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Mehra HS, Wang X, Russell BP, Kulkarni N, Ferrari N, Larson B, Vinyard DJ. Assembly and Repair of Photosystem II in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:811. [PMID: 38592843 PMCID: PMC10975043 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthetic organisms use Photosystem II (PSII) to oxidize water and reduce plastoquinone. Here, we review the mechanisms by which PSII is assembled and turned over in the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. This species has been used to make key discoveries in PSII research due to its metabolic flexibility and amenability to genetic approaches. PSII subunits originate from both nuclear and chloroplastic gene products in Chlamydomonas. Nuclear-encoded PSII subunits are transported into the chloroplast and chloroplast-encoded PSII subunits are translated by a coordinated mechanism. Active PSII dimers are built from discrete reaction center complexes in a process facilitated by assembly factors. The phosphorylation of core subunits affects supercomplex formation and localization within the thylakoid network. Proteolysis primarily targets the D1 subunit, which when replaced, allows PSII to be reactivated and completes a repair cycle. While PSII has been extensively studied using Chlamydomonas as a model species, important questions remain about its assembly and repair which are presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David J. Vinyard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (H.S.M.); (X.W.); (B.P.R.); (N.K.); (N.F.); (B.L.)
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2
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Song H, Li J, Su Q, Li H, Guo X, Shao S, Fan L, Xu P, Zhou W, Qian J. Insight into the mechanism of nitrogen sufficiency conversion strategy for microalgae-based ammonium-rich wastewater treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140904. [PMID: 38070604 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The strategy of nitrogen sufficiency conversion can improve ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) removal with microalgal cells from ammonium-rich wastewater. We selected and identified one promising isolated algal strain, NCU-7, Chlorella sorokiniana, which showed a high algal yield and tolerance to ammonium in wastewater, as well as strong adaptability to N deprivation. The transition from N deprivation through mixotrophy (DN, M) to N sufficiency through autotrophy (SN, P) achieved the highest algal yields (optical density = 1.18 and 1.59) and NH4+-N removal rates (2.5 and 4.2 mg L-1 d-1) from synthetic wastewaters at two NH4+-N concentrations (160 and 320 mg L-1, respectively). Algal cells in DN, M culture obtained the lowest protein content (20.6%) but the highest lipid content (34.0%) among all cultures at the end of the stage 2. After transferring to stage 3, the lowest protein content gradually recovered to almost the same level as SN, P culture on the final day. Transmission electron microscopy and proteomics analysis demonstrated that algal cells had reduced intracellular protein content but accumulated lipids under N deprivation by regulating the reduction in synthesis of protein, carbohydrate, and chloroplast, while enhancing lipid synthesis. After transferring to N sufficiency, algal cells accelerated their growth by recovering protein synthesis, leading to excessive uptake of NH4+-N from wastewater. This study provides specific insights into a nitrogen sufficiency conversion strategy to enhance algal growth and NH4+-N removal/uptake during microalgae-based ammonium-rich wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwu Song
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, and Center for Algae Innovation & Engineering Research, School of Resources & Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, and Center for Algae Innovation & Engineering Research, School of Resources & Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Qihui Su
- Xinjiang Rao River Hydrological and Water Resources Monitoring Center, Shangrao, 334000, China
| | - Hongwu Li
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Soka University, Tokyo, 1928577, Japan
| | - Xujie Guo
- Nanchang Environmental Science Research Institute Co., Ltd, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Shengxi Shao
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, and Center for Algae Innovation & Engineering Research, School of Resources & Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Liangliang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, and Center for Algae Innovation & Engineering Research, School of Resources & Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Peilun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, and Center for Algae Innovation & Engineering Research, School of Resources & Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Wenguang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, and Center for Algae Innovation & Engineering Research, School of Resources & Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| | - Jun Qian
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, and Center for Algae Innovation & Engineering Research, School of Resources & Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
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3
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Schiebelhut LM, Grosberg RK, Stachowicz JJ, Bay RA. Genomic responses to parallel temperature gradients in the eelgrass Zostera marina in adjacent bays. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:2835-2849. [PMID: 36814144 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The extent of parallel genomic responses to similar selective pressures depends on a complex array of environmental, demographic, and evolutionary forces. Laboratory experiments with replicated selective pressures yield mixed outcomes under controlled conditions and our understanding of genomic parallelism in the wild is limited to a few well-established systems. Here, we examine genomic signals of selection in the eelgrass Zostera marina across temperature gradients in adjacent embayments. Although we find many genomic regions with signals of selection within each bay there is very little overlap in signals of selection at the SNP level, despite most polymorphisms being shared across bays. We do find overlap at the gene level, potentially suggesting multiple mutational pathways to the same phenotype. Using polygenic models we find that some sets of candidate SNPs are able to predict temperature across both bays, suggesting that small but parallel shifts in allele frequencies may be missed by independent genome scans. Together, these results highlight the continuous rather than binary nature of parallel evolution in polygenic traits and the complexity of evolutionary predictability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Schiebelhut
- Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Merced, California, USA
| | - Richard K Grosberg
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - John J Stachowicz
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Rachael A Bay
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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4
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Production of Recombinant Biopharmaceuticals in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/ijpb14010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to present Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as an alternative for heterologous protein production, especially for biopharmaceuticals, and its general characteristics when compared with other expression systems. The need to produce heterologous proteins for industrial interest, therapeutic ends, and diagnostic kits has led to the development of recombinant microalgal technology. This technology presents some interesting features, such as rapid growth and low transgene dispersion compared to plants, the ability to fold complex proteins compared to bacteria, and low production costs compared to other expression systems, such as yeast and mammalian cells. Overall, C. reinhardtii heterologous protein expression is coming of age with several research groups focused on developing an optimal producer strain.
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5
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Ji D, Li Q, Guo Y, An W, Manavski N, Meurer J, Chi W. NADP+ supply adjusts the synthesis of photosystem I in Arabidopsis chloroplasts. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:2128-2143. [PMID: 35385122 PMCID: PMC9343004 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In oxygenic photosynthesis, NADP+ acts as the final acceptor of the photosynthetic electron transport chain and receives electrons via the thylakoid membrane complex photosystem I (PSI) to synthesize NAPDH by the enzyme ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase. The NADP+/NADPH redox couple is essential for cellular metabolism and redox homeostasis. However, how the homeostasis of these two dinucleotides is integrated into chloroplast biogenesis remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate the important role of NADP+ supply for the biogenesis of PSI by examining the nad kinase 2 (nadk2) mutant in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which demonstrates disrupted synthesis of NADP+ from NAD+ in chloroplasts. Although the nadk2 mutant is highly sensitive to light, the reaction center of photosystem II (PSII) is only mildly and likely only secondarily affected compared to the wild-type. Our studies revealed that the primary limitation of photosynthetic electron transport, even at low light intensities, occurs at PSI rather than at PSII in the nadk2 mutant. Remarkably, this primarily impairs the de novo synthesis of the two PSI core subunits PsaA and PsaB, leading to the deficiency of the PSI complex in the nadk2 mutant. This study reveals an unexpected molecular link between NADK activity and mRNA translation of psaA/B in chloroplasts that may mediate a feedback mechanism to adjust de novo biosynthesis of the PSI complex in response to a variable NADPH demand. This adjustment may be important to protect PSI from photoinhibition under conditions that favor acceptor side limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daili Ji
- Author for correspondence: (W.C.) and (D.J.)
| | - Qiuxin Li
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yinjie Guo
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenjing An
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nikolay Manavski
- Faculty of Biology, Plant Molecular Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, D-82152, Germany
| | - Jörg Meurer
- Faculty of Biology, Plant Molecular Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, D-82152, Germany
| | - Wei Chi
- Author for correspondence: (W.C.) and (D.J.)
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6
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Harnessing the Algal Chloroplast for Heterologous Protein Production. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040743. [PMID: 35456794 PMCID: PMC9025058 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic microbes are gaining increasing attention as heterologous hosts for the light-driven, low-cost production of high-value recombinant proteins. Recent advances in the manipulation of unicellular algal genomes offer the opportunity to establish engineered strains as safe and viable alternatives to conventional heterotrophic expression systems, including for their use in the feed, food, and biopharmaceutical industries. Due to the relatively small size of their genomes, algal chloroplasts are excellent targets for synthetic biology approaches, and are convenient subcellular sites for the compartmentalized accumulation and storage of products. Different classes of recombinant proteins, including enzymes and peptides with therapeutical applications, have been successfully expressed in the plastid of the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and of a few other species, highlighting the emerging potential of transplastomic algal biotechnology. In this review, we provide a unified view on the state-of-the-art tools that are available to introduce protein-encoding transgenes in microalgal plastids, and discuss the main (bio)technological bottlenecks that still need to be addressed to develop robust and sustainable green cell biofactories.
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7
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Puthiyaveetil S, McKenzie SD, Kayanja GE, Ibrahim IM. Transcription initiation as a control point in plastid gene expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2021; 1864:194689. [PMID: 33561560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2021.194689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The extensive processing and protein-assisted stabilization of transcripts have been taken as evidence for a viewpoint that the control of gene expression had shifted entirely in evolution from transcriptional in the bacterial endosymbiont to posttranscriptional in the plastid. This suggestion is however at odds with many observations on plastid gene transcription. Chloroplasts of flowering plants and mosses contain two or more RNA polymerases with distinct promoter preference and division of labor for the coordinated synthesis of plastid RNAs. Plant and algal plastids further possess multiple nonredundant sigma factors that function as transcription initiation factors. The controlled accumulation of plastid sigma factors and modification of their activity by sigma-binding proteins and phosphorylation constitute additional transcriptional regulatory strategies. Plant and algal plastids also contain dedicated one- or two-component transcriptional regulators. Transcription initiation thus continues to form a critical control point at which varied developmental and environmental signals intersect with plastid gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith Puthiyaveetil
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Steven D McKenzie
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Gilbert E Kayanja
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Iskander M Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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8
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Wessendorf RL, Lu Y. Photosynthetic characterization of transgenic Synechocystis expressing a plant thiol/disulfide-modulating protein. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 15:1709708. [PMID: 31889463 PMCID: PMC7053882 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1709708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A previous study showed that introducing an Arabidopsis thaliana thiol/disulfide-modulating protein, Low Quantum Yield of Photosystem II 1 (LQY1), into the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 increased the efficiency of Photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry. In the present study, the authors provided additional evidence for the role of AtLQY1 in improving PSII photochemical efficiency and cell growth. Light response curve analysis showed that AtLQY1-expressing Synechocystis grown at a moderate growth light intensity (50 µmol photons m-2 s-1) had higher minimal, maximal, and variable fluorescence than the empty-vector control, under a wide range of actinic light intensities. Light induction and dark recovery curves demonstrated that AtLQY1-expressing Synechocystis grown at the moderate growth light intensity had higher effective PSII quantum yield, higher photochemical quenching, lower regulated heat dissipation (non-photochemical quenching), low amounts of reduced plastoquinone, and higher amounts of oxidized plastoquinone than the empty-vector control. Furthermore, growth curve analysis indicated that AtLQY1-expressing Synechocystis grew faster than the empty-vector control at the moderate growth light intensity. These results suggest that transgenic expression of AtLQY1 in Synechocystis significantly improves PSII photochemical efficiency and overall cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L. Wessendorf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
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9
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Gimenez M, Veríssimo-Filho S, Wittig I, Schickling BM, Hahner F, Schürmann C, Netto LES, Rosa JC, Brandes RP, Sartoretto S, De Lucca Camargo L, Abdulkader F, Miller FJ, Lopes LR. Redox Activation of Nox1 (NADPH Oxidase 1) Involves an Intermolecular Disulfide Bond Between Protein Disulfide Isomerase and p47 phox in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:224-236. [PMID: 30580571 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective- PDI (protein disulfide isomerase A1) was reported to support Nox1 (NADPH oxidase) activation mediated by growth factors in vascular smooth muscle cells. Our aim was to investigate the molecular mechanism by which PDI activates Nox1 and the functional implications of PDI in Nox1 activation in vascular disease. Approach and Results- Using recombinant proteins, we identified a redox interaction between PDI and the cytosolic subunit p47phox in vitro. Mass spectrometry of crosslinked peptides confirmed redox-dependent disulfide bonds between cysteines of p47phox and PDI and an intramolecular bond between Cys 196 and 378 in p47phox. PDI catalytic Cys 400 and p47phox Cys 196 were essential for the activation of Nox1 by PDI in vascular smooth muscle cells. Transfection of PDI resulted in the rapid oxidation of a redox-sensitive protein linked to p47phox, whereas PDI mutant did not promote this effect. Mutation of p47phox Cys 196, or the redox active cysteines of PDI, prevented Nox1 complex assembly and vascular smooth muscle cell migration. Proximity ligation assay confirmed the interaction of PDI and p47phox in murine carotid arteries after wire injury. Moreover, in human atheroma plaques, a positive correlation between the expression of PDI and p47phox occurred only in PDI family members with the a' redox active site. Conclusions- PDI redox cysteines facilitate Nox1 complex assembly, thus identifying a new mechanism through which PDI regulates Nox activity in vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Gimenez
- From the Department of Pharmacology (M.G., S.V.-F., S.S., L.D.L.C., L.R.L.), University of São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.G., B.M.S., F.J.M.)
| | - Sidney Veríssimo-Filho
- From the Department of Pharmacology (M.G., S.V.-F., S.S., L.D.L.C., L.R.L.), University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ilka Wittig
- Functional Proteomics Core Unit (I.W.), Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Brandon M Schickling
- Department of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.G., B.M.S., F.J.M.).,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (B.M.S., S.S., F.J.M.)
| | - Fabian Hahner
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology (F.H., C.S., R.P.B.), Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christoph Schürmann
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology (F.H., C.S., R.P.B.), Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Luis E S Netto
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences (L.E.S.N.), University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José César Rosa
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School (J.C.R.), University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ralf P Brandes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology (F.H., C.S., R.P.B.), Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Simone Sartoretto
- From the Department of Pharmacology (M.G., S.V.-F., S.S., L.D.L.C., L.R.L.), University of São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (B.M.S., S.S., F.J.M.)
| | - Lívia De Lucca Camargo
- From the Department of Pharmacology (M.G., S.V.-F., S.S., L.D.L.C., L.R.L.), University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Abdulkader
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics (F.A.), University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francis J Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (M.G., B.M.S., F.J.M.).,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC (B.M.S., S.S., F.J.M.).,Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC (F.J.M.)
| | - Lucia Rossetti Lopes
- From the Department of Pharmacology (M.G., S.V.-F., S.S., L.D.L.C., L.R.L.), University of São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Oliveira PVSD, Garcia-Rosa S, Sachetto ATA, Moretti AIS, Debbas V, De Bessa TC, Silva NT, Pereira ADC, Martins-de-Souza D, Santoro ML, Laurindo FRM. Protein disulfide isomerase plasma levels in healthy humans reveal proteomic signatures involved in contrasting endothelial phenotypes. Redox Biol 2019; 22:101142. [PMID: 30870787 PMCID: PMC6430080 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox-related plasma proteins are candidate reporters of protein signatures associated with endothelial structure/function. Thiol-proteins from protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family are unexplored in this context. Here, we investigate the occurrence and physiological significance of a circulating pool of PDI in healthy humans. We validated an assay for detecting PDI in plasma of healthy individuals. Our results indicate high inter-individual (median = 330 pg/mL) but low intra-individual variability over time and repeated measurements. Remarkably, plasma PDI levels could discriminate between distinct plasma proteome signatures, with PDI-rich (>median) plasma differentially expressing proteins related to cell differentiation, protein processing, housekeeping functions and others, while PDI-poor plasma differentially displayed proteins associated with coagulation, inflammatory responses and immunoactivation. Platelet function was similar among individuals with PDI-rich vs. PDI-poor plasma. Remarkably, such protein signatures closely correlated with endothelial function and phenotype, since cultured endothelial cells incubated with PDI-poor or PDI-rich plasma recapitulated gene expression and secretome patterns in line with their corresponding plasma signatures. Furthermore, such signatures translated into functional responses, with PDI-poor plasma promoting impairment of endothelial adhesion to fibronectin and a disturbed pattern of wound-associated migration and recovery area. Patients with cardiovascular events had lower PDI levels vs. healthy individuals. This is the first study describing PDI levels as reporters of specific plasma proteome signatures directly promoting contrasting endothelial phenotypes and functional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Percíllia Victória Santos de Oliveira
- Laboratorio de Biologia Vascular, LIM-64 (Biologia Cardiovascular Translacional), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sheila Garcia-Rosa
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Iochabel Soares Moretti
- Laboratorio de Biologia Vascular, LIM-64 (Biologia Cardiovascular Translacional), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor Debbas
- Laboratorio de Biologia Vascular, LIM-64 (Biologia Cardiovascular Translacional), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiphany Coralie De Bessa
- Laboratorio de Biologia Vascular, LIM-64 (Biologia Cardiovascular Translacional), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Tenguan Silva
- Laboratorio de Biologia Vascular, LIM-64 (Biologia Cardiovascular Translacional), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre da Costa Pereira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Francisco Rafael Martins Laurindo
- Laboratorio de Biologia Vascular, LIM-64 (Biologia Cardiovascular Translacional), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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11
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Lee S, Lee YJ, Choi S, Park SB, Tran QG, Heo J, Kim HS. Development of an alcohol-inducible gene expression system for recombinant protein expression in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY 2018; 30:2297-2304. [PMID: 30147236 PMCID: PMC6096782 DOI: 10.1007/s10811-018-1480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have been widely considered for the production of valuable products, such as lipid-based biofuel, value-added pigments, and anti-photo aging reagents. More recently, microalgae have been considered an alternative host for recombinant protein production because of their economic benefits and ecofriendly characteristics. Additionally, many microalgal strains identified to date are generally recognized as safe (GRAS); therefore, the use of microalgae-based technology is promising. However, basic studies on the genetic engineering of microalgae are rare, despite their importance. Particularly, inducible promoter systems that can be applied for strain engineering or recombinant protein production are rarely studied; hence, a number of challenging issues remain unsolved. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the development of a convenient and compact-inducible promoter system that can be used in microalgae. Based on previous success with plant systems, we employed the alcohol-inducible AlcR-P alcA system, which originates from the filamentous fungus, Aspergillus nidulans. This system comprises only two components, a regulatory protein, AlcR, and an inducible promoter, P alcA. Therefore, construction and transformation of the gene cassettes can be easily performed. Ethanol-dependent gene expression was observed in the transformants with no significant growth retardation or inducer consumption observed in the cells cultivated under optimized conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Lee
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, KRIBB school of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jae Lee
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Saehae Choi
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Present Address: K-Biohealth, Osong, Chungbuk, 28160 Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Bin Park
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, KRIBB school of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Quynh-Giao Tran
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, KRIBB school of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Heo
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, KRIBB school of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sik Kim
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, KRIBB school of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
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Kayum MA, Park JI, Nath UK, Saha G, Biswas MK, Kim HT, Nou IS. Genome-wide characterization and expression profiling of PDI family gene reveals function as abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis). BMC Genomics 2017; 18:885. [PMID: 29145809 PMCID: PMC5691835 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and PDI-like proteins contain thioredoxin domains that catalyze protein disulfide bond, inhibit aggregation of misfolded proteins, and function in isomerization during protein folding in endoplasmic reticulum and responses during abiotic stresses.Chinese cabbage is widely recognized as an economically important, nutritious vegetable, but its yield is severely hampered by various biotic and abiotic stresses. Because of, it is prime need to identify those genes whose are responsible for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. PDI family genes are among of them. Results We have identified 32 PDI genes from the Br135K microarray dataset, NCBI and BRAD database, and in silico characterized their sequences. Expression profiling of those genes was performed using cDNA of plant samples imposed to abiotic stresses; cold, salt, drought and ABA (Abscisic Acid) and biotic stress; Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans infection. The Chinese cabbage PDI genes were clustered in eleven groups in phylogeny. Among them, 15 PDI genes were ubiquitously expressed in various organs, while 24 PDI genes were up-regulated under salt and drought stress. By contrast, cold and ABA stress responsive gene number were ten and nine, respectively. In case of F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans infection 14 BrPDI genes were highly up-regulated. Interestingly, BrPDI1–1 gene was identified as putative candidate against abiotic (salt and drought) and biotic stresses, BrPDI5–2 gene for ABA stress, and BrPDI1–4, 6–1 and 9–2 were putative candidate genes for both cold and chilling injury stresses. Conclusions Our findings help to elucidate the involvement of PDI genes in stress responses, and they lay the foundation for functional genomics in future studies and molecular breeding of Brassica rapa crops. The stress-responsive PDI genes could be potential resources for molecular breeding of Brassica crops resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4277-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdul Kayum
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-In Park
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Ujjal Kumar Nath
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Gopal Saha
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Manosh Kumar Biswas
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoy-Taek Kim
- University-Industry Cooperation Foundation, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Ill-Sup Nou
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 57922, Republic of Korea.
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Marschall R, Tudzynski P. The Protein Disulfide Isomerase of Botrytis cinerea: An ER Protein Involved in Protein Folding and Redox Homeostasis Influences NADPH Oxidase Signaling Processes. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:960. [PMID: 28611757 PMCID: PMC5447010 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a filamentous plant pathogen, which infects hundreds of plant species; within its lifestyle, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a balanced redox homeostasis are essential parameters. The pathogen is capable of coping with the plant’s oxidative burst and even produces its own ROS to enhance the plant’s oxidative burst. Highly conserved NADPH oxidase (Nox) complexes produce the reactive molecules. The membrane-associated complexes regulate a large variety of vegetative and pathogenic processes. Besides their commonly accepted function at the plasma membrane, recent studies reveal that Nox complexes are also active at the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. In this study, we identified the essential ER protein BcPdi1 as new interaction partner of the NoxA complex in B. cinerea. Mutants that lack this ER chaperone display overlapping phenotypes to mutants of the NoxA signaling pathway. The protein appears to be involved in all major developmental processes, such as the formation of sclerotia, conidial anastomosis tubes and infection cushions (IC’s) and is needed for full virulence. Moreover, expression analyses and reporter gene studies indicate that BcPdi1 affects the redox homeostasis and unfolded protein response (UPR)-related genes. Besides the close association between BcPdi1 and BcNoxA, interaction studies provide evidence that the ER protein might likewise be involved in Ca2+ regulated processes. Finally, we were able to show that the potential key functions of the protein BcPdi1 might be affected by its phosphorylation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Marschall
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Paul Tudzynski
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterMünster, Germany
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Bieri P, Leibundgut M, Saurer M, Boehringer D, Ban N. The complete structure of the chloroplast 70S ribosome in complex with translation factor pY. EMBO J 2016; 36:475-486. [PMID: 28007896 PMCID: PMC5694952 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloroplasts are cellular organelles of plants and algae that are responsible for energy conversion and carbon fixation by the photosynthetic reaction. As a consequence of their endosymbiotic origin, they still contain their own genome and the machinery for protein biosynthesis. Here, we present the atomic structure of the chloroplast 70S ribosome prepared from spinach leaves and resolved by cryo‐EM at 3.4 Å resolution. The complete structure reveals the features of the 4.5S rRNA, which probably evolved by the fragmentation of the 23S rRNA, and all five plastid‐specific ribosomal proteins. These proteins, required for proper assembly and function of the chloroplast translation machinery, bind and stabilize rRNA including regions that only exist in the chloroplast ribosome. Furthermore, the structure reveals plastid‐specific extensions of ribosomal proteins that extensively remodel the mRNA entry and exit site on the small subunit as well as the polypeptide tunnel exit and the putative binding site of the signal recognition particle on the large subunit. The translation factor pY, involved in light‐ and temperature‐dependent control of protein synthesis, is bound to the mRNA channel of the small subunit and interacts with 16S rRNA nucleotides at the A‐site and P‐site, where it protects the decoding centre and inhibits translation by preventing tRNA binding. The small subunit is locked by pY in a non‐rotated state, in which the intersubunit bridges to the large subunit are stabilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Bieri
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc Leibundgut
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Saurer
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Boehringer
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nenad Ban
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Soares Moretti AI, Martins Laurindo FR. Protein disulfide isomerases: Redox connections in and out of the endoplasmic reticulum. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 617:106-119. [PMID: 27889386 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerases are thiol oxidoreductase chaperones from thioredoxin superfamily. As redox folding catalysts from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), their roles in ER-related redox homeostasis and signaling are well-studied. PDIA1 exerts thiol oxidation/reduction and isomerization, plus chaperone effects. Also, substantial evidence indicates that PDIs regulate thiol-disulfide switches in other cell locations such as cell surface and possibly cytosol. Subcellular PDI translocation routes remain unclear and seem Golgi-independent. The list of signaling and structural proteins reportedly regulated by PDIs keeps growing, via thiol switches involving oxidation, reduction and isomerization, S-(de)nytrosylation, (de)glutathyonylation and protein oligomerization. PDIA1 is required for agonist-triggered Nox NADPH oxidase activation and cell migration in vascular cells and macrophages, while PDIA1-dependent cytoskeletal regulation appears a converging pathway. Extracellularly, PDIs crucially regulate thiol redox signaling of thrombosis/platelet activation, e.g., integrins, and PDIA1 supports expansive caliber remodeling during injury repair via matrix/cytoskeletal organization. Some proteins display regulatory PDI-like motifs. PDI effects are orchestrated by expression levels or post-translational modifications. PDI is redox-sensitive, although probably not a mass-effect redox sensor due to kinetic constraints. Rather, the "all-in-one" organization of its peculiar redox/chaperone properties likely provide PDIs with precision and versatility in redox signaling, making them promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Iochabel Soares Moretti
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
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Wang Y, Ji K, Shen S, Chen H. Probing molecular events associated with early development of thylakoid membranes by comparative proteomics and low temperature fluorescence. J Proteomics 2016; 143:401-415. [PMID: 27126603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A comparison of protein profiles between prolamellar bodies from dark-grown etioplasts and thylakoid membranes from de-etioplasts illuminated respectively for 1, 5 and 9h revealed 155 differentially expressed CBB-stained spots. Clear results showed that the nonphototransformable Pchlide627-632 was the dominant pigment form in the PLBs of rice etioplasts during plant development in dark and transformed slowly to chlorophyllide in rice etioplasts when exposed to light. The light-induced accumulation of ACC oxidase, which catalyzes the final step of ethylene synthesis using ACC as substrate, would facilitate chlorophyll synthesis by inducing PORa/b expression via ethylene signaling. It could be also suggested that cyclic electron transport might play an important role in generation of ATP for carbon fixation and photoprotection of photosystems from excessive light in prothylakoid. Furthermore, the overproduction of ClpC1, which targets proteins to the ClpPR core complex for degradation, was observed only in Stage 1, during which period PLBs disrupted and converted into prothylakoids, suggesting that ClpC1 was of particular importance for disassembly of PLBs of etioplasts when exposed to light. This study revealed the possible biochemical and physiological processes lead to the formation of functional thylakoid membranes. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE In this study, we monitored the light-induced transformation of prolamellar bodies into thylakoid membranes, which is correlated to the biogenesis of photosynthetic apparatus involving a complex cascade of biochemical and structural events. Three stages of thylakoid development classified according to the thylakoid development status (Adam et al., 2011) were studied for biogenesis of photosynthetic apparatus: Stage 1, prothylakoids emerge from the disrupted PLBs; Stage 2, prothylakoids converted into primary thylakoids which were dispersed in the stroma; Stage 3, the continuous grana and stroma thylakoids are formed. The development stage-dependent changes in the proteomic profile of the thylakoids were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). This information was complemented with the steady-state 77K chlorophyll fluorescence of thylakoids at the corresponding development stage. Together, these analyses allowed us to further understand the molecular processes connected to the formation of functional thylakoid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Resource Plant, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kuixian Ji
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Resource Plant, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Shihua Shen
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Resource Plant, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development for Resource Plant, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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Hempel F, Maier UG. Microalgae as Solar-Powered Protein Factories. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 896:241-62. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27216-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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18
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Ferreira-Camargo LS, Tran M, Beld J, Burkart MD, Mayfield SP. Selenocystamine improves protein accumulation in chloroplasts of eukaryotic green algae. AMB Express 2015; 5:126. [PMID: 26137911 PMCID: PMC4489976 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-015-0126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic green algae have become an increasingly popular platform for recombinant proteins production. In particular, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, has garnered increased attention for having the necessary biochemical machinery to produce vaccines, human antibodies and next generation cancer targeting immunotoxins. While it has been shown that chloroplasts contain chaperones, peptidyl prolylisomerases and protein disulfide isomerases that facilitate these complex proteins folding and assembly, little has been done to determine which processes serve as rate-limiting steps for protein accumulation. In other expression systems, as Escherichia coli, Chinese hamster ovary cells, and insect cells, recombinant protein accumulation can be hampered by cell's inability to fold the target polypeptide into the native state, resulting in aggregation and degradation. To determine if chloroplasts' ability to oxidize proteins that require disulfide bonds into a stable conformation is a rate-limiting step of protein accumulation, three recombinant strains, each expressing a different recombinant protein, were analyzed. These recombinant proteins included fluorescent GFP, a reporter containing no disulfide bonds; Gaussia princeps luciferase, a luminescent reporter containing disulfide bonds; and an immunotoxin, an antibody-fusion protein containing disulfide bonds. Each strain was analyzed for its ability to accumulate proteins when supplemented with selenocystamine, a small molecule capable of catalyzing the formation of disulfide bonds. Selenocystamine supplementation led to an increase in luciferase and immunotoxin but not GFP accumulation. These results demonstrated that selenocystamine can increase the accumulation of proteins containing disulfide bonds and suggests that a rate-limiting step in chloroplast protein accumulation is the disulfide bonds formation in recombinant proteins native structure.
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Sun Y, Zerges W. Translational regulation in chloroplasts for development and homeostasis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:809-20. [PMID: 25988717 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chloroplast genomes encode 100-200 proteins which function in photosynthesis, the organellar genetic system, and other pathways and processes. These proteins are synthesized by a complete translation system within the chloroplast, with bacterial-type ribosomes and translation factors. Here, we review translational regulation in chloroplasts, focusing on changes in translation rates which occur in response to requirements for proteins encoded by the chloroplast genome for development and homeostasis. In addition, we delineate the developmental and physiological contexts and model organisms in which translational regulation in chloroplasts has been studied. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chloroplast biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Biology Department and Center for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke W., Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - William Zerges
- Biology Department and Center for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke W., Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada.
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Waszczak C, Akter S, Jacques S, Huang J, Messens J, Van Breusegem F. Oxidative post-translational modifications of cysteine residues in plant signal transduction. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2923-34. [PMID: 25750423 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In plants, fluctuation of the redox balance by altered levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can affect many aspects of cellular physiology. ROS homeostasis is governed by a diversified set of antioxidant systems. Perturbation of this homeostasis leads to transient or permanent changes in the redox status and is exploited by plants in different stress signalling mechanisms. Understanding how plants sense ROS and transduce these stimuli into downstream biological responses is still a major challenge. ROS can provoke reversible and irreversible modifications to proteins that act in diverse signalling pathways. These oxidative post-translational modifications (Ox-PTMs) lead to oxidative damage and/or trigger structural alterations in these target proteins. Characterization of the effect of individual Ox-PTMs on individual proteins is the key to a better understanding of how cells interpret the oxidative signals that arise from developmental cues and stress conditions. This review focuses on ROS-mediated Ox-PTMs on cysteine (Cys) residues. The Cys side chain, with its high nucleophilic capacity, appears to be the principle target of ROS. Ox-PTMs on Cys residues participate in various signalling cascades initiated by plant stress hormones. We review the mechanistic aspects and functional consequences of Cys Ox-PTMs on specific target proteins in view of stress signalling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Waszczak
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Brussels Center for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium * Present address: Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Salma Akter
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Brussels Center for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, 1000 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Silke Jacques
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Brussels Center for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joris Messens
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Brussels Center for Redox Biology, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Porter BW, Yuen CYL, Christopher DA. Dual protein trafficking to secretory and non-secretory cell compartments: clear or double vision? PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 234:174-9. [PMID: 25804820 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 18% of Arabidopsis thaliana proteins encode a signal peptide for translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the gateway of the eukaryotic secretory pathway. However, it was recently discovered that some ER proteins can undergo both co-translational import into the ER/secretory pathway and trafficking to compartments outside of the secretory pathway. This phenomenon is observed among members of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family, which are traditionally regarded as ER enzymes involved in protein folding. Although classical PDIs possess an N-terminal signal peptide and a C-terminal ER retention signal, some also dual localize to secretory and non-secretory compartments, including mammalian PDI ERp57, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii PDI RB60, and A. thaliana AtPDI2. ERp57 is present in both the ER and nucleus where it influences gene transcription. RB60 localizes to the ER and chloroplast where it modulates the redox state of polyadenylate-binding protein RB47. AtPDI2, which interacts with transcription factor MEE8, localizes to the ER-secretory pathway and the nucleus. A model proposing secretory trafficking of AtPDI2 and nuclear co-translocation of an AtPDI2-MEE8 complex illustrates the diversity of dual targeting mechanisms, the multifunctional roles of some PDIs, and the potential co-translocation of other proteins to multiple subcellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad W Porter
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East-West Road, Agricultural Science Building Room 218, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Christen Y L Yuen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East-West Road, Agricultural Science Building Room 218, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - David A Christopher
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East-West Road, Agricultural Science Building Room 218, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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Tian X, Liu Y, Huang Z, Duan H, Tong J, He X, Gu W, Ma H, Xiao L. Comparative proteomic analysis of seedling leaves of cold-tolerant and -sensitive spring soybean cultivars. Mol Biol Rep 2015; 42:581-601. [PMID: 25359310 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3803-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cold stress adversely affects the growth and development of seedling of spring soybean. Revealing responses in seedling to cold stress at proteomic level will help us to breed cold-tolerant spring soybean cultivars. In this study, to understand the responses, a proteomic analysis on the leaves of seedlings of one cold-tolerant soybean cultivar and one cold-sensitive soybean cultivar at 5°C for different times (12 and 24 h) was performed, with some proteomic results being further validated by physiological and biochemical analysis. Our results showed that 57 protein spots were found to be significantly changed in abundance and identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. All the identified proteins were found to be involved in 13 metabolic pathways and cellular processes, including photosynthesis, protein folding and assembly, cell rescue and defense, cytoskeletal proteins, transcription and translation regulation, amino acid and nitrogen metabolism, protein degradation, storage proteins, signal transduction, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, energy metabolism, and unknown. Based on the majority of the identified cold-responsive proteins, the effect of cold stress on seedling leaves of the two spring soybean cultivars was discussed. The reason that soybean cv. Guliqing is more cold-tolerant than soybean cv. Nannong 513 was due to its more protein, lipid and polyamine biosynthesis, more effective sulfur-containing metabolite recycling, and higher photosynthetic rate, as well as less ROS production and lower protein proteolysis and energy depletion under cold stress. Such a result will provide more insights into cold stress responses and for further dissection of cold tolerance mechanisms in spring soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Li H, Wang F, Chen XJ, Shi K, Xia XJ, Considine MJ, Yu JQ, Zhou YH. The sub/supra-optimal temperature-induced inhibition of photosynthesis and oxidative damage in cucumber leaves are alleviated by grafting onto figleaf gourd/luffa rootstocks. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 152:571-84. [PMID: 24735050 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Shoot-root communication is involved in plant stress responses, but its mechanism is largely unknown. To determine the role of roots in stress tolerance, cucumber (Cucumis sativus) shoots from plants with roots of their own or with figleaf gourd (Cucurbita ficifolia, a chilling-tolerant species) or luffa (Luffa cylindrica (L.) M. Roem., a heat-tolerant species) rootstocks were exposed to low (18/13°C), optimal (27/22°C) and high (36/31°C) temperatures, respectively. Grafting onto figleaf gourd and luffa rootstocks significantly alleviated chilling and heat-induced reductions, respectively, in biomass production and CO(2) assimilation capacity in the shoots, while levels of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation were decreased. Figleaf gourd and luffa rootstocks upregulated a subset of stress-responsive genes involved in signal transduction (MAPK1 and RBOH), transcriptional regulation (MYB and MYC), protein protection (HSP45.9 and HSP70), the antioxidant response (Cu/Zn-SOD, cAPX and GR), and photosynthesis (RBCL, RBCS, RCA and FBPase) at low and high growth temperatures, respectively, and this was accompanied by increased activity of the encoded enzymes and reduced glutathione redox homeostasis in the leaves. Moreover, Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) expression in cucumber leaves was strongly induced by the luffa rootstock at the high growth temperature but slightly induced by the figleaf gourd rootstock at low or high growth temperatures. These results indicate that rootstocks could induce significant changes in the transcripts of stress-responsive and defense-related genes, and the ROS scavenging activity via unknown signals, especially at stressful growth temperatures, and this is one of mechanisms involved in the grafting-induced stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Horticulture, Zijin'gang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, P.R. China
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Kianianmomeni A. Cell-type specific light-mediated transcript regulation in the multicellular alga Volvox carteri. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:764. [PMID: 25194509 PMCID: PMC4167131 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The multicellular green alga Volvox carteri makes use of none less than 13 photoreceptors, which are mostly expressed in a cell-type specific manner. This gives reason to believe that trasncriptome pattern of each cell type could change differentially in response to environmental light. Here, the cell-type specific changes of various transcripts from different pathways in response to blue, red and far-red light were analyzed. RESULTS In response to different light qualities, distinct changes in transcript accumulation of genes encoding proteins involved in chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis, light-harvesting complexes, circadian clock and cell cycle control were observed. Namely, blue light tends to be effective to accumulate transcripts in the somatic cells; while red light leads to accumulate transcripts predominantly in the reproductive cells. Blue light also induced marked accumulation of two components of circadian rhythms only in the somatic cells, indicating that these clock-relevant components are affected by blue light in a cell-type specific manner. Further, we show that photosynthetic associated genes are regulated distinctly among cell types by different light qualities. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that Volvox uses different sophisticated cell-type specific light signaling pathways to modulate expression of genes involved in various cellular and metabolic pathways including circadian rhythms and photosynthesis in response to environmental light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Kianianmomeni
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr, 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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25
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Nelson CJ, Alexova R, Jacoby RP, Millar AH. Proteins with high turnover rate in barley leaves estimated by proteome analysis combined with in planta isotope labeling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:91-108. [PMID: 25082890 PMCID: PMC4149734 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.243014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Protein turnover is a key component in cellular homeostasis; however, there is little quantitative information on degradation kinetics for individual plant proteins. We have used (15)N labeling of barley (Hordeum vulgare) plants and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of free amino acids and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of proteins to track the enrichment of (15)N into the amino acid pools in barley leaves and then into tryptic peptides derived from newly synthesized proteins. Using information on the rate of growth of barley leaves combined with the rate of degradation of (14)N-labeled proteins, we calculate the turnover rates of 508 different proteins in barley and show that they vary by more than 100-fold. There was approximately a 9-h lag from label application until (15)N incorporation could be reliably quantified in extracted peptides. Using this information and assuming constant translation rates for proteins during the time course, we were able to quantify degradation rates for several proteins that exhibit half-lives on the order of hours. Our workflow, involving a stringent series of mass spectrometry filtering steps, demonstrates that (15)N labeling can be used for large-scale liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry studies of protein turnover in plants. We identify a series of abundant proteins in photosynthesis, photorespiration, and specific subunits of chlorophyll biosynthesis that turn over significantly more rapidly than the average protein involved in these processes. We also highlight a series of proteins that turn over as rapidly as the well-known D1 subunit of photosystem II. While these proteins need further verification for rapid degradation in vivo, they cluster in chlorophyll and thiamine biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark J Nelson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and Centre for Comparative Analysis of Biomolecular Networks, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Ralitza Alexova
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and Centre for Comparative Analysis of Biomolecular Networks, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Richard P Jacoby
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and Centre for Comparative Analysis of Biomolecular Networks, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - A Harvey Millar
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and Centre for Comparative Analysis of Biomolecular Networks, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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Sabir J, Schwarz E, Ellison N, Zhang J, Baeshen NA, Mutwakil M, Jansen R, Ruhlman T. Evolutionary and biotechnology implications of plastid genome variation in the inverted-repeat-lacking clade of legumes. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:743-54. [PMID: 24618204 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Land plant plastid genomes (plastomes) provide a tractable model for evolutionary study in that they are relatively compact and gene dense. Among the groups that display an appropriate level of variation for structural features, the inverted-repeat-lacking clade (IRLC) of papilionoid legumes presents the potential to advance general understanding of the mechanisms of genomic evolution. Here, are presented six complete plastome sequences from economically important species of the IRLC, a lineage previously represented by only five completed plastomes. A number of characters are compared across the IRLC including gene retention and divergence, synteny, repeat structure and functional gene transfer to the nucleus. The loss of clpP intron 2 was identified in one newly sequenced member of IRLC, Glycyrrhiza glabra. Using deeply sequenced nuclear transcriptomes from two species helped clarify the nature of the functional transfer of accD to the nucleus in Trifolium, which likely occurred in the lineage leading to subgenus Trifolium. Legumes are second only to cereal crops in agricultural importance based on area harvested and total production. Genetic improvement via plastid transformation of IRLC crop species is an appealing proposition. Comparative analyses of intergenic spacer regions emphasize the need for complete genome sequences for developing transformation vectors for plastid genetic engineering of legume crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Sabir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Wittenberg G, Levitan A, Klein T, Dangoor I, Keren N, Danon A. Knockdown of the Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplast protein disulfide isomerase 6 results in reduced levels of photoinhibition and increased D1 synthesis in high light. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 78:1003-13. [PMID: 24684167 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A chloroplast protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) was previously proposed to regulate translation of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast psbA mRNA, encoding the D1 protein, in response to light. Here we show that AtPDI6, one of 13 Arabidopsis thaliana PDI genes, also plays a role in the chloroplast. We found that AtPDI6 is targeted and localized to the chloroplast. Interestingly, AtPDI6 knockdown plants displayed higher resistance to photoinhibition than wild-type plants when exposed to a tenfold increase in light intensity. The AtPDI6 knockdown plants also displayed a higher rate of D1 synthesis under a similar light intensity. The increased resistance to photoinhibition may not be rationalized by changes in antenna or non-photochemical quenching. Thus, the increased D1 synthesis rate, which may result in a larger proportion of active D1 under light stress, may led to the decrease in photoinhibition. These results suggest that, although the D1 synthesis rates observed in wild-type plants under high light intensities are elevated, repair can potentially occur faster. The findings implicate AtPDI6 as an attenuator of D1 synthesis, modulating photoinhibition in a light-regulated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Wittenberg
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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28
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Developing inexpensive malaria vaccines from plants and algae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:1983-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Liu J, Wang P, Liu B, Feng D, Zhang J, Su J, Zhang Y, Wang JF, Wang HB. A deficiency in chloroplastic ferredoxin 2 facilitates effective photosynthetic capacity during long-term high light acclimation in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 76:861-874. [PMID: 24118453 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic electron transport is the major energy source for cellular metabolism in plants, and also has the potential to generate excess reactive oxygen species that cause irreversible damage to photosynthetic apparatus under adverse conditions. Ferredoxins (Fds), as the electron-distributing hub in the chloroplast, contribute to redox regulation and antioxidant defense. However, the steady-state levels of photosynthetic Fd decrease in plants when they are exposed to environmental stress conditions. To understand the effect of Fd down-regulation on plant growth, we characterized Arabidopsis thaliana plants lacking Fd2 (Fd2-KO) under long-term high light (HL) conditions. Unexpectedly, Fd2-KO plants exhibited efficient photosynthetic capacity and stable thylakoid protein complexes. At the transcriptional level, photoprotection-related genes were up-regulated more in the mutant plants, suggesting that knockout Fd2 lines possess a relatively effective photo-acclimatory responses involving enhanced plastid redox signaling. In contrast to the physiological characterization of Fd2-KO under short-term HL, the plastoquinone pool returned to a relatively balanced redox state via elevated PGR5-dependent cyclic electron flow during extended HL. fd2 pgr5 double mutant plants displayed severely impaired photosynthetic capacity under HL treatment, further supporting a role for PGR5 in adaptation to HL in the Fd2-KO plants. These results suggest potential benefits of reducing Fd levels in plants grown under long-term HL conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
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30
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Li LC, Hsu YT, Chang HL, Wu TM, Sung MS, Cho CL, Lee TM. Polyamine effects on protein disulfide isomerase expression and implications for hypersalinity stress in the marine alga Ulva lactuca Linnaeus(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2013; 49:1181-1191. [PMID: 27007636 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Full-length protein disulfide isomerase (UfPDI) cDNA was cloned from the intertidal macroalga Ulva lactuca Linnaeus. Modulation of UfPDI expression by stresses and polyamines (PA) was studied. UfPDI transcription and enzyme activity were increased by hypersalinity (90) or high light illumination (1,200 μmol photons · m(-2) · s(-1) ), decreased by the addition of 100 μM CuSO4 . An exposure to a salinity of 90 decreased PA contents. Treating with PA biosynthetic inhibitors, D-arginine (D-Arg) or α-methyl ornithine (α-MO), led to a further decrease and also inhibited UfPDI expression and recovery of the growth rate. These results suggest that PAs are required to activate UfPDI expression with hypersalinity, even PA contents are decreased at a salinity of 90. The induction of UfPDI expression by hypersalinity of 90 and tolerance to hypersalinity could be enhanced if internal PA contents rise. Sung et al. (2011b) showed that PA contents could be increased by pretreating with putrescine (Put, 1 mM), spermidine (Spd, 1 mM), or spermine (Spm, 1 mM) at a salinity of 30. Therefore, PA pretreatment effect on UfPDI expression was examined. Pretreatment with Spd and Spm, but not with Put, enhanced UfPDI expression after transferred to a salinity of 90 and restored the growth rate. In conclusion, induction of UfPDI expression by Spd or Spm before exposure to hypersaline conditions and continuous up-regulation after hypersalinity exposure are required for the acquisition of hypersalinity tolerance in the intertidal green macroalga U. lactuca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Chuan Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ting Hsu
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Ling Chang
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
- The Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Tzure-Meng Wu
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiuan Sung
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Lung Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Min Lee
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
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Yuen CYL, Matsumoto KO, Christopher DA. Variation in the Subcellular Localization and Protein Folding Activity among Arabidopsis thaliana Homologs of Protein Disulfide Isomerase. Biomolecules 2013; 3:848-69. [PMID: 24970193 PMCID: PMC4030966 DOI: 10.3390/biom3040848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) catalyze the formation, breakage, and rearrangement of disulfide bonds to properly fold nascent polypeptides within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Classical animal and yeast PDIs possess two catalytic thioredoxin-like domains (a, a') and two non-catalytic domains (b, b'), in the order a-b-b'-a'. The model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, encodes 12 PDI-like proteins, six of which possess the classical PDI domain arrangement (AtPDI1 through AtPDI6). Three additional AtPDIs (AtPDI9, AtPDI10, AtPDI11) possess two thioredoxin domains, but without intervening b-b' domains. C-terminal green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions to each of the nine dual-thioredoxin PDI homologs localized predominantly to the ER lumen when transiently expressed in protoplasts. Additionally, expression of AtPDI9:GFP-KDEL and AtPDI10: GFP-KDDL was associated with the formation of ER bodies. AtPDI9, AtPDI10, and AtPDI11 mediated the oxidative folding of alkaline phosphatase when heterologously expressed in the Escherichia coli protein folding mutant, dsbA-. However, only three classical AtPDIs (AtPDI2, AtPDI5, AtPDI6) functionally complemented dsbA-. Interestingly, chemical inducers of the ER unfolded protein response were previously shown to upregulate most of the AtPDIs that complemented dsbA-. The results indicate that Arabidopsis PDIs differ in their localization and protein folding activities to fulfill distinct molecular functions in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christen Y L Yuen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Kristie O Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - David A Christopher
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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Oxidative protein-folding systems in plant cells. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:585431. [PMID: 24187554 PMCID: PMC3800646 DOI: 10.1155/2013/585431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are unique among eukaryotes in having evolved organelles: the protein storage vacuole, protein body, and chloroplast. Disulfide transfer pathways that function in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and chloroplasts of plants play critical roles in the development of protein storage organelles and the biogenesis of chloroplasts, respectively. Disulfide bond formation requires the cooperative function of disulfide-generating enzymes (e.g., ER oxidoreductase 1), which generate disulfide bonds de novo, and disulfide carrier proteins (e.g., protein disulfide isomerase), which transfer disulfides to substrates by means of thiol-disulfide exchange reactions. Selective molecular communication between disulfide-generating enzymes and disulfide carrier proteins, which reflects the molecular and structural diversity of disulfide carrier proteins, is key to the efficient transfer of disulfides to specific sets of substrates. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms and functions of the various disulfide transfer pathways involved in oxidative protein folding in the ER, chloroplasts, and mitochondria of plants.
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Filonova A, Haemsch P, Gebauer C, Weisheit W, Wagner V. Protein disulfide isomerase 2 of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is involved in circadian rhythm regulation. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:1503-17. [PMID: 23475997 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) are known to play important roles in the folding of nascent proteins and in the formation of disulfide bonds. Recently, we identified a PDI from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CrPDI2) by a mass spectrometry approach that is specifically enriched by heparin affinity chromatography in samples taken during the night phase. Here, we show that the recombinant CrPDI2 is a redox-active protein. It is reduced by thioredoxin reductase and catalyzes itself the reduction of insulin chains and the oxidative refolding of scrambled RNase A. By immunoblots, we confirm a high-amplitude change in abundance of the heparin-bound CrPDI2 during subjective night. Interestingly, we find that CrPDI2 is present in protein complexes of different sizes at both day and night. Among three identified interaction partners, one (a 2-cys peroxiredoxin) is present only during the night phase. To study a potential function of CrPDI2 within the circadian system, we have overexpressed its gene. Two transgenic lines were used to measure the rhythm of phototaxis. In the transgenic strains, a change in the acrophase was observed. This indicates that CrPDI2 is involved in the circadian signaling pathway and, together with the night phase-specific interaction of CrPDI2 and a peroxiredoxin, these findings suggest a close coupling of redox processes and the circadian clock in C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Filonova
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Rochaix JD. Redox regulation of thylakoid protein kinases and photosynthetic gene expression. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:2184-201. [PMID: 23339452 PMCID: PMC3629850 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Photosynthetic organisms are subjected to frequent changes in their environment that include fluctuations in light quality and quantity, temperature, CO(2) concentration, and nutrient availability. They have evolved complex responses to these changes that allow them to protect themselves against photo-oxidative damage and to optimize their growth under these adverse conditions. In the case of light changes, these acclimatory processes can occur in either the short or the long term and are mainly mediated through the redox state of the plastoquinone pool and the ferredoxin/thioredoxin system. RECENT ADVANCES Short-term responses involve a dynamic reorganization of photosynthetic complexes, and long-term responses (LTRs) modulate the chloroplast and nuclear gene expression in such a way that the levels of the photosystems and their antennae are rebalanced for an optimal photosynthetic performance. These changes are mediated through a complex signaling network with several protein kinases and phosphatases that are conserved in land plants and algae. The phosphorylation status of the light-harvesting proteins of photosystem II and its core proteins is mainly determined by two complementary kinase-phosphatase pairs corresponding to STN7/PPH1 and STN8/PBCP, respectively. CRITICAL ISSUES The activity of the Stt7 kinase is principally regulated by the redox state of the plastoquinone pool, which in turn depends on the light irradiance, ambient CO(2) concentration, and cellular energy status. In addition, this kinase is also involved in the LTR. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Other chloroplast kinases modulate the activity of the plastid transcriptional machinery, but the global signaling network that connects all of the identified kinases and phosphatases is still largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-David Rochaix
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Alga-produced cholera toxin-Pfs25 fusion proteins as oral vaccines. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:3917-25. [PMID: 23603678 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00714-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases disproportionately affect indigent regions and are the greatest cause of childhood mortality in developing countries. Practical, low-cost vaccines for use in these countries are paramount to reducing disease burdens and concomitant poverty. Algae are a promising low-cost system for producing vaccines that can be orally delivered, thereby avoiding expensive purification and injectable delivery. We engineered the chloroplast of the eukaryotic alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to produce a chimeric protein consisting of the 25-kDa Plasmodium falciparum surface protein (Pfs25) fused to the β subunit of the cholera toxin (CtxB) to investigate an alga-based whole-cell oral vaccine. Pfs25 is a promising malaria transmission-blocking vaccine candidate that has been difficult to produce in traditional recombinant systems due to its structurally complex tandem repeats of epidermal growth factor-like domains. The noncatalytic CtxB domain of the cholera holotoxin assembles into a pentameric structure and acts as a mucosal adjuvant by binding GM1 ganglioside receptors on gut epithelial cells. We demonstrate that CtxB-Pfs25 accumulates as a soluble, properly folded and functional protein within algal chloroplasts, and it is stable in freeze-dried alga cells at ambient temperatures. In mice, oral vaccination using freeze-dried algae that produce CtxB-Pfs25 elicited CtxB-specific serum IgG antibodies and both CtxB- and Pfs25-specific secretory IgA antibodies. These data suggest that algae are a promising system for production and oral delivery of vaccine antigens, but as an orally delivered adjuvant, CtxB is best suited for eliciting secretory IgA antibodies for vaccine antigens against pathogens that invade mucosal surfaces using this strategy.
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36
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Lyska D, Meierhoff K, Westhoff P. How to build functional thylakoid membranes: from plastid transcription to protein complex assembly. PLANTA 2013; 237:413-28. [PMID: 22976450 PMCID: PMC3555230 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1752-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are the endosymbiotic descendants of cyanobacterium-like prokaryotes. Present genomes of plant and green algae chloroplasts (plastomes) contain ~100 genes mainly encoding for their transcription-/translation-machinery, subunits of the thylakoid membrane complexes (photosystems II and I, cytochrome b (6) f, ATP synthase), and the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Nevertheless, proteomic studies have identified several thousand proteins in chloroplasts indicating that the majority of the plastid proteome is not encoded by the plastome. Indeed, plastid and host cell genomes have been massively rearranged in the course of their co-evolution, mainly through gene loss, horizontal gene transfer from the cyanobacterium/chloroplast to the nucleus of the host cell, and the emergence of new nuclear genes. Besides structural components of thylakoid membrane complexes and other (enzymatic) complexes, the nucleus provides essential factors that are involved in a variety of processes inside the chloroplast, like gene expression (transcription, RNA-maturation and translation), complex assembly, and protein import. Here, we provide an overview on regulatory factors that have been described and characterized in the past years, putting emphasis on mechanisms regulating the expression and assembly of the photosynthetic thylakoid membrane complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Lyska
- Entwicklungs- und Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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37
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Production of unique immunotoxin cancer therapeutics in algal chloroplasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 110:E15-22. [PMID: 23236148 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1214638110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The idea of targeted therapy, whereby drug or protein molecules are delivered to specific cells, is a compelling approach to treating disease. Immunotoxins are one such targeted therapeutic, consisting of an antibody domain for binding target cells and molecules of a toxin that inhibits the proliferation of the targeted cell. One major hurdle preventing these therapies from reaching the market has been the lack of a suitable production platform that allows the cost-effective production of these highly complex molecules. The chloroplast of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been shown to contain the machinery necessary to fold and assemble complex eukaryotic proteins. However, the translational apparatus of chloroplasts resembles that of a prokaryote, allowing them to accumulate eukaryotic toxins that otherwise would kill a eukaryotic host. Here we show expression and accumulation of monomeric and dimeric immunotoxin proteins in algal chloroplasts. These fusion proteins contain an antibody domain targeting CD22, a B-cell surface epitope, and the enzymatic domain of exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We demonstrated that algal-produced immunotoxins accumulate as soluble and enzymatically active proteins that bind target B cells and efficiently kill them in vitro. We also show that treatment with either the mono- or dimeric immunotoxins significantly prolongs the survival of mice with implanted human B-cell tumors.
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Jiang YP, Cheng F, Zhou YH, Xia XJ, Mao WH, Shi K, Chen ZX, Yu JQ. Brassinosteroid-induced CO(2) assimilation is associated with increased stability of redox-sensitive photosynthetic enzymes in the chloroplasts in cucumber plants. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 426:390-4. [PMID: 22960180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.08.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth, development, photosynthesis and stress tolerance; however, the mechanism underlying BR-enhanced photosynthesis is currently unclear. Here, we provide evidence that an increase in the BR level increased the quantum yield of PSII, activities of Rubisco activase (RCA) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), and CO(2) assimilation. BRs upregulated the transcript levels of genes and activity of enzymes involved in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in the chloroplasts, leading to an increased ratio of reduced (GSH) to oxidized (GSSG) glutathione in the chloroplasts. An increased GSH/GSSG ratio protected RCA from proteolytic digestion and increased the stability of redox-sensitive enzymes in the chloroplasts. These results strongly suggest that BRs are capable of regulating the glutathione redox state in the chloroplasts through the activation of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle. The resulting increase in the chloroplast thiol reduction state promotes CO(2) assimilation, at least in part, by enhancing the stability and activity of redox-sensitive photosynthetic enzymes through post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ping Jiang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
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Symbiodinium transcriptomes: genome insights into the dinoflagellate symbionts of reef-building corals. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35269. [PMID: 22529998 PMCID: PMC3329448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates are unicellular algae that are ubiquitously abundant in aquatic environments. Species of the genus Symbiodinium form symbiotic relationships with reef-building corals and other marine invertebrates. Despite their ecologic importance, little is known about the genetics of dinoflagellates in general and Symbiodinium in particular. Here, we used 454 sequencing to generate transcriptome data from two Symbiodinium species from different clades (clade A and clade B). With more than 56,000 assembled sequences per species, these data represent the largest transcriptomic resource for dinoflagellates to date. Our results corroborate previous observations that dinoflagellates possess the complete nucleosome machinery. We found a complete set of core histones as well as several H3 variants and H2A.Z in one species. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis points toward a low number of transcription factors in Symbiodinium spp. that also differ in the distribution of DNA-binding domains relative to other eukaryotes. In particular the cold shock domain was predominant among transcription factors. Additionally, we found a high number of antioxidative genes in comparison to non-symbiotic but evolutionary related organisms. These findings might be of relevance in the context of the role that Symbiodinium spp. play as coral symbionts. Our data represent the most comprehensive dinoflagellate EST data set to date. This study provides a comprehensive resource to further analyze the genetic makeup, metabolic capacities, and gene repertoire of Symbiodinium and dinoflagellates. Overall, our findings indicate that Symbiodinium possesses some unique characteristics, in particular the transcriptional regulation in Symbiodinium may differ from the currently known mechanisms of eukaryotic gene regulation.
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Cho EJ, Yuen CY, Kang BH, Ondzighi CA, Staehelin LA, Christopher DA. Protein disulfide isomerase-2 of Arabidopsis mediates protein folding and localizes to both the secretory pathway and nucleus, where it interacts with maternal effect embryo arrest factor. Mol Cells 2011; 32:459-75. [PMID: 21909944 PMCID: PMC3887692 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-0150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is a thiodisulfide oxidoreductase that catalyzes the formation, reduction and rearrangement of disulfide bonds in proteins of eukaryotes. The classical PDI has a signal peptide, two CXXC-containing thioredoxin catalytic sites (a,a'), two noncatalytic thioredoxin fold domains (b,b'), an acidic domain (c) and a C-terminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal. Although PDI resides in the ER where it mediates the folding of nascent polypeptides of the secretory pathway, we recently showed that PDI5 of Arabidopsis thaliana chaperones and inhibits cysteine proteases during trafficking to vacuoles prior to programmed cell death of the endothelium in developing seeds. Here we describe Arabidopsis PDI2, which shares a primary structure similar to that of classical PDI. Recombinant PDI2 is imported into ER-derived microsomes and complements the E. coli protein-folding mutant, dsbA. PDI2 interacted with proteins in both the ER and nucleus, including ER-resident protein folding chaperone, BiP1, and nuclear embryo transcription factor, MEE8. The PDI2-MEE8 interaction was confirmed to occur in vitro and in vivo. Transient expression of PDI2-GFP fusions in mesophyll protoplasts resulted in labeling of the ER, nucleus and vacuole. PDI2 is expressed in multiple tissues, with relatively high expression in seeds and root tips. Immunoelectron microscopy with GFP- and PDI2-specific antisera on transgenic seeds (PDI2-GFP) and wild type roots demonstrated that PDI2 was found in the secretory pathway (ER, Golgi, vacuole, cell wall) and the nuclei. Our results indicate that PDI2 mediates protein folding in the ER and has new functional roles in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Byung-Ho Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, USA
| | - Christine A. Ondzighi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, USA
| | - L. Andrew Staehelin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, USA
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Fan P, Feng J, Jiang P, Chen X, Bao H, Nie L, Jiang D, Lv S, Kuang T, Li Y. Coordination of carbon fixation and nitrogen metabolism in
Salicornia europaea
under salinity: Comparative proteomic analysis on chloroplast proteins. Proteomics 2011; 11:4346-67. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Juanjuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xianyang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hexigeduleng Bao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Nie
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Dan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Sulian Lv
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Tingyun Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yinxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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Rasala BA, Muto M, Sullivan J, Mayfield SP. Improved heterologous protein expression in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii through promoter and 5' untranslated region optimization. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2011; 9:674-83. [PMID: 21535358 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have the potential to be a valuable biotechnological platform for the production of recombinant proteins. However, because of the complex regulatory network that tightly controls chloroplast gene expression, heterologous protein accumulation in a wild-type, photosynthetic-competent algal chloroplast remains low. High levels of heterologous protein accumulation have been achieved using the psbA promoter/5' untranslated region (UTR), but only in a psbA-deficient genetic background, because of psbA/D1-dependent auto-attenuation. Here, we examine the effect of fusing the strong 16S rRNA promoter to the 5' UTR of the psbA and atpA genes on transgene expression in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We show that fusion of the 16S promoter had little impact on protein accumulation from the psbA 5' UTR in a psbA-deficient genetic background. Furthermore, the 16S/psbA promoter/UTR fusion was silenced in the presence of wild-type levels of D1 protein, confirming that the psbA 5' UTR is the primary target for D1-dependent auto-repression. However, fusion of the 16S promoter to the atpA 5' UTR significantly boosts mRNA levels and supports high levels of heterologous protein accumulation in photosynthetic-competent cells. The 16S/atpA promoter/UTR drove LUXCT protein accumulation to levels close to that of psbA in a psbA- background, and drove expression of a human therapeutic protein to levels only twofold lower than the psbA 5' UTR. The 16S/atpA promoter/UTR combination should have utility for heterologous protein production when expression from a photosynthetic-competent microalgal strain is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Rasala
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Mulo P, Sakurai I, Aro EM. Strategies for psbA gene expression in cyanobacteria, green algae and higher plants: from transcription to PSII repair. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:247-57. [PMID: 21565160 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Photosystem (PS) II of cyanobacteria, green algae and higher plants is prone to light-induced inactivation, the D1 protein being the primary target of such damage. As a consequence, the D1 protein, encoded by the psbA gene, is degraded and re-synthesized in a multistep process called PSII repair cycle. In cyanobacteria, a small gene family codes for the various, functionally distinct D1 isoforms. In these organisms, the regulation of the psbA gene expression occurs mainly at the level of transcription, but the expression is fine-tuned by regulation of translation elongation. In plants and green algae, the D1 protein is encoded by a single psbA gene located in the chloroplast genome. In chloroplasts of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii the psbA gene expression is strongly regulated by mRNA processing, and particularly at the level of translation initiation. In chloroplasts of higher plants, translation elongation is the prevalent mechanism for regulation of the psbA gene expression. The pre-existing pool of psbA transcripts forms translation initiation complexes in plant chloroplasts even in darkness, while the D1 synthesis can be completed only in the light. Replacement of damaged D1 protein requires also the assistance by a number of auxiliary proteins, which are encoded by the nuclear genome in green algae and higher plants. Nevertheless, many of these chaperones are conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Here, we describe the specific features and fundamental differences of the psbA gene expression and the regeneration of the PSII reaction center protein D1 in cyanobacteria, green algae and higher plants. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mulo
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Finland.
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Nishiyama Y, Allakhverdiev SI, Murata N. Protein synthesis is the primary target of reactive oxygen species in the photoinhibition of photosystem II. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 142:35-46. [PMID: 21320129 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photoinhibition of photosystem II (PSII) occurs when the rate of photodamage to PSII exceeds the rate of the repair of photodamaged PSII. Recent examination of photoinhibition by separate determinations of photodamage and repair has revealed that the rate of photodamage to PSII is directly proportional to the intensity of incident light and that the repair of PSII is particularly sensitive to the inactivation by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ROS-induced inactivation of repair is attributable to the suppression of the synthesis de novo of proteins, such as the D1 protein, that are required for the repair of PSII at the level of translational elongation. Furthermore, molecular analysis has revealed that the ROS-induced suppression of protein synthesis is associated with the specific inactivation of elongation factor G via the formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond. Impairment of various mechanisms that protect PSII against photoinhibition, including photorespiration, thermal dissipation of excitation energy, and the cyclic transport of electrons, decreases the rate of repair of PSII via the suppression of protein synthesis. In this review, we present a newly established model of the mechanism and the physiological significance of repair in the regulation of the photoinhibition of PSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Nishiyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering and Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
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Mehrotra S, Trivedi PK, Sethuraman A, Mehrotra R. The rbcL gene of Populus deltoides has multiple transcripts and is redox-regulated in vitro. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:466-73. [PMID: 20817342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report the discovery of three types of transcripts for the gene encoding large subunit of Rubisco (rbcL) from chloroplast genome of Populus deltoides, an angiospermic tree. While the larger two transcripts are in confirmation with reported transcripts for other rbcL genes as far as the 5' ends are concerned, the third transcript is unique since it lacks the consensus ribosome-binding site. We also report the molecular weights of several proteins interacting with the 5' untranslated region of the same mRNA and that the RNA-protein interaction in vitro is influenced by redox reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Mehrotra
- Chamber No. 3222 Q, Faculty Division III, Biosciences Group, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
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Kulkarni SD, Muralidharan B, Panda AC, Bakthavachalu B, Vindu A, Seshadri V. Glucose-stimulated translation regulation of insulin by the 5' UTR-binding proteins. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:14146-56. [PMID: 21357685 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.190553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin is the key regulator of glucose homeostasis in mammals, and glucose-stimulated insulin biosynthesis is essential for maintaining glucose levels in a narrow range in mammals. Glucose specifically promotes the translation of insulin in pancreatic β-islet, and the untranslated regions of insulin mRNA play a role in such regulation. Specific factors in the β-islets bind to the insulin 5' UTR and regulate its translation. In the present study we identify protein-disulfide isomerase (PDI) as a key regulator of glucose-stimulated insulin biosynthesis. We show that both in vitro and in vivo PDI can specifically associate with the 5' UTR of insulin mRNA. Immunodepletion of PDI from the islet extract results in loss of glucose-stimulated translation indicating a critical role for PDI in insulin biosynthesis. Similarly, transient overexpression of PDI resulted in specific translation activation by glucose. We show that the RNA binding activity of PDI is mediated through PABP. PDI catalyzes the reduction of the PABP disulfide bond resulting in specific binding of PABP to the insulin 5' UTR. We also show that glucose stimulation of the islets results in activation of a specific kinase that can phosphorylate PDI. These findings identify PDI and PABP as important players in glucose homeostasis.
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Voß B, Meinecke L, Kurz T, Al-Babili S, Beck CF, Hess WR. Hemin and magnesium-protoporphyrin IX induce global changes in gene expression in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:892-905. [PMID: 21148414 PMCID: PMC3032474 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.158683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Retrograde signaling is a pathway of communication from mitochondria and plastids to the nucleus in the context of cell differentiation, development, and stress response. In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the tetrapyrroles magnesium-protoporphyrin IX and heme are only synthesized within the chloroplast, and they have been implicated in the retrograde control of nuclear gene expression in this unicellular green alga. Feeding the two tetrapyrroles to Chlamydomonas cultures was previously shown to transiently induce five nuclear genes, three of which encode the heat shock proteins HSP70A, HSP70B, and HSP70E. In contrast, controversial results exist on the possible role of magnesium-protoporphyrin IX in the repression of genes for light-harvesting proteins in higher plants, raising the question of how important this mode of regulation is. Here, we used genome-wide transcriptional profiling to measure the global impact of these tetrapyrroles on gene regulation and the scope of the response. We identified almost 1,000 genes whose expression level changed transiently but significantly. Among them were only a few genes for photosynthetic proteins but several encoding enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, heme-binding proteins, stress-response proteins, as well as proteins involved in protein folding and degradation. More than 50% of the latter class of genes was also regulated by heat shock. The observed drastic fold changes at the RNA level did not correlate with similar changes in protein concentrations under the tested experimental conditions. Phylogenetic profiling revealed that genes of putative endosymbiontic origin are not overrepresented among the responding genes. This and the transient nature of changes in gene expression suggest a signaling role of both tetrapyrroles as secondary messengers for adaptive responses affecting the entire cell and not only organellar proteins.
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48
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Marshall RS, Frigerio L, Roberts LM. Disulfide formation in plant storage vacuoles permits assembly of a multimeric lectin. Biochem J 2010; 427:513-21. [PMID: 20180780 DOI: 10.1042/bj20091878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The ER (endoplasmic reticulum) has long been considered the plant cell compartment within which protein disulfide bond formation occurs. Members of the ER-located PDI (protein disulfide isomerase) family are responsible for oxidizing, reducing and isomerizing disulfide bonds, as well as functioning as chaperones to newly synthesized proteins. In the present study we demonstrate that an abundant 7S lectin of the castor oil seed protein storage vacuole, RCA (Ricinus communis agglutinin 1), is folded in the ER as disulfide bonded A-B dimers in both vegetative cells of tobacco leaf and in castor oil seed endosperm, but that these assemble into (A-B)2 disulfide-bonded tetramers only after Golgi-mediated delivery to the storage vacuoles in the producing endosperm tissue. These observations reveal an alternative and novel site conducive for disulfide bond formation in plant cells.
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Bayele HK, Murdock PJ, Pasi KJ. Residual Factor VIII-like cofactor activity of thioredoxin and related oxidoreductases. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2010; 1800:398-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 12/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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50
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Alizadeh D, Cohen A. Red light and calmodulin regulate the expression of the psbA binding protein genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 51:312-22. [PMID: 20061301 PMCID: PMC2817094 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, translation of the chloroplast-encoded psbA mRNA is regulated by the light-dependent binding of a nuclear-encoded protein complex (RB38, RB47, RB55 and RB60) to the 5'-untranslated region of the RNA. Despite the absence of any report identifying a red light photoreceptor within this alga, we show that the expression of the rb38, rb47 and rb60 genes, as well as the nuclear-encoded psbO gene that directs the synthesis of OEE1 (oxygen evolving enhancer 1), is differentially regulated by red light. Further elucidation of the signal transduction pathway shows that calmodulin is an important messenger in the signaling cascade that leads to the expression of rb38, rb60 and psbO, and that a chloroplast signal affects rb47 at the translational level. While there may be several factors involved in the cascade of events from the perception of red light to the expression of the rb and psbO genes, our data suggest the involvement of a red light photoreceptor. Future studies will elucidate this receptor and the additional components of this red light signaling expression pathway in C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Alizadeh
- Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, PO Box 6850, Fullerton, CA 92834-6850, USA
- City of Hope, Division of Neurosurgery, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Amybeth Cohen
- Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, PO Box 6850, Fullerton, CA 92834-6850, USA
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