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Edwards KR, Schmidt K, Homad LJ, Kher GM, Xu G, Rodrigues KA, Ben-Akiva E, Abbott J, Prlic M, Newell EW, De Rosa SC, Irvine DJ, Pancera M, McGuire AT. Vaccination with nanoparticles displaying gH/gL from Epstein-Barr virus elicits limited cross-protection against rhesus lymphocryptovirus. Cell Rep Med 2024:101587. [PMID: 38781964 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with infectious mononucleosis, cancer, and multiple sclerosis. A vaccine that prevents infection and/or EBV-associated morbidity is an unmet need. The viral gH/gL glycoprotein complex is essential for infectivity, making it an attractive vaccine target. Here, we evaluate the immunogenicity of a gH/gL nanoparticle vaccine adjuvanted with the Sigma Adjuvant System (SAS) or a saponin/monophosphoryl lipid A nanoparticle (SMNP) in rhesus macaques. Formulation with SMNP elicits higher titers of neutralizing antibodies and more vaccine-specific CD4+ T cells. All but one animal in the SMNP group were infected after oral challenge with the EBV ortholog rhesus lymphocryptovirus (rhLCV). Their immune plasma had a 10- to 100-fold lower reactivity against rhLCV gH/gL compared to EBV gH/gL. Anti-EBV neutralizing monoclonal antibodies showed reduced binding to rhLCV gH/gL, demonstrating that EBV gH/gL neutralizing epitopes are poorly conserved on rhLCV gH/gL. Prevention of rhLCV infection despite antigenic disparity supports clinical development of gH/gL nanoparticle vaccines against EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina R Edwards
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karina Schmidt
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Leah J Homad
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gargi M Kher
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Guoyue Xu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kristen A Rodrigues
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elana Ben-Akiva
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Departments of Biological Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joe Abbott
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Evan W Newell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology Program, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew T McGuire
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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2
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Pociupany M, Snoeck R, Dierickx D, Andrei G. Treatment of Epstein-Barr Virus infection in immunocompromised patients. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 225:116270. [PMID: 38734316 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), is a ubiquitous γ-Herpesvirus that infects over 95% of the human population and can establish a life-long infection without causing any clinical symptoms in healthy individuals by residing in memory B-cells. Primary infection occurs in childhood and is mostly asymptomatic, however in some young adults it can result in infectious mononucleosis (IM). In immunocompromised individuals however, EBV infection has been associated with many different malignancies. Since EBV can infect both epithelial and B-cells and very rarely NK cells and T-cells, it is associated with both epithelial cancers like nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and gastric carcinoma (GC), with lymphomas including Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) or Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder (PTLD) and rarely with NK/T-cell lymphomas. Currently there are no approved antivirals active in PTLD nor in any other malignancy. Moreover, lytic phase disease almost never requires antiviral treatment. Although many novel therapies against EBV have been described, the management and/or prevention of EBV primary infections or reactivations remains difficult. In this review, we discuss EBV infection, therapies targeting EBV in both lytic and latent state with novel therapeutics developed that show anti-EBV activity as well as EBV-associated malignancies both, epithelial and lymphoproliferative malignancies and emerging therapies targeting the EBV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Pociupany
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daan Dierickx
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Hematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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3
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Torne AS, Robertson ES. Epigenetic Mechanisms in Latent Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Associated Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:991. [PMID: 38473352 PMCID: PMC10931536 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a double-stranded DNA-based human tumor virus that was first isolated in 1964 from lymphoma biopsies. Since its initial discovery, EBV has been identified as a major contributor to numerous cancers and chronic autoimmune disorders. The virus is particularly efficient at infecting B-cells but can also infect epithelial cells, utilizing an array of epigenetic strategies to establish long-term latent infection. The association with histone modifications, alteration of DNA methylation patterns in host and viral genomes, and microRNA targeting of host cell factors are core epigenetic strategies that drive interactions between host and virus, which are necessary for viral persistence and progression of EBV-associated diseases. Therefore, understanding epigenetic regulation and its role in post-entry viral dynamics is an elusive area of EBV research. Here, we present current outlooks of EBV epigenetic regulation as it pertains to viral interactions with its host during latent infection and its propensity to induce tumorigenesis. We review the important epigenetic regulators of EBV latency and explore how the strategies involved during latent infection drive differential epigenetic profiles and host-virus interactions in EBV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erle S. Robertson
- Tumor Virology Program, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
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4
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Afrasiabi A, Ahlenstiel C, Swaminathan S, Parnell GP. The interaction between Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis genetic risk loci: insights into disease pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities. Clin Transl Immunology 2023; 12:e1454. [PMID: 37337612 PMCID: PMC10276892 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative autoimmune disease, characterised by the demyelination of neurons in the central nervous system. Whilst it is unclear what precisely leads to MS, it is believed that genetic predisposition combined with environmental factors plays a pivotal role. It is estimated that close to half the disease risk is determined by genetic factors. However, the risk of developing MS cannot be attributed to genetic factors alone, and environmental factors are likely to play a significant role by themselves or in concert with host genetics. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is the strongest known environmental risk factor for MS. There has been increasing evidence that leaves little doubt that EBV is necessary, but not sufficient, for developing MS. One plausible explanation is EBV may alter the host immune response in the presence of MS risk alleles and this contributes to the pathogenesis of MS. In this review, we discuss recent findings regarding how EBV infection may contribute to MS pathogenesis via interactions with genetic risk loci and discuss possible therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Afrasiabi
- EBV Molecular Lab, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- The Graduate School of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Chantelle Ahlenstiel
- Kirby InstituteUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
- RNA InstituteUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Sanjay Swaminathan
- EBV Molecular Lab, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Department of MedicineWestern Sydney UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Grant P Parnell
- EBV Molecular Lab, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
- Biomedical Informatics and Digital Health, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
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Diakite M, Shaw-Saliba K, Lau CY. Malignancy and viral infections in Sub-Saharan Africa: A review. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 3:1103737. [PMID: 37476029 PMCID: PMC10358275 DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2023.1103737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The burden of malignancy related to viral infection is increasing in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In 2018, approximately 2 million new cancer cases worldwide were attributable to infection. Prevention or treatment of these infections could reduce cancer cases by 23% in less developed regions and about 7% in developed regions. Contemporaneous increases in longevity and changes in lifestyle have contributed to the cancer burden in SSA. African hospitals are reporting more cases of cancer related to infection (e.g., cervical cancer in women and stomach and liver cancer in men). SSA populations also have elevated underlying prevalence of viral infections compared to other regions. Of 10 infectious agents identified as carcinogenic by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, six are viruses: hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV and HCV, respectively), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV, also known as human herpesvirus type 8, HHV-8). Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) also facilitates oncogenesis. EBV is associated with lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinoma; HBV and HCV are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma; KSHV causes Kaposi's sarcoma; HTLV-1 causes T-cell leukemia and lymphoma; HPV causes carcinoma of the oropharynx and anogenital squamous cell cancer. HIV-1, for which SSA has the greatest global burden, has been linked to increasing risk of malignancy through immunologic dysregulation and clonal hematopoiesis. Public health approaches to prevent infection, such as vaccination, safer injection techniques, screening of blood products, antimicrobial treatments and safer sexual practices could reduce the burden of cancer in Africa. In SSA, inequalities in access to cancer screening and treatment are exacerbated by the perception of cancer as taboo. National level cancer registries, new screening strategies for detection of viral infection and public health messaging should be prioritized in SSA's battle against malignancy. In this review, we discuss the impact of carcinogenic viruses in SSA with a focus on regional epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahamadou Diakite
- University Clinical Research Center, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies, Bamako, Mali
| | - Kathryn Shaw-Saliba
- Collaborative Clinical Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Chuen-Yen Lau
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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6
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Zhong L, Krummenacher C, Zhang W, Hong J, Feng Q, Chen Y, Zhao Q, Zeng MS, Zeng YX, Xu M, Zhang X. Urgency and necessity of Epstein-Barr virus prophylactic vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:159. [PMID: 36494369 PMCID: PMC9734748 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a γ-herpesvirus, is the first identified oncogenic virus, which establishes permanent infection in humans. EBV causes infectious mononucleosis and is also tightly linked to many malignant diseases. Various vaccine formulations underwent testing in different animals or in humans. However, none of them was able to prevent EBV infection and no vaccine has been approved to date. Current efforts focus on antigen selection, combination, and design to improve the efficacy of vaccines. EBV glycoproteins such as gH/gL, gp42, and gB show excellent immunogenicity in preclinical studies compared to the previously favored gp350 antigen. Combinations of multiple EBV proteins in various vaccine designs become more attractive approaches considering the complex life cycle and complicated infection mechanisms of EBV. Besides, rationally designed vaccines such as virus-like particles (VLPs) and protein scaffold-based vaccines elicited more potent immune responses than soluble antigens. In addition, humanized mice, rabbits, as well as nonhuman primates that can be infected by EBV significantly aid vaccine development. Innovative vaccine design approaches, including polymer-based nanoparticles, the development of effective adjuvants, and antibody-guided vaccine design, will further enhance the immunogenicity of vaccine candidates. In this review, we will summarize (i) the disease burden caused by EBV and the necessity of developing an EBV vaccine; (ii) previous EBV vaccine studies and available animal models; (iii) future trends of EBV vaccines, including activation of cellular immune responses, novel immunogen design, heterologous prime-boost approach, induction of mucosal immunity, application of nanoparticle delivery system, and modern adjuvant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhong
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong PR China
| | - Claude Krummenacher
- grid.262671.60000 0000 8828 4546Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ USA
| | - Wanlin Zhang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong PR China
| | - Junping Hong
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian PR China
| | - Qisheng Feng
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong PR China
| | - Yixin Chen
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian PR China
| | - Qinjian Zhao
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong PR China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong PR China
| | - Miao Xu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong PR China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong PR China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
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7
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Zhong L, Krummenacher C, Zhang W, Hong J, Feng Q, Zhao Q, Chen Y, Zeng MS, Zeng YX, Xu M, Zhang X. A high-throughput neutralizing assay for antibodies and sera evaluation against Epstein-Barr virus. Virol J 2022; 19:196. [PMID: 36424667 PMCID: PMC9685953 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01911-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a wide-spread human herpesvirus that is highly associated with infectious mononucleosis and several malignancies. Evaluation of EBV neutralizing antibody titers is important for serological studies, vaccine development and monoclonal antibody screening. The traditional method based on antibody inhibition of EBV transformation of B cells is very time-consuming. A more practical flow cytometry-based (FCM) approach to evaluate neutralizing titers is not amenable to achieving high-throughput evaluation of large-scale samples. A high-throughput approach is urgently needed. RESULTS Here, we present a rapid and high-throughput method based on high content imaging system (HCIS) analysis. EBV titers determined by the HCIS-based assay were similar to those obtained by the FCM-based assay. Neutralizing titers of sera and monoclonal antibodies measured by the HCIS-based assay strongly correlated with titers measured by the FCM-based assay. HCIS assays showed a strong correlation between B cell infection neutralizing titers and the anti-gp350 IgG titers in healthy EBV carriers and monkey sera. Finally, anti-gHgL IgG titers from sera of healthy EBV carriers significantly correlated with epithelial cell infection neutralizing titers. CONCLUSIONS This HCIS-based assay is a high-throughput assay to determine viral titers and evaluate neutralizing potentials of sera and monoclonal antibodies. This HCIS-based assay will aid the development of vaccines and therapeutic monoclonal antibody against EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhong
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Claude Krummenacher
- grid.262671.60000 0000 8828 4546Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ USA
| | - Wanlin Zhang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Junping Hong
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian People’s Republic of China
| | - Qisheng Feng
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinjian Zhao
- grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yixin Chen
- grid.12955.3a0000 0001 2264 7233State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian People’s Republic of China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Miao Xu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong People’s Republic of China ,grid.203458.80000 0000 8653 0555College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Hassani A, Khan G. What do animal models tell us about the role of EBV in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis? Front Immunol 2022; 13:1036155. [PMID: 36466898 PMCID: PMC9712437 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1036155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS), marked primarily by demyelination, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. While the prevalence and incidence rates of MS are on the rise, the etiology of the disease remains enigmatic. Nevertheless, it is widely acknowledged that MS develops in persons who are both genetically predisposed and exposed to a certain set of environmental factors. One of the most plausible environmental culprits is Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a common herpesvirus asymptomatically carried by more than 90% of the adult population. How EBV induces MS pathogenesis remains unknown. A comprehensive understanding of the biology of EBV infection and how it contributes to dysfunction of the immune system and CNS, requires an appreciation of the viral dynamics within the host. Here, we aim to outline the different animal models, including nonhuman primates (NHP), rodents, and rabbits, that have been used to elucidate the link between EBV and MS. This review particularly focuses on how the disruption in virus-immune interaction plays a role in viral pathogenesis and promotes neuroinflammation. We also summarize the effects of virus titers, age of animals, and route of inoculation on the neuroinvasiveness and neuropathogenic potential of the virus. Reviewing the rich data generated from these animal models could provide directions for future studies aimed to understand the mechanism(s) by which EBV induces MS pathology and insights for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic interventions that could ameliorate the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Hassani
- Dept of Neurology, Division of Movement Disorders, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gulfaraz Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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9
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Yee JL, Grant R, Haertel AJ, Allers C, Carpenter AB, Van Rompay KKA, Roberts JA. Multi-site proficiency testing for validation and standardization of assays to detect specific pathogen-free viruses, coronaviruses, and other agents in nonhuman primates. J Med Primatol 2022; 51:234-245. [PMID: 35426147 PMCID: PMC9851150 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In efforts to increase rigor and reproducibility, the USA National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs) have focused on qualification of reagents, cross-laboratory validations, and proficiency testing for methods to detect infectious agents and accompanying immune responses in nonhuman primates. The pathogen detection working group, comprised of laboratory scientists, colony managers, and leaders from the NPRCs, has championed the effort to produce testing that is reliable and consistent across laboratories. Through multi-year efforts with shared proficiency samples, testing percent agreement has increased from as low as 67.1% for SRV testing in 2010 to 92.1% in 2019. The 2019 average agreement for the four basic SPF agents improved to >96% (86.5% BV, 98.9 SIV, 92.1 SRV, and 97.0 STLV). As new pathogens such as SARS coronavirus type 2 emerge, these steps can now be quickly replicated to develop and implement new assays that ensure rigor, reproducibly, and quality for NHP pathogen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn L. Yee
- Primate Assay Laboratory, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Richard Grant
- Primate Pathogen Detection Services Laboratory, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Andrew J. Haertel
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health Science University, Beaverton, OR
| | - Carolina Allers
- Pathogen Detection and Quantification Core, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA
| | - Amanda B. Carpenter
- Primate Assay Laboratory, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Koen K. A. Van Rompay
- Primate Assay Laboratory, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA,Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis , CA
| | - Jeffrey A. Roberts
- Primate Assay Laboratory, California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA,Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
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10
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Hong J, Wei D, Zhong L, Wu Q, Chen K, Zhang W, Yang Y, Chen J, Xia N, Zhang X, Chen Y. Glycoprotein B Antibodies Completely Neutralize EBV Infection of B Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:920467. [PMID: 35711430 PMCID: PMC9197244 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.920467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is the first reported oncogenic herpesvirus that establishes persistent infection in B lymphocytes in 95% of adults worldwide. Glycoprotein B (gB) plays a predominant role in the fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane. Hence, it is of great significance to isolate gB-specific fusion-inhibiting neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). AMMO5 is the only gB NAb but fails to antagonize B-cell infection. It is essential to isolate potent NAbs that can completely block EBV infection of B cells. Using hybridoma technology and neutralization assay, we isolate two gB NAbs 8A9 and 8C12 that are capable of completely neutralizing B-cell infection in vitro. In addition, 8A9 shows cross-reactivity with rhesus lymphocryptovirus (rhLCV) gB. Competitive binding experiments demonstrate that 8A9 and 8C12 recognize novel epitopes that are different from the AMMO5 epitope. The epitopes of 8A9 and 8C12 are mapped to gB D-II, and the AMMO5 epitope is located precisely at gB aa 410–419. We find that 8A9 and 8C12 significantly inhibit gB-derived membrane fusion using a virus-free fusion assay. In summary, this study identifies two gB-specific NAbs that potently block EBV infection of B cells. Our work highlights the importance of gB D-II as a predominant neutralizing epitope, and aids in the rational design of therapeutics or vaccines based on gB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Dongmei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ling Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Kaiyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wanlin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanbo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Junyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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11
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Malhi H, Homad LJ, Wan YH, Poudel B, Fiala B, Borst AJ, Wang JY, Walkey C, Price J, Wall A, Singh S, Moodie Z, Carter L, Handa S, Correnti CE, Stoddard BL, Veesler D, Pancera M, Olson J, King NP, McGuire AT. Immunization with a self-assembling nanoparticle vaccine displaying EBV gH/gL protects humanized mice against lethal viral challenge. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100658. [PMID: 35705092 PMCID: PMC9245003 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a cancer-associated pathogen responsible for 165,000 deaths annually. EBV is also the etiological agent of infectious mononucleosis and is linked to multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, an EBV vaccine would have a significant global health impact. EBV is orally transmitted and has tropism for epithelial and B cells. Therefore, a vaccine would need to prevent infection of both in the oral cavity. Passive transfer of monoclonal antibodies against the gH/gL glycoprotein complex prevent experimental EBV infection in humanized mice and rhesus macaques, suggesting that gH/gL is an attractive vaccine candidate. Here, we evaluate the immunogenicity of several gH/gL nanoparticle vaccines. All display superior immunogenicity relative to monomeric gH/gL. A nanoparticle displaying 60 copies of gH/gL elicits antibodies that protect against lethal EBV challenge in humanized mice, whereas antibodies elicited by monomeric gH/gL do not. These data motivate further development of gH/gL nanoparticle vaccines for EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harman Malhi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Leah J Homad
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Yu-Hsin Wan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Bibhav Poudel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Brooke Fiala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Andrew J Borst
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jing Yang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Carl Walkey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jason Price
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Abigail Wall
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Suruchi Singh
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Zoe Moodie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Simran Handa
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Colin E Correnti
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Barry L Stoddard
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - James Olson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Neil P King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Andrew T McGuire
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98115, USA.
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12
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Bonfim FFDO, Mares-Guia MAMDM, Horta MA, Chame M, Lopes ADO, Santos R, Matias CAR, Pinto MA, de Filippis AMB, de Paula VS. Callitrichine gammaherpesvirus 3 and Human alphaherpesvirus 1 in New World Primate negative for yellow fever virus in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e210258. [PMID: 35416837 PMCID: PMC9005061 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760210258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpesvirus transmission between humans and non-human primate (NHP) can occur through contact scratches with lesions, infected saliva, and mainly through contaminated food. Therefore, cross-infection can lead to severe illness or even death for both the animal and human. In 2017, during the yellow fever (YF) outbreak in Brazil, species of the New World Primates (NWP) from Rio de Janeiro state, tested negative for yellow fever virus (YFV) detection. OBJECTIVES To evaluate herpesvirus in the population NWP in Rio de Janeiro. METHODS To investigate, liver samples of 283 NWP, from several regions of the state of Rio de Janeiro, were tested for the herpesvirus family using a Pan-polymerase chain reaction (Pan-PCR) and sequencing. FINDINGS 34.6% (98/283) tested positive for at least one herpesvirus; 29.3% (83/283) tested positive to Human alphaherpesvirus 1 (HSV-1), this virus from humans can be lethal to New World monkey; 13% (37/283) were detected Callitrichine gammaherpesvirus 3 (CalHV-3), responsible for lymphoproliferative disease that can be fatal in NWP. In addition, CalHV-3 / HSV-1 co-infection was in 11.6% (33/283) of the samples. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Pan-herpesvirus was useful to identify species-specific herpesviruses and virus from human that can infect animals. Furthermore, during an outbreak of YF other infections should be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marco Aurélio Horta
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Flavivírus Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marcia Chame
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Plataforma Institucional de Biodiversidade e Saúde Silvestre, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Amanda de Oliveira Lopes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rafael Santos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Rey Matias
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Veterinária, Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Alves Pinto
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Virologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ana Maria Bispo de Filippis
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Flavivírus Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Vanessa Salete de Paula
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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13
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Escalante GM, Mutsvunguma LZ, Muniraju M, Rodriguez E, Ogembo JG. Four Decades of Prophylactic EBV Vaccine Research: A Systematic Review and Historical Perspective. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867918. [PMID: 35493498 PMCID: PMC9047024 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the causal agent of infectious mononucleosis and has been associated with various cancers and autoimmune diseases. Despite decades of research efforts to combat this major global health burden, there is no approved prophylactic vaccine against EBV. To facilitate the rational design and assessment of an effective vaccine, we systematically reviewed pre-clinical and clinical prophylactic EBV vaccine studies to determine the antigens, delivery platforms, and animal models used in these studies.MethodsWe searched Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, WHO’s Global Index Medicus, and Google Scholar from inception to June 20, 2020, for EBV prophylactic vaccine studies focused on humoral immunity.ResultsThe search yielded 5,614 unique studies. 36 pre-clinical and 4 clinical studies were included in the analysis after screening against the exclusion criteria. In pre-clinical studies, gp350 was the most commonly used immunogen (33 studies), vaccines were most commonly delivered as monomeric proteins (12 studies), and mice were the most used animal model to test immunogenicity (15 studies). According to an adaptation of the CAMARADES checklist, 4 pre-clinical studies were rated as very high, 5 as high, 13 as moderate quality, 11 as poor, and 3 as very poor. In clinical studies, gp350 was the sole vaccine antigen, delivered in a vaccinia platform (1 study) or as a monomeric protein (3 studies). The present study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020198440).ConclusionsFour major obstacles have prevented the development of an effective prophylactic EBV vaccine: undefined correlates of immune protection, lack of knowledge regarding the ideal EBV antigen(s) for vaccination, lack of an appropriate animal model to test vaccine efficacy, and lack of knowledge regarding the ideal vaccine delivery platform. Our analysis supports a multivalent antigenic approach including two or more of the five main glycoproteins involved in viral entry (gp350, gB, gH/gL, gp42) and a multimeric approach to present these antigens. We anticipate that the application of two underused challenge models, rhesus macaques susceptible to rhesus lymphocryptovirus (an EBV homolog) and common marmosets, will permit the establishment of in vivo correlates of immune protection and attainment of more generalizable data.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=198440, identifier PROSPERO I.D. CRD4202019844.
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14
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Mavri M, Kubale V, Depledge DP, Zuo J, Huang CA, Breuer J, Vrecl M, Jarvis MA, Jovičić EJ, Petan T, Ehlers B, Rosenkilde MM, Spiess K. Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded BILF1 Orthologues From Porcine Lymphotropic Herpesviruses Display Common Molecular Functionality. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:862940. [PMID: 35721730 PMCID: PMC9204316 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.862940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of immunosuppressed transplant patients with the human γ-herpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), an often fatal complication. Immunosuppressed miniature pigs infected with γ-herpesvirus porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus 1 (PLHV1) develop a similar disease, identifying pigs as a potential preclinical model for PTLD in humans. BILF1 is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) encoded by EBV with constitutive activity linked to tumorigenesis and immunoevasive function downregulating MHC-I. In the present study, we compared BILF1-orthologues encoded by the three known PLHVs (PLHV1-3) with EBV-BILF1 to determine pharmacological suitability of BILF1 orthologues as model system to study EBV-BILF1 druggability. Cell surface localization, constitutive internalization, and MHC-I downregulation as well as membrane proximal constitutive Gαi signaling patterns were conserved across all BILFs. Only subtle differences between the individual BILFs were observed in downstream transcription factor activation. Using Illumina sequencing, PLHV1 was observed in lymphatic tissue from PTLD-diseased, but not non-diseased pigs. Importantly, these tissues showed enhanced expression of PLHV1-BILF1 supporting its involvement in PTLD infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Mavri
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Valentina Kubale
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Daniel P. Depledge
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jianmin Zuo
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christene A. Huang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Judith Breuer
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Milka Vrecl
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Michael A. Jarvis
- The Vaccine Group Ltd, Plymouth; and the University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Jarc Jovičić
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Toni Petan
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bernhard Ehlers
- Division 12, Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mette M. Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Katja Spiess, ; ; Mette M. Rosenkilde,
| | - Katja Spiess
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Katja Spiess, ; ; Mette M. Rosenkilde,
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15
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Antibody Generation and Immunogenicity Analysis of EBV gp42 N-Terminal Region. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122380. [PMID: 34960650 PMCID: PMC8707153 DOI: 10.3390/v13122380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is the first reported oncogenic virus and infects more than 90% of adults worldwide. EBV can establish a latent infection in B lymphocytes which is essential for persistence and transmission. Glycoprotein gp42 is an indispensable member of the triggering complex for EBV entry into a B cell. The N-terminal region of gp42 plays a key role in binding to gH/gL and triggering subsequent membrane fusion. However, no antibody has been reported to recognize this region and the immunogenicity of gp42 N-domain remains unknown. In the present study, we have generated a panel of nine mAbs against the gp42 N-terminal region (six mAbs to gp42-44-61aa and three mAbs to gp42-67-81aa). These mAbs show excellent binding activity and recognize different key residues locating on the gp42 N-domain. Among the nine mAbs, 4H7, 4H8 and 11G10 cross-react with rhLCV-gp42 while other mAbs specifically recognize EBV-gp42. Our newly obtained mAbs provide a useful tool for investigating the gp42 function and viral infection mechanism of γ-Herpesvirus. Furthermore, we assess the immunogenicity of the gp42 N-terminal region using the HBc149 particle as a carrier protein. The chimeric VLPs can induce high antibody titers and elicit neutralizing humoral responses to block EBV infection. More rational and effective designs are required to promote the gp42-N terminal region to become an epitope-based vaccine.
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16
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Mühe J, Aye PP, Quink C, Eng JY, Engelman K, Reimann KA, Wang F. Neutralizing antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus infection of B cells can protect from oral viral challenge in the rhesus macaque animal model. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2021; 2:100352. [PMID: 34337567 PMCID: PMC8324488 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and related lymphocryptoviruses (LCVs) from nonhuman primates are transmitted through oral secretions, penetrate the mucosal epithelium, and establish persistent infection in B cells. To determine whether neutralizing antibodies against epithelial or B cell infection could block oral transmission and persistent LCV infection, we use rhesus macaques, the most accurate animal model for EBV infection by faithfully reproducing acute and persistent infection in humans. Naive animals are infused with monoclonal antibodies neutralizing epithelial cell infection or B cell infection and then challenged orally with recombinant rhesus LCV. Our data show that high-titer B cell-neutralizing antibodies alone, but not epithelial cell-neutralizing antibodies, can provide complete protection of rhesus macaques from oral LCV challenge, but not in all hosts. Thus, neutralizing antibodies against B cell infection are important targets for EBV vaccine development, but they may not be sufficient. mAb infusion leads to high neutralizing titers in nonhuman primates Protection of epithelial cells does not protect from lymphocryptovirus challenge Neutralization of B cell infection alone provides partial protection in macaques
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Mühe
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Carol Quink
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jing Ying Eng
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen Engelman
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith A Reimann
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fred Wang
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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Osborne AJ, Atkins HM, Balogh KK, Brendle SA, Shearer DA, Hu J, Sample CE, Christensen ND. Antibody-Mediated Immune Subset Depletion Modulates the Immune Response in a Rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus) Model of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection. Comp Med 2020; 70:312-322. [PMID: 32972486 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-20-000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a γ-herpesvirus which infects over 90% of the adult human population. Most notably, this virus causes infectious mononucleosis but it is also associated with cancers such as Hodgkin and Burkitt lymphoma. EBV is a species-specific virus and has been studied in many animal models, including nonhuman primates, guinea pigs, humanized mice, and tree shrews. However, none of these animal models are considered the "gold standard" for EBV research. Recently, rabbits have emerged as a viable alternative model, as they are susceptible to EBV infection. In addition, the EBV infection progresses after immune suppression with cyclosporine A (CsA), modeling the reactivation of EBV after latency. We sought to refine this model for acute or active EBV infections by performing antibody-mediated depletion of certain immune subsets in rabbits. Fourteen 16 to 20-wk old, NZW rabbits were intravenously inoculated with EBV and concurrently treated with either anti-CD4 T-cell antibody, anti-pan-T-cell antibody (anti CD45), CSA, or, as a control, anti-HPV antibody. Rabbits that received the depleting antibodies were treated with CsA 3 times at a dose of 15 mg/kg SC once per day for 4 d starting at the time of EBV inoculation then the dose was increased to 20 mg/kg SC twice weekly for 2 wk. Weights, temperatures, and clinical signs were monitored, and rabbits were anesthetized once weekly for blood collection. When compared with the control group, anti-CD4-treated rabbits had fewer clinical signs and displayed higher levels of viral DNA via qPCR in splenocytes; however, flow cytometry results showed only a partial depletion of CD4 T-cells. Treatment with anti-pan-T-cell antibody did not result in noticeable T-cell depletion. These data suggest the EBV-infected rabbit is a promising model for testing antiviral medications and prophylactic vaccines for EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Osborne
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Hannah M Atkins
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Karla K Balogh
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah A Brendle
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Debra A Shearer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jiafen Hu
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Clare E Sample
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Neil D Christensen
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania;,
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18
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Singh S, Homad LJ, Akins NR, Stoffers CM, Lackhar S, Malhi H, Wan YH, Rawlings DJ, McGuire AT. Neutralizing Antibodies Protect against Oral Transmission of Lymphocryptovirus. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2020; 1. [PMID: 32724901 PMCID: PMC7386402 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a cancer-associated pathogen for which there is no vaccine. Successful anti-viral vaccines elicit antibodies that neutralize infectivity; however, it is unknown whether neutralizing antibodies prevent EBV acquisition. Here we assessed whether passively delivered AMMO1, a monoclonal antibody that neutralizes EBV in a cell-type-independent manner, could protect against experimental EBV challenge in two animal infection models. When present prior to a high-dose intravenous EBV challenge, AMMO1 prevented viremia and reduced viral loads to nearly undetectable levels in humanized mice. AMMO1 conferred sterilizing immunity to three of four macaques challenged orally with rhesus lymphocryptovirus, the EBV ortholog that infects rhesus macaques. The infected macaque had lower plasma neutralizing activity than the protected animals. These results indicate that a vaccine capable of eliciting adequate titers of neutralizing antibodies targeting the AMMO1 epitope may protect against EBV acquisition and are therefore highly relevant to the design of an effective EBV vaccine. An anti-EBV mAb, AMMO1, limits viral replication following challenge in humanized mice AMMO1 cross-reacts with and neutralizes rhesus lymphocryptovirus Adequate levels of AMMO1 prevent oral acquisition of rhLCV in macaques Protection afforded by neutralizing antibody provides proof of concept for EBV vaccines
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Singh
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA98101, USA.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Leah J Homad
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Nicholas R Akins
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Claire M Stoffers
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA98101, USA
| | - Stefan Lackhar
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA98101, USA
| | - Harman Malhi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yu-Hsin Wan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - David J Rawlings
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies and Program for Cell and Gene Therapy, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA98101, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Andrew T McGuire
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Lead Contact
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19
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Animal Models for Gammaherpesvirus Infections: Recent Development in the Analysis of Virus-Induced Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9020116. [PMID: 32059472 PMCID: PMC7167833 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is involved in the pathogenesis of various lymphomas and carcinomas, whereas Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) participates in the pathogenesis of endothelial sarcoma and lymphomas. EBV and KSHV are responsible for 120,000 and 44,000 annual new cases of cancer, respectively. Despite this clinical importance, no chemotherapies or vaccines have been developed for virus-specific treatment and prevention of these viruses. Humans are the only natural host for both EBV and KSHV, and only a limited species of laboratory animals are susceptible to their experimental infection; this strict host tropism has hampered the development of their animal models and thereby impeded the study of therapeutic and prophylactic strategies. To overcome this difficulty, three main approaches have been used to develop animal models for human gammaherpesvirus infections. The first is experimental infection of laboratory animals with EBV or KSHV. New-world non-human primates (NHPs) and rabbits have been mainly used in this approach. The second is experimental infection of laboratory animals with their own inherent gammaherpesviruses. NHPs and mice have been mainly used here. The third, a recent trend, employs experimental infection of EBV or KSHV or both to immunodeficient mice reconstituted with human immune system components (humanized mice). This review will discuss how these three approaches have been used to reproduce human clinical conditions associated with gammaherpesviruses and to analyze the mechanisms of their pathogenesis.
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20
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Dugan JP, Coleman CB, Haverkos B. Opportunities to Target the Life Cycle of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) in EBV-Associated Lymphoproliferative Disorders. Front Oncol 2019; 9:127. [PMID: 30931253 PMCID: PMC6428703 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) are considered “EBV associated” based on detection of the virus in tumor tissue. EBV drives proliferation of LPDs via expression of the viral latent genes and many pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown EBV-associated LPDs can be treated by exploiting the viral life cycle. After a brief review of EBV virology and the natural life cycle within a host we will discuss the importance of the viral gene programs expressed during specific viral phases, as well as within immunocompetent vs. immunocompromised hosts and corresponding EBV-associated LPDs. We will then review established and emerging treatment approaches for EBV-associated LPDs based on EBV gene expression programs. Patients with EBV-associated LPDs can have a poor performance status, multiple comorbidities, and/or are immunocompromised from organ transplantation, autoimmune disease, or other congenital or acquired immunodeficiency making them poor candidates to receive intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy. With the emergence of EBV-directed therapy there is hope that we can devise more effective therapies that confer milder toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Dugan
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Carrie B Coleman
- Division of Immunology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Bradley Haverkos
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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21
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Bruce AG, Barcy S, Staheli J, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Ikoma M, Howard K, Rose TM. Experimental co-transmission of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) and the macaque homologs of the Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205632. [PMID: 30444879 PMCID: PMC6239284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macaque RFHV and LCV are close homologs of human KSHV and EBV, respectively. No experimental model of RFHV has been developed due to the lack of a source of culturable infectious virus. Screening of macaques at the Washington National Primate Research Center detected RFHV in saliva of SIV-infected macaques from previous vaccine studies. A pilot experimental infection of two naïve juvenile pig-tailed macaques was initiated by inoculation of saliva from SIV-infected pig-tailed and cynomolgus macaque donors, which contained high levels of DNA (> 10(6) genomes/ml) of the respective species-specific RFHV strain. Both juvenile recipients developed SIV and RFHV infections with RFHV DNA detected transiently in saliva and/or PBMC around week 16 post-infection. One juvenile macaque was infected with the homologous RFHVMn from whole saliva of a pig-tailed donor, which had been inoculated into the cheek pouch. This animal became immunosuppressed, developing simian AIDS and was euthanized 23 weeks after inoculation. The levels of RFHV DNA in saliva and PBMC remained below the level of detection after week 17, showing no reactivation of the RFHVMn infection during the rapid development of AIDS. The other juvenile macaque was infected with the heterologous RFHVMf from i.v. inoculation of purified virions from saliva of a cynomolgus donor. The juvenile recipient remained immunocompetent, developing high levels of persistent anti-RFHV and -SIV antibodies. After the initial presence of RFHVMf DNA in saliva and PBMC decreased to undetectable levels by week 19, all attempts to reactivate the infection through additional inoculations, experimental infection with purified SRV-2 or SIV, or immunosuppressive treatments with cyclosporine or dexamethasone were unsuccessful. An heterologous LCV transmission was also detected in this recipient, characterized by continual high levels of LCVMf DNA from the cynomolgus donor in both saliva (> 10(6) genomes/ml) and PBMC (> 10(4) genomes/million cells), coupled with high levels of anti-LCV antibodies. The macaque was sacrificed 209 weeks after the initial inoculation. Low levels of LCVMf DNA were detected in salivary glands, tonsils and other lymphoid organs, while RFHVMf DNA was below the level of detection. These results show successful co-transmission of RFHV and LCV from saliva and demonstrate differential lytic activation of the different gammaherpesvirus lineages due to presumed differences in biology and tropism and control by the host immune system. Although this initial pilot transmission study utilized only two macaques, it provides the first evidence for experimental transmission of the macaque homolog of KSHV, setting the stage for larger transmission studies to examine the differential activation of rhadinovirus and lymphocryptovirus infections and the pathological effects of immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Gregory Bruce
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Serge Barcy
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jeannette Staheli
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Minako Ikoma
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kellie Howard
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Timothy M. Rose
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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22
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Banerjee P, Ries M, Janaka SK, Grandea AG, Wiseman R, O'Connor DH, Golos TG, Evans DT. Diversification of Bw4 Specificity and Recognition of a Nonclassical MHC Class I Molecule Implicated in Maternal-Fetal Tolerance by Killer Cell Ig-like Receptors of the Rhesus Macaque. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2776-2786. [PMID: 30232137 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The rhesus macaque is an important animal model for AIDS and other infectious diseases; however, studies to address NK cell function in this species have been limited by the lack of defined ligands for killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs). To identify ligands for rhesus macaque KIRs, we adopted a novel approach based on a pair of stable cell lines. NFAT-responsive luciferase reporter cell lines expressing the extracellular domains of macaque KIRs fused to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of CD28 and CD3ζ were incubated with target cells expressing individual MHC class I molecules, and ligand recognition was detected by the MHC class I-dependent upregulation of luciferase. Using this approach, we found that Mamu-KIR3DL01, -KIR3DL06, -KIR3DL08, and -KIR3DSw08 all recognize Mamu-Bw4 molecules but with differing allotype specificity. In contrast, Mamu-KIR3DL05 recognizes Mamu-A and Mamu-A-related molecules, including Mamu-A1*002 and -A3*13, Mamu-B*036, the product of a recombinant Mamu-B allele with α1 and α2 domain sequences derived from a MHC-A gene, and Mamu-AG*01, a nonclassical molecule expressed on placental trophoblasts that originated from an ancestral duplication of a MHC-A gene. These results reveal an expansion of the lineage II KIRs in macaques that recognize Bw4 ligands and identify a nonclassical molecule implicated in placental development and pregnancy as a ligand for Mamu-KIR3DL05. In addition to offering new insights into KIR-MHC class I coevolution, these findings provide an important foundation for investigating the role of NK cells in the rhesus macaque as an animal model for infectious diseases and reproductive biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyankana Banerjee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Moritz Ries
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Sanath Kumar Janaka
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Andres G Grandea
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Roger Wiseman
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715
| | - David H O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705.,Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Thaddeus G Golos
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706; and.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - David T Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705; .,Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715
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23
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Abstract
KSHV is the etiologic agent of PEL-an aggressive lymphoma. Interestingly, EBV concurrently exists in nearly 70% of PEL cases. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, McHugh et al. (2017) develop humanized mouse models for EBV/KSHV co-infection and identify their complementary effect on in vivo tumor formation.
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24
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Cohen JI. Vaccine Development for Epstein-Barr Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1045:477-493. [PMID: 29896681 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7230-7_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the primary cause of infectious mononucleosis and is associated with several malignancies, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, and lymphomas in immunocompromised persons, as well as multiple sclerosis. A vaccine is currently unavailable. While monomeric EBV gp350 was shown in a phase 2 trial to reduce the incidence of infectious mononucleosis, but not the rate of EBV infection, newer formulations of gp350 including multimeric forms, viruslike particles, and nanoparticles may be more effective. A vaccine that also includes additional viral glycoproteins, lytic proteins, or latency proteins might improve the effectiveness of an EBV gp350 vaccine. Clinical trials to determine if an EBV vaccine can reduce the rate of infectious mononucleosis or posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease should be performed. The former is important since infectious mononucleosis can be associated with debilitating fatigue as well as other complications, and EBV infectious mononucleosis is associated with increased rates of Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple sclerosis. A vaccine to reduce EBV posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease would be an important proof of principle to prevent an EBV-associated malignancy. Trials of an EBV vaccine to reduce the incidence of Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple sclerosis, or Burkitt lymphoma would be difficult but feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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25
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Fujiwara S. Animal Models of Human Gammaherpesvirus Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1045:413-436. [PMID: 29896678 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7230-7_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Humans are the only natural host of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and this strict host tropism has hampered the development of animal models of these human gammaherpesviruses. To overcome this difficulty and develop useful models for these viruses, three main approaches have been employed: first, experimental infection of laboratory animals [mainly new-world non-human primates (NHPs)] with EBV or KSHV; second, experimental infection of NHPs (mainly old-world NHPs) with EBV- or KSHV-related gammaherpesviruses inherent to respective NHPs; and third, experimental infection of humanized mice, i.e., immunodeficient mice engrafted with functional human cells or tissues (mainly human immune system components) with EBV or KSHV. These models have recapitulated diseases caused by human gammaherpesviruses, their asymptomatic persistent infections, as well as both innate and adaptive immune responses to them, facilitating the development of novel therapeutic and prophylactic measures against these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan. .,Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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26
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Mühe J, Wang F. Species-specific functions of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2) reveal dual roles for initiation and maintenance of B cell immortalization. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006772. [PMID: 29261800 PMCID: PMC5754137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and related lymphocryptoviruses (LCV) from non-human primates infect B cells, transform their growth to facilitate life-long viral persistence in the host, and contribute to B cell oncogenesis. Co-evolution of LCV with their primate hosts has led to species-specificity so that LCVs preferentially immortalize B cells from their natural host in vitro. We investigated whether the master regulator of transcription, EBV nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2), is involved in LCV species-specificity. Using recombinant EBVs, we show that EBNA2 orthologues of LCV isolated from chimpanzees, baboons, cynomolgus or rhesus macaques cannot replace EBV EBNA2 for the immortalization of human B cells. Thus, LCV species-specificity is functionally linked to viral proteins expressed during latent, growth-transforming infection. In addition, we identified three independent domains within EBNA2 that act through species-specific mechanisms. Importantly, the EBNA2 orthologues and species-specific EBNA2 domains separate unique roles for EBNA2 in the initiation of B cell immortalization from those responsible for maintaining the immortalized state. Investigating LCV species-specificity provides a novel approach to identify critical steps underlying EBV-induced B cell growth transformation, persistent infection, and oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Mühe
- Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
| | - Fred Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Abstract
Primary cutaneous large B‑cell lymphomas (PCBLT), EBV-positive large B‑cell lymphomas, not otherwise specified (EBV+ DLBCL, NOS), and primary cutaneous intravascular large B‑cell lymphomas (PCIVLBL) are recognized as cutaneous lymphomas with intermediate to poor prognosis. Differentiation from indolent B‑cell lymphomas or other pathologies of the skin can be complex, both clinically and histologically, but vital for the outcome of the patient. The combination of immunotherapy and polychemotherapy regimens, such as R‑CHOP, has led to significant improvements in prognosis, especially in diffuse large B‑cell lymphomas. Therapeutic decisions need to be individually made for each patient, ideally within an interdisciplinary tumor conference. Immunosenescence may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of EBV+ DLBCL, NOS in elderly individuals. Their prognosis is less favorable than that of patients with EBV-negative PCBLT, whereby this has been observed particularly in elderly patients. One third of patients with PCIVLBL progress to systemic disease. The occurrence of nodal manifestation is rarely observed. Symptoms may vary depending on the organ system involved. Currently there are no evidence-based therapy recommendations due to the rarity of the disease. EBV-positive mucocutaneous ulcer is a new provisional category in the current WHO classification for lymphoid neoplasms. It has been segregated from EBV+ DLBCL, NOS due to its self-limiting course and good response to conservative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lamos
- Hautklinik Ludwigshafen, Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Bremserstr. 79, 67063, Ludwigshafen, Deutschland.
| | - E Dippel
- Hautklinik Ludwigshafen, Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Bremserstr. 79, 67063, Ludwigshafen, Deutschland
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28
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Cavicchioli L, Ferraresso S, Westmoreland S, Kaliyaperumal S, Knight H, Crossan C, Scobie L, Danesi A, Vadori M, Trez D, Badin RA, Hantraye P, Cozzi E. Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders in Neuronal Xenotransplanted Macaques. Vet Pathol 2016; 54:336-344. [PMID: 27694423 DOI: 10.1177/0300985816669407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) are a heterogeneous group of lymphoid proliferations that occur in the setting of depressed T-cell function due to immunosuppressive therapy used following solid organ transplantation, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and also xenotransplantation. In the present study, 28 immunosuppressed parkinsonian Macaca fascicularis were intracerebrally injected with wild-type or CTLA4-Ig transgenic porcine xenografts to identify a suitable strategy to enable long-term cell survival, maturation, and differentiation. Nine of 28 (32%) immunosuppressed primates developed masses compatible with PTLD, located mainly in the gastrointestinal tract and/or nasal cavity. The masses were classified as monomorphic PTLD according to the World Health Organization classification. Immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses revealed that the PTLDs were associated with macaca lymphocryptovirus as confirmed by double-labeling immunohistochemistry for CD20 and Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA-2), where the viral protein was located within the CD20+ neoplastic B cells. In sera from 3 distinct phases of the experimental life of the primates, testing by quantitative PCR revealed a progression of the viral load that paralleled the PTLD progression and no evidence of zoonotic transmission of porcine lymphotropic herpesvirus through xenoneuronal grafts. These data suggest that monitoring the variation of macaca lymphocryptovirus DNA in primates could be used as a possible early diagnostic tool for PTLD progression, allowing preemptive treatment such as immunosuppression therapy reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cavicchioli
- 1 Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Padova University, Padova, Italy
| | - S Ferraresso
- 1 Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Padova University, Padova, Italy
| | - S Westmoreland
- 2 New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA, USA
| | - S Kaliyaperumal
- 2 New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA, USA
| | - H Knight
- 2 New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA, USA
| | - C Crossan
- 3 Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - L Scobie
- 3 Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - A Danesi
- 1 Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Padova University, Padova, Italy
| | | | - D Trez
- 1 Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Padova University, Padova, Italy
| | - R Aron Badin
- 5 MIRCen, CEA UMR 9199, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - P Hantraye
- 5 MIRCen, CEA UMR 9199, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - E Cozzi
- 4 CORIT, Padova, Italy.,6 Padova General Hospital, Padova, Italy
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29
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a central role in immune responses through direct cytotoxicity and the release of cytokines that prime adaptive immunity. In simian primates, NK cell responses are regulated by interactions between two highly polymorphic sets of molecules: the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I ligands. KIR-MHC class I interactions in humans have been implicated in the outcome of a number viral diseases and cancers. However, studies to address the role of KIRs in animal models have been limited by the complex immunogenetics and lack of defined ligands for KIRs in non-human primates. Due to the rapid evolution of KIRs, there is little conservation among the KIR genes of different primate species and it is not possible to predict the specificity of KIRs from known KIR-MHC class I interactions in humans. Hence, the MHC class I ligands for KIRs in species other than humans are poorly defined. Here, we review the KIR genes of the rhesus macaque, an important animal model for human immunodeficiency virus infection and other infectious diseases, and the MHC class I ligands that have been identified for KIRs in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N Bimber
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - David T Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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30
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Roberts TK, Chen X, Liao JJ. Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of EBV-positive mucocutaneous ulcer: a case report and systematic review of the literature. Exp Hematol Oncol 2016; 5:13. [PMID: 27127726 PMCID: PMC4848873 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-016-0042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus-positive mucocutaneous ulcer (EBVMCU) is a recently recognized B cell lymphoproliferative disorder that is driven by latent EBV infection and causes discrete ulcerations in the oropharynx, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. Local attenuation of immunosurveillance associated with iatrogenic immunosuppressant use, primary immunodeficiency, or age-associated immunosenescence has been implicated as a predisposing factor. This disorder is likely under reported, as it was only first defined in 2010 and shares histological features with other B-cell proliferative neoplasms. The first case series that described EBVMCU suggested that EBVMCU is generally self-limited and is likely to resolve without treatment. Since that publication, additional cases have been reported that describe a more heterogeneous clinical course, often requiring aggressive therapy. We now systematically review all published cases of EBVMCU and detail a case of aggressive and progressive EBVMCU, including diagnostic and management challenges, as well as successful treatment with radiation therapy. CASE PRESENTATION A forty-nine year old woman presented with painful and debilitating multifocal oral EBVMCU that initially responded to four weekly doses of rituximab. Her disease relapsed within 3 months and continued to progress and cause significant morbidity. She was successfully treated with local external beam radiation therapy of 30 Gy in 15 fractions, with duration of response of at least 6 months. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that although many patients with EBVMCU experience a self-limited course, for others EBVMCU can be a debilitating, persistent disorder that requires aggressive therapy to prevent disease progression. CD20- and CD30-directed antibody therapy, local radiation therapy, local surgical excision, systemic chemotherapy, and a combination of these therapies have all been successfully used to treat EBVMCU with high rates of durable clinical remission. As EBVMCU is not currently included in the 2008 WHO classification of lymphoproliferative disorders and no evidence-based guidelines or expert opinions have been proposed to guide therapy, this case report and systematic review provides a foundation on which to guide therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni K. Roberts
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington Allied Hospitals, 1100 Fairview Ave N-D5-100, Seattle, WA 98109-1024 USA
| | - Xueyan Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, UW Hematopathology Laboratory, University of Washington, Box 358081, 825 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Jay Justin Liao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St, 1st floor, NN106, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
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31
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) orthologues from non-human primates (NHPs) have been studied for nearly as long as EBV itself. Cross-reactive sera and DNA hybridization studies provided the first glimpses of the closely related herpesviruses that belonged to the same gamma-1 herpesvirus, or lymphocryptovirus, genus, as EBV. Over the years, detailed molecular and sequence analyses of LCVs that infect humans and other NHPs revealed similar colinear genome structures and homologous viral proteins expressed during latent and lytic infection. Despite these similarities, experimental infection of NHPs with EBV did not result in acute symptoms or persistent infection as observed in humans, suggesting some degree of host species restriction. Genome sequencing and a molecular clone of an LCV isolate from naturally infected rhesus macaques combined with domestic colonies of LCV-naïve rhesus macaques have opened the door to a unique experimental animal model that accurately reproduces the normal transmission, acute viremia, lifelong persistence, and immune responses found in EBV-infected humans. This chapter will summarize the advances made over the last 50 years in our understanding of LCVs that naturally infect both Old and New World NHPs, the recent, groundbreaking developments in the use of rhesus macaques as an animal model for EBV infection, and how NHP LCVs and the rhLCV animal model can advance future EBV research and the development of an EBV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Mühe
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115
| | - Fred Wang
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115.
- Infectious Diseases Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, USA.
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32
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Hislop AD. Early virological and immunological events in Epstein–Barr virus infection. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 15:75-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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33
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Kamperschroer C, Gosink MM, Kumpf SW, O'Donnell LM, Tartaro KR. The genomic sequence of lymphocryptovirus from cynomolgus macaque. Virology 2015; 488:28-36. [PMID: 26590795 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocryptoviruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) cause persistent infections in human and non-human primates, and suppression of the immune system can increase the risk of lymphocryptovirus (LCV)-associated tumor development in both human and non-human primates. To enable LCV infection as a non-clinical model to study effects of therapeutics on EBV immunity, we determined the genomic DNA sequence of the LCV from cynomolgus macaque, a species commonly used for non-clinical testing. Comparison to rhesus macaque LCV and human EBV sequences indicates that LCV from the cynomolgus macaque has the same genomic arrangement and a high degree of similarity in most genes, especially with rhesus macaque LCV. Genes showing lower similarity were those encoding proteins involved in latency and/or tumor promotion or immune evasion. The genomic sequence of LCV from cynomolgus macaque should aid the development of non-clinical tools for identifying therapeutics that impact LCV immunity and carry potential lymphoma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cris Kamperschroer
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT, USA.
| | - Mark M Gosink
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Steven W Kumpf
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Lynn M O'Donnell
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Karrie R Tartaro
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT, USA
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Epstein-Barr Virus gp350 Can Functionally Replace the Rhesus Lymphocryptovirus Major Membrane Glycoprotein and Does Not Restrict Infection of Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2015; 90:1222-30. [PMID: 26559839 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02531-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is the most common cause of infectious mononucleosis, and persistent infection is associated with multiple cancers. EBV vaccine development has focused on the major membrane glycoprotein, gp350, since it is the major target for antibodies that neutralize infection of B cells. However, EBV has tropism for both B cells and epithelial cells, and it is unknown whether serum neutralizing antibodies against B cell infection will provide sufficient protection against virus infection initiated at the oral mucosa. This could be stringently tested by passive antibody transfer and oral virus challenge in the rhesus macaque model for EBV infection. However, only neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against EBV are available, and EBV is unable to infect rhesus macaques because of a host range restriction with an unknown mechanism. We cloned the prototypic EBV-neutralizing antibody, 72A1, and found that recombinant 72A1 did not neutralize rhesus lymphocryptovirus (rhLCV) infection of macaque B cells. Therefore, we constructed a chimeric rhLCV in which the native major membrane glycoprotein was replaced with EBV gp350. This chimeric rhLCV became sensitive to neutralization by the 72A1 MAb, efficiently immortalized macaque B cells in vitro, and successfully established acute and persistent infection after oral inoculation of rhesus macaques. Thus, EBV gp350 can functionally replace rhLCV gp350 and does not restrict rhLCV infection in vitro or in vivo. The chimeric rhLCV enables direct use of an EBV-specific MAb to investigate the effects of serum neutralizing antibodies against B cell infection on oral viral challenge in rhesus macaques. IMPORTANCE This study asked whether the EBV major membrane glycoprotein could functionally replace the rhLCV major membrane glycoprotein. We found that an rhLCV humanized with EBV gp350 is capable of efficiently immortalizing monkey B cells in vitro and reproduces acute and persistent infection after oral inoculation of macaques. These results advance our understanding of why EBV cannot infect rhesus macaques by proving that viral attachment through gp350 is not the mechanism for EBV host range restriction. Humanization of rhLCV with EBV gp350 also confers susceptibility to a potent EBV-neutralizing MAb and provides a novel and significant enhancement to the rhesus macaque animal model where both the clinical utility and biological role of neutralizing MAbs against B cell or epithelial cell infection can now be directly tested in the most accurate animal model for EBV infection.
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Gillet L, Frederico B, Stevenson PG. Host entry by gamma-herpesviruses--lessons from animal viruses? Curr Opin Virol 2015; 15:34-40. [PMID: 26246389 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The oncogenicity of gamma-herpesviruses (γHVs) motivates efforts to control them and their persistence makes early events key targets for intervention. Human γHVs are often assumed to enter naive hosts orally and infect B cells directly. However, neither assumption is supported by direct evidence, and vaccination with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) gp350, to block virion binding to B cells, failed to reduce infection rates. Thus, there is a need to re-evaluate assumptions about γHV host entry. Given the difficulty of analysing early human infections, potentially much can be learned from animal models. Genomic comparisons argue that γHVs colonized mammals long before humans speciation, and so that human γHVs are unlikely to differ dramatically in behaviour from those of other mammals. Murid Herpesvirus-4 (MuHV-4), which like EBV and the Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) persists in memory B cells, enters new hosts via olfactory neurons and exploits myeloid cells to spread. Integrating these data with existing knowledge of human and veterinary γHVs suggests a new model of host entry, with potentially important implications for infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Gillet
- Immunology/Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, University of Liège, Belgium.
| | - Bruno Frederico
- Cancer Research UK, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip G Stevenson
- Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, University of Queensland and Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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Host Range Restriction of Epstein-Barr Virus and Related Lymphocryptoviruses. J Virol 2015; 89:9133-6. [PMID: 26085168 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01235-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr-related herpesviruses, or lymphocryptoviruses (LCV), naturally infect humans and nonhuman primates (NHP), but their host range is not well characterized. Using LCV and B cells from multiple species of Hominidae and Cercopithecidae, we show that LCV can immortalize B cells from some nonnative species but that growth transformation is restricted to B cells from their own family of hominoids or Old World NHP, suggesting a high degree of LCV adaptation to their natural primate host.
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Khan G, Ahmed W, Philip PS, Ali MH, Adem A. Healthy rabbits are susceptible to Epstein-Barr virus infection and infected cells proliferate in immunosuppressed animals. Virol J 2015; 12:28. [PMID: 25851649 PMCID: PMC4340116 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0260-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic virus implicated in the pathogenesis of several human malignancies. However, due to the lack of a suitable animal model, a number of fundamental questions pertaining to the biology of EBV remain poorly understood. Here, we explore the potential of rabbits as a model for EBV infection and investigate the impact of immunosuppression on viral proliferation and gene expression. Methods Six healthy New Zealand white rabbits were inoculated intravenously with EBV and blood samples collected prior to infection and for 7 weeks post-infection. Three weeks after the last blood collection, animals were immunosuppressed with daily intramuscular injections of cyclosporin A at doses of 20 mg/kg for 15 days and blood collected twice a week from each rabbit. The animals were subsequently sacrificed and tissues from all major organs were collected for subsequent analysis. Results Following intravenous inoculation, all 6 rabbits seroconverted with raised IgG and IgM titres to EBV, but viral DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) could only be detected intermittently. Following immunosuppression however, EBV DNA could be readily detected in PBMCs from all 4 rabbits that survived the treatment. Quantitative PCR indicated an increase in EBV viral load in PBMCs as the duration of immunosuppression increased. At autopsy, splenomegaly was seen in 3/4 rabbits, but spleens from all 4 rabbit were EBV PCR positive. EBER-in situ hybridization and immunoshistochemistry revealed the presence of a large number of EBER-positive and LMP-1 positive lymphoblasts in the spleens of 3/4 rabbits. To a lesser extent, EBER-positive cells were also seen in the portal tract regions of the liver of these rabbits. Western blotting indicated that EBNA-1 and EBNA-2 were also expressed in the liver and spleen of infected animals. Conclusion EBV can infect healthy rabbits and the infected cells proliferate when the animals are immunocompromised. The infected cells expressed several EBV-latent gene products which are probably driving the proliferation, reminiscent of what is seen in immunocompromised individuals. Further work is required to explore the potential of rabbits as an animal model for studying EBV biology and tumorigenesis.
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Epstein-Barr virus: dermatologic associations and implications: part I. Mucocutaneous manifestations of Epstein-Barr virus and nonmalignant disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol 2015; 72:1-19; quiz 19-20. [PMID: 25497917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous virus that has been implicated in a wide range of human diseases, many of which have mucocutaneous manifestations. As a member of the herpesviridae family, EBV causes lifelong infection by establishing latency in B lymphocytes. An intact immune response is critical in preventing progression of EBV disease, and the clinical manifestations of infection are dependent on the intricate relationship between virus and host immune system. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and diagnostic testing in EBV infection. In part I of this continuing medical education article, the mucocutaneous manifestations of EBV infection are reviewed with an emphasis on pathophysiology and management.
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Modeling EBV infection and pathogenesis in new-generation humanized mice. Exp Mol Med 2015; 47:e135. [PMID: 25613732 PMCID: PMC4314584 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2014.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of highly immunodeficient mouse strains has allowed the reconstitution of functional human immune system components in mice. New-generation humanized mice generated in this manner have been extensively used for modeling viral infections that are exclusively human tropic. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-infected humanized mice reproduce cardinal features of EBV-associated B-cell lymphoproliferative disease and EBV-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Erosive arthritis morphologically resembling rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has also been recapitulated in these mice. Low-dose EBV infection of humanized mice results in asymptomatic, persistent infection. Innate immune responses involving natural killer cells, EBV-specific adaptive T-cell responses restricted by human major histocompatibility and EBV-specific antibody responses are also elicited in humanized mice. EBV-associated T-/natural killer cell lymphoproliferative disease, by contrast, can be reproduced in a distinct mouse xenograft model. In this review, recent findings on the recapitulation of human EBV infection and pathogenesis in these mouse models, as well as their application to preclinical studies of experimental anti-EBV therapies, are described.
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40
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Epstein-barr virus vaccines. Clin Transl Immunology 2015; 4:e32. [PMID: 25671130 PMCID: PMC4318489 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2014.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is the primary cause of infectious mononucleosis (IM) and is associated with epithelial cell malignancies such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma and gastric carcinoma, as well as lymphoid malignancies including Hodgkin lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. EBV vaccines to prevent primary infection or disease, or therapeutic vaccines to treat EBV malignancies have not been licensed. Most efforts to develop prophylactic vaccines have focused on EBV gp350, which is the major target of neutralizing antibody. A single phase 2 trial of an EBV gp350 vaccine has been reported; the vaccine reduced the rate of IM but not virus infection. The observation that infusion of EBV-specific T cells can reduce disease due to Hodgkin lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma provides a proof of principle that a therapeutic vaccine for these and other EBV-associated malignancies might be effective. Most therapeutic vaccines have targeted EBV LMP2 and EBV nuclear antigen-1. As EBV is associated with nearly 200 000 new malignancies each year worldwide, an EBV vaccine to prevent these diseases is needed.
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Abstract
Over the last century, the development of effective vaccine approaches to treat a number of viral infections has provided the impetus for the continual development of vaccine platforms for other viral infections, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The clinical manifestations associated with EBV infection occur either following primary infection, such as infectious mononucleosis, or following an extended period of latency, primarily the EBV-associated malignancies and potentially including a number of autoimmune disorders, such as multiple sclerosis. As a consequence, two independent vaccine approaches are under development to prevent or control EBV-associated diseases. The first approach, which has been widely successful against other viral infections, is aimed at inducing a viral neutralisation antibody response to prevent primary infection. The second approach focuses upon the induction of cell-mediated immunity to control latent infected cells in persistently infected individuals. Early clinical studies have offered some insight into the potential efficacy of both of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Smith
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia. .,Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane, 4006, Australia.
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Quantitative PCR assays reveal high prevalence of lymphocryptovirus as well as lytic phase gene expression in peripheral blood cells of cynomolgus macaques. J Virol Methods 2014; 207:220-5. [PMID: 25064358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocryptoviruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are important pathogens in both human and non-human primates, particularly during immunosuppression. Immunomodulatory molecules that may suppress antiviral immunity are commonly tested in the cynomolgus macaque. To enable the study of lymphocryptovirus (LCV) in this non-clinical model, PCR-based assays were developed to measure LCV viral load, as well as transcripts for the lytic phase LCV gene, BALF-2. Results from studies employing these assays showed that LCV genome was detected in the oropharyngeal epithelium of all cynomolgus monkeys tested, and the majority had viral genome in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The results also revealed LCV lytic phase gene expression not only in the oropharynx of most monkeys, but also in PBMCs of approximately one half of monkeys tested. This unexpected finding suggests that initiation of the lytic gene expression cascade occurs often in the peripheral blood cells of healthy monkeys.
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43
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Cohen JI, Mocarski ES, Raab-Traub N, Corey L, Nabel GJ. The need and challenges for development of an Epstein-Barr virus vaccine. Vaccine 2014; 31 Suppl 2:B194-6. [PMID: 23598481 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the major cause of infectious mononucleosis and is associated with several malignancies including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, and lymphoma after organ or stem cell transplant. A candidate vaccine containing soluble EBV glycoprotein gp350 protected cottontop tamarins from EBV lymphoma after challenge with EBV. In the only phase 2 trial of an EBV vaccine in humans, soluble gp350 in alum and monophosphoryl lipid A adjuvant reduced the rate of infectious mononucleosis in EBV seronegative adults, but did not affect the rate of EBV infection. A peptide vaccine corresponding to EBV latency proteins has been tested in a small number of adults to prevent infectious mononucleosis. Some of the barriers to development of an EBV vaccine include (a) whether viral proteins in addition to gp350 would be more effective for preventing mononucleosis or EBV malignancies, (b) the difficulty of performing clinical trials to prevent EBV associated malignancies in the absence of good surrogate markers for tumor development, and the long period of time between primary EBV infection and development of many EBV tumors, (c) the lack of knowledge of immune correlates for protection against EBV infection and disease, (d) the limitations in animal models to study protection against EBV infection and disease, and (e) the need for additional information on the economic and societal burden of infectious mononucleosis to assess the cost-benefit of a prophylactic vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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44
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Yu C, Achazi K, Möller L, Schulzke JD, Niedrig M, Bücker R. Tick-borne encephalitis virus replication, intracellular trafficking, and pathogenicity in human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96957. [PMID: 24820351 PMCID: PMC4018392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is one of the most important vector-borne viruses in Europe and Asia. Its transmission mainly occurs by the bite of an infected tick. However, consuming milk products from infected livestock animals caused TBEV cases. To better understand TBEV transmission via the alimentary route, we studied viral infection of human intestinal epithelial cells. Caco-2 cells were used to investigate pathological effects of TBEV infection. TBEV-infected Caco-2 monolayers showed morphological changes including cytoskeleton rearrangements and cytoplasmic vacuolization. Ultrastructural analysis revealed dilatation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and further enlargement to TBEV containing caverns. Caco-2 monolayers maintained an intact epithelial barrier with stable transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) during early stage of infection. Concomitantly, viruses were detected in the basolateral medium, implying a transcytosis pathway. When Caco-2 cells were pre-treated with inhibitors of cellular pathways of endocytosis TBEV cell entry was efficiently blocked, suggesting that actin filaments (Cytochalasin) and microtubules (Nocodazole) are important for PI3K-dependent (LY294002) virus endocytosis. Moreover, experimental fluid uptake assay showed increased intracellular accumulation of FITC-dextran containing vesicles. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed co-localization of TBEV with early endosome antigen-1 (EEA1) as well as with sorting nexin-5 (SNX5), pointing to macropinocytosis as trafficking mechanism. In the late phase of infection, further evidence was found for translocation of virus via the paracellular pathway. Five days after infection TER was slightly decreased. Epithelial barrier integrity was impaired due to increased epithelial apoptosis, leading to passive viral translocation. These findings illuminate pathomechanisms in TBEV infection of human intestinal epithelial cells and viral transmission via the alimentary route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yu
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, ZBS 1: Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Achazi
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Möller
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, ZBS 4: Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joerg D. Schulzke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Division of Nutritional Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, German
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthias Niedrig
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, ZBS 1: Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Bücker
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Division of Nutritional Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, German
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Chatterjee B, Leung CS, Münz C. Animal models of Epstein Barr virus infection. J Immunol Methods 2014; 410:80-7. [PMID: 24815603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Epstein Barr virus (EBV) was the first human tumor virus to be identified. Despite 50years of research on this oncogenic virus, no therapeutic or prophylactic vaccine is available against this pathogen. In part, the development of such a vaccine is hampered by the lack of in vivo models for EBV infection and immune control. However, with the advent of mice with reconstituted human immune system components (HIS mice), certain aspects of EBV associated diseases and immune responses can be modeled in vivo. In this review, we will discuss the insights that can be gained from these experiments, and how immune system components can be manipulated to interrogate their function during EBV infection. Finally, we will compare EBV immunobiology in HIS mice to infection by EBV-related viruses in monkeys, and we will outline the strengths and weaknesses of these two in vivo models of EBV infection. Both of these models show great promise as a platform for preclinical EBV vaccine testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bithi Chatterjee
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carol Sze Leung
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
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46
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Balfour HH. Progress, prospects, and problems in Epstein-Barr virus vaccine development. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 6:1-5. [PMID: 24632197 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is responsible for a farrago of acute and chronic human diseases including cancer. A prophylactic vaccine could reduce this disease burden. Several EBV vaccines have been given to humans but none has been sufficiently studied to establish safety and efficacy. EBV vaccine development has been hampered by the lack of an animal model other than subhuman primates, proprietary issues, selection of an appropriate adjuvant, and failure to reach consensus on what an EBV vaccine could or should actually achieve. A recent conference at the U.S. National Institutes of Health emphasizing the global importance of EBV vaccine and advocating a phase 3 trial to prevent infectious mononucleosis should encourage research that could eventually lead to its licensure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry H Balfour
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
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47
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Cellular immune controls over Epstein-Barr virus infection: new lessons from the clinic and the laboratory. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:159-69. [PMID: 24589417 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a human herpesvirus with potent B cell growth transforming ability, induces multiple cellular immune responses in the infected host. How these host responses work together to prevent virus pathogenicity, and how immune imbalance predisposes to disease, remain poorly understood. Here, we describe three ongoing lines of enquiry that are shedding new light on these issues. These focus on: (i) patients with infectious mononucleosis or its fatal equivalent, X-linked lymphoproliferative disease; (ii) EBV infection in a range of new, genetically defined, primary immune deficiency states; and (iii) experimental infection in two complementary animal models, the rhesus macaque and the human haemopoietic stem cell reconstituted mouse.
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48
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Adenovirus-based vaccines against rhesus lymphocryptovirus EBNA-1 induce expansion of specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in persistently infected rhesus macaques. J Virol 2014; 88:4721-35. [PMID: 24522914 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03744-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The impact of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) on human health is substantial, but vaccines that prevent primary EBV infections or treat EBV-associated diseases are not yet available. The Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) is an important target for vaccination because it is the only protein expressed in all EBV-associated malignancies. We have designed and tested two therapeutic EBV vaccines that target the rhesus (rh) lymphocryptovirus (LCV) EBNA-1 to determine if ongoing T cell responses during persistent rhLCV infection in rhesus macaques can be expanded upon vaccination. Vaccines were based on two serotypes of E1-deleted simian adenovirus and were administered in a prime-boost regimen. To further modulate the response, rhEBNA-1 was fused to herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D (HSV-gD), which acts to block an inhibitory signaling pathway during T cell activation. We found that vaccines expressing rhEBNA-1 with or without functional HSV-gD led to expansion of rhEBNA-1-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells in 33% and 83% of the vaccinated animals, respectively. Additional animals developed significant changes within T cell subsets without changes in total numbers. Vaccination did not increase T cell responses to rhBZLF-1, an immediate early lytic phase antigen of rhLCV, thus indicating that increases of rhEBNA-1-specific responses were a direct result of vaccination. Vaccine-induced rhEBNA-1-specific T cells were highly functional and produced various combinations of cytokines as well as the cytolytic molecule granzyme B. These results serve as an important proof of principle that functional EBNA-1-specific T cells can be expanded by vaccination. IMPORTANCE EBV is a common human pathogen that establishes a persistent infection through latency in B cells, where it occasionally reactivates. EBV infection is typically benign and is well controlled by the host adaptive immune system; however, it is considered carcinogenic due to its strong association with lymphoid and epithelial cell malignancies. Latent EBNA-1 is a promising target for a therapeutic vaccine, as it is the only antigen expressed in all EBV-associated malignancies. The goal was to determine if rhEBNA-1-specific T cells could be expanded upon vaccination of infected animals. Results were obtained with vaccines that target EBNA-1 of rhLCV, a virus closely related to EBV. We found that vaccination led to expansion of rhEBNA-1 immune cells that exhibited functions fit for controlling viral infection. This confirms that rhEBNA-1 is a suitable target for therapeutic vaccines. Future work should aim to generate more-robust T cell responses through modified vaccines.
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Schafer JL, Colantonio AD, Neidermyer WJ, Dudley DM, Connole M, O'Connor DH, Evans DT. KIR3DL01 recognition of Bw4 ligands in the rhesus macaque: maintenance of Bw4 specificity since the divergence of apes and Old World monkeys. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:1907-17. [PMID: 24453246 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The identification of MHC class I ligands for rhesus macaque killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) is fundamental to our basic understanding of KIR and MHC class I coevolution and to the study of NK cell responses in this nonhuman primate model for AIDS and other viral diseases. In this study, we show that Mamu-KIR3DL01, which is expressed by ∼90% of rhesus macaques, recognizes MHC class I molecules with a Bw4 motif. Primary NK cells expressing Mamu-KIR3DL01 were identified by staining with a mAb which, in this study, was shown to bind Mamu-KIR3DL01 allotypes with an aspartic acid at position 233. The cytolytic activity of Mamu-KIR3DL01(+) NK cells was suppressed by cell lines expressing the Bw4 molecules Mamu-B*007:01, -B*041:01, -B*058:02, and -B*065:01. The Bw4 motif was necessary for Mamu-KIR3DL01 recognition because substitutions in this region abrogated Mamu-KIR3DL01(+) NK cell inhibition. However, the presence of a Bw4 motif was not sufficient for recognition because another Bw4 molecule, Mamu-B*017:01, failed to suppress the cytolytic activity of these NK cells. Replacement of three residues in Mamu-B*017:01, predicted to be KIR contacts based on the three-dimensional structure of the human KIR3DL1-HLA-Bw4 complex, with the corresponding residues at these positions for the other Mamu-Bw4 ligands restored Mamu-KIR3DL01(+) NK cell inhibition. These results define the ligand specificity of one of the most polymorphic and commonly expressed KIRs in the rhesus macaque and reveal similarities in Bw4 recognition by Mamu-KIR3DL01 and human KIR3DL1, despite the absence of an orthologous relationship between these two KIRs or conservation of surface residues predicted to interact with MHC class I ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Schafer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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Therapeutic vaccination against the rhesus lymphocryptovirus EBNA-1 homologue, rhEBNA-1, elicits T cell responses to novel epitopes in rhesus macaques. J Virol 2013; 87:13904-10. [PMID: 24089556 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01947-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a vaccine/immunotherapy target due to its association with several human malignancies. EBNA-1 is an EBV protein consistently expressed in all EBV-associated cancers. Herein, EBNA-1-specific T cell epitopes were evaluated after AdC-rhEBNA-1 immunizations in chronically lymphocryptovirus-infected rhesus macaques, an EBV infection model. Preexisting rhEBNA-1-specific responses were augmented in 4/12 animals, and new epitopes were recognized in 5/12 animals after vaccinations. This study demonstrated that EBNA-1-specific T cells can be expanded by vaccination.
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