1
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Rahman MA, Becerra-Flores M, Patskovsky Y, Silva de Castro I, Bissa M, Basu S, Shen X, Williams LD, Sarkis S, N’guessan KF, LaBranche C, Tomaras GD, Aye PP, Veazey R, Paquin-Proulx D, Rao M, Franchini G, Cardozo T. Cholera toxin B scaffolded, focused SIV V2 epitope elicits antibodies that influence the risk of SIV mac251 acquisition in macaques. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1139402. [PMID: 37153584 PMCID: PMC10160393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1139402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction An efficacious HIV vaccine will need to elicit a complex package of innate, humoral, and cellular immune responses. This complex package of responses to vaccine candidates has been studied and yielded important results, yet it has been a recurring challenge to determine the magnitude and protective effect of specific in vivo immune responses in isolation. We therefore designed a single, viral-spike-apical, epitope-focused V2 loop immunogen to reveal individual vaccine-elicited immune factors that contribute to protection against HIV/SIV. Method We generated a novel vaccine by incorporating the V2 loop B-cell epitope in the cholera toxin B (CTB) scaffold and compared two new immunization regimens to a historically protective 'standard' vaccine regimen (SVR) consisting of 2xDNA prime boosted with 2xALVAC-SIV and 1xΔV1gp120. We immunized a cohort of macaques with 5xCTB-V2c vaccine+alum intramuscularly simultaneously with topical intrarectal vaccination of CTB-V2c vaccine without alum (5xCTB-V2/alum). In a second group, we tested a modified version of the SVR consisting of 2xDNA prime and boosted with 1xALVAC-SIV and 2xALVAC-SIV+CTB-V2/alum, (DA/CTB-V2c/alum). Results In the absence of any other anti-viral antibodies, V2c epitope was highly immunogenic when incorporated in the CTB scaffold and generated highly functional anti-V2c antibodies in the vaccinated animals. 5xCTB-V2c/alum vaccination mediated non-neutralizing ADCC activity and efferocytosis, but produced low avidity, trogocytosis, and no neutralization of tier 1 virus. Furthermore, DA/CTB-V2c/alum vaccination also generated lower total ADCC activity, avidity, and neutralization compared to the SVR. These data suggest that the ΔV1gp120 boost in the SVR yielded more favorable immune responses than its CTB-V2c counterpart. Vaccination with the SVR generates CCR5- α4β7+CD4+ Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, which are less likely to be infected by SIV/HIV and likely contributed to the protection afforded in this regimen. The 5xCTB-V2c/alum regimen likewise elicited higher circulating CCR5- α4β7+ CD4+ T cells and mucosal α4β7+ CD4+ T cells compared to the DA/CTB-V2c/alum regimen, whereas the first cell type was associated with reduced risk of viral acquisition. Conclusion Taken together, these data suggest that individual viral spike B-cell epitopes can be highly immunogenic and functional as isolated immunogens, although they might not be sufficient on their own to provide full protection against HIV/SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Arif Rahman
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Manuel Becerra-Flores
- NYU Langone Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yury Patskovsky
- NYU Langone Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Isabela Silva de Castro
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Massimiliano Bissa
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Shraddha Basu
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - LaTonya D. Williams
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sarkis Sarkis
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kombo F. N’guessan
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Pyone Pyone Aye
- Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Ronald Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Dominic Paquin-Proulx
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mangala Rao
- United States Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Timothy Cardozo
- NYU Langone Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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2
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Beddingfield BJ, Maness NJ, Spencer S, Rappaport J, Aye PP, Russell-Lodrigue K, Doyle-Meyers LA, Blair RV, Gao H, Montefiori D, Roy CJ. Mid-titer human convalescent plasma administration results in suboptimal prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1085883. [PMID: 36845143 PMCID: PMC9950397 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1085883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction ARS-CoV-2 is a respiratory pathogen currently causing a worldwide pandemic, with resulting pathology of differing severity in humans, from mild illness to severe disease and death. The rhesus macaque model of COVID-19 was utilized to evaluate the added benefit of prophylactic administration of human post-SARS-CoV-2 infection convalescent plasma (CP) on disease progression and severity. Methods A pharmacokinetic (PK) study using CP in rhesus monkeys preceded the challenge study and revealed the optimal time of tissue distribution for maximal effect. Thereafter, CP was administered prophylactically three days prior to mucosal SARS-CoV-2 viral challenge. Results Results show similar viral kinetics in mucosal sites over the course of infection independent of administration of CP or normal plasma, or historic controls with no plasma. No changes were noted upon necropsy via histopathology, although there were differences in levels of vRNA in tissues, with both normal and CP seemingly blunting viral loads. Discussion Results indicate that prophylactic administration with mid-titer CP is not effective in reducing disease severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the rhesus COVID-19 disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J. Beddingfield
- Divisions of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Maness
- Divisions of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Skye Spencer
- Divisions of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Jay Rappaport
- Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Pyone Pyone Aye
- Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Kasi Russell-Lodrigue
- Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Lara A. Doyle-Meyers
- Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Robert V. Blair
- Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - HongMei Gao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - David Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Chad J. Roy
- Divisions of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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3
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Pahar B, Gray W, Fahlberg M, Grasperge B, Hunter M, Das A, Mabee C, Aye PP, Schiro F, Hensley K, Ratnayake A, Goff K, LaBranche C, Shen X, Tomaras GD, DeMarco CT, Montefiori D, Kissinger P, Marx PA, Traina-Dorge V. Recombinant Simian Varicella Virus-Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine Induces T and B Cell Functions and Provides Partial Protection against Repeated Mucosal SIV Challenges in Rhesus Macaques. Viruses 2022; 14:2819. [PMID: 36560823 PMCID: PMC9853323 DOI: 10.3390/v14122819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV vaccine mediated efficacy, using an expanded live attenuated recombinant varicella virus-vectored SIV rSVV-SIVgag/env vaccine prime with adjuvanted SIV-Env and SIV-Gag protein boosts, was evaluated in a female rhesus macaques (RM) model against repeated intravaginal SIV challenges. Vaccination induced anti-SIV IgG responses and neutralizing antibodies were found in all vaccinated RMs. Three of the eight vaccinated RM remained uninfected (vaccinated and protected, VP) after 13 repeated challenges with the pathogenic SIVmac251-CX-1. The remaining five vaccinated and infected (VI) macaques had significantly reduced plasma viral loads compared with the infected controls (IC). A significant increase in systemic central memory CD4+ T cells and mucosal CD8+ effector memory T-cell responses was detected in vaccinated RMs compared to controls. Variability in lymph node SIV-Gag and Env specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell cytokine responses were detected in the VI RMs while all three VP RMs had more durable cytokine responses following vaccination and prior to challenge. VI RMs demonstrated predominately SIV-specific monofunctional cytokine responses while the VP RMs generated polyfunctional cytokine responses. This study demonstrates that varicella virus-vectored SIV vaccination with protein boosts induces a 37.5% efficacy rate against pathogenic SIV challenge by generating mucosal memory, virus specific neutralizing antibodies, binding antibodies, and polyfunctional T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapi Pahar
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
- School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Wayne Gray
- Biology Department, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Marissa Fahlberg
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Brooke Grasperge
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Meredith Hunter
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Arpita Das
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Christopher Mabee
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Pyone Pyone Aye
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Faith Schiro
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Krystle Hensley
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Aneeka Ratnayake
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Kelly Goff
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - C. Todd DeMarco
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Patricia Kissinger
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Preston A. Marx
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Vicki Traina-Dorge
- School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
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4
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Arunachalam PS, Feng Y, Ashraf U, Hu M, Walls AC, Edara VV, Zarnitsyna VI, Aye PP, Golden N, Miranda MC, Green KWM, Threeton BM, Maness NJ, Beddingfield BJ, Bohm RP, Scheuermann SE, Goff K, Dufour J, Russell-Lodrigue K, Kepl E, Fiala B, Wrenn S, Ravichandran R, Ellis D, Carter L, Rogers K, Shirreff LM, Ferrell DE, Deb Adhikary NR, Fontenot J, Hammond HL, Frieman M, Grifoni A, Sette A, O’Hagan DT, Van Der Most R, Rappuoli R, Villinger F, Kleanthous H, Rappaport J, Suthar MS, Veesler D, Wang TT, King NP, Pulendran B. Durable protection against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is induced by an adjuvanted subunit vaccine. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabq4130. [PMID: 35976993 PMCID: PMC10466502 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abq4130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite the remarkable efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, waning immunity and the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants such as Omicron represents a global health challenge. Here, we present data from a study in nonhuman primates demonstrating durable protection against the Omicron BA.1 variant induced by a subunit SARS-CoV-2 vaccine comprising the receptor binding domain of the ancestral strain (RBD-Wu) on the I53-50 nanoparticle adjuvanted with AS03, which was recently authorized for use in individuals 18 years or older. Vaccination induced neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers that were maintained at high concentrations for at least 1 year after two doses, with a pseudovirus nAb geometric mean titer (GMT) of 1978 and a live virus nAb GMT of 1331 against the ancestral strain but not against the Omicron BA.1 variant. However, a booster dose at 6 to 12 months with RBD-Wu or RBD-β (RBD from the Beta variant) displayed on I53-50 elicited high neutralizing titers against the ancestral and Omicron variants. In addition, we observed persistent neutralization titers against a panel of sarbecoviruses, including SARS-CoV. Furthermore, there were substantial and persistent memory T and B cell responses reactive to Beta and Omicron variants. Vaccination resulted in protection against Omicron infection in the lung and suppression of viral burden in the nares at 6 weeks after the final booster immunization. Even at 6 months after vaccination, we observed protection in the lung and rapid control of virus in the nares. These results highlight the durable and cross-protective immunity elicited by the AS03-adjuvanted RBD-I53-50 nanoparticle vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhu S. Arunachalam
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yupeng Feng
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Usama Ashraf
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mengyun Hu
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexandra C. Walls
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Venkata Viswanadh Edara
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | | | - Pyone Pyone Aye
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Nadia Golden
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Marcos C. Miranda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Rudolf P. Bohm
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | | | - Kelly Goff
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Jason Dufour
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Kepl
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Brooke Fiala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Samuel Wrenn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rashmi Ravichandran
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Daniel Ellis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kenneth Rogers
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA 70560, USA
| | - Lisa M. Shirreff
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA 70560, USA
| | - Douglas E. Ferrell
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA 70560, USA
| | - Nihar R. Deb Adhikary
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA 70560, USA
| | - Jane Fontenot
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA 70560, USA
| | - Holly L. Hammond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Matthew Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA 70560, USA
| | | | - Jay Rappaport
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Mehul S. Suthar
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Taia T. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Neil P. King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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5
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Pillet S, Arunachalam PS, Andreani G, Golden N, Fontenot J, Aye PP, Röltgen K, Lehmicke G, Gobeil P, Dubé C, Trépanier S, Charland N, D'Aoust MA, Russell-Lodrigue K, Monjure C, Blair RV, Boyd SD, Bohm RP, Rappaport J, Villinger F, Landry N, Pulendran B, Ward BJ. Safety, immunogenicity, and protection provided by unadjuvanted and adjuvanted formulations of a recombinant plant-derived virus-like particle vaccine candidate for COVID-19 in nonhuman primates. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:222-233. [PMID: 34983950 PMCID: PMC8727235 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although antivirals are important tools to control severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, effective vaccines are essential to control the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Plant-derived virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine candidates have previously demonstrated immunogenicity and efficacy against influenza. Here, we report the immunogenicity and protection induced in rhesus macaques by intramuscular injections of a VLP bearing a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (CoVLP) vaccine candidate formulated with or without Adjuvant System 03 (AS03) or cytidine-phospho-guanosine (CpG) 1018. Although a single dose of the unadjuvanted CoVLP vaccine candidate stimulated humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, booster immunization (at 28 days after priming) and adjuvant administration significantly improved both responses, with higher immunogenicity and protection provided by the AS03-adjuvanted CoVLP. Fifteen micrograms of CoVLP adjuvanted with AS03 induced a polyfunctional interleukin-2 (IL-2)-driven response and IL-4 expression in CD4 T cells. Animals were challenged by multiple routes (i.e., intratracheal, intranasal, and ocular) with a total viral dose of 106 plaque-forming units of SARS-CoV-2. Lower viral replication in nasal swabs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) as well as fewer SARS-CoV-2-infected cells and immune cell infiltrates in the lungs concomitant with reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemotactic factors in the BALF were observed in animals immunized with the CoVLP adjuvanted with AS03. No clinical, pathologic, or virologic evidence of vaccine-associated enhanced disease was observed in vaccinated animals. The CoVLP adjuvanted with AS03 was therefore selected for vaccine development and clinical trials.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/adverse effects
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- COVID-19/epidemiology
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19/virology
- COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
- COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Combinations
- Drug Compounding/methods
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine/immunology
- Macaca mulatta
- Male
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Polysorbates/administration & dosage
- Polysorbates/adverse effects
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
- Squalene/administration & dosage
- Squalene/adverse effects
- Nicotiana/metabolism
- Treatment Outcome
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/adverse effects
- alpha-Tocopherol/administration & dosage
- alpha-Tocopherol/adverse effects
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prabhu S Arunachalam
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Nadia Golden
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Jane Fontenot
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | | | - Katharina Röltgen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert V Blair
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rudolf P Bohm
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Jay Rappaport
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - François Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | | | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation & Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brian J Ward
- Medicago Inc., Québec, QC, Canada.
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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6
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Madden PJ, Arif MS, Becker ME, McRaven MD, Carias AM, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Xiao S, Midkiff CC, Blair RV, Potter EL, Martin-Sancho L, Dodson A, Martinelli E, Todd JPM, Villinger FJ, Chanda SK, Aye PP, Roy CJ, Roederer M, Lewis MG, Veazey RS, Hope TJ. Development of an In Vivo Probe to Track SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2021; 12:810047. [PMID: 35003140 PMCID: PMC8739270 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.810047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, results in pneumonia and other respiratory symptoms as well as pathologies at diverse anatomical sites. An outstanding question is whether these diverse pathologies are due to replication of the virus in these anatomical compartments and how and when the virus reaches those sites. To answer these outstanding questions and study the spatiotemporal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection a method for tracking viral spread in vivo is needed. We developed a novel, fluorescently labeled, antibody-based in vivo probe system using the anti-spike monoclonal antibody CR3022 and demonstrated that it could successfully identify sites of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a rhesus macaque model of COVID-19. Our results showed that the fluorescent signal from our antibody-based probe could differentiate whole lungs of macaques infected for 9 days from those infected for 2 or 3 days. Additionally, the probe signal corroborated the frequency and density of infected cells in individual tissue blocks from infected macaques. These results provide proof of concept for the use of in vivo antibody-based probes to study SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics in rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Madden
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Muhammad S. Arif
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mark E. Becker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Michael D. McRaven
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ann M. Carias
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Northwestern University Institute for Global Health, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sixia Xiao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Cecily C. Midkiff
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Robert V. Blair
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Lake Potter
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Laura Martin-Sancho
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Elena Martinelli
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - John-Paul M. Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Francois J. Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana-Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, United States
| | - Sumit K. Chanda
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Pyone Pyone Aye
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Chad J. Roy
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Ronald S. Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Thomas J. Hope
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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7
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Beddingfield BJ, Maness NJ, Fears AC, Rappaport J, Aye PP, Russell-Lodrigue K, Doyle-Meyers LA, Blair RV, Carias AM, Madden PJ, Redondo RL, Gao H, Montefiori D, Hope TJ, Roy CJ. Effective Prophylaxis of COVID-19 in Rhesus Macaques Using a Combination of Two Parenterally-Administered SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:753444. [PMID: 34869063 PMCID: PMC8637877 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.753444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a respiratory borne pathogenic beta coronavirus that is the source of a worldwide pandemic and the cause of multiple pathologies in man. The rhesus macaque model of COVID-19 was utilized to test the added benefit of combinatory parenteral administration of two high-affinity anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs; C144-LS and C135-LS) expressly developed to neutralize the virus and modified to extend their pharmacokinetics. After completion of kinetics study of mAbs in the primate, combination treatment was administered prophylactically to mucosal viral challenge. Results showed near complete virus neutralization evidenced by no measurable titer in mucosal tissue swabs, muting of cytokine/chemokine response, and lack of any discernable pathologic sequalae. Blocking infection was a dose-related effect, cohorts receiving lower doses (6, 2 mg/kg) resulted in low grade viral infection in various mucosal sites compared to that of a fully protective dose (20 mg/kg). A subset of animals within this cohort whose infectious challenge was delayed 75 days later after mAb administration were still protected from disease. Results indicate this combination mAb effectively blocks development of COVID-19 in the rhesus disease model and accelerates the prospect of clinical studies with this effective antibody combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J. Beddingfield
- Divisions of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Maness
- Divisions of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Alyssa C. Fears
- Divisions of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Jay Rappaport
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Pyone Pyone Aye
- Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Kasi Russell-Lodrigue
- Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Lara A. Doyle-Meyers
- Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Robert V. Blair
- Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Ann M. Carias
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Patrick J. Madden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ramon Lorenzo Redondo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - David Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Thomas J. Hope
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Chad J. Roy
- Divisions of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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8
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Mühe J, Aye PP, Quink C, Eng JY, Engelman K, Reimann KA, Wang F. Neutralizing antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus infection of B cells can protect from oral viral challenge in the rhesus macaque animal model. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100352. [PMID: 34337567 PMCID: PMC8324488 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and related lymphocryptoviruses (LCVs) from nonhuman primates are transmitted through oral secretions, penetrate the mucosal epithelium, and establish persistent infection in B cells. To determine whether neutralizing antibodies against epithelial or B cell infection could block oral transmission and persistent LCV infection, we use rhesus macaques, the most accurate animal model for EBV infection by faithfully reproducing acute and persistent infection in humans. Naive animals are infused with monoclonal antibodies neutralizing epithelial cell infection or B cell infection and then challenged orally with recombinant rhesus LCV. Our data show that high-titer B cell-neutralizing antibodies alone, but not epithelial cell-neutralizing antibodies, can provide complete protection of rhesus macaques from oral LCV challenge, but not in all hosts. Thus, neutralizing antibodies against B cell infection are important targets for EBV vaccine development, but they may not be sufficient. mAb infusion leads to high neutralizing titers in nonhuman primates Protection of epithelial cells does not protect from lymphocryptovirus challenge Neutralization of B cell infection alone provides partial protection in macaques
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Mühe
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Carol Quink
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jing Ying Eng
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen Engelman
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith A Reimann
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fred Wang
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Pahar B, Baker KC, Jay AN, Russell-Lodrigue KE, Srivastav SK, Aye PP, Blanchard JL, Bohm RP. Effects of Social Housing Changes on Immunity and Vaccine-Specific Immune Responses in Adolescent Male Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2020; 11:565746. [PMID: 33178191 PMCID: PMC7593645 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.565746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates (NHPs) in research institutions may be housed in a variety of social settings, such as group housing, pair housing or single housing based on the needs of studies. Furthermore, housing may change over the course of studies. The effects of housing and changes in housing on cell activation and vaccine mediated immune responses are not well documented. We hypothesized that animals moved indoors from group to single housing (GH-SH) would experience more stress than those separated from groups into pair housing (GH-PH), or those placed briefly into pair housing and separated 5 weeks later into single housing (GH-PH-SH). We also compared the effects of separation from group to pair housing with the separation from pair to single housing. Eighteen male rhesus macaques were followed over the course of changes in housing condition over 10–14 weeks, as well as prior to and after primary vaccination with a commercially available measles vaccine. We identified two phenotypic biomarkers, namely total CD8 population and proliferating B cells, that differed significantly across treatment groups over time. At 10 weeks post-separation, levels of proliferating B cells were higher in GH-SH subjects compared to GH-PH subjects, and in the latter, levels were lower at 10 weeks than prior to removal from group housing. At 2 weeks post-separation from group to single housing, the frequency of CD8+ T cells was higher in GH-SH subjects compared to one week post separation from pair into single housing in the GH-PH-SH subjects. Comparing the same elapsed time since the most recent separation activated CD20 populations were persistently higher in the GH-SH animals than the GH-PH-SH animals. Housing configuration did not influence vaccine-mediated responses. Overall, our study found benefits of pair housing over single housing, suggesting that perturbations in immune function will be more severe following separation from group to single housing than from pair to single housing, and supporting the use of short-duration pair housing even when animals must subsequently be separated. These findings are useful for planning the housing configurations of research NHPs used for vaccine studies and other studies where immune response is being assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapi Pahar
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Kate C Baker
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Alexandra N Jay
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Kasi E Russell-Lodrigue
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Sudesh K Srivastav
- Department of Biostatistics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Pyone Pyone Aye
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - James L Blanchard
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Rudolf P Bohm
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
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10
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Dowling DJ, van Haren SD, Scheid A, Bergelson I, Kim D, Mancuso CJ, Foppen W, Ozonoff A, Fresh L, Theriot TB, Lackner AA, Fichorova RN, Smirnov D, Vasilakos JP, Beaurline JM, Tomai MA, Midkiff CC, Alvarez X, Blanchard JL, Gilbert MH, Aye PP, Levy O. TLR7/8 adjuvant overcomes newborn hyporesponsiveness to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine at birth. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e91020. [PMID: 28352660 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection is the most common cause of mortality in early life, and immunization is the most promising biomedical intervention to reduce this burden. However, newborns fail to respond optimally to most vaccines. Adjuvantation is a key approach to enhancing vaccine immunogenicity, but responses of human newborn leukocytes to most candidate adjuvants, including most TLR agonists, are functionally distinct. Herein, we demonstrate that 3M-052 is a locally acting lipidated imidazoquinoline TLR7/8 agonist adjuvant in mice, which, when properly formulated, can induce robust Th1 cytokine production by human newborn leukocytes in vitro, both alone and in synergy with the alum-adjuvanted pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 13 (PCV13). When admixed with PCV13 and administered i.m. on the first day of life to rhesus macaques, 3M-052 dramatically enhanced generation of Th1 CRM-197-specific neonatal CD4+ cells, activation of newborn and infant Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide-specific (PnPS-specific) B cells as well as serotype-specific antibody titers, and opsonophagocytic killing. Remarkably, a single dose at birth of PCV13 plus 0.1 mg/kg 3M-052 induced PnPS-specific IgG responses that were approximately 10-100 times greater than a single birth dose of PCV13 alone, rapidly exceeding the serologic correlate of protection, as early as 28 days of life. This potent immunization strategy, potentially effective with one birth dose, could represent a new paradigm in early life vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Dowling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Simon D van Haren
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Precision Vaccines Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Annette Scheid
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Precision Vaccines Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Newborn Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ilana Bergelson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dhohyung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christy J Mancuso
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Willemina Foppen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Al Ozonoff
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Precision Vaccines Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Patient Safety and Quality Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lynn Fresh
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Terese B Theriot
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Andrew A Lackner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Raina N Fichorova
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mark A Tomai
- 3M Drug Delivery Systems, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cecily C Midkiff
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - James L Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Margaret H Gilbert
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Pyone Pyone Aye
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Precision Vaccines Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Darrah PA, Bolton DL, Lackner AA, Kaushal D, Aye PP, Mehra S, Blanchard JL, Didier PJ, Roy CJ, Rao SS, Hokey DA, Scanga CA, Sizemore DR, Sadoff JC, Roederer M, Seder RA. Aerosol vaccination with AERAS-402 elicits robust cellular immune responses in the lungs of rhesus macaques but fails to protect against high-dose Mycobacterium tuberculosis challenge. J Immunol 2014; 193:1799-811. [PMID: 25024382 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Development of a vaccine against pulmonary tuberculosis may require immunization strategies that induce a high frequency of Ag-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells in the lung. The nonhuman primate model is essential for testing such approaches because it has predictive value for how vaccines elicit responses in humans. In this study, we used an aerosol vaccination strategy to administer AERAS-402, a replication-defective recombinant adenovirus (rAd) type 35 expressing Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ags Ag85A, Ag85B, and TB10.4, in bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-primed or unprimed rhesus macaques. Immunization with BCG generated low purified protein derivative-specific CD4 T cell responses in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage. In contrast, aerosolized AERAS-402 alone or following BCG induced potent and stable Ag85A/b-specific CD4 and CD8 effector T cells in bronchoalveolar lavage that largely produced IFN-γ, as well as TNF and IL-2. Such responses induced by BCG, AERAS-402, or both failed to confer overall protection following challenge with 275 CFUs M. tuberculosis Erdman, although vaccine-induced responses associated with reduced pathology were observed in some animals. Anamnestic T cell responses to Ag85A/b were not detected in blood of immunized animals after challenge. Overall, our data suggest that a high M. tuberculosis challenge dose may be a critical factor in limiting vaccine efficacy in this model. However, the ability of aerosol rAd immunization to generate potent cellular immunity in the lung suggests that using different or more immunogens, alternative rAd serotypes with enhanced immunogenicity, and a physiological challenge dose may achieve protection against M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Darrah
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Diane L Bolton
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Andrew A Lackner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433; and
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433; and
| | - Pyone Pyone Aye
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433; and
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433; and
| | | | - Peter J Didier
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433; and
| | - Chad J Roy
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433; and
| | - Srinivas S Rao
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | | | | | | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Robert A Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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12
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Renner NA, Redmann RK, Moroney-Rasmussen T, Sansing HA, Aye PP, Didier PJ, Lackner AA, Maclean AG. S100β as a novel and accessible indicator for the presence of monocyte-driven encephalitis in AIDS. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2012; 38:162-74. [PMID: 21696421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The pathogenesis of human/simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis (HIVE/SIVE) remains incompletely understood, but is associated with alterations in the blood-brain barrier. At present, it is not possible to easily determine if an individual has HIVE/SIVE before post mortem examination. METHODS We have examined serum levels of the astroglial protein S100β in SIV-infected macaques and show that it can be used to determine which animals have SIVE. We also checked for correlations with inflammatory markers such as CCL2/MCP-1, IL-6 and C-reactive protein. RESULTS We found that increased S100β protein in serum correlated with decreased expression of the tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 on brain microvessels. Furthermore, the decrease in zonula occludens-1 expression was spatially related to SIVE lesions and perivascular deposition of plasma fibrinogen. There was no correlation between encephalitis and plasma levels of IL-6, MCP-1/CCL2 or C-reactive protein. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data indicate that SIVE lesions are associated with vascular leakage that can be determined by S100β protein in the periphery. The ability to simply monitor the presence of SIVE will greatly facilitate studies of the neuropathogenesis of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Renner
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA.
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13
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Larsen MH, Biermann K, Chen B, Hsu T, Sambandamurthy VK, Lackner AA, Aye PP, Didier P, Huang D, Shao L, Wei H, Letvin NL, Frothingham R, Haynes BF, Chen ZW, Jacobs WR. Efficacy and safety of live attenuated persistent and rapidly cleared Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine candidates in non-human primates. Vaccine 2009; 27:4709-17. [PMID: 19500524 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health burden for which safe vaccines are needed. BCG has limitations as a TB vaccine so we have focused on live attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutants as vaccine candidates. Prior to human studies, however, it is necessary to demonstrate safety in non-human primates (NHP). In this study, we evaluate the safety and efficacy of two live attenuated M. tuberculosis double deletion vaccine strains mc(2)6020 (DeltalysA DeltapanCD) and mc(2)6030 (DeltaRD1 DeltapanCD) in cynomolgus macaques. In murine models, mc(2)6020 is rapidly cleared while mc(2)6030 persists. Both mc(2)6020 and mc(2)6030 were safe and well tolerated in cynomolgus macaques. Following a high-dose intrabronchial challenge with virulent M. tuberculosis, mc(2)6020-vaccinates were afforded a level of protection intermediate between that elicited by BCG vaccination and no vaccination. BCG vaccinates had reduced tuberculosis-associated pathology and improved clinical scores as compared to saline and mc(2)6030 vaccinates, but survival did not differ among the groups.
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14
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McKenna P, Hoffmann C, Minkah N, Aye PP, Lackner A, Liu Z, Lozupone CA, Hamady M, Knight R, Bushman FD. The macaque gut microbiome in health, lentiviral infection, and chronic enterocolitis. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e20. [PMID: 18248093 PMCID: PMC2222957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0040020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate gut harbors a vast community of bacterial mutualists, the composition of which is modulated by the host immune system. Many gastrointestinal (GI) diseases are expected to be associated with disruptions of host-bacterial interactions, but relatively few comprehensive studies have been reported. We have used the rhesus macaque model to investigate forces shaping GI bacterial communities. We used DNA bar coding and pyrosequencing to characterize 141,000 sequences of 16S rRNA genes obtained from 100 uncultured GI bacterial samples, allowing quantitative analysis of community composition in health and disease. Microbial communities of macaques were distinct from those of mice and humans in both abundance and types of taxa present. The macaque communities differed among samples from intestinal mucosa, colonic contents, and stool, paralleling studies of humans. Communities also differed among animals, over time within individual animals, and between males and females. To investigate changes associated with disease, samples of colonic contents taken at necropsy were compared between healthy animals and animals with colitis and undergoing antibiotic therapy. Communities from diseased and healthy animals also differed significantly in composition. This work provides comprehensive data and improved methods for studying the role of commensal microbiota in macaque models of GI diseases and provides a model for the large-scale screening of the human gut microbiome. Bacterial mutualists within the gastrointestinal tract aid digestion, promote development of the gut immune system, and provide competitive barriers to pathogen invasion. The host, in return, provides bacteria with safe housing and food during lean times. The composition of the gut microbiota is controlled in part by the host immune system. In a variety of disease states, immune function can be altered, and gut morbidity is often associated, leading to the hypothesis that alterations in the GI microbiota may contribute to disease. In this study, the gut microbiota was characterized in 100 samples from rhesus macaques using pyrosequencing, which allowed 141,000 sequences from 16S rRNA genes to be generated and analyzed. Healthy animals were compared to animals with gut disorders, induced, for example by advanced simian AIDS. Many factors contributed to changes in the microbiota, including the sex of the animal of origin. Animals with chronic colitis showed differences in composition of the GI microbiota compared to healthy animals, providing an association between altered microbiota and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip McKenna
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christian Hoffmann
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nana Minkah
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Pyone Pyone Aye
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Science Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Andrew Lackner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Science Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Zongzhi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Catherine A Lozupone
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Micah Hamady
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Frederic D Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Campbell DE, Raftery N, Tustin R, Tustin NB, Desilvio ML, Cnaan A, Aye PP, Lackner AA, Douglas SD. Measurement of plasma-derived substance P: biological, methodological, and statistical considerations. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006; 13:1197-203. [PMID: 16971517 PMCID: PMC1656550 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00174-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The undecapeptide substance P (SP) is a member of the tachykinin family of neurotransmitters, which has a pivotal role in the regulation of inflammatory and immune responses. One of the major barriers to the study of the in vivo role of SP in a number of immune disorders is the accurate measurement of SP in fluids. This is reflected in the variability of reported SP levels in serum and plasma of humans in both healthy and diseased states. This study was initiated in order to identify sources of variability by the comparative evaluation of the influences of sample preparation and analytical detection methods on the measurement of SP in plasma. The results indicate that sample preparation (peptide extraction versus no extraction) and the choice of analytical method for SP quantitation may yield significantly different values and may contribute to the variability in SP values reported in the literature. These results further emphasize the need for careful consideration in the selection of methods for SP quantitation, as well as caution in the interpretation and comparison of data reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald E Campbell
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th and Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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McKenna PM, Aye PP, Dietzschold B, Montefiori DC, Martin LN, Marx PA, Pomerantz RJ, Lackner A, Schnell MJ. Immunogenicity study of glycoprotein-deficient rabies virus expressing simian/human immunodeficiency virus SHIV89.6P envelope in a rhesus macaque. J Virol 2004; 78:13455-9. [PMID: 15564456 PMCID: PMC533936 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.24.13455-13459.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RV) has recently been developed as a novel vaccine candidate for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The RV glycoprotein (G) can be functionally replaced by HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) if the gp160 cytoplasmic domain (CD) of HIV-1 Env is replaced by that of RV G. Here, we describe a pilot study of the in vivo replication and immunogenicity of an RV with a deletion of G (DeltaG) expressing a simian/human immunodeficiency virus SHIV(89.6P) Env ectodomain and transmembrane domain fused to the RV G CD (DeltaG-89.6P-RVG) in a rhesus macaque. An animal vaccinated with DeltaG-89.6P-RVG developed SHIV(89.6P) virus-neutralizing antibodies and SHIV(89.6P)-specific cellular immune responses after challenge with SHIV(89.6P). There was no evidence of CD4(+) T-cell loss, and plasma viremia was controlled to undetectable levels by 6 weeks postchallenge and has remained suppressed out to 22 weeks postchallenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M McKenna
- Department of Microbiology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Sestak K, McNeal MM, Choi A, Cole MJ, Ramesh G, Alvarez X, Aye PP, Bohm RP, Mohamadzadeh M, Ward RL. Defining T-cell-mediated immune responses in rotavirus-infected juvenile rhesus macaques. J Virol 2004; 78:10258-64. [PMID: 15367591 PMCID: PMC516404 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.19.10258-10264.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance of virus-specific CD4(+) and/or CD8(+) T lymphocytes in peripheral blood of captive juvenile rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) was observed following rotavirus infection. These cell-mediated immune responses were measured following experimental or natural infection after rotavirus was isolated from stool specimens of asymptomatic animals. The virus isolated was a new strain of simian rotavirus that we named TUCH (for Tulane University and Cincinnati Children's Hospital). Restimulation of peripheral T lymphocytes by inactivated double- or triple-layered TUCH rotavirus particles containing either VP6 or VP4 and VP7 on their respective surfaces resulted in increased quantities of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-12 in cell culture supernatants. Recall responses to rotavirus by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes were associated with accumulation of intracellular IL-6 and gamma interferon. Antigen presentation of TUCH rotavirus to lymphocytes was mediated via differentiated cultures of monocyte-derived dendritic (HLA-DR(+)) cells. This is the first report demonstrating cell-mediated immune responses to rotavirus in nonhuman primates. Further exploration of rhesus macaques in vaccine trials with human rotavirus vaccine candidates is the major objective of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sestak
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Rd., Covington, LA 70433, USA.
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Sestak K, Aye PP, Buckholt M, Mansfield KG, Lackner AA, Tzipori S. Quantitative evaluation of Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus monkeys. J Med Primatol 2003; 32:74-81. [PMID: 12823629 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0684.2003.00006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The association of the microsporidia Enterocytozoon bieneusi with chronic diarrhea and wasting in individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been demonstrated. The disease caused by E. bieneusi has been linked to decreased levels of circulating CD4+ T lymphocytes. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the extent of excretion of E. bieneusi in feces of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected juvenile macaques and the CD4+ T lymphocyte counts in the peripheral blood. Twelve juvenile rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were intravenously inoculated with the pathogenic molecular clone SIVmac239. Numbers of CD4+ T lymphocytes were assessed by three-color flow cytometry. The presence of E. bieneusi DNA in feces was assessed by nested PCR. In addition, selected samples of feces were examined by competitive quantitative PCR to assess the level of E. bieneusi infection. Low (n = 5) to undetectable (n = 7) quantities of E. bieneusi were present in feces of the twelve animals in prior to inoculation with SIV. After SIV inoculation the number of animals shedding E. bieneusi increased (n = 10) as did the quantity of E. bieneusi shedding in the feces. Of the twelve juvenile animals, five animals died within 8 months post-SIV inoculation with symptoms of AIDS. Four of the five deceased animals showed shedding of E. bieneusi DNA in feces (> or =100 spores/g) for at least three consecutive months. Increased number of E. bieneusi in feces was accompanied by decreased counts of circulating CD4+ T lymphocytes and increased SIV plasma viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sestak
- Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA.
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Aye PP, Angrick EJ, Morishita TY, Harr BS. Prevalence and characteristics of Pasteurella multocida in commercial turkeys. Avian Dis 2001; 45:182-90. [PMID: 11332480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The oropharyngeal regions of 680 meat turkeys and 55 breeder turkeys from nine outbreak farms, three history-outbreak farms, and 19 nonoutbreak farms in Ohio, Indiana, and Pennsylvania were cultured to determine the prevalence of Pasteurella multocida in turkeys. Pasteurella multocida was recovered from 32 out of 105 turkeys belonging to outbreak farms. Pasteurella multocida was not recovered from either history-outbreak or nonoutbreak farms. Characterization via capsular and somatic serotyping, biotyping, restriction endonuclease analysis, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on all recovered P. multocida isolates. Pasteurella multocida serotype A:1 and somatic serotype 1 with an un-typable capsular serogroup (UT:1) were the most common serogroups found. All isolates belonged to biotype P. multocida ssp. multocida. EcoRI, HpaII, and HindIII restriction enzyme digestions identified three, five, and five restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles, respectively. A majority of the isolates were susceptible to amikacin, ampicillin, ceftiofur, cephalothin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, gentamicin, neomycin, novobiocin, oxacillin with 2% NaCl, sarafloxacin, tilmicosin, and trimethoprim with sulphadiazine and resistant to clindamicin, penicillin, tiamulin, and tylosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Aye
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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Aye PP, Morishita TY, Saif YM, Jonas M. The Effect of Hypovitaminosis A on the Pathogenesis of Pasteurella multocida in Turkeys. Avian Dis 2000. [DOI: 10.2307/1593054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Aye PP, Morishita TY, Saif YM, Jonas M. The effect of hypovitaminosis A on the pathogenesis of Pasteurella multocida in turkeys. Avian Dis 2000; 44:818-26. [PMID: 11195636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that Pasteurella multocida can invade the host tissues via the mucous membrane. Vitamin A (VitA) deficiency has been associated with mucous membrane damage, such as squamous metaplasia. The objective of this study was to determine the early stages in the pathogenesis of P. multocida in VitA-deficient turkeys and clinically healthy turkeys. Fifteen-week-old VitA-deficient and clinically healthy turkeys were inoculated with P. multocida P-1059, a virulent strain, and the portal of entry, invasion, and localization of P. multocida were studied by microbial examination of the trachea, liver, and lung and histologic examinations of internal organs. Higher mortality was found in VitA-deficient turkeys. Pasteurella multocida was first reisolated from the trachea, secondarily from the liver and blood, and finally from the lung in both groups. Invasion of P. multocida into tissues occurred between 3 hr and 24 hr postinoculation in both groups. Our findings suggest that altered membrane integrity in VitA-deficient birds did not appear to change the time course of the systemic spread of P. multocida infection in turkeys and that the increased mortality seen in the VitA-deficient turkeys may be associated with immune system impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Aye
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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Aye PP, Morishita TY, Saif YM, Latshaw JD, Harr BS, Cihla FB. Induction of vitamin A deficiency in turkeys. Avian Dis 2000; 44:809-17. [PMID: 11195635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the hepatic vitamin A (VitA) level and the pathologic changes in the oropharynx and esophagus of VitA-deficient turkeys. Study turkeys were provided with a diet sufficient (11,000 IU/kg) or deficient (2750 IU/kg) in VitA from 4 to 17 wk of age. Body weight, bacterial culture, and tissues from internal organs were collected at weekly intervals. VitA deficiency causes epithelial tissue damage in poultry. This epithelial damage was seen grossly as white plaques in the oropharynx and esophagus and histologically as squamous metaplasia of mucosal glands and keratinization of epithelium. No significant difference in body weights was seen among the groups. Moreover, no pathogenic bacteria was isolated during sampling periods. Liver VitA levels declined significantly after consumption of low VitA diet for 3 wk and were depleted after 5 wk. Squamous metaplasia due to VitA deficiency developed in the esophagus after 3 wk and in the oropharynx after 4 wk of consuming a VitA-deficient diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Aye
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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Morishita TY, Aye PP, Ley EC, Harr BS. Survey of pathogens and blood parasites in free-living passerines. Avian Dis 1999; 43:549-52. [PMID: 10494426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
To determine the disease prevalence of free-living passerines, 1709 passerines were sampled from 38 different field sites in Ohio. Choanal and cloacal swabs were collected from each bird and cultured for the presence of Pasteurella multocida, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli by standard microbiologic techniques. In addition, the serum from each bird was analyzed for the presence of antibodies to Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, Newcastle disease virus, and avian influenza virus. A blood smear was also made to examine for the presence of blood parasites. Results indicated that the isolation of E. coli varied with bird species, with the European starling having a higher (21.4%) isolation of E. coli. Salmonella spp. were also isolated from these free-living passerines. Pasteurella multocida was not isolated from any of the sampled passerines. These birds did not have antibodies to M. gallisepticum, M. synoviae, Newcastle disease virus, or avian influenza virus. Blood parasites were not detected in any of the birds sampled.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Y Morishita
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1092, USA
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Aye PP, Morishita TY, Angrick EJ. Virulence of raptor-origin Pasteurella multocida in domestic chickens. Avian Dis 1999; 43:279-85. [PMID: 10396641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida belonging to somatic serotype 1 and capsular type A has been known to cause avian cholera in domestic poultry. Pasteurella multocida serotype 1 has also been isolated from raptorial birds. However, the capsular type for these raptorial isolates remains unknown. Moreover, the virulence of these raptorial isolates for domestic poultry has not been determined. The objectives of this study were to determine the capsular type of raptorial P. multocida serotype 1 isolates and to determine if these isolates were virulent for domestic chickens. Study chickens were inoculated with one of three P. multocida isolates. Isolate WESO-1 was obtained from a western screech owl (Otus kennicottii) and isolates RTHA-2 and RTHA-4 were isolated from two red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis). These isolates were given by either the oral, intravenous, or intraocular route. Control birds were given brain-heart infusion broth. The capsular serotypes of three isolates were also determined. The RTHA-2 and RTHA-4 isolates belonged to P. multocida capsular type A. The WESO-1 isolate belonged to capsular type F. Results also demonstrated that, for the isolates examined, the intraocular route did not cause mortality in chickens. There was mortality in all groups for the intravenous route. However, various mortality patterns were observed when P. multocida was given orally for the three different isolates. The RTHA-4 isolate (serotype 1:A) was the most virulent for domestic chickens. The WESO-1 isolate (serotype 1:F) was the least virulent for chickens among the raptorial isolates examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Aye
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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Morishita TY, Aye PP, Harr BS. Crop impaction resulting from feather ball formation in caged layers. Avian Dis 1999; 43:160-3. [PMID: 10216775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal behaviors in commercial poultry, including feather pulling and pica, have been known to occur when birds are exposed to an unfamiliar environment. We report here the development of crop impactions resulting from feather ball formation. Twelve specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were placed in one of three cages housed among a commercial layer flock in three different buildings on a farm site. Three weeks after placement, the birds were removed from the cages and given a physical exam. Chickens were thin, and one bird in each of the three caged groups had a palpable mass at the level of the thoracic inlet. At necropsy, a mass was noted in the crop. Upon further dissection, a wet, foul-smelling mass consisting of feathers and feed debris was recovered. Results from our case indicate that unfamiliar surroundings can cause pica in birds. Hence, avian researchers and veterinarians planning to introduce new birds into a flock, i.e., SPF birds, should consider the birds' previous environmental conditions prior to placement because sudden placement in unfamiliar surroundings can result in pica.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Y Morishita
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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Pehlivanoglu F, Morishita TY, Aye PP, Porter RE, Angrick EJ, Harr BS, Nersessian B. The Effect of Route of Inoculation on the Virulence of Raptorial Pasteurella multocida Isolates in Pekin Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Avian Dis 1999. [DOI: 10.2307/1592769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Pehlivanoglu F, Morishita TY, Aye PP, Porter RE, Angrick EJ, Harr BS, Nersessian B. The effect of route of inoculation on the virulence of raptorial Pasteurella multocida isolates in Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Avian Dis 1999; 43:116-21. [PMID: 10216767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the virulence of raptorial Pasteurella multocida for ducks and the effect of various routes of inoculation on virulence. Four-week-old Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) were challenged with one of three raptorial isolates (RTHA-2, RTHA-4, or WESO-1) by one of five inoculation routes (intranasal, intraocular, intravenous, oral, and subcutaneous). Ducks were monitored daily for mortality until 2 wk postchallenge. Results indicated that the intravenous route caused the most mortality for all isolates and that significant variation existed in the virulence among the sources of P. multocida, with WESO-1 causing the least mortality of the isolates tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pehlivanoglu
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1092, USA
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Aye PP, Morishita TY, Grimes S, Skowronek A, Mohan R. Encephalomalacia Associated with Vitamin E Deficiency in Commercially Raised Emus. Avian Dis 1998. [DOI: 10.2307/1592689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Aye PP, Morishita TY, Grimes S, Skowronek A, Mohan R. Encephalomalacia associated with vitamin E deficiency in commercially raised emus. Avian Dis 1998; 42:600-5. [PMID: 9777163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen of 64 emus on a commercial emu farm in Ohio exhibited neurological signs that included backward staggering, incoordination, generalized weakness, and sitting on their hocks with head retracted backward. Eight of the birds showing such signs were found dead. Two of these emus were necropsied, and no significant gross lesions were observed. Major histopathological lesions were found in the cerebellum and included multiple malacic foci in association with neuropil rarefaction and astrogliosis within the white matter of folia. In addition, the hepatic vitamin E level of one emu was determined at the Michigan State University Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory (MSU-AHDL) to be 14.61 micrograms/g dry weight. This vitamin E level was in the lower percentile (35%) of 30 emu liver samples examined at MSU-AHDL. A diagnosis of vitamin E-associated encephalomalacia was made based on clinical signs, gross and histological lesions, and liver vitamin E levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Aye
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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Morishita TY, McFadzen ME, Mohan R, Aye PP, Brooks DL. Serologic survey of free-living nestling prairie falcons (Falco mexicanus) for selected pathogens. J Zoo Wildl Med 1998; 29:18-20. [PMID: 9638619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum samples from 34 free-living nestling prairie falcons (Falco mexicanus) in southwestern Idaho were negative for antibodies to avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, and three Aspergillus species. Serum from a single bird had hemagglutinating inhibition activity in response to Mycoplasma synoviae, and another bird's serum had slight activity in response to M. gallisepticum.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Y Morishita
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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Promsopone B, Morishita TY, Aye PP, Cobb CW, Veldkamp A, Clifford JR. Evaluation of an avian-specific probiotic and Salmonella typhimurium-Specific antibodies on the colonization of Salmonella typhimurium in broilers. J Food Prot 1998; 61:176-80. [PMID: 9708277 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-61.2.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella typhimurium colonizes the intestinal tract of poultry and causes food-borne illness in humans. Reduction of S. typhimurium colonization in the intestinal tract of poultry reduces potential carcass contamination during slaughter. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an avian-specific probiotic and S. typhimurium-specific antibodies on the colonization of S. typhimurium in broilers and on body weights. Broiler chicks were spray-vaccinated at the hatchery with the commercial product. Avian Pac Plus, which contains Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus faecium, ad S. typhimurium-specific antibodies. At placement, these chicks were administered Avian Pac plus in the water. Six hours postplacement, chicks were orally challenged with 1.8 x 10 (7) CFU of S. typhimurium. Chicks were administered Avian Pac Plus for two additional days postchallenge. Chicks were evaluated for S. typhimurium colonization and shedding every 3 to 4 days for the first 2 weeks and every 7 days for 6 weeks. The mean cecal and colonic concentration of S. typhimurium from the Avian Pac Plus-treated group was significantly lower at day 31 (P = 0.0001), day 38 (P = 0.0005), and day 43 (P = 0.0001) than the nontreated control group. These results indicated that a combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus faecium, and S typhimurium-specific antibodies have a beneficial effect in reducing the colonization of S. typhimurium in market-aged broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Promsopone
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbia 43210, USA
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Morishita TY, Aye PP, Harr BS, Cobb CW, Clifford JR. Evaluation of an avian-specific probiotic to reduce the colonization and shedding of Campylobacter jejuni in broilers. Avian Dis 1997; 41:850-5. [PMID: 9454918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni has often been responsible for human gastroenteritis. Poultry have often been implicated as a source for these human infections. Intestinal colonization of C. jejuni in the chicken plays a role in carcass contamination during slaughter. Thus, reducing C. jejuni colonization in chickens can potentially reduce the incidence of C. jejuni infections in humans. The use of probiotics to competitively exclude the colonization of intestinal pathogens has been proposed for poultry. Hence, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of an avian-specific probiotic containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Streptococcus faecium for reducing the shedding and colonization of C. jejuni in the chicken intestinal tract. Day-old chicks were randomly allocated into either a probiotic-treated group or a control group. The treated group was given probiotic from day 1 to day 3, and the control group was not given any probiotic. Six hours after the first oral administration of probiotics (treatment) or double distilled water (control), these chicks were challenged with C. jejuni. The frequency of the C. jejuni shedding was monitored until market age. Intestinal colonization was determined for the two experimental groups at slaughter. Results indicated that chickens given probiotics from day 1 to day 3 had a 70% reduction in the frequency of C. jejuni shedding in colonized chicks (P = 0.0001) and a 27% reduction in jejunal colonization in colonized chicks (P = 0.0001) at slaughter when compared with the control group. Thus, the use of the avian-specific probiotic containing L. acidophilus and S. faecium can reduce the colonization and frequency of fecal shedding of C. jejuni in market-aged broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Y Morishita
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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