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Zenere G, Wu C, Midkiff CC, Johnson NM, Grice CP, Wimley WC, Kaur A, Braun SE. Extracellular domain, hinge, and transmembrane determinants affecting surface CD4 expression of a novel anti-HIV chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) construct. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.25.563930. [PMID: 37961145 PMCID: PMC10634810 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.25.563930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells have demonstrated clinical potential, but current receptors still need improvements to be successful against chronic HIV infection. In this study, we address some requirements of CAR motifs for strong surface expression of a novel anti-HIV CAR by evaluating important elements in the extracellular, hinge, and transmembrane (TM) domains. When combining a truncated CD4 extracellular domain and CD8α hinge/TM, the novel CAR did not express extracellularly but was detectable intracellularly. By shortening the CD8α hinge, CD4-CAR surface expression was partially recovered and addition of the LYC motif at the end of the CD8α TM fully recovered both intracellular and extracellular CAR expression. Mutation of LYC to TTA or TTC showed severe abrogation of CAR expression by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Additionally, we determined that CD4-CAR surface expression could be maximized by the removal of FQKAS motif at the junction of the extracellular domain and the hinge region. CD4-CAR surface expression also resulted in cytotoxic CAR T cell killing of HIV Env+ target cells. In this study, we identified elements that are crucial for optimal CAR surface expression, highlighting the need for structural analysis studies to establish fundamental guidelines of CAR designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Zenere
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
- BioMedical Sciences Program, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Chengxiang Wu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | | | - Nathan M. Johnson
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
- BioMedical Sciences Program, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Christopher P. Grice
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - William C. Wimley
- Department of BioChemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Amitinder Kaur
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Stephen E. Braun
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
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Parthasarathy G, Pattison MB, Midkiff CC. The FGF/FGFR system in the microglial neuroinflammation with Borrelia burgdorferi: likely intersectionality with other neurological conditions. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:10. [PMID: 36650549 PMCID: PMC9847051 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02681-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lyme neuroborreliosis, caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi affects both the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS, PNS). The CNS manifestations, especially at later stages, can mimic/cause many other neurological conditions including psychiatric disorders, dementia, and others, with a likely neuroinflammatory basis. The pathogenic mechanisms associated with Lyme neuroborreliosis, however, are not fully understood. METHODS In this study, using cultures of primary rhesus microglia, we explored the roles of several fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) in neuroinflammation associated with live B. burgdorferi exposure. FGFR specific siRNA and inhibitors, custom antibody arrays, ELISAs, immunofluorescence and microscopy were used to comprehensively analyze the roles of these molecules in microglial neuroinflammation due to B. burgdorferi. RESULTS FGFR1-3 expressions were upregulated in microglia in response to B. burgdorferi. Inhibition of FGFR 1, 2 and 3 signaling using siRNA and three different inhibitors showed that FGFR signaling is proinflammatory in response to the Lyme disease bacterium. FGFR1 activation also contributed to non-viable B. burgdorferi mediated neuroinflammation. Analysis of the B. burgdorferi conditioned microglial medium by a custom antibody array showed that several FGFs are induced by the live bacterium including FGF6, FGF10 and FGF12, which in turn induce IL-6 and/or CXCL8, indicating a proinflammatory nature. To our knowledge, this is also the first-ever described role for FGF6 and FGF12 in CNS neuroinflammation. FGF23 upregulation, in addition, was observed in response to the Lyme disease bacterium. B. burgdorferi exposure also downregulated many FGFs including FGF 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 20 and 21. Some of the upregulated FGFs have been implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD) or dementia development, while the downregulated ones have been demonstrated to have protective roles in epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, spinal cord injury, blood-brain barrier stability, and others. CONCLUSIONS In this study we show that FGFRs and FGFs are novel inducers of inflammatory mediators in Lyme neuroborreliosis. It is likely that an unresolved, long-term (neuro)-Lyme infection can contribute to the development of other neurologic conditions in susceptible individuals either by augmenting pathogenic FGFs or by suppressing ameliorative FGFs or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Parthasarathy
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703, Three Rivers Road, Room 109, Covington, LA, 70433, USA.
| | - Melissa B Pattison
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703, Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
| | - Cecily C Midkiff
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703, Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA
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Saied AA, Shroyer MN, Taylor JM, Midkiff CC. Functional Insulinomas in a Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta). J Comp Pathol 2022; 198:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Fears AC, Beddingfield BJ, Chirichella NR, Slisarenko N, Killeen SZ, Redmann RK, Goff K, Spencer S, Picou B, Golden N, Midkiff CC, Bush DJ, Branco LM, Boisen ML, Gao H, Montefiori DC, Blair RV, Doyle-Meyers LA, Russell-Lodrigue K, Maness NJ, Roy CJ. Exposure modality influences viral kinetics but not respiratory outcome of COVID-19 in multiple nonhuman primate species. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010618. [PMID: 35789343 PMCID: PMC9286241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 emerged in late 2019, rapidly reached pandemic status, and has maintained global ubiquity through the emergence of variants of concern. Efforts to develop animal models have mostly fallen short of recapitulating severe disease, diminishing their utility for research focusing on severe disease pathogenesis and life-saving medical countermeasures. We tested whether route of experimental infection substantially changes COVID-19 disease characteristics in two species of nonhuman primates (Macaca mulatta; rhesus macaques; RM, Chlorocebus atheiops; African green monkeys; AGM). Species-specific cohorts were experimentally infected with SARS-CoV-2 by either direct mucosal (intratracheal + intranasal) instillation or small particle aerosol in route-discrete subcohorts. Both species demonstrated analogous viral loads in all compartments by either exposure route although the magnitude and duration of viral loading was marginally greater in AGMs than RMs. Clinical onset was nearly immediate (+1dpi) in the mucosal exposure cohort whereas clinical signs and cytokine responses in aerosol exposure animals began +7dpi. Pathologies conserved in both species and both exposure modalities include pulmonary myeloid cell influx, development of pleuritis, and extended lack of regenerative capacity in the pulmonary compartment. Demonstration of conserved pulmonary pathology regardless of species and exposure route expands our understanding of how SARS-CoV-2 infection may lead to ARDS and/or functional lung damage and demonstrates the near clinical response of the nonhuman primate model for anti-fibrotic therapeutic evaluation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa C. Fears
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
- Biomedical Science Training Program, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | | | - Nicole R. Chirichella
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nadia Slisarenko
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Z. Killeen
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Rachel K. Redmann
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Kelly Goff
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Skye Spencer
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Breanna Picou
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nadia Golden
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Cecily C. Midkiff
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Duane J. Bush
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Luis M. Branco
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Hongmei Gao
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robert V. Blair
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Lara A. Doyle-Meyers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Kasi Russell-Lodrigue
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Maness
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Chad J. Roy
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
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5
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Madden PJ, Thomas Y, Blair RV, Samer S, Doyle M, Midkiff CC, Doyle-Meyers LA, Becker ME, Arif MS, McRaven MD, Simons LM, Carias AM, Martinelli E, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Hultquist JF, Villinger FJ, Veazey RS, Hope TJ. An immunoPET probe to SARS-CoV-2 reveals early infection of the male genital tract in rhesus macaques. Res Sq 2022:rs.3.rs-1479315. [PMID: 35411346 PMCID: PMC8996619 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1479315/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The systemic nature of SARS-CoV-2 infection is highly recognized, but poorly characterized. A non-invasive and unbiased method is needed to clarify whole body spatiotemporal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection after transmission. We recently developed a probe based on the anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody CR3022 to study SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in vivo. Herein, we describe its use in immunoPET to investigate SARS-CoV-2 infection of three rhesus macaques. Using PET/CT imaging of macaques at different times post-SARS-CoV-2 inoculation, we track the 64Cu-labelled CR3022-F(ab')2 probe targeting the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 to study the dynamics of infection within the respiratory tract and uncover novel sites of infection. Using this method, we uncovered differences in lung pathology between infection with the WA1 isolate and the delta variant, which were readily corroborated through computed tomography scans. The 64Cu-CR3022-probe also demonstrated dynamic changes occurring between 1- and 2-weeks post-infection. Remarkably, a robust signal was seen in the male genital tract (MGT) of all three animals studied. Infection of the MGT was validated by immunofluorescence imaging of infected cells in the testicular and penile tissue and severe pathology was observed in the testes of one animal at 2-weeks post-infection. The results presented here underscore the utility of using immunoPET to study the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection to understand its pathogenicity and discover new anatomical sites of viral replication. We provide direct evidence for SARS-CoV-2 infection of the MGT in rhesus macaques revealing the possible pathologic outcomes of viral replication at these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Madden
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yanique Thomas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert V Blair
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sadia Samer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mark Doyle
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Cecily C Midkiff
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Mark E Becker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Muhammad S Arif
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael D McRaven
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lacy M Simons
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ann M Carias
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Judd F Hultquist
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francois J Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana-Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Thomas J Hope
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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6
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Madden PJ, Thomas Y, Blair RV, Samer S, Doyle M, Midkiff CC, Doyle-Meyers LA, Becker ME, Arif MS, McRaven MD, Simons LM, Carias AM, Martinelli E, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Hultquist JF, Villinger FJ, Veazey RS, Hope TJ. An immunoPET probe to SARS-CoV-2 reveals early infection of the male genital tract in rhesus macaques. bioRxiv 2022:2022.02.25.481974. [PMID: 35262081 PMCID: PMC8902882 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.25.481974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The systemic nature of SARS-CoV-2 infection is highly recognized, but poorly characterized. A non-invasive and unbiased method is needed to clarify whole body spatiotemporal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection after transmission. We recently developed a probe based on the anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody CR3022 to study SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in vivo. Herein, we describe its use in immunoPET to investigate SARS-CoV-2 infection of three rhesus macaques. Using PET/CT imaging of macaques at different times post-SARS-CoV-2 inoculation, we track the 64Cu-labelled CR3022-F(ab')2 probe targeting the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 to study the dynamics of infection within the respiratory tract and uncover novel sites of infection. Using this method, we uncovered differences in lung pathology between infection with the WA1 isolate and the delta variant, which were readily corroborated through computed tomography scans. The 64Cu-CR3022-probe also demonstrated dynamic changes occurring between 1- and 2-weeks post-infection. Remarkably, a robust signal was seen in the male genital tract (MGT) of all three animals studied. Infection of the MGT was validated by immunofluorescence imaging of infected cells in the testicular and penile tissue and severe pathology was observed in the testes of one animal at 2-weeks post-infection. The results presented here underscore the utility of using immunoPET to study the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection to understand its pathogenicity and discover new anatomical sites of viral replication. We provide direct evidence for SARS-CoV-2 infection of the MGT in rhesus macaques revealing the possible pathologic outcomes of viral replication at these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Madden
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yanique Thomas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert V Blair
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sadia Samer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mark Doyle
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Cecily C Midkiff
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Mark E Becker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Muhammad S Arif
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael D McRaven
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lacy M Simons
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ann M Carias
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Judd F Hultquist
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francois J Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana-Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Thomas J Hope
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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7
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Madden PJ, Arif MS, Becker ME, McRaven MD, Carias AM, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Xiao S, Midkiff CC, Blair RV, Potter EL, Martin-Sancho L, Dodson A, Martinelli E, Todd JPM, Villinger FJ, Chanda SK, Aye PP, Roy CJ, Roederer M, Lewis MG, Veazey RS, Hope TJ. Development of an In Vivo Probe to Track SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2021; 12:810047. [PMID: 35003140 PMCID: PMC8739270 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.810047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, results in pneumonia and other respiratory symptoms as well as pathologies at diverse anatomical sites. An outstanding question is whether these diverse pathologies are due to replication of the virus in these anatomical compartments and how and when the virus reaches those sites. To answer these outstanding questions and study the spatiotemporal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection a method for tracking viral spread in vivo is needed. We developed a novel, fluorescently labeled, antibody-based in vivo probe system using the anti-spike monoclonal antibody CR3022 and demonstrated that it could successfully identify sites of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a rhesus macaque model of COVID-19. Our results showed that the fluorescent signal from our antibody-based probe could differentiate whole lungs of macaques infected for 9 days from those infected for 2 or 3 days. Additionally, the probe signal corroborated the frequency and density of infected cells in individual tissue blocks from infected macaques. These results provide proof of concept for the use of in vivo antibody-based probes to study SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics in rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Madden
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Muhammad S. Arif
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mark E. Becker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Michael D. McRaven
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ann M. Carias
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Northwestern University Institute for Global Health, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sixia Xiao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Cecily C. Midkiff
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Robert V. Blair
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Lake Potter
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Laura Martin-Sancho
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Elena Martinelli
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - John-Paul M. Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Francois J. Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana-Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, United States
| | - Sumit K. Chanda
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Pyone Pyone Aye
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Chad J. Roy
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Ronald S. Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Thomas J. Hope
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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8
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Rudd JM, Tamil Selvan M, Cowan S, Kao YF, Midkiff CC, Narayanan S, Ramachandran A, Ritchey JW, Miller CA. Clinical and Histopathologic Features of a Feline SARS-CoV-2 Infection Model Are Analogous to Acute COVID-19 in Humans. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081550. [PMID: 34452415 PMCID: PMC8402899 DOI: 10.3390/v13081550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and ensuing dominance of COVID-19 on the world stage has emphasized the urgency of efficient animal models for the development of therapeutics for and assessment of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Shortcomings of current animal models for SARS-CoV-2 include limited lower respiratory disease, divergence from clinical COVID-19 disease, and requirements for host genetic modifications to permit infection. In this study, n = 12 specific-pathogen-free domestic cats were infected intratracheally with SARS-CoV-2 to evaluate clinical disease, histopathologic lesions, and viral infection kinetics at 4 and 8 days post-inoculation; n = 6 sham-inoculated cats served as controls. Intratracheal inoculation of SARS-CoV-2 produced a significant degree of clinical disease (lethargy, fever, dyspnea, and dry cough) consistent with that observed in the early exudative phase of COVID-19. Pulmonary lesions such as diffuse alveolar damage, hyaline membrane formation, fibrin deposition, and proteinaceous exudates were also observed with SARS-CoV-2 infection, replicating lesions identified in people hospitalized with ARDS from COVID-19. A significant correlation was observed between the degree of clinical disease identified in infected cats and pulmonary lesions. Viral loads and ACE2 expression were also quantified in nasal turbinates, distal trachea, lungs, and other organs. Results of this study validate a feline model for SARS-CoV-2 infection that results in clinical disease and histopathologic lesions consistent with acute COVID-19 in humans, thus encouraging its use for future translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Rudd
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (J.M.R.); (M.T.S.); (S.C.); (Y.-F.K.); (J.W.R.)
| | - Miruthula Tamil Selvan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (J.M.R.); (M.T.S.); (S.C.); (Y.-F.K.); (J.W.R.)
| | - Shannon Cowan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (J.M.R.); (M.T.S.); (S.C.); (Y.-F.K.); (J.W.R.)
| | - Yun-Fan Kao
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (J.M.R.); (M.T.S.); (S.C.); (Y.-F.K.); (J.W.R.)
| | - Cecily C. Midkiff
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
| | - Sai Narayanan
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (S.N.); (A.R.)
| | - Akhilesh Ramachandran
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (S.N.); (A.R.)
| | - Jerry W. Ritchey
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (J.M.R.); (M.T.S.); (S.C.); (Y.-F.K.); (J.W.R.)
| | - Craig A. Miller
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (J.M.R.); (M.T.S.); (S.C.); (Y.-F.K.); (J.W.R.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Liu F, Han K, Blair R, Kenst K, Qin Z, Upcin B, Wörsdörfer P, Midkiff CC, Mudd J, Belyaeva E, Milligan NS, Rorison TD, Wagner N, Bodem J, Dölken L, Aktas BH, Vander Heide RS, Yin XM, Kolls JK, Roy CJ, Rappaport J, Ergün S, Qin X. SARS-CoV-2 Infects Endothelial Cells In Vivo and In Vitro. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:701278. [PMID: 34307198 PMCID: PMC8292147 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.701278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause fatal inflammatory lung pathology, including thrombosis and increased pulmonary vascular permeability leading to edema and hemorrhage. In addition to the lung, cytokine storm-induced inflammatory cascade also affects other organs. SARS-CoV-2 infection-related vascular inflammation is characterized by endotheliopathy in the lung and other organs. Whether SARS-CoV-2 causes endotheliopathy by directly infecting endothelial cells is not known and is the focus of the present study. We observed 1) the co-localization of SARS-CoV-2 with the endothelial cell marker CD31 in the lungs of SARS-CoV-2-infected mice expressing hACE2 in the lung by intranasal delivery of adenovirus 5-hACE2 (Ad5-hACE2 mice) and non-human primates at both the protein and RNA levels, and 2) SARS-CoV-2 proteins in endothelial cells by immunogold labeling and electron microscopic analysis. We also detected the co-localization of SARS-CoV-2 with CD31 in autopsied lung tissue obtained from patients who died from severe COVID-19. Comparative analysis of RNA sequencing data of the lungs of infected Ad5-hACE2 and Ad5-empty (control) mice revealed upregulated KRAS signaling pathway, a well-known pathway for cellular activation and dysfunction. Further, we showed that SARS-CoV-2 directly infects mature mouse aortic endothelial cells (AoECs) that were activated by performing an aortic sprouting assay prior to exposure to SARS-CoV-2. This was demonstrated by co-localization of SARS-CoV-2 and CD34 by immunostaining and detection of viral particles in electron microscopic studies. Moreover, the activated AoECs became positive for ACE-2 but not quiescent AoECs. Together, our results indicate that in addition to pneumocytes, SARS-CoV-2 also directly infects mature vascular endothelial cells in vivo and ex vivo, which may contribute to cardiovascular complications in SARS-CoV-2 infection, including multipleorgan failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengming Liu
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Kun Han
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Robert Blair
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Kornelia Kenst
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Zhongnan Qin
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Berin Upcin
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Wörsdörfer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cecily C. Midkiff
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Joseph Mudd
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Elizaveta Belyaeva
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Nicholas S. Milligan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Tyler D. Rorison
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Nicole Wagner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Bodem
- Institute of Virology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lars Dölken
- Institute of Virology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bertal H. Aktas
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Xiao-Ming Yin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Jay K. Kolls
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Chad J. Roy
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Jay Rappaport
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Süleyman Ergün
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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10
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Qin Z, Liu F, Blair R, Wang C, Yang H, Mudd J, Currey JM, Iwanaga N, He J, Mi R, Han K, Midkiff CC, Alam MA, Aktas BH, Heide RSV, Veazey R, Piedimonte G, Maness NJ, Ergün S, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Rappaport J, Kolls JK, Qin X. Endothelial cell infection and dysfunction, immune activation in severe COVID-19. Theranostics 2021; 11:8076-8091. [PMID: 34335981 PMCID: PMC8315069 DOI: 10.7150/thno.61810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Pulmonary vascular endotheliitis, perivascular inflammation, and immune activation are observed in COVID-19 patients. While the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection mainly infects lung epithelial cells, whether it also infects endothelial cells (ECs) and to what extent SARS-CoV-2-mediated pulmonary vascular endotheliitis is associated with immune activation remain to be determined. Methods: To address these questions, we studied SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 (K18) mice, a severe COVID-19 mouse model, as well as lung samples from SARS-CoV-2-infected nonhuman primates (NHP) and patient deceased from COVID-19. We used immunostaining, RNAscope, and electron microscopy to analyze the organs collected from animals and patient. We conducted bulk and single cell (sc) RNA-seq analyses, and cytokine profiling of lungs or serum of the severe COVID-19 mice. Results: We show that SARS-CoV-2-infected K18 mice develop severe COVID-19, including progressive body weight loss and fatality at 7 days, severe lung interstitial inflammation, edema, hemorrhage, perivascular inflammation, systemic lymphocytopenia, and eosinopenia. Body weight loss in K18 mice correlated with the severity of pneumonia, but not with brain infection. We also observed endothelial activation and dysfunction in pulmonary vessels evidenced by the up-regulation of VCAM1 and ICAM1 and the downregulation of VE-cadherin. We detected SARS-CoV-2 in capillary ECs, activation and adhesion of platelets and immune cells to the vascular wall of the alveolar septa, and increased complement deposition in the lungs, in both COVID-19-murine and NHP models. We also revealed that pathways of coagulation, complement, K-ras signaling, and genes of ICAM1 and VCAM1 related to EC dysfunction and injury were upregulated, and were associated with massive immune activation in the lung and circulation. Conclusion: Together, our results indicate that SARS-CoV-2 causes endotheliitis via both infection and infection-mediated immune activation, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongnan Qin
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Fengming Liu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Robert Blair
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Chenxiao Wang
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Haoran Yang
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Joseph Mudd
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Joshua M Currey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Naoki Iwanaga
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jibao He
- Coordinated Instrumentation Facility, Tulane University, New Orleans LA 70118, USA
| | - Ren Mi
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Kun Han
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | | | | | - Bertal H Aktas
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ronald Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Giovanni Piedimonte
- Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Nicholas J Maness
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Süleyman Ergün
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Koellikerstrasse 6, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
- Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology & Medicine, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jay Rappaport
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jay K. Kolls
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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11
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Rudd JM, Selvan MT, Cowan S, Kao YF, Midkiff CC, Ritchey JW, Miller CA. Clinicopathologic features of a feline SARS-CoV-2 infection model parallel acute COVID-19 in humans. bioRxiv 2021:2021.04.14.439863. [PMID: 33880467 PMCID: PMC8057232 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.14.439863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The emergence and ensuing dominance of COVID-19 on the world stage has emphasized the urgency of efficient animal models for the development of therapeutics and assessment of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Shortcomings of current animal models for SARS-CoV-2 include limited lower respiratory disease, divergence from clinical COVID-19 disease, and requirements for host genetic modifications to permit infection. This study validates a feline model for SARS-CoV-2 infection that results in clinical disease and histopathologic lesions consistent with severe COVID-19 in humans. Intra-tracheal inoculation of concentrated SARS-CoV-2 caused infected cats to develop clinical disease consistent with that observed in the early exudative phase of COVID-19. A novel clinical scoring system for feline respiratory disease was developed and utilized, documenting a significant degree of lethargy, fever, dyspnea, and dry cough in infected cats. In addition, histopathologic pulmonary lesions such as diffuse alveolar damage, hyaline membrane formation, fibrin deposition, and proteinaceous exudates were observed due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, imitating lesions identified in people hospitalized with ARDS from COVID-19. A significant correlation exists between the degree of clinical disease identified in infected cats and pulmonary lesions. Viral loads and ACE2 expression were quantified in nasal turbinates, distal trachea, lung, and various other organs. Natural ACE2 expression, paired with clinicopathologic correlates between this feline model and human COVID-19, encourage use of this model for future translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Rudd
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Miruthula Tamil Selvan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Shannon Cowan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Yun-Fan Kao
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Cecily C. Midkiff
- Division of Comparative Pathology, National Primate Research Center, Tulane University; Covington, LA, USA
| | - Jerry W. Ritchey
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Craig A. Miller
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University; Stillwater, OK, USA
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12
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Blair RV, Vaccari M, Doyle-Meyers LA, Roy CJ, Russell-Lodrigue K, Fahlberg M, Monjure CJ, Beddingfield B, Plante KS, Plante JA, Weaver SC, Qin X, Midkiff CC, Lehmicke G, Golden N, Threeton B, Penney T, Allers C, Barnes MB, Pattison M, Datta PK, Maness NJ, Birnbaum A, Fischer T, Bohm RP, Rappaport J. Acute Respiratory Distress in Aged, SARS-CoV-2-Infected African Green Monkeys but Not Rhesus Macaques. Am J Pathol 2021. [PMID: 33171111 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.18.157933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces a wide range of disease severity, ranging from asymptomatic infection to a life-threating illness, particularly in the elderly population and individuals with comorbid conditions. Among individuals with serious coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common and often fatal presentation. Animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection that manifest severe disease are needed to investigate the pathogenesis of COVID-19-induced ARDS and evaluate therapeutic strategies. We report two cases of ARDS in two aged African green monkeys (AGMs) infected with SARS-CoV-2 that had pathological lesions and disease similar to severe COVID-19 in humans. We also report a comparatively mild COVID-19 phenotype characterized by minor clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic changes in the two surviving, aged AGMs and four rhesus macaques (RMs) infected with SARS-CoV-2. Notable increases in circulating cytokines were observed in three of four infected, aged AGMs but not in infected RMs. All the AGMs had increased levels of plasma IL-6 compared with baseline, a predictive marker and presumptive therapeutic target in humans infected with SARS-CoV-2. Together, our results indicate that both RMs and AGMs are capable of modeling SARS-CoV-2 infection and suggest that aged AGMs may be useful for modeling severe disease manifestations, including ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert V Blair
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Animal Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Lara A Doyle-Meyers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Chad J Roy
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kasi Russell-Lodrigue
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | - Chris J Monjure
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Brandon Beddingfield
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kenneth S Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Jessica A Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Scott C Weaver
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Animal Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | | | - Nadia Golden
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | | | - Toni Penney
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Carolina Allers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Mary B Barnes
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | | | - Prasun K Datta
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Animal Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Nicholas J Maness
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Angela Birnbaum
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Tracy Fischer
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Rudolf P Bohm
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jay Rappaport
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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13
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Han K, Blair RV, Iwanaga N, Liu F, Russell-Lodrigue KE, Qin Z, Midkiff CC, Golden NA, Doyle-Meyers LA, Kabir ME, Chandler KE, Cutrera KL, Ren M, Monjure CJ, Lehmicke G, Fischer T, Beddingfield B, Wanek AG, Birnbaum A, Maness NJ, Roy CJ, Datta PK, Rappaport J, Kolls JK, Qin X. Lung Expression of Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Sensitizes the Mouse to SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 64:79-88. [PMID: 32991819 PMCID: PMC7781002 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0354oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical mouse models that recapitulate some characteristics of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) will facilitate focused study of pathogenesis and virus-host responses. Human agniotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) serves as an entry receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to infect people via binding to envelope spike proteins. Herein we report development and characterization of a rapidly deployable COVID-19 mouse model. C57BL/6J (B6) mice expressing hACE2 in the lung were transduced by oropharyngeal delivery of the recombinant human adenovirus type 5 that expresses hACE2 (Ad5-hACE2). Mice were infected with SARS-CoV-2 at Day 4 after transduction and developed interstitial pneumonia associated with perivascular inflammation, accompanied by significantly higher viral load in lungs at Days 3, 6, and 12 after infection compared with Ad5-empty control group. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in pneumocytes in alveolar septa. Transcriptomic analysis of lungs demonstrated that the infected Ad5-hACE mice had a significant increase in IFN-dependent chemokines Cxcl9 and Cxcl10, and genes associated with effector T-cell populations including Cd3 g, Cd8a, and Gzmb. Pathway analysis showed that several Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were enriched in the data set, including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, the chemokine signaling pathway, the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, the measles pathway, and the IL-17 signaling pathway. This response is correlative to clinical response in lungs of patients with COVID-19. These results demonstrate that expression of hACE2 via adenovirus delivery system sensitized the mouse to SARS-CoV-2 infection and resulted in the development of a mild COVID-19 phenotype, highlighting the immune and inflammatory host responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. This rapidly deployable COVID-19 mouse model is useful for preclinical and pathogenesis studies of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Han
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; and
| | - Robert V. Blair
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; and
| | - Naoki Iwanaga
- Department of Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, and
| | - Fengming Liu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; and
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | - Zhongnan Qin
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; and
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | - Nadia A. Golden
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; and
| | | | - Mohammad E. Kabir
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; and
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | | | - Mi Ren
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; and
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | - Gabrielle Lehmicke
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; and
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Tracy Fischer
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; and
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | - Alanna G. Wanek
- Department of Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, and
| | - Angela Birnbaum
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; and
| | - Nicholas J. Maness
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; and
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Chad J. Roy
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; and
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Prasun K. Datta
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; and
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jay Rappaport
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; and
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jay K. Kolls
- Department of Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, and
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; and
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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14
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Fahlberg MD, Blair RV, Doyle-Meyers LA, Midkiff CC, Zenere G, Russell-Lodrigue KE, Monjure CJ, Haupt EH, Penney TP, Lehmicke G, Threeton BM, Golden N, Datta PK, Roy CJ, Bohm RP, Maness NJ, Fischer T, Rappaport J, Vaccari M. Cellular events of acute, resolving or progressive COVID-19 in SARS-CoV-2 infected non-human primates. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6078. [PMID: 33247138 PMCID: PMC7695721 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding SARS-CoV-2 associated immune pathology is crucial to develop pan-effective vaccines and treatments. Here we investigate the immune events from the acute state up to four weeks post SARS-CoV-2 infection, in non-human primates (NHP) with heterogeneous pulmonary pathology. We show a robust migration of CD16 expressing monocytes to the lungs occurring during the acute phase, and we describe two subsets of interstitial macrophages (HLA-DR+CD206-): a transitional CD11c+CD16+ cell population directly associated with IL-6 levels in plasma, and a long-lasting CD11b+CD16+ cell population. Trafficking of monocytes is mediated by TARC (CCL17) and associates with viral load measured in bronchial brushes. We also describe associations between disease outcomes and high levels of cell infiltration in lungs including CD11b+CD16hi macrophages and CD11b+ neutrophils. Accumulation of macrophages is long-lasting and detectable even in animals with mild or no signs of disease. Interestingly, animals with anti-inflammatory responses including high IL-10:IL-6 and kynurenine to tryptophan ratios show less severe illness. Our results unravel cellular mechanisms of COVID-19 and suggest that NHP may be appropriate models to test immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Fahlberg
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - R V Blair
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Animal Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - L A Doyle-Meyers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - C C Midkiff
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - G Zenere
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - K E Russell-Lodrigue
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - C J Monjure
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - E H Haupt
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - T P Penney
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - G Lehmicke
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - B M Threeton
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - N Golden
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - P K Datta
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Animal Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - C J Roy
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - R P Bohm
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - N J Maness
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - T Fischer
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - J Rappaport
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - M Vaccari
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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15
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Blair RV, Vaccari M, Doyle-Meyers LA, Roy CJ, Russell-Lodrigue K, Fahlberg M, Monjure CJ, Beddingfield B, Plante KS, Plante JA, Weaver SC, Qin X, Midkiff CC, Lehmicke G, Golden N, Threeton B, Penney T, Allers C, Barnes MB, Pattison M, Datta PK, Maness NJ, Birnbaum A, Fischer T, Bohm RP, Rappaport J. Acute Respiratory Distress in Aged, SARS-CoV-2-Infected African Green Monkeys but Not Rhesus Macaques. Am J Pathol 2020; 191:274-282. [PMID: 33171111 PMCID: PMC7648506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces a wide range of disease severity, ranging from asymptomatic infection to a life-threating illness, particularly in the elderly population and individuals with comorbid conditions. Among individuals with serious coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common and often fatal presentation. Animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection that manifest severe disease are needed to investigate the pathogenesis of COVID-19–induced ARDS and evaluate therapeutic strategies. We report two cases of ARDS in two aged African green monkeys (AGMs) infected with SARS-CoV-2 that had pathological lesions and disease similar to severe COVID-19 in humans. We also report a comparatively mild COVID-19 phenotype characterized by minor clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic changes in the two surviving, aged AGMs and four rhesus macaques (RMs) infected with SARS-CoV-2. Notable increases in circulating cytokines were observed in three of four infected, aged AGMs but not in infected RMs. All the AGMs had increased levels of plasma IL-6 compared with baseline, a predictive marker and presumptive therapeutic target in humans infected with SARS-CoV-2. Together, our results indicate that both RMs and AGMs are capable of modeling SARS-CoV-2 infection and suggest that aged AGMs may be useful for modeling severe disease manifestations, including ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert V Blair
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Animal Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Lara A Doyle-Meyers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Chad J Roy
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kasi Russell-Lodrigue
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | - Chris J Monjure
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Brandon Beddingfield
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kenneth S Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Jessica A Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Scott C Weaver
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Xuebin Qin
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Animal Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | | | | | - Nadia Golden
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | | | - Toni Penney
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Carolina Allers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Mary B Barnes
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | | | - Prasun K Datta
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Animal Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Nicholas J Maness
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Angela Birnbaum
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Tracy Fischer
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Rudolf P Bohm
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jay Rappaport
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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16
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Stephenson SE, Wilson CL, Bond NG, Kaur A, Alvarez X, Midkiff CC, Schnapp LM. Pericytes as novel targets for HIV/SIV infection in the lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L848-L853. [PMID: 32901522 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00296.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients has lengthened lifespan but led to an increased risk for secondary comorbidities, such as pulmonary complications characterized by vascular dysfunction. In the lung, PDGFRβ+ mesenchymal cells known as pericytes intimately associate with endothelial cells and are key for their survival both structurally and through the secretion of prosurvival factors. We hypothesize that in HIV infection there are functional changes in pericytes that may lead to destabilization of the microvasculature and ultimately to pulmonary abnormalities. Our objective in this study was to determine whether lung pericytes could be directly infected with HIV. We leveraged lung samples from macaque lungs with or without SIV infection and normal human lung for in vitro experiments. Pericytes were isolated based on the marker platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFRβ). We determined that lung PDGFRβ-positive (PDGFRβ+) pericytes from both macaques and humans express CD4, the primary receptor for SIV/HIV, as well as the major coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5. We found cells positive for both PDGFRβ and SIV in lungs from infected macaques. Lung pericytes isolated from these animals also harbored detectable SIV. To confirm relevance to human disease, we demonstrated that human lung pericytes are capable of being productively infected by HIV in vitro, with the time course of infection suggesting development of viral latency. In summary, we show for the first time that SIV/HIV directly infects lung pericytes, implicating these cells as a novel target and potential reservoir for the virus in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Stephenson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Carole L Wilson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Nell G Bond
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Amitinder Kaur
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Cecily C Midkiff
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Lynn M Schnapp
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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17
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Cai Y, Watkins MA, Xue F, Ai Y, Cheng H, Midkiff CC, Wang X, Alvarez X, Poli ANR, Salvino JM, Veazey RS, Montaner LJ. BCL6 BTB-specific inhibition via FX1 treatment reduces Tfh cells and reverses lymphoid follicle hyperplasia in Indian rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). J Med Primatol 2019; 49:26-33. [PMID: 31571234 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The BTB domain of B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) protein was identified as a therapeutic target for B-cell lymphoma. This study compared the pharmacokinetics (PK) of the BCL6 BTB inhibitor (FX1) between mice and macaques, as well as evaluating its lymphoid suppressive effect in uninfected macaques with lymphoid hyperplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight uninfected adult Indian rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were used in the study, four animals carrying lymphoid tissue hyperplasia. Plasma FX1 levels were measured by HPLC-MS/MS. Lymph node biopsies were used for H&E and immunohistochemistry staining, as well as mononuclear cell isolation for flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS Inhibition of the BCL6 BTB domain with FX1 led to a reduction in the frequency of GC, Tfh CD4+ , and Tfh precursor cells, as well as resolving lymphoid hyperplasia, in rhesus macaques. CONCLUSIONS B-cell lymphoma 6 inhibition may represent a novel strategy to reduce hyperplastic lymphoid B-cell follicles and decrease Tfh cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Cai
- HIV-1 Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Meagan A Watkins
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Fengtian Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yong Ai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Huiming Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cecily C Midkiff
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | | | - Joseph M Salvino
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Luis J Montaner
- HIV-1 Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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18
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Kuroda MJ, Sugimoto C, Cai Y, Merino KM, Mehra S, Araínga M, Roy CJ, Midkiff CC, Alvarez X, Didier ES, Kaushal D. High Turnover of Tissue Macrophages Contributes to Tuberculosis Reactivation in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques. J Infect Dis 2018; 217:1865-1874. [PMID: 29432596 PMCID: PMC5972562 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) profoundly affect the immune system and synergistically accelerate disease progression. It is believed that CD4+ T-cell depletion by HIV is the major cause of immunodeficiency and reactivation of latent TB. Previous studies demonstrated that blood monocyte turnover concurrent with tissue macrophage death from virus infection better predicted AIDS onset than CD4+ T-cell depletion in macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Methods In this study, we describe the contribution of macrophages to the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)/SIV coinfection in a rhesus macaque model using in vivo BrdU labeling, immunostaining, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy. Results We found that increased monocyte and macrophage turnover and levels of SIV-infected lung macrophages correlated with TB reactivation. All Mtb/SIV-coinfected monkeys exhibited declines in CD4+ T cells regardless of reactivation or latency outcomes, negating lower CD4+ T-cell levels as a primary cause of Mtb reactivation. Conclusions Results suggest that SIV-related damage to macrophages contributes to Mtb reactivation during coinfection. This also supports strategies to target lung macrophages for the treatment of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo J Kuroda
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Chie Sugimoto
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Yanhui Cai
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Kristen M Merino
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Center for Experimental Infectious Diseases Research, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Mariluz Araínga
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Chad J Roy
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Cecily C Midkiff
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Elizabeth S Didier
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Division of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
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19
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Dowling DJ, van Haren SD, Scheid A, Bergelson I, Kim D, Mancuso CJ, Foppen W, Ozonoff A, Fresh L, Theriot TB, Lackner AA, Fichorova RN, Smirnov D, Vasilakos JP, Beaurline JM, Tomai MA, Midkiff CC, Alvarez X, Blanchard JL, Gilbert MH, Aye PP, Levy O. TLR7/8 adjuvant overcomes newborn hyporesponsiveness to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine at birth. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e91020. [PMID: 28352660 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection is the most common cause of mortality in early life, and immunization is the most promising biomedical intervention to reduce this burden. However, newborns fail to respond optimally to most vaccines. Adjuvantation is a key approach to enhancing vaccine immunogenicity, but responses of human newborn leukocytes to most candidate adjuvants, including most TLR agonists, are functionally distinct. Herein, we demonstrate that 3M-052 is a locally acting lipidated imidazoquinoline TLR7/8 agonist adjuvant in mice, which, when properly formulated, can induce robust Th1 cytokine production by human newborn leukocytes in vitro, both alone and in synergy with the alum-adjuvanted pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 13 (PCV13). When admixed with PCV13 and administered i.m. on the first day of life to rhesus macaques, 3M-052 dramatically enhanced generation of Th1 CRM-197-specific neonatal CD4+ cells, activation of newborn and infant Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide-specific (PnPS-specific) B cells as well as serotype-specific antibody titers, and opsonophagocytic killing. Remarkably, a single dose at birth of PCV13 plus 0.1 mg/kg 3M-052 induced PnPS-specific IgG responses that were approximately 10-100 times greater than a single birth dose of PCV13 alone, rapidly exceeding the serologic correlate of protection, as early as 28 days of life. This potent immunization strategy, potentially effective with one birth dose, could represent a new paradigm in early life vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Dowling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Simon D van Haren
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Precision Vaccines Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Annette Scheid
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Precision Vaccines Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Newborn Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ilana Bergelson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dhohyung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christy J Mancuso
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Willemina Foppen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Al Ozonoff
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Precision Vaccines Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Patient Safety and Quality Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lynn Fresh
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Terese B Theriot
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Andrew A Lackner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Raina N Fichorova
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mark A Tomai
- 3M Drug Delivery Systems, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cecily C Midkiff
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - James L Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Margaret H Gilbert
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Pyone Pyone Aye
- Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNPRC), Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Precision Vaccines Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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Cai Y, Sugimoto C, Arainga M, Midkiff CC, Liu DX, Alvarez X, Lackner AA, Kim WK, Didier ES, Kuroda MJ. Preferential Destruction of Interstitial Macrophages over Alveolar Macrophages as a Cause of Pulmonary Disease in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques. J Immunol 2015; 195:4884-91. [PMID: 26432896 PMCID: PMC4637238 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To our knowledge, this study demonstrates for the first time that the AIDS virus differentially impacts two distinct subsets of lung macrophages. The predominant macrophages harvested by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), alveolar macrophages (AMs), are routinely used in studies on human lung macrophages, are long-lived cells, and exhibit low turnover. Interstitial macrophages (IMs) inhabit the lung tissue, are not recovered with BAL, are shorter-lived, and exhibit higher baseline turnover rates distinct from AMs. We examined the effects of SIV infection on AMs in BAL fluid and IMs in lung tissue of rhesus macaques. SIV infection produced massive cell death of IMs that contributed to lung tissue damage. Conversely, SIV infection induced minimal cell death of AMs, and these cells maintained the lower turnover rate throughout the duration of infection. This indicates that SIV produces lung tissue damage through destruction of IMs, whereas the longer-lived AMs may serve as a virus reservoir to facilitate HIV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Cai
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Chie Sugimoto
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Mariluz Arainga
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Cecily C Midkiff
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - David Xianhong Liu
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Andrew A Lackner
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507
| | - Elizabeth S Didier
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433; and Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Marcelo J Kuroda
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112;
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21
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Gautam US, McGillivray A, Mehra S, Didier PJ, Midkiff CC, Kissee RS, Golden NA, Alvarez X, Niu T, Rengarajan J, Sherman DR, Kaushal D. DosS Is required for the complete virulence of mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice with classical granulomatous lesions. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:708-16. [PMID: 25322074 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0230oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) must counter hypoxia within granulomas to persist. DosR, in concert with sensor kinases DosS and DosT, regulates the response to hypoxia. Yet Mtb lacking functional DosR colonize the lungs of C57Bl/6 mice, presumably owing to the lack of organized lesions with sufficient hypoxia in that model. We compared the phenotype of the Δ-dosR, Δ-dosS, and Δ-dosT mutants to Mtb using C3HeB/FeJ mice, an alternate mouse model where lesions develop hypoxia. C3HeB/FeJ mice were infected via aerosol. The progression of infection was analyzed by tissue bacterial burden and histopathology. A measure of the comparative global immune responses was also analyzed. Although Δ-dosR and Δ-dosT grew comparably to wild-type Mtb, Δ-dosS exhibited a significant defect in bacterial burden and pathology in vivo, accompanied by ablated proinflammatory response. Δ-dosS retained the ability to induce DosR. The Δ-dosS mutant was also attenuated in murine macrophages ex vivo, with evidence of reduced expression of the proinflammatory signature. Our results show that DosS, but not DosR and DosT, is required by Mtb to survive in C3HeB/FeJ mice. The attenuation of Δ-dosS is not due to its inability to induce the DosR regulon, nor is it a result of the accumulation of hypoxia. That the in vivo growth restriction of Δ-dosS could be mimicked ex vivo suggested sensitivity to macrophage oxidative burst. Anoxic caseous centers within tuberculosis lesions eventually progress to cavities. Our results provide greater insight into the molecular mechanisms of Mtb persistence within host lungs.
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22
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Nowlin BT, Burdo TH, Midkiff CC, Salemi M, Alvarez X, Williams KC. SIV encephalitis lesions are composed of CD163(+) macrophages present in the central nervous system during early SIV infection and SIV-positive macrophages recruited terminally with AIDS. Am J Pathol 2015; 185:1649-65. [PMID: 25963554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage recruitment to the central nervous system (CNS) during AIDS pathogenesis is poorly understood. We measured the accumulation of brain perivascular (CD163(+)) and inflammatory (MAC387(+)) macrophages in SIV-infected monkeys. Monocyte progenitors were 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeled in bone marrow, and CNS macrophages were labeled serially with fluorescent dextrans injected into the cisterna magna. MAC387(+) macrophages accumulated in the meninges and choroid plexus in early inflammation and in the perivascular space and SIV encephalitis (SIVE) lesions late. CD163(+) macrophages accumulated in the perivascular space and SIVE lesions with late inflammation. Most of the BrdU(+) cells were MAC387(+); however, CD163(+)BrdU(+) macrophages were present in the meninges and choroid plexus with AIDS. Most (81.6% ± 1.8%) of macrophages in SIVE lesions were present in the CNS before SIVE lesion formation. There was a 2.9-fold increase in SIVp28(+) macrophages entering the CNS late compared with those entering early (P < 0.05). The rate of CD163(+) macrophage recruitment to the CNS inversely correlated with time to death (P < 0.03) and increased with SIVE. In SIVE animals, soluble CD163 correlated with CD163(+) macrophage recruitment (P = 0.02). Most perivascular macrophages that comprise SIVE lesions and multinucleated giant cells are present in the CNS early, before SIVE lesions are formed. Most SIV-infected macrophages traffic to the CNS terminally with AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Nowlin
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - Tricia H Burdo
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - Cecily C Midkiff
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Science Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Marco Salemi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Science Center, Covington, Louisiana
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Cai Y, Sugimoto C, Liu DX, Midkiff CC, Alvarez X, Lackner AA, Kim WK, Didier ES, Kuroda MJ. Increased monocyte turnover is associated with interstitial macrophage accumulation and pulmonary tissue damage in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:1147-53. [PMID: 25780057 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0914-441r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that increasing blood monocyte turnover that was associated with tissue macrophage death better predicts terminal disease progression in adult SIV-infected macaques than does declining CD4(+) T cell levels. To understand better mechanisms of pathogenesis, this study relates severity of lung-tissue damage to the ratio, distribution, and inflammatory responses of lung macrophage subsets during SIV infection in rhesus macaques exhibiting varying rates of monocyte turnover. In vivo BrdU incorporation was used to evaluate kinetics of monocyte/tissue macrophage turnover. Tissue damage was scored microscopically from H&E-stained lung-tissue sections, and cytokine expression was examined via immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. Increased monocyte turnover in SIV-infected rhesus macaques significantly correlated with severity of lung-tissue damage, as exhibited by perivasculitis, vasculitis, interstitial pneumonia, alveolar histiocytosis, foamy macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, fibrin, and edema in the alveoli. In addition, the higher monocyte turnover correlated with declining AI ratio, increased accumulation of IM in the perivascular region of the lung, and higher expression of IL-6 in the IM of the lung tissue exposed to a LPS, calcium ionophore, and tumor promoter combination stimulation ex vivo. Accumulation of IM associated with increasing monocyte turnover during SIV infection appears to contribute to chronic pulmonary inflammation and tissue damage during disease progression to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Cai
- Divisions of *Immunology, Comparative Pathology, and Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA; Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, and Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Chie Sugimoto
- Divisions of *Immunology, Comparative Pathology, and Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA; Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, and Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - David Xianhong Liu
- Divisions of *Immunology, Comparative Pathology, and Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA; Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, and Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Cecily C Midkiff
- Divisions of *Immunology, Comparative Pathology, and Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA; Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, and Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Divisions of *Immunology, Comparative Pathology, and Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA; Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, and Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Andrew A Lackner
- Divisions of *Immunology, Comparative Pathology, and Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA; Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, and Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Divisions of *Immunology, Comparative Pathology, and Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA; Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, and Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Didier
- Divisions of *Immunology, Comparative Pathology, and Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA; Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, and Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Marcelo J Kuroda
- Divisions of *Immunology, Comparative Pathology, and Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA; Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, and Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
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24
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Strickland SL, Gray RR, Lamers SL, Burdo TH, Huenink E, Nolan DJ, Nowlin B, Alvarez X, Midkiff CC, Goodenow MM, Williams K, Salemi M. Efficient transmission and persistence of low-frequency SIVmac251 variants in CD8-depleted rhesus macaques with different neuropathology. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:925-938. [PMID: 22302881 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.039586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of CD8-depleted rhesus macaques with the genetically heterogeneous simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)mac251 viral swarm provides a rapid-disease model for simian acquired immune deficiency syndrome and SIV-encephalitis (SIVE). The objective was to evaluate how the diversity of the swarm influences the initial seeding of the infection that may potentially affect disease progression. Plasma, lymphoid and non-lymphoid (brain and lung) tissues were collected from two infected macaques euthanized at 21 days post-infection (p.i.), as well as longitudinal specimens and post-mortem tissues from four macaques followed throughout the infection. About 1300 gp120 viral sequences were obtained from the infecting SIVmac251 swarm and the macaques longitudinal and post-mortem samples. Phylogenetic and amino acid signature pattern analyses were carried out to assess frequency, transmission dynamics and persistence of specific viral clusters. Although no significant reduction in viral heterogeneity was found early in infection (21 days p.i.), transmission and replication of SIV variants was not entirely random. In particular, two distinct motifs under-represented (<4 %) in the infecting swarm were found at high frequencies (up to 14 %) in all six macaques as early as 21 days p.i. Moreover, a macrophage tropic variant not detected in the viral swarm (<0.3 %) was present at high frequency (29-100 %) in sequences derived from the brain of two macaques with meningitis or severe SIVE. This study demonstrates the highly efficient transmission and persistence in vivo of multiple low frequency SIVmac251 founder variants, characterized by specific gp120 motifs that may be linked to pathogenesis in the rapid-disease model of neuroAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Strickland
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Tricia H Burdo
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Ellen Huenink
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - David J Nolan
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brian Nowlin
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Cecily C Midkiff
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Maureen M Goodenow
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Marco Salemi
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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25
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Sestak K, Mazumdar K, Midkiff CC, Dufour J, Borda JT, Alvarez X. Recognition of epidermal transglutaminase by IgA and tissue transglutaminase 2 antibodies in a rare case of Rhesus dermatitis. J Vis Exp 2011:3154. [PMID: 22214930 DOI: 10.3791/3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase 2 (tTG2) is an intestinal digestive enzyme which deamidates already partially digested dietary gluten e.g. gliadin peptides. In genetically predisposed individuals, tTG2 triggers autoimmune responses that are characterized by the production of tTG2 antibodies and their direct deposition into small intestinal wall. The presence of such antibodies constitutes one of the major hallmarks of the celiac disease (CD). Epidermal transglutaminase (eTG) is another member of the transglutaminase family that can also function as an autoantigen in a small minority of CD patients. In these relatively rare cases, eTG triggers an autoimmune reaction (a skin rash) clinically known as dermatitis herpetiformis (DH). Although the exact mechanism of CD and DH pathogenesis is not well understood, it is known that tTG2 and eTG share antigenic epitopes that can be recognized by serum antibodies from both CD and DH patients. In this study, the confocal microscopy examination of biopsy samples from skin lesions of two rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with dermatitis (Table 1, Fig. 1 and 2) was used to study the affected tissues. In one animal (EM96) a spectral overlap of IgA and tTG2 antibodies (Fig. 3) was demonstrated. The presence of double-positive tTG2+IgA+ cells was focused in the deep epidermis, around the dermal papillae. This is consistent with lesions described in DH patients. When EM96 was placed on a gluten-free diet, the dermatitis, as well as tTG2+IgA+ deposits disappeared and were no longer detectable (Figs. 1-3). Dermatitis reappeared however, based on re-introduction of dietary gluten in EM96 (not shown). In other macaques including animal with unrelated dermatitis, the tTG2+IgA+ deposits were not detected. Gluten-free diet-dependent remission of dermatitis in EM96 together with presence of tTG2+IgA+ cells in its skin suggest an autoimmune, DH-like mechanism for the development of this condition. This is the first report of DH-like dermatitis in any non-human primate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Sestak
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center
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26
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Strickland SL, Gray RR, Lamers SL, Burdo TH, Huenink E, Nolan DJ, Nowlin B, Alvarez X, Midkiff CC, Goodenow MM, Williams K, Salemi M. Significant genetic heterogeneity of the SIVmac251 viral swarm derived from different sources. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011; 27:1327-32. [PMID: 21524235 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infecting rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is an established animal model of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pathogenesis. Many studies have used various derivatives of the SIVmac251 viral swarm to investigate several aspects of the disease, including transmission, progression, response to vaccination, and SIV/HIV-associated neurological disorders. However, the lack of standardization of the infecting inoculum complicates comparative analyses. We investigated the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of the 1991 animal-titered SIVmac251 swarm, the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) passaged SIVmac251, and additional SIVmac251 sequences derived over the past 20 years. Significant sequence divergence and diversity were evident among the different viral sources. This finding highlights the importance of characterizing the exact source and genetic makeup of the infecting inoculum to achieve controlled experimental conditions and enable meaningful comparisons across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Strickland
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Rebecca R. Gray
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Tricia H. Burdo
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ellen Huenink
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - David J. Nolan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Brian Nowlin
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Cecily C. Midkiff
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Maureen M. Goodenow
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Marco Salemi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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27
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Mehra S, Golden NA, Dutta NK, Midkiff CC, Alvarez X, Doyle LA, Asher M, Russell-Lodrigue K, Monjure C, Roy CJ, Blanchard JL, Didier PJ, Veazey RS, Lackner AA, Kaushal D. Reactivation of latent tuberculosis in rhesus macaques by coinfection with simian immunodeficiency virus. J Med Primatol 2011; 40:233-43. [PMID: 21781131 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2011.00485.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) and AIDS together present a devastating public health challenge. Over 3 million deaths every year are attributed to these twin epidemics. Annually, ∼11 million people are coinfected with HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). AIDS is thought to alter the spontaneous rate of latent TB reactivation. METHODOLOGY Macaques are excellent models of both TB and AIDS. Therefore, it is conceivable that they can also be used to model coinfection. Using clinical, pathological, and microbiological data, we addressed whether latent TB infection in rhesus macaques can be reactivated by infection with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). RESULTS A low-dose aerosol infection of rhesus macaques with Mtb caused latent, asymptomatic TB infection. Infection of macaques exhibiting latent TB with a rhesus-specific strain of SIV significantly reactivated TB. CONCLUSIONS Rhesus macaques are excellent model of TB/AIDS coinfection and can be used to study the phenomena of TB latency and reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Mehra
- Divisions of Bacteriology & Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
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