek pads adjacent to the corners of the mouth. Existence of phenotypic overlap between Saethre-Chotzen syndrome and Sweeney-Cox syndrome remains unknown. Herein, we document a male infant with the distinctive facial features of ablepharon, hypertelorism, cheek pads adjacent to the corners of the mouth, and bilateral coronal suture craniosynostosis who had a de novo heterozygous mutation in the basic domain of TWIST1, that is, c.351C>G p.Glu117Asp. The pathogenicity of this variant was supported by in silico and in vivo evidence. Our review showed that Sweeney-Cox syndrome appears to share many characteristics with Barber-Say syndrome and ablepharon-macrostomia syndrome except for craniosynostosis, which is a cardinal feature of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. An amino acid substitution from Glu117 to Asp, both of which are the sole members of negatively charged amino acids, resulted in a prototypic Sweeney-Cox syndrome phenotype. This suggests that any amino acid substitutions at Glu117 would likely lead to the Sweeney-Cox syndrome phenotype or lethality. The present observation suggests that a localized TWIST1 basic domain substitution, that is, p.Glu117Asp, in TWIST1 may exert a mild antimorphic effect similar to that of haploinsufficiency, leading to craniosynostosis and ablepharon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Takenouchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sakamoto
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironori Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiba University, Chiba City, Japan
| | - Hisato Suzuki
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Uehara
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kenjiro Kosaki
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Quarto N, Shailendra S, Meyer NP, Menon S, Renda A, Longaker MT. Twist1-Haploinsufficiency Selectively Enhances the Osteoskeletal Capacity of Mesoderm-Derived Parietal Bone Through Downregulation of Fgf23. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1426. [PMID: 30374308 PMCID: PMC6196243 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial development is a program exquisitely orchestrated by tissue contributions and regulation of genes expression. The basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factor Twist1 expressed in the skeletal mesenchyme is a key regulator of craniofacial development playing an important role during osteoskeletogenesis. This study investigates the postnatal impact of Twist1 haploinsufficiency on the osteoskeletal ability and regeneration on two calvarial bones arising from tissues of different embryonic origin: the neural crest-derived frontal and the mesoderm-derived parietal bones. We show that Twist1 haplonsufficiency as well Twist1-sh-mediated silencing selectively enhanced osteogenic and tissue regeneration ability of mesoderm-derived bones. Transcriptomic profiling, gain-and loss-of-function experiments revealed that Twist1 haplonsufficiency triggers its selective activity on mesoderm-derived bone through a sharp downregulation of the bone-derived hormone Fgf23 that is upregulated exclusively in wild-type parietal bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalina Quarto
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Universita' degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Siny Shailendra
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Nathaniel P Meyer
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Siddharth Menon
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Andrea Renda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Universita' degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Michael T Longaker
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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25
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Identification of a multipotent Twist2-expressing cell population in the adult heart. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8430-E8439. [PMID: 30127033 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1800526115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Twist transcription factors function as ancestral regulators of mesodermal cell fates in organisms ranging from Drosophila to mammals. Through lineage tracing of Twist2 (Tw2)-expressing cells with tamoxifen-inducible Tw2-CreERT2 and tdTomato (tdTO) reporter mice, we discovered a unique cell population that progressively contributes to cardiomyocytes (CMs), endothelial cells, and fibroblasts in the adult heart. Clonal analysis confirmed the ability of Tw2-derived tdTO+ (Tw2-tdTO+) cells to form CMs in vitro. Within the adult heart, Tw2-tdTO+ CMs accounted for ∼13% of total CMs, the majority of which resulted from fusion of Tw2-tdTO+ cells with existing CMs. Tw2-tdTO+ cells also contribute to cardiac remodeling after injury. We conclude that Tw2-tdTO+ cells participate in lifelong maintenance of cardiac function, at least in part through de novo formation of CMs and fusion with preexisting CMs, as well as in the genesis of other cellular components of the adult heart.
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26
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Perea-Atienza E, Sprecher SG, Martínez P. Characterization of the bHLH family of transcriptional regulators in the acoel S. roscoffensis and their putative role in neurogenesis. EvoDevo 2018; 9:8. [PMID: 29610658 PMCID: PMC5875013 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-018-0097-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors is one of the largest superfamilies of regulatory transcription factors and is widely used in eukaryotic organisms. They play an essential role in a range of metabolic, physiological, and developmental processes, including the development of the nervous system (NS). These transcription factors have been studied in many metazoans, especially in vertebrates but also in early branching metazoan clades such as the cnidarians and sponges. However, currently very little is known about their expression in the most basally branching bilaterian group, the xenacoelomorphs. Recently, our laboratory has characterized the full complement of bHLH in the genome of two members of the Xenacoelomorpha, the xenoturbellid Xenoturbella bocki and the acoel Symsagittifera roscoffensis. Understanding the patterns of bHLH gene expression in members of this phylum (in space and time) provides critical new insights into the conserved roles of the bHLH and their putative specificities in this group. Our focus is on deciphering the specific roles that these genes have in the process of neurogenesis. Results Here, we analyze the developmental expression of the whole complement of bHLH genes identified in the acoel S. roscoffensis. Based on their expression patterns, several members of bHLH class A appear to have specific conserved roles in neurogenesis, while other class A genes (as well as members of other classes) have likely taken on more generalized functions. All gene expression patterns are described in embryos and early juveniles. Conclusion Our results suggest that the main roles of the bHLH genes of S. roscoffensis are evolutionarily conserved, with a specific subset dedicated to patterning the nervous system: SrAscA, SrAscB, SrHes/Hey, SrNscl, SrSrebp, SrE12/E47 and SrOlig. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13227-018-0097-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Perea-Atienza
- 1Departament de Genètica, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - S G Sprecher
- 3Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 10, ch. Du Musée, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - P Martínez
- 1Departament de Genètica, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,2Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Gunage RD, Dhanyasi N, Reichert H, VijayRaghavan K. Drosophila adult muscle development and regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 72:56-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Scallop genome reveals molecular adaptations to semi-sessile life and neurotoxins. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1721. [PMID: 29167427 PMCID: PMC5700196 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01927-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bivalve molluscs are descendants of an early-Cambrian lineage superbly adapted to benthic filter feeding. Adaptations in form and behavior are well recognized, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we investigate the genome, various transcriptomes, and proteomes of the scallop Chlamys farreri, a semi-sessile bivalve with well-developed adductor muscle, sophisticated eyes, and remarkable neurotoxin resistance. The scallop's large striated muscle is energy-dynamic but not fully differentiated from smooth muscle. Its eyes are supported by highly diverse, intronless opsins expanded by retroposition for broadened spectral sensitivity. Rapid byssal secretion is enabled by a specialized foot and multiple proteins including expanded tyrosinases. The scallop uses hepatopancreas to accumulate neurotoxins and kidney to transform to high-toxicity forms through expanded sulfotransferases, probably as deterrence against predation, while it achieves neurotoxin resistance through point mutations in sodium channels. These findings suggest that expansion and mutation of those genes may have profound effects on scallop's phenotype and adaptation.
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Taylor MV, Hughes SM. Mef2 and the skeletal muscle differentiation program. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 72:33-44. [PMID: 29154822 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mef2 is a conserved and significant transcription factor in the control of muscle gene expression. In cell culture Mef2 synergises with MyoD-family members in the activation of gene expression and in the conversion of fibroblasts into myoblasts. Amongst its in vivo roles, Mef2 is required for both Drosophila muscle development and mammalian muscle regeneration. Mef2 has functions in other cell-types too, but this review focuses on skeletal muscle and surveys key findings on Mef2 from its discovery, shortly after that of MyoD, up to the present day. In particular, in vivo functions, underpinning mechanisms and areas of uncertainty are highlighted. We describe how Mef2 sits at a nexus in the gene expression network that controls the muscle differentiation program, and how Mef2 activity must be regulated in time and space to orchestrate specific outputs within the different aspects of muscle development. A theme that emerges is that there is much to be learnt about the different Mef2 proteins (from different paralogous genes, spliced transcripts and species) and how the activity of these proteins is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Taylor
- School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
| | - Simon M Hughes
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL UK
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30
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Kim JS, Jiménez BIM, Kwak HJ, Park SC, Xiao P, Weisblat DA, Cho SJ. Spatiotemporal expression of a twist homolog in the leech Helobdella austinensis. Dev Genes Evol 2017; 227:245-252. [PMID: 28699036 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-017-0585-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Genes of the twist family encode bHLH transcription factors known to be involved in the regulation and differentiation of early mesoderm. Here, we report our characterization of Hau-twist, a twist homolog from the leech Helobdella austinensis, a tractable lophotrochozoan representative. Hau-twist was expressed in segmental founder cells of the mesodermal lineage, in subsets of cells within the mesodermal lineage of the germinal plate, in circumferential muscle fibers of a provisional integument during segmentation and organogenesis stages and on the ventral side of the developing proboscis. Thus, consistent with other systems, our results suggest that twist gene of the leech Helobdella might function in mesoderm differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Se Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Brenda Irene Medina Jiménez
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Kwak
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Cheol Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Ping Xiao
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 385 LSA, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3200, USA
| | - David A Weisblat
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 385 LSA, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3200, USA.
| | - Sung-Jin Cho
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 385 LSA, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3200, USA.
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31
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Saari S, Andjelković A, Garcia GS, Jacobs HT, Oliveira MT. Expression of Ciona intestinalis AOX causes male reproductive defects in Drosophila melanogaster. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 17:9. [PMID: 28673232 PMCID: PMC5496232 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-017-0151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial alternative respiratory-chain enzymes are phylogenetically widespread, and buffer stresses affecting oxidative phosphorylation in species that possess them. However, they have been lost in the evolutionary lineages leading to vertebrates and arthropods, raising the question as to what survival or reproductive disadvantages they confer. Recent interest in using them in therapy lends a biomedical dimension to this question. Methods Here, we examined the impact of the expression of Ciona intestinalis alternative oxidase, AOX, on the reproductive success of Drosophila melanogaster males. Sperm-competition assays were performed between flies carrying three copies of a ubiquitously expressed AOX construct, driven by the α-tubulin promoter, and wild-type males of the same genetic background. Results In sperm-competition assays, AOX conferred a substantial disadvantage, associated with decreased production of mature sperm. Sperm differentiation appeared to proceed until the last stages, but was spatially deranged, with spermatozoids retained in the testis instead of being released to the seminal vesicle. High AOX expression was detected in the outermost cell-layer of the testis sheath, which we hypothesize may disrupt a signal required for sperm maturation. Conclusions AOX expression in Drosophila thus has effects that are deleterious to male reproductive function. Our results imply that AOX therapy must be developed with caution. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12861-017-0151-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Saari
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, Tampere University Hospital, University of Tampere, FI-33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ana Andjelković
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, Tampere University Hospital, University of Tampere, FI-33014, Tampere, Finland
| | - Geovana S Garcia
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Howard T Jacobs
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, Tampere University Hospital, University of Tampere, FI-33014, Tampere, Finland. .,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Marcos T Oliveira
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, Tampere University Hospital, University of Tampere, FI-33014, Tampere, Finland.,Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
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32
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Arredondo JJ, Vivar J, Laine-Menéndez S, Martínez-Morentin L, Cervera M. CF2 transcription factor is involved in the regulation of Mef2 RNA levels, nuclei number and muscle fiber size. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179194. [PMID: 28617826 PMCID: PMC5472297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CF2 and Mef2 influence a variety of developmental muscle processes at distinct stages of development. Nevertheless, the exact nature of the CF2-Mef2 relationship and its effects on muscle building remain yet to be resolved. Here, we explored the regulatory role of CF2 in the Drosophila embryo muscle formation. To address this question and not having proper null CF2 mutants we exploited loss or gain of function strategies to study the contribution of CF2 to Mef2 transcription regulation and to muscle formation. Our data point to CF2 as a factor involved in the regulation of muscle final size and/or the number of nuclei present in each muscle. This function is independent of its role as a Mef2 collaborative factor in the transcriptional regulation of muscle-structural genes. Although Mef2 expression patterns do not change, reductions or increases in parallel in CF2 and Mef2 transcript abundance were observed in interfered and overexpressed CF2 embryos. Since CF2 expression variations yield altered Mef2 expression levels but with correct spatio-temporal Mef2 expression patterns, it can be concluded that only the mechanism controlling expression levels is de-regulated. Here, it is proposed that CF2 regulates Mef2 expression through a Feedforward Loop circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J. Arredondo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERER), c/ Arzobispo Morcillo 4, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (JJA); (MC)
| | - Jorge Vivar
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERER), c/ Arzobispo Morcillo 4, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Laine-Menéndez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERER), c/ Arzobispo Morcillo 4, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leticia Martínez-Morentin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERER), c/ Arzobispo Morcillo 4, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Cervera
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERER), c/ Arzobispo Morcillo 4, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (JJA); (MC)
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33
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Forghanifard MM, Rad A, Farshchian M, Khaleghizadeh M, Gholamin M, Moghbeli M, Abbaszadegan MR. TWIST1 upregulates the MAGEA4 oncogene. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:877-885. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abolfazl Rad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center; Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences; Sabzevar Iran
| | - Moein Farshchian
- Molecular Medicine Research Department; ACECR-Khorasan Razavi Branch; Mashhad Iran
| | - Maryam Khaleghizadeh
- Division of Human Genetics; Immunology Research Center; Avicenna Research Institute; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Mehran Gholamin
- Division of Human Genetics; Immunology Research Center; Avicenna Research Institute; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Meysam Moghbeli
- Division of Human Genetics; Immunology Research Center; Avicenna Research Institute; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Abbaszadegan
- Division of Human Genetics; Immunology Research Center; Avicenna Research Institute; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
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34
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A Twist2-dependent progenitor cell contributes to adult skeletal muscle. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:202-213. [PMID: 28218909 PMCID: PMC5332283 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle possesses remarkable regenerative potential due to satellite cells, an injury-responsive stem cell population located beneath the muscle basal lamina that expresses Pax7. By lineage tracing of progenitor cells expressing the Twist2 (Tw2) transcription factor in mice, we discovered a myogenic lineage that resides outside the basal lamina of adult skeletal muscle. Tw2+ progenitors are molecularly and anatomically distinct from satellite cells, are highly myogenic in vitro, and can fuse with themselves and with satellite cells. Tw2+ progenitors contribute specifically to type IIb/x myofibers during adulthood and muscle regeneration, and their genetic ablation causes wasting of type IIb myofibers. We show that Tw2 expression maintains progenitor cells in an undifferentiated state that is poised to initiate myogenesis in response to appropriate cues that extinguish Tw2 expression. Tw2-expressing myogenic progenitors represent a previously unrecognized, fiber-type specific stem cell involved in post-natal muscle growth and regeneration.
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35
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Qualitative Dynamical Modelling Can Formally Explain Mesoderm Specification and Predict Novel Developmental Phenotypes. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005073. [PMID: 27599298 PMCID: PMC5012701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the complexity of developmental networks, it is often difficult to predict the effect of genetic perturbations, even within coding genes. Regulatory factors generally have pleiotropic effects, exhibit partially redundant roles, and regulate highly interconnected pathways with ample cross-talk. Here, we delineate a logical model encompassing 48 components and 82 regulatory interactions involved in mesoderm specification during Drosophila development, thereby providing a formal integration of all available genetic information from the literature. The four main tissues derived from mesoderm correspond to alternative stable states. We demonstrate that the model can predict known mutant phenotypes and use it to systematically predict the effects of over 300 new, often non-intuitive, loss- and gain-of-function mutations, and combinations thereof. We further validated several novel predictions experimentally, thereby demonstrating the robustness of model. Logical modelling can thus contribute to formally explain and predict regulatory outcomes underlying cell fate decisions.
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36
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Cattenoz PB, Giangrande A. Revisiting the role of the Gcm transcription factor, from master regulator to Swiss army knife. Fly (Austin) 2016; 10:210-8. [PMID: 27434165 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2016.1212793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Master genes are known to induce the differentiation of a multipotent cell into a specific cell type. These molecules are often transcription factors that switch on the regulatory cascade that triggers cell specification. Gcm was first described as the master gene of the glial fate in Drosophila as it induces the differentiation of neuroblasts into glia in the developing nervous system. Later on, Gcm was also shown to regulate the differentiation of blood, tendon and peritracheal cells as well as that of neuronal subsets. Thus, the glial master gene is used in at least 4 additional systems to promote differentiation. To understand the numerous roles of Gcm, we recently reported a genome-wide screen of Gcm direct targets in the Drosophila embryo. This screen provided new insight into the role and mode of action of this powerful transcription factor, notably on the interactions between Gcm and major differentiation pathways such as the Hedgehog, Notch and JAK/STAT. Here, we discuss the mode of action of Gcm in the different systems, we present new tissues that require Gcm and we revise the concept of 'master gene'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre B Cattenoz
- a Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer , Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , Illkirch , France
| | - Angela Giangrande
- a Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer , Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire , Illkirch , France
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37
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Kozin VV, Kostyuchenko RP. Evolutionary conservation and variability of the mesoderm development in spiralia: A peculiar pattern of nereid polychaetes. BIOL BULL+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359016030079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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38
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Kozin VV, Filimonova DA, Kupriashova EE, Kostyuchenko RP. Mesoderm patterning and morphogenesis in the polychaete Alitta virens (Spiralia, Annelida): Expression of mesodermal markers Twist, Mox, Evx and functional role for MAP kinase signaling. Mech Dev 2016; 140:1-11. [PMID: 27000638 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesoderm represents the evolutionary youngest germ layer and forms numerous novel tissues in bilaterian animals. Despite the established conservation of the gene regulatory networks that drive mesoderm differentiation (e.g. myogenesis), mechanisms of mesoderm specification are highly variable in distant model species. Thus, broader phylogenetic sampling is required to reveal common features of mesoderm formation across bilaterians. Here we focus on a representative of Spiralia, the marine annelid Alitta virens, whose mesoderm development is still poorly investigated on the molecular level. We characterize three novel early mesodermal markers for A. virens - Twist, Mox, and Evx - which are differentially expressed within the mesodermal lineages. The Twist mRNA is ubiquitously distributed in the fertilized egg and exhibits specific expression in endomesodermal- and ectomesodermal-founder cells at gastrulation. Twist is expressed around the blastopore and later in a segmental metameric pattern. We consider this expression to be ancestral, and in support of the enterocoelic hypothesis of mesoderm evolution. We also revealed an early pattern of the MAPK activation in A. virens that is different from the previously reported pattern in spiralians. Inhibition of the MAPK pathway by U0126 disrupts the metameric Twist and Mox expression, indicating an early requirement of the MAPK cascade for proper morphogenesis of endomesodermal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly V Kozin
- Department of Embryology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7-9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Daria A Filimonova
- Department of Embryology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7-9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina E Kupriashova
- Department of Embryology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7-9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Roman P Kostyuchenko
- Department of Embryology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7-9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.
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Azevedo M, Schulman VK, Folker E, Balakrishnan M, Baylies M. Imaging Approaches to Investigate Myonuclear Positioning in Drosophila. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1411:291-312. [PMID: 27147050 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3530-7_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the skeletal muscle, nuclei are positioned at the periphery of each myofiber and are evenly distributed along its length. Improper positioning of myonuclei has been correlated with muscle disease and decreased muscle function. Several mechanisms required for regulating nuclear position have been identified using the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. The conservation of the myofiber between the fly and vertebrates, the availability of advanced genetic tools, and the ability to visualize dynamic processes using fluorescent proteins in vivo makes the fly an excellent system to study myonuclear positioning. This chapter describes time-lapse and fixed imaging methodologies using both the Drosophila embryo and the larva to investigate mechanisms of myonuclear positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Azevedo
- Graduate Program in Basic and Applied Biology (GABBA), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Baylies Lab, Box 310, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Victoria K Schulman
- Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Baylies Lab, Box 310, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Eric Folker
- Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Baylies Lab, Box 310, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Biology Department, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Mridula Balakrishnan
- Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Baylies Lab, Box 310, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Weill Graduate School at Cornell Medical College, 430 East 67th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Mary Baylies
- Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Baylies Lab, Box 310, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Weill Graduate School at Cornell Medical College, 430 East 67th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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Carrasco-Rando M, Atienza-Manuel A, Martín P, Burke R, Ruiz-Gómez M. Fear-of-intimacy mediated zinc transport controls the function of Zn-finger transcription factors involved in myogenesis. Development 2016; 143:1948-57. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.131953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is a component of one tenth of all human proteins. Its cellular concentration is tightly regulated because its dyshomeostasis has catastrophic health consequences. Two families of zinc transporters control zinc homeostasis in organisms, but there is little information about their specific developmental roles. We show that the ZIP transporter fear-of-intimacy (foi) is necessary for the formation of Drosophila muscles. In foi mutants, myoblasts segregate normally, but their specification is affected, leading to the formation of a misshapen muscle pattern and distorted midgut. The observed phenotypes could be ascribed to the inactivation of specific zing-finger transcription factors (ZFTFs), supporting the hypothesis that they a consequence of a zinc intracellular depletion. Accordingly, foi phenotypes can be rescued by mesodermal expression of other ZIP members with similar subcellular localization. We propose that Foi acts mostly as a transporter to regulate zinc intracellular homeostasis, thereby impacting on the activity of ZFTFs that control specific developmental processes. Our results additionally suggest a possible explanation for the presence of large numbers of zinc transporters in organisms based on differences in ion transport specificity and/or degrees of activity among transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Carrasco-Rando
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and UAM, C/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049-Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexandra Atienza-Manuel
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and UAM, C/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049-Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Martín
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and UAM, C/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049-Madrid, Spain
| | - Richard Burke
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Mar Ruiz-Gómez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and UAM, C/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049-Madrid, Spain
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Quarto N, Senarath-Yapa K, Renda A, Longaker MT. TWIST1 silencing enhances in vitro and in vivo osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells by triggering activation of BMP-ERK/FGF signaling and TAZ upregulation. Stem Cells 2015; 33:833-47. [PMID: 25446627 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show promise for cellular therapy and regenerative medicine. Human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hASCs) represent an attractive source of seed cells in bone regeneration. How to effectively improve osteogenic differentiation of hASCs in the bone tissue engineering has become a very important question with profound translational implications. Numerous regulatory pathways dominate osteogenic differentiation of hASCs involving transcriptional factors and signaling molecules. However, how these factors combine with each other to regulate hASCs osteogenic differentiation still remains to be illustrated. The highly conserved developmental proteins TWIST play key roles for transcriptional regulation in mesenchymal cell lineages. This study investigates TWIST1 function in hASCs osteogenesis. Our results show that TWIST1 shRNA silencing increased the osteogenic potential of hASCs in vitro and their skeletal regenerative ability when applied in vivo. We demonstrate that the increased osteogenic capacity observed with TWIST1 knockdown in hASCs is mediated through endogenous activation of BMP and ERK/FGF signaling leading, in turn, to upregulation of TAZ, a transcriptional modulator of MSCs differentiation along the osteoblast lineage. Inhibition either of BMP or ERK/FGF signaling suppressed TAZ upregulation and the enhanced osteogenesis in shTWIST1 hASCs. Cosilencing of both TWIST1 and TAZ abrogated the effect elicited by TWIST1 knockdown thus, identifying TAZ as a downstream mediator through which TWIST1 knockdown enhanced osteogenic differentiation in hASCs. Our functional study contributes to a better knowledge of molecular mechanisms governing the osteogenic ability of hASCs, and highlights TWIST1 as a potential target to facilitate in vivo bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalina Quarto
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Universita' degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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42
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Nuti SV, Mor G, Li P, Yin G. TWIST and ovarian cancer stem cells: implications for chemoresistance and metastasis. Oncotarget 2015; 5:7260-71. [PMID: 25238494 PMCID: PMC4202121 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor TWIST1 is a highly evolutionally conserved basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) transcription factor that functions as a master regulator of gastrulation and mesodermal development. Although TWIST1 was initially associated with embryo development, an increasing number of studies have shown TWIST1 role in the regulation of tissue homeostasis, primarily as a regulator of inflammation. More recently, TWIST1 has been found to be involved in the process of tumor metastasis through the regulation of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). The objective of this review is to examine the normal functions of TWIST1 and its role in tumor development, with a particular focus on ovarian cancer. We discuss the potential role of TWIST1 in the context of ovarian cancer stem cells and its influence in the process of tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar V Nuti
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gil Mor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peiyao Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Gang Yin
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Dobi KC, Schulman VK, Baylies MK. Specification of the somatic musculature in Drosophila. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:357-75. [PMID: 25728002 PMCID: PMC4456285 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The somatic muscle system formed during Drosophila embryogenesis is required for larvae to hatch, feed, and crawl. This system is replaced in the pupa by a new adult muscle set, responsible for activities such as feeding, walking, and flight. Both the larval and adult muscle systems are comprised of distinct muscle fibers to serve these specific motor functions. In this way, the Drosophila musculature is a valuable model for patterning within a single tissue: while all muscle cells share properties such as the contractile apparatus, properties such as size, position, and number of nuclei are unique for a particular muscle. In the embryo, diversification of muscle fibers relies first on signaling cascades that pattern the mesoderm. Subsequently, the combinatorial expression of specific transcription factors leads muscle fibers to adopt particular sizes, shapes, and orientations. Adult muscle precursors (AMPs), set aside during embryonic development, proliferate during the larval phases and seed the formation of the abdominal, leg, and flight muscles in the adult fly. Adult muscle fibers may either be formed de novo from the fusion of the AMPs, or are created by the binding of AMPs to an existing larval muscle. While less is known about adult muscle specification compared to the larva, expression of specific transcription factors is also important for its diversification. Increasingly, the mechanisms required for the diversification of fly muscle have found parallels in vertebrate systems and mark Drosophila as a robust model system to examine questions about how diverse cell types are generated within an organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista C. Dobi
- Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victoria K. Schulman
- Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary K. Baylies
- Program in Developmental Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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44
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Sellars MJ, Trewin C, McWilliam SM, Glaves RSE, Hertzler PL. Transcriptome profiles of Penaeus (Marsupenaeus) japonicus animal and vegetal half-embryos: identification of sex determination, germ line, mesoderm, and other developmental genes. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 17:252-265. [PMID: 25634056 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-015-9613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is virtually no knowledge of the molecular events controlling early embryogenesis in Penaeid shrimp. A combination of controlled spawning environment, shrimp embryo micro-dissection techniques, and next-generation sequencing was used to produce transcriptome EST datasets of Penaeus japonicus animal and vegetal half-embryos. Embryos were collected immediately after spawning, and then blastomeres were separated at the two-cell stage and allowed to develop to late gastrulation, then pooled for RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis. Ion Torrent sequencing of cDNA from approximately 500 pooled animal and vegetal half-embryos from multiple spawnings resulted in 560,516 and 493,703 reads, respectively. Reads from each library were assembled and Gene Ontogeny analysis produced 3479 annotated animal contigs and 4173 annotated vegetal contigs, with 159/139 hits for developmental processes in the animal/vegetal contigs, respectively. Contigs were subject to BLAST for selected developmental toolbox genes. Some of the genes found included the sex determination genes sex-lethal and transformer; the germ line genes argonaute 1, boule, germ cell-less, gustavus, maelstrom, mex-3, par-1, pumilio, SmB, staufen, and tudor; the mesoderm genes brachyury, mef2, snail, and twist; the axis determination/segmentation genes β-catenin, deformed, distal-less, engrailed, giant, hairy, hunchback, kruppel, orthodenticle, patched, tailless, and wingless/wnt-8c; and a number of cell-cycle regulators. Animal and vegetal contigs were computationally subtracted from each other to produce sets unique to either half-embryo library. Genes expressed only in the animal half included bmp1, kruppel, maelstrom, and orthodenticle. Genes expressed only in the vegetal half included boule, brachyury, deformed, dorsal, engrailed, hunchback, spalt, twist, and wingless/wnt-8c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melony J Sellars
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Integrated Sustainable Aquaculture, Dutton Park, Qld, 4102, Australia,
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45
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Haralalka S, Abmayr SM. Tracing myoblast fusion in Drosophila embryos by fluorescent actin probes. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1313:149-64. [PMID: 25947663 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2703-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Myoblast fusion in the Drosophila embryo is a highly elaborate process that is initiated by Founder Cells and Fusion-Competent Myoblasts (FCMs). It occurs through an asymmetric event in which actin foci assemble in the FCMs at points of cell-cell contact and direct the formation of membrane protrusions that drive fusion. Herein, we describe the approach that we have used to image in living embryos the highly dynamic actin foci and actin-rich projections that precede myoblast fusion. We discuss resources currently available for imaging actin and myogenesis, and our experience with these resources if available. This technical report is not intended to be comprehensive on providing instruction on standard microscopy practices or software utilization. However, we discuss microscope parameters that we have used in data collection, and our experience with image processing tools in data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Haralalka
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th Street, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
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46
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Hull R, Oosthuysen B, Cajee UF, Mokgohloa L, Nweke E, Antunes RJ, Coetzer THT, Ntwasa M. The Drosophila retinoblastoma binding protein 6 family member has two isoforms and is potentially involved in embryonic patterning. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:10242-66. [PMID: 25955646 PMCID: PMC4463644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160510242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human retinoblastoma binding protein 6 (RBBP6) is implicated in esophageal, lung, hepatocellular and colon cancers. Furthermore, RBBP6 was identified as a strong marker for colon cancer prognosis and as a predisposing factor in familial myeloproliferative neoplasms. Functionally, the mammalian protein interacts with p53 and enhances the activity of Mdm2, the prototypical negative regulator of p53. However, since RBBP6 (known as PACT in mice) exists in multiple isoforms and pact-/- mice exhibit a more severe phenotype than mdm2-/- mutants, it must possess some Mdm2-independent functions. The function of the invertebrate homologue is poorly understood. This is complicated by the absence of the Mdm2 gene in both Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans. We have experimentally identified the promoter region of Snama, the Drosophila homologue, analyzed potential transcription factor binding sites and confirmed the existence of an additional isoform. Using band shift and co-immunoprecipitation assays combined with mass spectrometry, we found evidence that this gene may be regulated by, amongst others, DREF, which regulates hundreds of genes related to cell proliferation. The potential transcription factors for Snama fall into distinct functional groups, including anteroposterior embryonic patterning and nucleic acid metabolism. Significantly, previous work in mice shows that pact-/- induces an anteroposterior phenotype in embryos when rescued by simultaneous deletion of p53. Taken together, these observations indicate the significance of RBBP6 proteins in carcinogenesis and in developmental defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney Hull
- School of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Private Bag 3, WITS-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Brent Oosthuysen
- School of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Private Bag 3, WITS-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Umar-Faruq Cajee
- School of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Private Bag 3, WITS-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Lehlogonolo Mokgohloa
- School of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Private Bag 3, WITS-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Ekene Nweke
- School of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Private Bag 3, WITS-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Ricardo Jorge Antunes
- School of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Private Bag 3, WITS-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Theresa H T Coetzer
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Pietermaritzburg campus); 3209 Scottsville, South Africa.
| | - Monde Ntwasa
- School of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Private Bag 3, WITS-2050 Johannesburg, South Africa.
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48
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Passamaneck YJ, Hejnol A, Martindale MQ. Mesodermal gene expression during the embryonic and larval development of the articulate brachiopod Terebratalia transversa. EvoDevo 2015; 6:10. [PMID: 25897375 PMCID: PMC4404124 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-015-0004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brachiopods undergo radial cleavage, which is distinct from the stereotyped development of closely related spiralian taxa. The mesoderm has been inferred to derive from the archenteron walls following gastrulation, and the primary mesoderm derivative in the larva is a complex musculature. To investigate the specification and differentiation of the mesoderm in the articulate brachiopod Terebratalia transversa, we have identified orthologs of genes involved in mesoderm development in other taxa and investigated their spatial and temporal expression during the embryonic and larval development of T. transversa. Results Orthologs of 17 developmental regulatory genes with roles in the development of the mesoderm in other bilaterian animals were found to be expressed in the developing mesoderm of T. transversa. Five genes, Tt.twist, Tt.GATA456, Tt.dachshund, Tt.mPrx, and Tt.NK1, were found to have expression throughout the archenteron wall at the radial gastrula stage, shortly after the initiation of gastrulation. Three additional genes, Tt.Pax1/9, Tt.MyoD, and Tt.Six1/2, showed expression at this stage in only a portion of the archenteron wall. Tt.eya, Tt.FoxC, Tt.FoxF, Tt.Mox, Tt.paraxis, Tt.Limpet, and Tt.Mef2 all showed initial mesodermal expression during later gastrula or early larval stages. At the late larval stage, Tt.dachshund, Tt.Limpet, and Tt.Mef2 showed expression in nearly all mesoderm cells, while all other genes were localized to specific regions of the mesoderm. Tt.FoxD and Tt.noggin both showed expression in the ventral mesoderm at the larval stages, with gastrula expression patterns in the archenteron roof and blastopore lip, respectively. Conclusions Expression analyses support conserved roles for developmental regulators in the specification and differentiation of the mesoderm during the development of T. transversa. Expression of multiple mesodermal factors in the archenteron wall during gastrulation supports previous morphological observations that this region gives rise to larval mesoderm. Localized expression domains during gastrulation and larval development evidence early regionalization of the mesoderm and provide a basis for hypotheses regarding the molecular regulation underlying the complex system of musculature observed in the larva. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13227-015-0004-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yale J Passamaneck
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, PBRC, University of Hawaii, 41 Ahui Street, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA ; The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080 USA
| | - Andreas Hejnol
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate, 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Mark Q Martindale
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL 32080 USA
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Kumar RP, Dobi KC, Baylies MK, Abmayr SM. Muscle cell fate choice requires the T-box transcription factor midline in Drosophila. Genetics 2015; 199:777-91. [PMID: 25614583 PMCID: PMC4349071 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.174300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila Midline (Mid) is an ortholog of vertebrate Tbx20, which plays roles in the developing heart, migrating cranial motor neurons, and endothelial cells. Mid functions in cell-fate specification and differentiation of tissues that include the ectoderm, cardioblasts, neuroblasts, and egg chambers; however, a role in the somatic musculature has not been described. We identified mid in genetic and molecular screens for factors contributing to somatic muscle morphogenesis. Mid is expressed in founder cells (FCs) for several muscle fibers, and functions cooperatively with the T-box protein H15 in lateral oblique muscle 1 and the segment border muscle. Mid is particularly important for the specification and development of the lateral transverse (LT) muscles LT3 and LT4, which arise by asymmetric division of a single muscle progenitor. Mid is expressed in this progenitor and its two sibling FCs, but is maintained only in the LT4 FC. Both muscles were frequently missing in mid mutant embryos, and LT4-associated expression of the transcription factor Krüppel (Kr) was lost. When present, LT4 adopted an LT3-like morphology. Coordinately, mid misexpression caused LT3 to adopt an LT4-like morphology and was associated with ectopic Kr expression. From these data, we concluded that mid functions first in the progenitor to direct development of LT3 and LT4, and later in the FCs to influence whichever of these differentiation profiles is selected. Mid is the first T-box factor shown to influence LT3 and LT4 muscle identity and, along with the T-box protein Optomotor-blind-related-gene 1 (Org-1), is representative of a new class of transcription factors in muscle specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram P Kumar
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Krista C Dobi
- Program in Developmental Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Mary K Baylies
- Program in Developmental Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Susan M Abmayr
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
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50
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Elwell JA, Lovato TL, Adams MM, Baca EM, Lee T, Cripps RM. The myogenic repressor gene Holes in muscles is a direct transcriptional target of Twist and Tinman in the Drosophila embryonic mesoderm. Dev Biol 2015; 400:266-76. [PMID: 25704510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the regulatory circuitry controlling myogenesis is critical to understanding developmental mechanisms and developmentally-derived diseases. We analyzed the transcriptional regulation of a Drosophila myogenic repressor gene, Holes in muscles (Him). Previously, Him was shown to inhibit Myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) activity, and is expressed in myoblasts but not differentiating myotubes. We demonstrate that different phases of Him embryonic expression arises through the actions of different enhancers, and we characterize the enhancer required for its early mesoderm expression. This Him early mesoderm enhancer contains two conserved binding sites for the basic helix-loop-helix regulator Twist, and one binding site for the NK homeodomain protein Tinman. The sites for both proteins are required for enhancer activity in early embryos. Twist and Tinman activate the enhancer in tissue culture assays, and ectopic expression of either factor is sufficient to direct ectopic expression of a Him-lacZ reporter, or of the endogenous Him gene. Moreover, sustained expression of twist in the mesoderm up-regulates mesodermal Him expression in late embryos. Our findings provide a model to define mechanistically how Twist can both promotes myogenesis through direct activation of Mef2, and can place a brake on myogenesis, through direct activation of Him.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Elwell
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - TyAnna L Lovato
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Melanie M Adams
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Erica M Baca
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Thai Lee
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Richard M Cripps
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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