1
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Wang H, Hou MJ, Liao L, Li P, Chen T, Wang P, Zhu BT. Strong Protection by 4-Hydroxyestrone against Erastin-Induced Ferroptotic Cell Death in Estrogen Receptor-Negative Human Breast Cancer Cells: Evidence for Protein Disulfide Isomerase as a Mechanistic Target for Protection. Biochemistry 2024; 63:984-999. [PMID: 38569593 PMCID: PMC11025120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a recently identified form of regulated cell death, characterized by excessive iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Recent studies have demonstrated that protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is an important mediator of chemically induced ferroptosis and also a new target for protection against ferroptosis-associated cell death. In the present study, we identified that 4-hydroxyestrone (4-OH-E1), a metabolic derivative of endogenous estrogen, is a potent small-molecule inhibitor of PDI, and can strongly protect against chemically induced ferroptotic cell death in the estrogen receptor-negative MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Pull-down and CETSA assays demonstrated that 4-OH-E1 can directly bind to PDI both in vitro and in intact cells. Computational modeling analysis revealed that 4-OH-E1 forms two hydrogen bonds with PDI His256, which is essential for its binding interaction and thus inhibition of PDI's catalytic activity. Additionally, PDI knockdown attenuates the protective effect of 4-OH-E1 as well as cystamine (a known PDI inhibitor) against chemically induced ferroptosis in human breast cancer cells. Importantly, inhibition of PDI by 4-OH-E1 and cystamine or PDI knockdown by siRNAs each markedly reduces iNOS activity and NO accumulation, which has recently been demonstrated to play an important role in erastin-induced ferroptosis. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that 4-OH-E1 is a novel inhibitor of PDI and can strongly inhibit ferroptosis in human breast cancer cells in an estrogen receptor-independent manner. The mechanistic understanding gained from the present study may also aid in understanding the estrogen receptor-independent cytoprotective actions of endogenous estrogen metabolites in many noncancer cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongge Wang
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of
Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- School
of Life Sciences, University of Science
and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ming-Jie Hou
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of
Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Lixi Liao
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of
Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Peng Li
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of
Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Tongxiang Chen
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of
Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of
Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Bao Ting Zhu
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of
Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- Shenzhen
Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
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2
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Stolyarchuk M, Botnari M, Tchertanov L. Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase Complex-Protein Disulphide Isomerase Assemblies in the Thiol-Disulphide Exchange Reactions: Portrayal of Precursor-to-Successor Complexes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4135. [PMID: 38673722 PMCID: PMC11050172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The human Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase Complex (hVKORC1), a key enzyme that converts vitamin K into the form necessary for blood clotting, requires for its activation the reducing equivalents supplied by its redox partner through thiol-disulphide exchange reactions. The functionally related molecular complexes assembled during this process have never been described, except for a proposed de novo model of a 'precursor' complex of hVKORC1 associated with protein disulphide isomerase (PDI). Using numerical approaches (in silico modelling and molecular dynamics simulation), we generated alternative 3D models for each molecular complex bonded either covalently or non-covalently. These models differ in the orientation of the PDI relative to hVKORC1 and in the cysteine residue involved in forming protein-protein disulphide bonds. Based on a comparative analysis of these models' shape, folding, and conformational dynamics, the most probable putative complexes, mimicking the 'precursor', 'intermediate', and 'successor' states, were suggested. In addition, we propose using these complexes to develop the 'allo-network drugs' necessary for treating blood diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luba Tchertanov
- Centre Borelli, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 4 Avenue des Sciences, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (M.S.); (M.B.)
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3
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Palma A, Rettenbacher LA, Moilanen A, Saaranen M, Gasser B, Ruddock LW. Komagataella phaffii Erp41 is a protein disulfide isomerase with unprecedented disulfide bond catalyzing activity when coupled to glutathione. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105746. [PMID: 38354787 PMCID: PMC10938136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In the methylotrophic yeast Komagataella phaffii, we identified an endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family member, Erp41, with a peculiar combination of active site motifs. Like fungal ERp38, it has two thioredoxin-like domains which contain active site motifs (a and a'), followed by an alpha-helical ERp29c C-terminal domain (c domain). However, while the a domain has a typical PDI-like active site motif (CGHC), the a' domain instead has CGYC, a glutaredoxin-like motif which confers to the protein an exceptional affinity for GSH/GSSG. This combination of active site motifs has so far been unreported in PDI-family members. Homology searches revealed ERp41 is present in the genome of some plants, fungal parasites, and a few nonconventional yeasts, among which are Komagataella spp. and Yarrowia lipolytica. These yeasts are both used for the production of secreted recombinant proteins. Here, we analyzed the activity of K. phaffii Erp41. We report that it is nonessential in K. phaffii, and that it can catalyze disulfide bond formation in partnership with the sulfhydryl oxidase Ero1 in vitro with higher turnover rates than the canonical PDI from K. phaffii, Pdi1, but slower activation times. We show how Erp41 has unusually fast glutathione-coupled oxidation activity and relate it to its unusual combination of active sites in its thioredoxin-like domains. We further describe how this determines its unusually efficient catalysis of dithiol oxidation in peptide and protein substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Palma
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas A Rettenbacher
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK; Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Antti Moilanen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mirva Saaranen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Brigitte Gasser
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria; Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lloyd W Ruddock
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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4
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Li Y, Xiao C, Pan Y, Qin L, Zheng L, Zhao M, Huang M. Optimization of Protein Folding for Improved Secretion of Human Serum Albumin Fusion Proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:18414-18423. [PMID: 37966975 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The successful expression and secretion of recombinant proteins in cell factories significantly depend on the correct folding of nascent peptides, primarily achieved through disulfide bond formation. Thus, optimizing cellular protein folding is crucial, especially for proteins with complex spatial structures. In this study, protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) from various species were introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae to facilitate proper disulfide bond formation and enhance recombinant protein secretion. The impacts of these PDIs on recombinant protein production and yeast growth metabolism were evaluated by substituting the endogenous PDI1. Heterologous PDIs cannot fully compensate the endogenous PDI. Furthermore, protein folding mediators, PDI and ER oxidoreductase 1 (Ero1), from different species were used to increase the production of complex human serum albumin (HSA) fusion proteins. The validated folding mediators were then introduced into unfolded protein response (UPR)-optimized strains, resulting in a 7.8-fold increase in amylase-HSA and an 18.2-fold increase in albiglutide compared with the control strain. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing protein folding and expressing HSA-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Chufan Xiao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yuyang Pan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Ling Qin
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Mouming Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Mingtao Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
- Guangdong Food Green Processing and Nutrition Regulation Technologies Research Center, Guangzhou 510650, China
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5
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Hoang KNL, Murphy CJ. Adsorption and Molecular Display of a Redox-Active Protein on Gold Nanoparticle Surfaces. Langmuir 2023; 39:15974-15985. [PMID: 37906943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Engineered gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have great potential in many applications due to their tunable optical properties, facile synthesis, and surface functionalization via thiol chemistry. When exposed to a biological environment, NPs are coated with a protein corona that can alter the NPs' biological identity but can also affect the proteins' structures and functions. Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is an abundant protein responsible for the disulfide formation and isomerization that contribute to overall cell redox homeostasis and signaling. Given that AuNPs are widely employed in nanomedicine and PDI plays a functional role in various diseases, the interactions between oxidized (oPDI) and reduced (rPDI) with 50 nm citrate-coated AuNPs (AuNPs) are examined in this study using various techniques. Upon incubation, PDI adsorbs to the AuNP surface, which leads to a reduction in its enzymatic activity despite limited changes in secondary structures. Partial enzymatic digestion followed by mass spectrometry analysis shows that orientation of PDI on the NP surface is dependent on both its oxidation state and the PDI:AuNP incubation ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoi Nguyen L Hoang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Catherine J Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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6
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Liang C, Cai M, Xu Y, Fu W, Wu J, Liu Y, Liao X, Ning J, Li J, Huang M, Yuan C. Identification of Antithrombotic Natural Products Targeting the Major Substrate Binding Pocket of Protein Disulfide Isomerase. J Nat Prod 2022; 85:1332-1339. [PMID: 35471830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is a vital oxidoreductase. Extracellular PDI promotes thrombus formation but does not affect physiological blood hemostasis. Inhibition of extracellular PDI has been demonstrated as a promising strategy for antithrombotic treatment. Herein, we focused on the major substrate binding site, a unique pocket in the PDI b' domain, and identified four natural products binding to PDI by combining virtual screening with tryptophan fluorescence-based assays against a customized natural product library. These hits all directly bound to the PDI-b' domain and inhibited the reductase activity of PDI. Among them, galangin showed the most prominent potency (5.9 μM) against PDI and as a broad-spectrum inhibitor for vascular thiol isomerases. In vivo studies manifested that galangin delayed the time of blood vessel occlusion in an electricity-induced mouse thrombosis model. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation further revealed that the hydroxyl-substituted benzopyrone moiety of galangin deeply inserted into the interface between the PDI-b' substrate-binding pocket and the a' domain. Together, these findings provide a potential antithrombotic drug candidate and demonstrate that the PDI b' domain is a critical domain for inhibitor development. Besides, we also report an innovative high-throughput screening method for the rapid discovery of PDI b' targeted inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghui Liang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Meiqin Cai
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Yanyan Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Fu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Juhong Wu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Yurong Liu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Xinyuan Liao
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Jiamin Ning
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Jinyu Li
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Mingdong Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China
| | - Cai Yuan
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, Fujian, China
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7
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Liao X, Zhuang X, Liang C, Li J, Flaumenhaft R, Yuan C, Huang M. Flavonoids as Protein Disulfide Isomerase Inhibitors: Key Molecular and Structural Features for the Interaction. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:4475-4483. [PMID: 35377153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin-3-rutinoside (rutin) is a bioflavonoid that is common in foods. The finding that quercetin-3-rutinoside inhibits protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and potently blocks thrombosis in vivo has enabled the evaluation of PDI inhibition in multiple animal models of thrombus formation and has prompted clinical studies of PDI inhibition in thrombosis. Nonetheless, how quercetin-3-rutinoside blocks PDI activity remains an unanswered question. Combining NMR spectroscopy, site-directed mutagenesis, and biological assays, we identified H256 as the key residue for PDI interacting with quercetin-3-rutinoside. Quercetin-3-rutinoside inhibited the activity of PDI (WT) but not PDI (H256A). Molecular dynamic simulations indicated that the flavonoid skeleton, but not the rutinoside conjugate, is embedded in the major binding pocket on the b' domain. Among several quercetin-3-rutinoside analogues tested, only compounds with a phenoxyl group at position 7 showed direct binding to PDI, further supporting our molecular model. Studies using purified coagulation factors showed that quercetin-3-rutinoside inhibited the augmenting effects of PDI (WT), but not PDI (H256A), on tissue factor (TF) activity. Quercetin-3-rutinoside also inhibited chemotherapy-induced TF activity enhancement on endothelial cells. Together, our studies show that residue H256 in PDI and the phenoxyl group at position 7 in quercetin-3-rutinoside are essential for inhibition of PDI by quercetin-3-rutinoside. These results provide new insight into the molecular mechanism by which flavonoids block PDI activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Liao
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Xingxing Zhuang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Chenghui Liang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Jinyu Li
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Robert Flaumenhaft
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Cai Yuan
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Mingdong Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
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8
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Zhao Z, Mousa R, Metanis N. One-Pot Chemical Protein Synthesis Utilizing Fmoc-Masked Selenazolidine to Address the Redox Functionality of Human Selenoprotein F. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200279. [PMID: 35112407 PMCID: PMC9304195 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human SELENOF is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) selenoprotein that contains the redox active motif CXU (C is cysteine and U is selenocysteine), resembling the redox motif of thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases (CXXC). Like other selenoproteins, the challenge in accessing SELENOF has somewhat limited its full biological characterization thus far. Here we present the one-pot chemical synthesis of the thioredoxin-like domain of SELENOF, highlighted by the use of Fmoc-protected selenazolidine, native chemical ligations and deselenization reactions. The redox potential of the CXU motif, together with insulin turbidimetric assay suggested that SELENOF may catalyze the reduction of disulfides in misfolded proteins. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SELENOF is not a protein disulfide isomerase (PDI)-like enzyme, as it did not enhance the folding of the two protein models; bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor and hirudin. These studies suggest that SELENOF may be responsible for reducing the non-native disulfide bonds of misfolded glycoproteins as part of the quality control system in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguang Zhao
- Institute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem9190401Israel
| | - Reem Mousa
- Institute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem9190401Israel
| | - Norman Metanis
- Institute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem9190401Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and NanotechnologyThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem9190401Israel
- Casali Center for Applied ChemistryThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalem9190401Israel
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9
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Smith LJ, Green CW, Redfield C. The 'Shape-Shifter' Peptide from the Disulphide Isomerase PmScsC Shows Context-Dependent Conformational Preferences. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050642. [PMID: 33926076 PMCID: PMC8146718 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple crystal structures of the homo-trimeric protein disulphide isomerase PmScsC reveal that the peptide which links the trimerization stalk and catalytic domain can adopt helical, β-strand and loop conformations. This region has been called a 'shape-shifter' peptide. Characterisation of this peptide using NMR experiments and MD simulations has shown that it is essentially disordered in solution. Analysis of the PmScsC crystal structures identifies the role of intermolecular contacts, within an assembly of protein molecules, in stabilising the different linker peptide conformations. These context-dependent conformational properties may be important functionally, allowing for the binding and disulphide shuffling of a variety of protein substrates to PmScsC. They also have a relevance for our understanding of protein aggregation and misfolding showing how intermolecular quaternary interactions can lead to β-sheet formation by a sequence that in other contexts adopts a helical structure. This 'shape-shifting' peptide region within PmScsC is reminiscent of one-to-many molecular recognition features (MoRFs) found in intrinsically disordered proteins which are able to adopt different conformations when they fold upon binding to their protein partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna J. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK;
- Correspondence: (L.J.S.); (C.R.)
| | - Chloe W. Green
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK;
| | - Christina Redfield
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Correspondence: (L.J.S.); (C.R.)
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10
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Chinnaraj M, Barrios DA, Frieden C, Heyduk T, Flaumenhaft R, Pozzi N. Bioorthogonal Chemistry Enables Single-Molecule FRET Measurements of Catalytically Active Protein Disulfide Isomerase. Chembiochem 2021; 22:134-138. [PMID: 32857455 PMCID: PMC7790914 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Folding of newly synthesized proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum is assisted by several families of enzymes. One such family is the protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs). PDIs are oxidoreductases, capable of forming new disulfide bonds or breaking existing ones. Structural information on PDIs unbound and bound to substrates is highly desirable for developing targeted therapeutics, yet it has been difficult to obtain by using traditional approaches because of their relatively large size and remarkable flexibility. Single-molecule FRET (smFRET) could be a powerful tool to study PDIs' structure and dynamics under conditions relevant to physiology, but its implementation has been hindered by technical challenges of position-specific fluorophore labeling. We have overcome this limitation by site-specifically engineering fluorescent dyes into human PDI, the founding member of the family. Proof-of-concept smFRET measurements of catalytically active PDI demonstrate, for the first time, the feasibility of this approach, expanding the toolkit for structural studies of PDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathivanan Chinnaraj
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 South Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - David A Barrios
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carl Frieden
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tomasz Heyduk
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 South Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Robert Flaumenhaft
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicola Pozzi
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 South Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
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11
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Nilewski S, Varatnitskaya M, Masuch T, Kusnezowa A, Gellert M, Baumann AF, Lupilov N, Kusnezow W, Koch MH, Eisenacher M, Berkmen M, Lillig CH, Leichert LI. Functional metagenomics of the thioredoxin superfamily. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100247. [PMID: 33361108 PMCID: PMC7949104 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.016350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental sequence data of microbial communities now makes up the majority of public genomic information. The assignment of a function to sequences from these metagenomic sources is challenging because organisms associated with the data are often uncharacterized and not cultivable. To overcome these challenges, we created a rationally designed expression library of metagenomic proteins covering the sequence space of the thioredoxin superfamily. This library of 100 individual proteins represents more than 22,000 thioredoxins found in the Global Ocean Sampling data set. We screened this library for the functional rescue of Escherichia coli mutants lacking the thioredoxin-type reductase (ΔtrxA), isomerase (ΔdsbC), or oxidase (ΔdsbA). We were able to assign functions to more than a quarter of our representative proteins. The in vivo function of a given representative could not be predicted by phylogenetic relation but did correlate with the predicted isoelectric surface potential of the protein. Selected proteins were then purified, and we determined their activity using a standard insulin reduction assay and measured their redox potential. An unexpected gel shift of protein E5 during the redox potential determination revealed a redox cycle distinct from that of typical thioredoxin-superfamily oxidoreductases. Instead of the intramolecular disulfide bond formation typical for thioredoxins, this protein forms an intermolecular disulfide between the attacking cysteines of two separate subunits during its catalytic cycle. Our functional metagenomic approach proved not only useful to assign in vivo functions to representatives of thousands of proteins but also uncovered a novel reaction mechanism in a seemingly well-known protein superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Nilewski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry - Microbial Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marharyta Varatnitskaya
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry - Microbial Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thorsten Masuch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry - Microbial Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany; Protein Expression and Modification Division, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna Kusnezowa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry - Microbial Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Manuela Gellert
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anne F Baumann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry - Microbial Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Natalie Lupilov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry - Microbial Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Witali Kusnezow
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry - Microbial Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Martin Eisenacher
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mehmet Berkmen
- Protein Expression and Modification Division, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher H Lillig
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lars I Leichert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry - Microbial Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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12
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Tian Z, Wang Z, Munawar M, Zheng J. Identification and Characterization of a Novel Protein Disulfide Isomerase Gene ( MgPDI2) from Meloidogyne graminicola. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9586. [PMID: 33339262 PMCID: PMC7767112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes rate-limiting reactions such as disulfide bond formation, isomerization, and reduction. There is some evidence that indicates that PDI is also involved in host-pathogen interactions in plants. In this study, we show that the rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola, has evolved a secreted effector, MgPDI2, which is expressed in the subventral esophageal glands and up-regulated during the early parasitic stage of M. graminicola. Purified recombinant MgPDI2 functions as an insulin disulfide reductase and protects plasmid DNA from nicking. As an effector, MgPDI2 contributes to nematode parasitism. Silencing of MgPDI2 by RNA interference in the pre-parasitic second-stage juveniles (J2s) reduced M. graminicola multiplication and also increased M. graminicola mortality under H2O2 stress. In addition, an Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression assay found that MgPDI2 caused noticeable cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. An intact C-terminal region containing the first catalytic domain (a) with an active motif (Cys-Gly-His-Cys, CGHC) and the two non-active domains (b and b') is required for cell death induction in N. benthamiana. This research may provide a promising target for the development of new strategies to combat M. graminicola infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongling Tian
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Zehua Wang
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Maria Munawar
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Jingwu Zheng
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.T.); (M.M.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
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13
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Kanemura S, Matsusaki M, Inaba K, Okumura M. PDI Family Members as Guides for Client Folding and Assembly. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249351. [PMID: 33302492 PMCID: PMC7763558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Complicated and sophisticated protein homeostasis (proteostasis) networks in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), comprising disulfide catalysts, molecular chaperones, and their regulators, help to maintain cell viability. Newly synthesized proteins inserted into the ER need to fold and assemble into unique native structures to fulfill their physiological functions, and this is assisted by protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family. Herein, we focus on recent advances in understanding the detailed mechanisms of PDI family members as guides for client folding and assembly to ensure the efficient production of secretory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kanemura
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan;
| | - Motonori Matsusaki
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan; (M.M.); (K.I.)
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramakiaza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kenji Inaba
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan; (M.M.); (K.I.)
| | - Masaki Okumura
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramakiaza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-22-217-5628
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14
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Ren L, You T, Li Q, Chen G, Liu Z, Zhao X, Wang Y, Wang L, Wu Y, Tang C, Zhu L. Molecular docking-assisted screening reveals tannic acid as a natural protein disulphide isomerase inhibitor with antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:14257-14269. [PMID: 33128352 PMCID: PMC7753999 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) promotes platelet activation and constitutes a novel antithrombotic target. In this study, we reported that a PDI‐binding plant polyphenol, tannic acid (TA), inhibits PDI activity, platelet activation and thrombus formation. Molecular docking using plant polyphenols from dietary sources with cardiovascular benefits revealed TA as the most potent binding molecule with PDI active centre. Surface plasmon resonance demonstrated that TA bound PDI with high affinity. Using Di‐eosin‐glutathione disulphide fluorescence assay and PDI assay kit, we showed that TA inhibited PDI activity. In isolated platelets, TA inhibited platelet aggregation stimulated by either GPVI or ITAM pathway agonists. Flow cytometry showed that TA inhibited thrombin‐ or CRP‐stimulated platelet activation, as reflected by reduced granule secretion and integrin activation. TA also reduced platelet spreading on immobilized fibrinogen and platelet adhesion under flow conditions. In a laser‐induced vascular injury mouse model, intraperitoneal injection of TA significantly decreased the size of cremaster arteriole thrombi. No prolongation of mouse jugular vein and tail‐bleeding time was observed after TA administration. Therefore, we identified TA from natural polyphenols as a novel inhibitor of PDI function. TA inhibits platelet activation and thrombus formation, suggesting it as a potential antithrombotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Ren
- Cyrus Tang Hematology CenterCollaborative Innovation Center of HematologySuzhou Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Vascular DiseasesState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseasesthe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Tao You
- Jiangsu Institute of HematologyKey Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of HealthThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
- Department of CardiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Qing Li
- Cyrus Tang Hematology CenterCollaborative Innovation Center of HematologySuzhou Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Vascular DiseasesState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Guona Chen
- Cyrus Tang Hematology CenterCollaborative Innovation Center of HematologySuzhou Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Vascular DiseasesState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Ziting Liu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology CenterCollaborative Innovation Center of HematologySuzhou Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Vascular DiseasesState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Xuefei Zhao
- Cyrus Tang Hematology CenterCollaborative Innovation Center of HematologySuzhou Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Vascular DiseasesState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yinyan Wang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology CenterCollaborative Innovation Center of HematologySuzhou Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Vascular DiseasesState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Lei Wang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology CenterCollaborative Innovation Center of HematologySuzhou Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Vascular DiseasesState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yi Wu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology CenterCollaborative Innovation Center of HematologySuzhou Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Vascular DiseasesState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseasesthe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Chaojun Tang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology CenterCollaborative Innovation Center of HematologySuzhou Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Vascular DiseasesState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseasesthe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Li Zhu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology CenterCollaborative Innovation Center of HematologySuzhou Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Vascular DiseasesState Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and ProtectionSoochow UniversitySuzhouChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseasesthe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
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15
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Okuda A, Matsusaki M, Masuda T, Morishima K, Sato N, Inoue R, Sugiyama M, Urade R. A novel soybean protein disulphide isomerase family protein possesses dithiol oxidation activity: identification and characterization of GmPDIL6. J Biochem 2020; 168:393-405. [PMID: 32458972 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory and membrane proteins synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are folded with intramolecular disulphide bonds, viz. oxidative folding, catalysed by the protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) family proteins. Here, we identified a novel soybean PDI family protein, GmPDIL6. GmPDIL6 has a single thioredoxin-domain with a putative N-terminal signal peptide and an active centre (CKHC). Recombinant GmPDIL6 forms various oligomers binding iron. Oligomers with or without iron binding and monomers exhibited a dithiol oxidase activity level comparable to those of other soybean PDI family proteins. However, they displayed no disulphide reductase and extremely low oxidative refolding activity. Interestingly, GmPDIL6 was mainly expressed in the cotyledon during synthesis of seed storage proteins and GmPDIL6 mRNA was up-regulated under ER stress. GmPDIL6 may play a role in the formation of disulphide bonds in nascent proteins for oxidative folding in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Okuda
- Division of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Motonori Matsusaki
- Division of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Taro Masuda
- Division of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Ken Morishima
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Sato
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Rintaro Inoue
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Masaaki Sugiyama
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Kumatori, Sennan-gun, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Reiko Urade
- Division of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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16
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Li T, Wang YH, Huang Y, Liu JX, Xing GM, Sun S, Li S, Xu ZS, Xiong AS. A novel plant protein-disulfide isomerase participates in resistance response against the TYLCV in tomato. Planta 2020; 252:25. [PMID: 32681182 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression or silencing of the SlPDI could increase plants resistance or sensitivity to TYLCV through enhancing or reducing the plant's antioxidant capacity. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a plant virus that could infect a variety of crops, is particularly destructive to tomato growth. Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is a member of the thioredoxin (Trx) superfamily, is capable of catalyzing the formation and heterogeneity of protein disulfide bonds and inhibiting the aggregation of misfolded proteins. Studies have shown that PDI plays important roles in plant response to abiotic stress, there is no research report on the function of PDI in response to biotic stress, especially TYLCV infection. Here, we identified a tomato PDI gene, SlPDI, was involved in regulating tomato plants resistance to TYLCV. Subcellular localization results showed that SlPDI was located at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and its location remained unchanged after infection with TYLCV virus. Overexpression or silencing of SlPDI could increase plants resistance or sensitivity to TYLCV. Transgenic plants that overexpressing SlPDI exhibit enhanced antioxidant activity evidenced by lower hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level and higher activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in comparison with WT plants, after infected by TYLCV. Moreover, the SlPDI-silencing plants showed opposite results. The promoter analyzes result showed that SlPDI was involved in response to salicylic acid (SA), and our experimental results also showed that the expression level of SlPDI was induced by SA. Taken together, our results indicated that SlPDI could regulate plant resistance to TYLCV through enhancing the protein folding function of ER and promoting the synthesis and conformation of antioxidant-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ya-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jie-Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guo-Ming Xing
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increase Profits of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Sheng Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increase Profits of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Sen Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Improving Quality and Increase Profits of Protected Vegetables in Shanxi, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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17
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Schlotawa L, Wachs M, Bernhard O, Mayer FJ, Dierks T, Schmidt B, Radhakrishnan K. Recognition and ER Quality Control of Misfolded Formylglycine-Generating Enzyme by Protein Disulfide Isomerase. Cell Rep 2019; 24:27-37.e4. [PMID: 29972788 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD) is a fatal, inherited lysosomal storage disorder characterized by reduced activities of all sulfatases in patients. Sulfatases require a unique post-translational modification of an active-site cysteine to formylglycine that is catalyzed by the formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE). FGE mutations that affect intracellular protein stability determine residual enzyme activity and disease severity in MSD patients. Here, we show that protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) plays a pivotal role in the recognition and quality control of MSD-causing FGE variants. Overexpression of PDI reduces the residual activity of unstable FGE variants, whereas inhibition of PDI function rescues the residual activity of sulfatases in MSD fibroblasts. Mass spectrometric analysis of a PDI+FGE variant covalent complex allowed determination of the molecular signature for FGE recognition by PDI. Our findings highlight the role of PDI as a disease modifier in MSD, which may also be relevant for other ER-associated protein folding pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Schlotawa
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Michaela Wachs
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Olaf Bernhard
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University of Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franz J Mayer
- Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Fahrenheitstraße 4, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Thomas Dierks
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Schmidt
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University of Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Karthikeyan Radhakrishnan
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University of Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
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18
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Abstract
Thiol isomerases are oxidoreductases that mediate disulphide bond formation in nascent proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum to ensure their structural integrity. In addition to its role in protein folding, thiol isomerases can modify allosteric disulphide bonds in both intracellular and extracellular proteins, thereby controlling protein function. The process of disulphide bond formation and cleavage is strictly regulated and responsive to redox conditions. Understanding disulphide bond regulation under different redox environments is critical to understanding physiological and pathological processes related to disulphide bond chemistry. Here we describe protocols for the measurement of disulphide bond modulation by thiol isomerases, including reductase and denitrosylase assays. These methods can be applied to study recombinant thiol isomerases and thiol isomerases in cellular settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roelof H Bekendam
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Flaumenhaft
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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19
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Tian ZL, Wang ZH, Maria M, Qu N, Zheng JW. Meloidogyne graminicola protein disulfide isomerase may be a nematode effector and is involved in protection against oxidative damage. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11949. [PMID: 31420562 PMCID: PMC6697734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48474-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola, is a serious pest in most rice-growing countries. Usually, nematodes employ antioxidants to counteract the harm of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and facilitate their infection. Here the gene encoding M. graminicola protein disulphide isomerase (MgPDI) was identified. The deduced protein is highly conserved in the putative active-site Cys-Gly-His-Cys. In situ hybridization showed that MgPDI was specifically localized within esophageal glands of pre-parasitic second stage juveniles (J2s). MgPDI was significantly up-regulated in the late parasitic J2s. Characterization of the recombinant protein showed that the purified MgPDI exhibited similar activities to other oxidases/isomerases such as the refolding of the scrambled RNase and insulin disulfide reductase and the protection of plasmid DNA and living cells from ROS damage. In addition, silencing of MgPDI by RNA interference in the pre-parasitic J2s lowered their multiplication factor. MgPDI expression was up-regulated in the presence of exogenous H2O2, whereas MgPDI silencing resulted in an increase in mortality under H2O2 stress. MgPDI is localized in the apoplast when transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The results indicated that MgPDI plays important roles in the reproduction and pathogenicity of M. graminicola and it also contributes to protecting nematodes from exogenous H2O2 stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ling Tian
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Hua Wang
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Munawar Maria
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Nan Qu
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Wu Zheng
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
- Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China.
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20
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Guyette J, Cherubin P, Serrano A, Taylor M, Abedin F, O'Donnell M, Burress H, Tatulian SA, Teter K. Quercetin-3-Rutinoside Blocks the Disassembly of Cholera Toxin by Protein Disulfide Isomerase. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E458. [PMID: 31382673 PMCID: PMC6722528 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11080458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) but is also secreted into the bloodstream where its oxidoreductase activity is involved with thrombus formation. Quercetin-3-rutinoside (Q3R) blocks this activity, but its inhibitory mechanism against PDI is not fully understood. Here, we examined the potential inhibitory effect of Q3R on another process that requires PDI: disassembly of the multimeric cholera toxin (CT). In the ER, PDI physically displaces the reduced CTA1 subunit from its non-covalent assembly in the CT holotoxin. This is followed by CTA1 dislocation from the ER to the cytosol where the toxin interacts with its G protein target for a cytopathic effect. Q3R blocked the conformational change in PDI that accompanies its binding to CTA1, which, in turn, prevented PDI from displacing CTA1 from its holotoxin and generated a toxin-resistant phenotype. Other steps of the CT intoxication process were not affected by Q3R, including PDI binding to CTA1 and CT reduction by PDI. Additional experiments with the B chain of ricin toxin found that Q3R could also disrupt PDI function through the loss of substrate binding. Q3R can thus inhibit PDI function through distinct mechanisms in a substrate-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Guyette
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Patrick Cherubin
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Albert Serrano
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Michael Taylor
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Faisal Abedin
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Morgan O'Donnell
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Helen Burress
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Suren A Tatulian
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Ken Teter
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
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21
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Wang L, Zhou J, Wang L, Wang CC, Essex DW. The b' domain of protein disulfide isomerase cooperates with the a and a' domains to functionally interact with platelets. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:371-382. [PMID: 30566278 PMCID: PMC6368866 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Essentials Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) interacts with the αIIbβ3 integrin on platelets We generated PDI domain fragments and full-length PDI containing point mutations PDI interacts with αIIbβ3 through the b' domain, with the a and a' domains contributing This is the first report demonstrating PDI binding to a native protein on intact cells SUMMARY: Background Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is an oxidoreductase consisting of four domains arranged in the order a-b-b'-a' with an x-linker between the b' and a' domains. PDI binds to αIIb β3 integrin on activated platelets, and potentiates activation of this integrin through the C-terminal CGHC active-site motif. How PDI binds to platelet αIIb β3 is unknown. Objective and methods We used PDI domain fragments and full-length PDI containing point mutations to study inhibition of Alexa 488-labeled PDI binding to thrombin-activated platelets. The effect of the PDI variants on platelet aggregation was tested. Results Only PDI fragments containing the b' domain bound to activated platelets. A double mutant of the b' domain had decreased binding, confirming the essential role of the b' domain. Addition of mutations in the a and a' domains further decreased binding, suggesting that these domains contribute to the interaction of PDI with platelets. The ability of the b' domain to interact directly with αIIb β3 was demonstrated with surface plasmon resonance, with contributions from the a and a' domains. The abb'x PDI fragment that binds to platelets but lacks the critical C-terminal active site inhibited platelet aggregation and in vivo thrombosis. Moreover, site mutations in the a, b' and a' domains that resulted in partial binding to platelets partially recovered aggregation of PDI-null platelets. PDI mutants that did not bind showed no recovery. Conclusion PDI functionally interacts with αIIb β3 on platelets through the substrate-binding b' domain, with the a and a' domains contributing to efficient binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Junsong Zhou
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Lei Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chih-chen Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - David W. Essex
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
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Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum protein 5 (ERp5) is a member of the thiol isomerase family of enzymes, whose prototype member is protein disulphide isomerase (PDI). Thiol isomerases catalyze reduction/oxidation (redox) reactions which lead to the cleavage, formation, or isomerization of disulphide bonds in protein substrates. Thiol isomerase reactions on protein disulphides are important for the correct folding of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and for the regulation of various protein functions in the extracellular space. Apart from the disulphide reactions, thiol isomerases assist protein folding by chaperone activity.The disulphide redox activity of ERp5 can be measured with functional assays involving artificial or natural substrates containing disulphide bonds. Herein we describe step-by-step assays of ERp5 reductase, isomerization, and de-nitrosylation activity. Disulphide reductase assays include insulin or di-eosin-GSSG as substrates whereas the isomerization assay includes RNase as substrate. The reduction of natural substrates, i.e., integrin αIIbβ3, can be detected using maleimide labels of free thiols and Western blotting. The biotin switch assay is used to measure the de-nitrosylation of S-nitrosylated substrates. These assays can measure the activity of purified ERp5 protein but can also be applied for the measurement of thiol isomerase activity in cellular samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dupuy
- Haematology Research Group, Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
- Cardiovascular Division, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Freda Passam
- Haematology Research Group, Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia.
- Cardiovascular Division, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Zarei M, Nezafat N, Morowvat MH, Ektefaie M, Ghasemi Y. In silico Analysis of Different Signal Peptides for Secretory Production of Arginine Deiminase in Escherichia coli. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2019; 13:217-227. [PMID: 30621572 DOI: 10.2174/1872208313666190101114602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secretory production of recombinant protein in bacterial hosts fulfills several advantages. Selecting an appropriate secretory signal peptide is a critical step in secretory production of different protein. Several patents report the usage of signal peptides for secretory production of recombinant proteins in E. coli. In silico identification of suitable signal peptides is a reliable and cost-effective alternative to experimental approaches. OBJECTIVE This study was aimed to predict best signal peptides for the secretory production of recombinant arginine deiminase in E. coli. METHODS In this study, 30 different signal peptide sequences were retrieved from database. The signal peptide probability, location of cleavage sites, and n, h and c regions were predicted by SignalP 4.1 and Phobius servers. After purging the 30 predicted secretory signal peptides, TorT, bla, NrfA, TolB, PapC, PldA, Lpp were removed. Several physicochemical properties of the remaining potential SPs were determined by ProtParam, PROSO II, and SOLpro servers for theoretically selecting the best candidates. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Based on physicochemical properties, the signal peptides of OmpC, OmpF, and DsbA were identified respectively as the promising candidates for efficient secretory production of arginine deiminase in E. coli. Although the computational approach has established itself as a basis of modern biotechnology, the experimental study is necessary to validate its results. The criteria used in this study could be applied to other targets for recombination processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Zarei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Morowvat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ektefaie
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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24
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O'Brien H, Kanemura S, Okumura M, Baskin RP, Bandyopadhyay PK, Olivera BM, Ellgaard L, Inaba K, Safavi-Hemami H. Ero1-Mediated Reoxidation of Protein Disulfide Isomerase Accelerates the Folding of Cone Snail Toxins. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113418. [PMID: 30384459 PMCID: PMC6275033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Disulfide-rich peptides are highly abundant in nature and their study has provided fascinating insight into protein folding, structure and function. Venomous cone snails belong to a group of organisms that express one of the largest sets of disulfide-rich peptides (conotoxins) found in nature. The diversity of structural scaffolds found for conotoxins suggests that specialized molecular adaptations have evolved to ensure their efficient folding and secretion. We recently showed that canonical protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and a conotoxin-specific PDI (csPDI) are ubiquitously expressed in the venom gland of cone snails and play a major role in conotoxin folding. Here, we identify cone snail endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin-1 (Conus Ero1) and investigate its role in the oxidative folding of conotoxins through reoxidation of cone snail PDI and csPDI. We show that Conus Ero1 preferentially reoxidizes PDI over csPDI, suggesting that the reoxidation of csPDI may rely on an Ero1-independent molecular pathway. Despite the preferential reoxidation of PDI over csPDI, the combinatorial effect of Ero1 and csPDI provides higher folding yields than Ero1 and PDI. We further demonstrate that the highest in vitro folding rates of two model conotoxins are achieved when all three enzymes are present, indicating that these enzymes may act synergistically. Our findings provide new insight into the generation of one of the most diverse classes of disulfide-rich peptides and may improve current in vitro approaches for the production of venom peptides for pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik O'Brien
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Shingo Kanemura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Masaki Okumura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Robert P Baskin
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | | | | | - Lars Ellgaard
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N., Denmark.
| | - Kenji Inaba
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Helena Safavi-Hemami
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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25
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Kostaropoulos T, Papageorgiou L, Champeris Tsaniras S, Vlachakis D, Eliopoulos E. Carcinogenic Pesticide Control via Hijacking Endosymbiosis; The Paradigm of DSB-A from Wolbachia pipientis for the Management of Otiorhynchus singularis. In Vivo 2018; 32:1051-1062. [PMID: 30150426 PMCID: PMC6199590 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Pesticides have little, if any specificity, to the pathogen they target in most cases. Wide spectrum toxic chemicals are being used to remove pestcides and salvage crops and economies linked to agriculture. The burden on the environment, public health and economy is huge. Traditional pestcide control is based on administering heavy loads of highly toxic compounds and elements that essentially strip all life from the field. Those chemicals are a leading cause of increased cancer related deaths in countryside. Herein, the Trojan horse of endosymbiosis was used, in an effort to control pests using high specificity compounds in reduced quantities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our pipeline has been applied on the case of Otiorhynchus singularis, which is a very widespread pest, whose impact is devastating on a repertoire of crops. To date, there is no specific pesticide nor agent to control it. The deployed strategy involves the inhibition of the key DSB-A enzyme of its endosymbiotic Wolbachia pipientis bacterial strain. RESULTS Our methodology, provides the means to design, test and identify highly specific pestcide control substances that minimize the impact of toxic chemicals on health, economy and the environment. CONCLUSION All in all, in this study a radical computer-based pipeline is proposed that could be adopted under many other similar scenarios and pave the way for precision agriculture via optimized pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kostaropoulos
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Louis Papageorgiou
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Vlachakis
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, London, U.K
| | - Elias Eliopoulos
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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26
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Passam F, Chiu J, Ju L, Pijning A, Jahan Z, Mor-Cohen R, Yeheskel A, Kolšek K, Thärichen L, Aponte-Santamaría C, Gräter F, Hogg PJ. Mechano-redox control of integrin de-adhesion. eLife 2018; 7:e34843. [PMID: 29932420 PMCID: PMC6054529 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
How proteins harness mechanical force to control function is a significant biological question. Here we describe a human cell surface receptor that couples ligand binding and force to trigger a chemical event which controls the adhesive properties of the receptor. Our studies of the secreted platelet oxidoreductase, ERp5, have revealed that it mediates release of fibrinogen from activated platelet αIIbβ3 integrin. Protein chemical studies show that ligand binding to extended αIIbβ3 integrin renders the βI-domain Cys177-Cys184 disulfide bond cleavable by ERp5. Fluid shear and force spectroscopy assays indicate that disulfide cleavage is enhanced by mechanical force. Cell adhesion assays and molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that cleavage of the disulfide induces long-range allosteric effects within the βI-domain, mainly affecting the metal-binding sites, that results in release of fibrinogen. This coupling of ligand binding, force and redox events to control cell adhesion may be employed to regulate other protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joyce Chiu
- The Centenary InstituteNewtownAustralia
- National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials CentreUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Lining Ju
- Heart Research Institute and Charles Perkins CentreUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | | | | | - Ronit Mor-Cohen
- The Amalia Biron Research Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Adva Yeheskel
- The Bioinformatics Unit, George S. Wise Faculty of Life ScienceTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Katra Kolšek
- Heidelberg Institute of Theoretical StudiesHeidelbergGermany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific ComputingHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Lena Thärichen
- Heidelberg Institute of Theoretical StudiesHeidelbergGermany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific ComputingHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Camilo Aponte-Santamaría
- Heidelberg Institute of Theoretical StudiesHeidelbergGermany
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Computational BiophysicsUniversity of Los AndesBogotáColombia
| | - Frauke Gräter
- Heidelberg Institute of Theoretical StudiesHeidelbergGermany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific ComputingHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Philip J Hogg
- The Centenary InstituteNewtownAustralia
- National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials CentreUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
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27
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Hosseini V, Evrova O, Hoerstrup SP, Vogel V. A Simple Modification Method to Obtain Anisotropic and Porous 3D Microfibrillar Scaffolds for Surgical and Biomedical Applications. Small 2018; 14:1702650. [PMID: 29205905 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In native tissues, cellular organization is predominantly anisotropic. Yet, it remains a challenge to engineer anisotropic scaffolds that promote anisotropic cellular organization at macroscopic length scales. To overcome this challenge, an innovative, cheap and easy method to align clinically approved non-woven surgical microfibrillar scaffolds is presented. The method involves a three-step process of coating, unidirectional stretching of scaffolds after heating them above glass transition temperature, and cooling back to room temperature. Briefly, a polymer coating is applied to a non-woven mesh that results in a partial welding of randomly oriented microfibers at their intersection points. The coated scaffold is then heated above the glass transition temperature of the coating and the scaffold polymer. Subsequently, the coated scaffold is stretched to produce aligned and three dimentional (3D) porous fibrillar scaffolds. In a proof of concept study, a polyglycolic acid (PGA) micro-fibrillar scaffold was coated with poly(4-hydroxybutirate) (P4HB) acid and subsequently aligned. Fibroblasts were cultured in vitro within the scaffold and results showed an increase in cellular alignment along the direction of the PGA fibers. This method can be scaled up easily for industrial production of polymeric meshes or directly applied to small pieces of scaffolds at the point of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Hosseini
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivera Evrova
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon P Hoerstrup
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IREM), University of Zurich, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
- Wyss Translational Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zürich, CH-8091, Switzerland
| | - Viola Vogel
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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Lagzian M, Shahraki A, Besharatian M, Asoodeh A. A thermostable alkaliphilic protein-disulfide isomerase from Bacillus subtilis DR8806: cloning, expression, biochemical characterization and molecular dynamics simulation. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 107:703-712. [PMID: 28919531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds are among the most important factors related to correct folding of the proteins. Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is the enzyme responsible for the correct formation and isomerization of these bonds. It is rarely studied so far and none of them showed industrial properties. In this study, the gene encoding for a putative PDI from Bacillus subtilis DR8806 was identified, cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. It was encoded a 23.26kDa protein. The enzyme was purified by GST affinity chromatography with a specific activity of 1227u/mg. It was active and stable over a wide range of temperature (20-85°C) and pH (4.5-10) with an optimum at 65°C and pH 5.5. Its activity was enhanced by Mn2+ and Co2+ while Ag+ and Zn2+ decreased it. Some of the known PDI inhibitors such as Tocinoic acid and Bactiracin did not affect its activity. In-silico analysis shows the five amino acids changes in the protein sequence regarding to the consensus sequence of PDIs, have a positive impact toward the protein thermal stability. This was further confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations. By considering the overall results, the enzyme might be a potential candidate for applications in the respective industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Lagzian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Ali Shahraki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Besharatian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Asoodeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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29
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Wang L, Essex DW. A new antithrombotic strategy: inhibition of the C-terminal active site of protein disulfide isomerase. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:770-773. [PMID: 28109037 PMCID: PMC5546002 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Wang
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - D W Essex
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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30
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Sousa HR, Gaspar RS, Sena EML, da Silva SA, Fontelles JL, AraUjo TLS, Mastrogiovanni M, Fries DM, Azevedo-Santos APS, Laurindo FRM, Trostchansky A, Paes AM. Novel antiplatelet role for a protein disulfide isomerase-targeted peptide: evidence of covalent binding to the C-terminal CGHC redox motif. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:774-784. [PMID: 28109047 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Inhibitors of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) have been considered a new antithrombotic class. CxxC is a PDI-targeted peptide that has been previously shown to inhibit its reductase activity. CxxC binds to surface PDI and inhibits ADP- and thrombin-evoked platelet activation and aggregation. CxxC binds to Cys400 on CGHC redox motif of PDI a' domain, a site for PDI prothrombotic activity. SUMMARY Background Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) plays a major role in platelet aggregation, and its inhibitors have emerged as novel antithrombotic drugs. In previous work, we designed a peptide based on a PDI redox motif (CGHC) that inhibited both PDI reductase activity and PDI-modulated superoxide generation by neutrophil Nox2. Thus, we hypothesized that this peptide would also inhibit platelet aggregation by association with surface PDI. Methods Three peptides were used: CxxC, containing the PDI redox motif; Scr, presenting a scrambled sequence of the same residues and AxxA, with cysteines replaced by alanine. These peptides were tested under platelet aggregation and flow cytometry protocols to identify their possible antiplatelet activity. We labeled membrane free thiol and electrospray ionization liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to test for an interaction. Results CxxC decreased platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner, being more potent at lower agonist concentrations, whereas neither AxxA nor Scr peptides exerted any effect. CxxC decreased aIIbb3 activation, but had no effect on the other markers. CxxC also decreased cell surface PDI pulldown without interfering with the total thiol protein content. Finally, we detected the addition of one CxxC molecule to reduced PDI through binding to Cys400 through mass spectrometry. Interestingly, CxxC did not react with oxidized PDI. Discussion CxxC has consistently shown its antiplatelet effects, both in PRP and washed platelets, corroborated by decreased aIIbb3 activation. The probable mechanism of action is through a mixed dissulphide bond with Cys400 of PDI, which has been shown to be essential for PDI's actions. Conclusion In summary, our data support antiplatelet activity for CxxC through binding to Cys400 in the PDI a0 domain, which can be further exploited as a model for sitedriven antithrombotic agent development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Sousa
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - R S Gaspar
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - E M L Sena
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - S A da Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - J L Fontelles
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - T L S AraUjo
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Heart Institute, School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M Mastrogiovanni
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - D M Fries
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Heart Institute, School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A P S Azevedo-Santos
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - F R M Laurindo
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Heart Institute, School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A Trostchansky
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A M Paes
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
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Selles B, Zannini F, Couturier J, Jacquot JP, Rouhier N. Atypical protein disulfide isomerases (PDI): Comparison of the molecular and catalytic properties of poplar PDI-A and PDI-M with PDI-L1A. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174753. [PMID: 28362814 PMCID: PMC5375154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerases are overwhelmingly multi-modular redox catalysts able to perform the formation, reduction or isomerisation of disulfide bonds. We present here the biochemical characterization of three different poplar PDI isoforms. PDI-A is characterized by a single catalytic Trx module, the so-called a domain, whereas PDI-L1a and PDI-M display an a-b-b’-a’ and a°-a-b organisation respectively. Their activities have been tested in vitro using purified recombinant proteins and a series of model substrates as insulin, NADPH thioredoxin reductase, NADP malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH), peroxiredoxins or RNase A. We demonstrated that PDI-A exhibited none of the usually reported activities, although the cysteines of the WCKHC active site signature are able to form a disulfide with a redox midpoint potential of -170 mV at pH 7.0. The fact that it is able to bind a [Fe2S2] cluster upon Escherichia coli expression and anaerobic purification might indicate that it does not have a function in dithiol-disulfide exchange reactions. The two other proteins were able to catalyze oxidation or reduction reactions, PDI-L1a being more efficient in most cases, except that it was unable to activate the non-physiological substrate NADP-MDH, in contrast to PDI-M. To further evaluate the contribution of the catalytic domains of PDI-M, the dicysteinic motifs have been independently mutated in each a domain. The results indicated that the two a domains seem interconnected and that the a° module preferentially catalyzed oxidation reactions whereas the a module catalyzed reduction reactions, in line with the respective redox potentials of -170 mV and -190 mV at pH 7.0. Overall, these in vitro results illustrate that the number and position of a and b domains influence the redox properties and substrate recognition (both electron donors and acceptors) of PDI which contributes to understand why this protein family expanded along evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Selles
- UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/ INRA, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Flavien Zannini
- UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/ INRA, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jérémy Couturier
- UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/ INRA, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Jacquot
- UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/ INRA, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Université de Lorraine/ INRA, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- * E-mail:
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32
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Okuda A, Matsusaki M, Masuda T, Urade R. Identification and characterization of GmPDIL7, a soybean ER membrane-bound protein disulfide isomerase family protein. FEBS J 2017; 284:414-428. [PMID: 27960051 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Most proteins synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) possess intramolecular and intermolecular disulfide bonds, which play an important role in the conformational stability and function of proteins. Hence, eukaryotic cells contain protein disulfide bond formation pathways such as the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI)-ER oxidoreductin 1 (Ero1) system in the ER lumen. In this study, we identified soybean PDIL7 (GmPDIL7), a novel soybean ER membrane-bound PDI family protein, and determined its enzymatic properties. GmPDIL7 has a putative N-terminal signal sequence, a thioredoxin domain with an active center motif (CGHC), and a putative C-terminal transmembrane region. Likewise, we demonstrated that GmPDIL7 is ubiquitously expressed in soybean tissues and is localized in the ER membrane. Furthermore, GmPDIL7 associated with other soybean PDI family proteins in vivo and GmPDIL7 mRNA was slightly upregulated under ER stress. The redox potential of recombinant GmPDIL7 expressed in Escherichia coli was -187 mV, indicating that GmPDIL7 could oxidize unfolded proteins. GmPDIL7 exhibited a dithiol oxidase activity level that was similar to other soybean PDI family proteins. However, the oxidative refolding activity of GmPDIL7 was lower than other soybean PDI family proteins. GmPDIL7 was well oxidized by GmERO1. Taken together, our results indicated that GmPDIL7 primarily plays a role as a supplier of disulfide bonds in nascent proteins for oxidative folding on the ER membrane. DATABASE The nucleotide sequence data for the GmPDIL7 cDNA are available in the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) databases under the accession numbers LC158001. ENZYME Protein disulfide isomerase: EC 5.3.4.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Okuda
- Division of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Motonori Matsusaki
- Division of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Taro Masuda
- Division of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - Reiko Urade
- Division of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
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Peng RH, Qiu J, Tian YS, Gao JJ, Han HJ, Fu XY, Zhu B, Xu J, Wang B, Li ZJ, Wang LJ, Yao QH. Disulfide isomerase-like protein AtPDIL1-2 is a good candidate for trichlorophenol phytodetoxification. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40130. [PMID: 28059139 PMCID: PMC5216352 DOI: 10.1038/srep40130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichlorophenol (TCP) is a widely used and persistent environmentally toxic compound that poses a carcinogenic risk to humans. Phytoremediation is a proficient cleanup technology for organic pollutants. In this study, we found that the disulfide isomerase-like protein AtPDIL1-2 in plants is a good candidate for enhancing 2,4,6-TCP phytoremediation. The expression of AtPDIL1-2 in Arabidopsis was induced by 2,4,6-TCP. The heterologously expressed AtPDIL1-2 in Escherichia coli exhibited both oxidase and isomerase activities as protein disulfide isomerase and improved bacteria tolerance to 2,4,6-TCP. Further research revealed that transgenic tobacco overexpressing AtPDIL1-2 was more tolerant to high concentrations of 2,4,6-TCP and removed the toxic compound at far greater rates than the control plants. To elucidate the mechanism of action of AtPDIL1-2, we investigated the chemical interaction of AtPDIL1-2 with 2,4,6-TCP for the first time. HPLC analysis implied that AtPDIL1-2 exerts a TCP-binding activity. A suitable configuration of AtPDIL1-2-TCP binding was obtained by molecular docking studies using the AutoDock program. It predicted that the TCP binding site is located in the b-b' domain of AtPDIL1-2 and that His254 of the protein is critical for the binding interaction. These findings imply that AtPDIL1-2 can be used for TCP detoxification by the way of overexpression in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri-He Peng
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, 2901 Beidi Rd., Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Qiu
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, 2901 Beidi Rd., Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-Sheng Tian
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, 2901 Beidi Rd., Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-jie Gao
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, 2901 Beidi Rd., Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-juan Han
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, 2901 Beidi Rd., Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yan Fu
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, 2901 Beidi Rd., Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, 2901 Beidi Rd., Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, 2901 Beidi Rd., Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Wang
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, 2901 Beidi Rd., Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen-jun Li
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, 2901 Beidi Rd., Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-juan Wang
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, 2901 Beidi Rd., Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quan-Hong Yao
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, 2901 Beidi Rd., Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Christensen S, Grøftehauge MK, Byriel K, Huston WM, Furlong E, Heras B, Martin JL, McMahon RM. Structural and Biochemical Characterization of Chlamydia trachomatis DsbA Reveals a Cysteine-Rich and Weakly Oxidising Oxidoreductase. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168485. [PMID: 28030602 PMCID: PMC5193440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram negative bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular human pathogen that can cause pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility and blinding trachoma. C. trachomatis encodes a homolog of the dithiol oxidoreductase DsbA. Bacterial DsbA proteins introduce disulfide bonds to folding proteins providing structural bracing for secreted virulence factors, consequently these proteins are potential targets for antimicrobial drugs. Despite sharing functional and structural characteristics, the DsbA enzymes studied to date vary widely in their redox character. In this study we show that the truncated soluble form of the predicted membrane anchored protein C. trachomatis DsbA (CtDsbA) has oxidase activity and redox properties broadly similar to other characterized DsbA proteins. However CtDsbA is distinguished from other DsbAs by having six cysteines, including a second disulfide bond, and an unusual dipeptide sequence in its catalytic motif (Cys-Ser-Ala-Cys). We report the 2.7 Å crystal structure of CtDsbA revealing a typical DsbA fold, which is most similar to that of DsbA-II type proteins. Consistent with this, the catalytic surface of CtDsbA is negatively charged and lacks the hydrophobic groove found in EcDsbA and DsbAs from other enterobacteriaceae. Biochemical characterization of CtDsbA reveals it to be weakly oxidizing compared to other DsbAs and with only a mildly destabilizing active site disulfide bond. Analysis of the crystal structure suggests that this redox character is consistent with a lack of contributing factors to stabilize the active site nucleophilic thiolate relative to more oxidizing DsbA proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Christensen
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Morten K. Grøftehauge
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karl Byriel
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wilhelmina M. Huston
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emily Furlong
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Begoña Heras
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer L. Martin
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail: (JM); (RM)
| | - Róisín M. McMahon
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail: (JM); (RM)
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Gaucci E, Raimondo D, Grillo C, Cervoni L, Altieri F, Nittari G, Eufemi M, Chichiarelli S. Analysis of the interaction of calcitriol with the disulfide isomerase ERp57. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37957. [PMID: 27897272 PMCID: PMC5126700 DOI: 10.1038/srep37957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D3, can regulate the gene expression through the binding to the nuclear receptor VDR, but it can also display nongenomic actions, acting through a membrane-associated receptor, which has been discovered as the disulfide isomerase ERp57. The aim of our research is to identify the binding sites for calcitriol in ERp57 and to analyze their interaction. We first studied the interaction through bioinformatics and fluorimetric analyses. Subsequently, we focused on two protein mutants containing the predicted interaction domains with calcitriol: abb'-ERp57, containing the first three domains, and a'-ERp57, the fourth domain only. To consolidate the achievements we used the calorimetric approach to the whole protein and its mutants. Our results allow us to hypothesize that the interaction with the a' domain contributes to a greater extent than the other potential binding sites to the dissociation constant, calculated as a Kd of about 10-9 M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Gaucci
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Raimondo
- Stem Cell Lab - Department of Molecular Medicine - Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Grillo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Cervoni
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Altieri
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Nittari
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Eufemi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Chichiarelli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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36
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Zucker M, Seligsohn U, Yeheskel A, Mor-Cohen R. An allosteric disulfide bond is involved in enhanced activation of factor XI by protein disulfide isomerase. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:2202-2211. [PMID: 27575053 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Essentials Reduction of three disulfide bonds in factor (F) XI enhances chromogenic substrate cleavage. We measured FXI activity upon reduction and identified a bond involved in the enhanced activity. Reduction of FXI augments FIX cleavage, probably by faster conversion of FXI to FXIa. The Cys362-Cys482 disulfide bond is responsible for FXI enhanced activation upon its reduction. SUMMARY Background Reduction of factor (F) XI by protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) has been shown to enhance the ability of FXI to cleave its chromogenic substrate. Three disulfide bonds in FXI (Cys118-Cys147, Cys362-Cys482, and Cys321-Cys321) are involved in this augmented activation. Objectives To characterize the mechanisms by which PDI enhances FXI activity. Methods FXI activity was measured following PDI reduction. Thiols that were exposed in FXI after PDI reduction were labeled with 3-(N-maleimidopropionyl)-biocytin (MPB) and detected with avidin. The rate of conversion of FXI to activated FXI (FXIa) following thrombin activation was assessed with western blotting. FXI molecules harboring mutations that disrupt the three disulfide bonds (C147S, C321S, and C482S) were expressed in cells. The antigenicity of secreted FXI was measured with ELISA, and its activity was assessed by the use of a chromogenic substrate. The effect of disulfide bond reduction was analyzed by the use of molecular dynamics. Results Reduction of FXI by PDI enhanced cleavage of both its chromogenic substrate, S2366, and its physiologic substrate, FIX, and resulted in opening of the Cys362-Cys482 bond. The rate of conversion of FXI to FXIa was increased following its reduction by PDI. C482S-FXI showed enhanced activity as compared with both wild-type FXI and C321S-FXI. MD showed that disruption of the Cys362-Cys482 bond leads to a broader thrombin-binding site in FXI. Conclusions Reduction of FXI by PDI enhances its ability to cleave FIX, probably by causing faster conversion of FXI to FXIa. The Cys362-Cys482 disulfide bond is involved in enhancing FXI activation following its reduction, possibly by increasing thrombin accessibility to FXI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zucker
- The Amalia Biron Research Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - U Seligsohn
- The Amalia Biron Research Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - A Yeheskel
- Bioinformatics Unit, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - R Mor-Cohen
- The Amalia Biron Research Institute of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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37
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Römer RA, Wells SA, Emilio Jimenez‐Roldan J, Bhattacharyya M, Vishweshwara S, Freedman RB. The flexibility and dynamics of protein disulfide isomerase. Proteins 2016; 84:1776-1785. [PMID: 27616289 PMCID: PMC5111589 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the mobility of the multidomain folding catalyst, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), by a coarse‐graining approach based on flexibility. We analyze our simulations of yeast PDI (yPDI) using measures of backbone movement, relative positions and orientations of domains, and distances between functional sites. We find that there is interdomain flexibility at every interdomain junction but these show very different characteristics. The extent of interdomain flexibility is such that yPDI's two active sites can approach much more closely than is found in crystal structures—and indeed hinge motion to bring these sites into proximity is the lowest energy normal mode of motion of the protein. The flexibility predicted for yPDI (based on one structure) includes the other known conformation of yPDI and is consistent with (i) the mobility observed experimentally for mammalian PDI and (ii) molecular dynamics. We also observe intradomain flexibility and clear differences between the domains in their propensity for internal motion. Our results suggest that PDI flexibility enables it to interact with many different partner molecules of widely different sizes and shapes, and highlights considerable similarities of yPDI and mammalian PDI. Proteins 2016; 84:1776–1785. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf A. Römer
- Department of Physics and Centre for Scientific ComputingThe University of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUnited Kingdom
| | - Stephen A. Wells
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of BathBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
| | - J. Emilio Jimenez‐Roldan
- Department of Physics and Centre for Scientific ComputingThe University of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUnited Kingdom
| | - Moitrayee Bhattacharyya
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of ScienceBangalore560012India
- Present address: Moitrayee Bhattacharyya's current address is Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of California BerkeleyCalifornia94720.
| | | | - Robert B. Freedman
- School of Life SciencesThe University of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUnited Kingdom
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Yuen CYL, Shek R, Kang BH, Matsumoto K, Cho EJ, Christopher DA. Arabidopsis protein disulfide isomerase-8 is a type I endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane protein with thiol-disulfide oxidase activity. BMC Plant Biol 2016; 16:181. [PMID: 27549196 PMCID: PMC4994283 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0869-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In eukaryotes, classical protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) facilitate the oxidative folding of nascent secretory proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum by catalyzing the formation, breakage, and rearrangement of disulfide bonds. Terrestrial plants encode six structurally distinct subfamilies of PDIs. The novel PDI-B subfamily is unique to terrestrial plants, and in Arabidopsis is represented by a single member, PDI8. Unlike classical PDIs, which lack transmembrane domains (TMDs), PDI8 is unique in that it has a C-terminal TMD and a single N-terminal thioredoxin domain (instead of two). No PDI8 isoforms have been experimentally characterized to date. Here we describe the characterization of the membrane orientation, expression, sub-cellular localization, and biochemical function of this novel member of the PDI family. RESULTS Histochemical staining of plants harboring a PDI8 promoter:β-glucuronidase (GUS) fusion revealed that the PDI8 promoter is highly active in young, expanding leaves, the guard cells of cotyledons, and in the vasculature of several organs, including roots, leaves, cotyledons, and flowers. Immunoelectron microscopy studies using a PDI8-specific antibody on root and shoot apical cells revealed that PDI8 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Transient expression of two PDI8 fusions to green fluorescent protein (spGFP-PDI8 and PDI8-GFP-KKED) in leaf mesophyll protoplasts also resulted in labeling of the ER. Protease-protection immunoblot analysis indicated that PDI8 is a type I membrane protein, with its catalytic domain facing the ER lumen. The lumenal portion of PDI8 was able to functionally complement the loss of the prokaryotic protein foldase, disulfide oxidase (DsbA), as demonstrated by the reconstitution of periplasmic alkaline phosphatase in Escherichia coli. CONCLUSION The results indicate that PDI8 is a type I transmembrane protein with its catalytic domain facing the lumen of the ER and functions in the oxidation of cysteines to produce disulfide bonds. It likely plays a role in folding newly-synthesized secretory proteins as they translocate across the ER membrane into the lumen. These foundational results open the door to identifying the substrates of PDI8 to enable a more thorough understanding of its function in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christen Y. L. Yuen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, 1955 East-West Rd., Ag. Science Rm 218, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA
| | - Roger Shek
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, 1955 East-West Rd., Ag. Science Rm 218, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA
| | - Byung-Ho Kang
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, School of Life Sciences, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Kristie Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, 1955 East-West Rd., Ag. Science Rm 218, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA
| | - Eun Ju Cho
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, 1955 East-West Rd., Ag. Science Rm 218, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA
| | - David A. Christopher
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, 1955 East-West Rd., Ag. Science Rm 218, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA
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Abstract
Sialyltransferases (STs) are disulfide-containing, type II transmembrane glycoproteins that catalyze the transfer of sialic acid to proteins and lipids and participate in the synthesis of the core structure oligosaccharides of human milk. Sialic acids are found at the outermost position of glycostructures, playing a key role in health and disease. Sialylation is also essential for the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins (RTPs). Despite their importance, availability of sialyltransferases is limited due to the low levels of stable, soluble and active protein produced in bacterial expression systems, which hampers biochemical and structural studies on these enzymes and restricts biotechnological applications. We report the successful expression of active human sialyltransferases ST3Gal1 and ST6Gal1 in commercial Escherichia coli strains designed for production of disulfide-containing proteins. Fusion of hST3Gal1 with different solubility enhancers and substitution of exposed hydrophobic amino acids by negatively charged residues (supercharging-like approach) were performed to promote solubility and folding. Co-expression of sialyltransferases with the chaperon/foldases sulfhydryl oxidase, protein disulfide isomerase and disulfide isomerase C was explored to improve the formation of native disulfide bonds. Active sialyltransferases fused with maltose binding protein (MBP) were obtained in sufficient amounts for biochemical and structural studies when expressed under oxidative conditions and co-expression of folding factors increased the yields of active and properly folded sialyltransferases by 20%. Mutation of exposed hydrophobic amino acids increased recovery of active enzyme by 2.5-fold, yielding about 7 mg of purified protein per liter culture. Functionality of recombinant enzymes was evaluated in the synthesis of sialosides from the β-d-galactoside substrates lactose, N-acetyllactosamine and benzyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(β-d-galactopyranosyl)-α-d-galactopyranoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Ortiz-Soto
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Seibel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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Gorasia DG, Dudek NL, Safavi-Hemami H, Perez RA, Schittenhelm RB, Saunders PM, Wee S, Mangum JE, Hubbard MJ, Purcell AW. A prominent role of PDIA6 in processing of misfolded proinsulin. Biochim Biophys Acta 2016; 1864:715-723. [PMID: 26947243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite its critical role in maintaining glucose homeostasis, surprisingly little is known about proinsulin folding in the endoplasmic reticulum. In this study we aimed to understand the chaperones involved in the maturation and degradation of proinsulin. We generated pancreatic beta cell lines expressing FLAG-tagged proinsulin. Several chaperones (including BiP, PDIA6, calnexin, calreticulin, GRP170, Erdj3 and ribophorin II) co-immunoprecipitated with proinsulin suggesting a role for these proteins in folding. To investigate the chaperones responsible for targeting misfolded proinsulin for degradation, we also created a beta cell line expressing FLAG-tagged proinsulin carrying the Akita mutation (Cys96Tyr). All chaperones found to be associated with wild type proinsulin also co-immunoprecipitated with Akita proinsulin. However, one additional protein, namely P58(IPK), specifically precipitated with Akita proinsulin and approximately ten fold more PDIA6, but not other PDI family members, was bound to Akita proinsulin. The latter suggests that PDIA6 may act as a key reductase and target misfolded proinsulin to the ER-degradation pathway. The preferential association of PDIA6 to Akita proinsulin was also confirmed in another beta cell line (βTC-6). Furthermore, for the first time, a physiologically relevant substrate for PDIA6 has been evidenced. Thus, this study has identified several chaperones/foldases that associated with wild type proinsulin and has also provided a comprehensive interactome for Akita misfolded proinsulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhana G Gorasia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nadine L Dudek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Infection and Immunity Program, Biomolecular Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helena Safavi-Hemami
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rochelle Ayala Perez
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomolecular Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ralf B Schittenhelm
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomolecular Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philippa M Saunders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sheena Wee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jon E Mangum
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael J Hubbard
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Infection and Immunity Program, Biomolecular Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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41
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Figueroa-Montiel A, Ramos MA, Mares RE, Dueñas S, Pimienta G, Ortiz E, Possani LD, Licea-Navarro AF. In Silico Identification of Protein Disulfide Isomerase Gene Families in the De Novo Assembled Transcriptomes of Four Different Species of the Genus Conus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148390. [PMID: 26859138 PMCID: PMC4747531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Small peptides isolated from the venom of the marine snails belonging to the genus Conus have been largely studied because of their therapeutic value. These peptides can be classified in two groups. The largest one is composed by peptides rich in disulfide bonds, and referred to as conotoxins. Despite the importance of conotoxins given their pharmacology value, little is known about the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) enzymes that are required to catalyze their correct folding. To discover the PDIs that may participate in the folding and structural maturation of conotoxins, the transcriptomes of the venom duct of four different species of Conus from the peninsula of Baja California (Mexico) were assembled. Complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries were constructed for each species and sequenced using a Genome Analyzer Illumina platform. The raw RNA-seq data was converted into transcript sequences using Trinity, a de novo assembler that allows the grouping of reads into contigs without a reference genome. An N50 value of 605 was established as a reference for future assemblies of Conus transcriptomes using this software. Transdecoder was used to extract likely coding sequences from Trinity transcripts, and PDI-specific sequence motif "APWCGHCK" was used to capture potential PDIs. An in silico analysis was performed to characterize the group of PDI protein sequences encoded by the duct-transcriptome of each species. The computational approach entailed a structural homology characterization, based on the presence of functional Thioredoxin-like domains. Four different PDI families were characterized, which are constituted by a total of 41 different gene sequences. The sequences had an average of 65% identity with other PDIs. Using MODELLER 9.14, the homology-based three-dimensional structure prediction of a subset of the sequences reported, showed the expected thioredoxin fold which was confirmed by a "simulated annealing" method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Figueroa-Montiel
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Superiores de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Marco A. Ramos
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México
| | - Rosa E. Mares
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México
| | - Salvador Dueñas
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Superiores de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Genaro Pimienta
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Superiores de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Ernesto Ortiz
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Lourival D. Possani
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Alexei F. Licea-Navarro
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Superiores de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, México
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42
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McMahon RM, Coinçon M, Tay S, Heras B, Morton CJ, Scanlon MJ, Martin JL. Sent packing: protein engineering generates a new crystal form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa DsbA1 with increased catalytic surface accessibility. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2015; 71:2386-95. [PMID: 26627647 PMCID: PMC4667283 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715018519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen for which new antimicrobial drug options are urgently sought. P. aeruginosa disulfide-bond protein A1 (PaDsbA1) plays a pivotal role in catalyzing the oxidative folding of multiple virulence proteins and as such holds great promise as a drug target. As part of a fragment-based lead discovery approach to PaDsbA1 inhibitor development, the identification of a crystal form of PaDsbA1 that was more suitable for fragment-soaking experiments was sought. A previously identified crystallization condition for this protein was unsuitable, as in this crystal form of PaDsbA1 the active-site surface loops are engaged in the crystal packing, occluding access to the target site. A single residue involved in crystal-packing interactions was substituted with an amino acid commonly found at this position in closely related enzymes, and this variant was successfully used to generate a new crystal form of PaDsbA1 in which the active-site surface is more accessible for soaking experiments. The PaDsbA1 variant displays identical redox character and in vitro activity to wild-type PaDsbA1 and is structurally highly similar. Two crystal structures of the PaDsbA1 variant were determined in complex with small molecules bound to the protein active site. These small molecules (MES, glycerol and ethylene glycol) were derived from the crystallization or cryoprotectant solutions and provide a proof of principle that the reported crystal form will be amenable to co-crystallization and soaking with small molecules designed to target the protein active-site surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roisin M. McMahon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mathieu Coinçon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Stephanie Tay
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Begoña Heras
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Craig J. Morton
- Biota Holdings Limited, Unit 10, 585 Blackburn Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Martin J. Scanlon
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jennifer L. Martin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Heckler EJ, Kholodovych V, Jain M, Liu T, Li H, Beuve A. Mapping Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase and Protein Disulfide Isomerase Regions of Interaction. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143523. [PMID: 26618351 PMCID: PMC4664405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) is a heterodimeric nitric oxide (NO) receptor that produces cyclic GMP. This signaling mechanism is a key component in the cardiovascular system. NO binds to heme in the β subunit and stimulates the catalytic conversion of GTP to cGMP several hundred fold. Several endogenous factors have been identified that modulate sGC function in vitro and in vivo. In previous work, we determined that protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) interacts with sGC in a redox-dependent manner in vitro and that PDI inhibited NO-stimulated activity in cells. To our knowledge, this was the first report of a physical interaction between sGC and a thiol-redox protein. To characterize this interaction between sGC and PDI, we first identified peptide linkages between sGC and PDI, using a lysine cross-linking reagent and recently developed mass spectrometry analysis. Together with Flag-immunoprecipitation using sGC domain deletions, wild-type (WT) and mutated PDI, regions of sGC involved in this interaction were identified. The observed data were further explored with computational modeling to gain insight into the interaction mechanism between sGC and oxidized PDI. Our results indicate that PDI interacts preferentially with the catalytic domain of sGC, thus providing a mechanism for PDI inhibition of sGC. A model in which PDI interacts with either the α or the β catalytic domain is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J. Heckler
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Vladyslav Kholodovych
- High Performance and Research Computing, OIRT, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Mohit Jain
- Proteomics Core, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Tong Liu
- Proteomics Core, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Hong Li
- Proteomics Core, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Annie Beuve
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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44
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Seo M, Ryou HJ, Yun EY, Goo TW. Molecular Characterization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Oxidoreductin 1 from Bombyx mori. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:26520-9. [PMID: 26556347 PMCID: PMC4661836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161125977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated a complementary DNA (cDNA) clone encoding endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin 1 (bERO1, a specific oxidant of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI)) from Bombyx mori. This protein has a putative open reading frame (ORF) of 489 amino acids and a predicted size of 57.4 kDa. Although bERO1 protein shares less than 57% amino acid sequence homology with other reported ERO1s, it contains two conserved redox active motifs, a Cys-X-X-X-X-Cys motif of N-terminal and Cys-X-X-Cys-X-X-Cys motif of C-terminal. Both motifs are typically present in ERO1 protein family members. The bEro1 mRNA expression was highest in posterior silk gland on the sixth day of the 5th instar larvae. Expression of bEro1 mRNA also markedly increased during endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced by stimulation with antimycin, calcium ionophore A23187, dithiothreitol, H2O2, monencin, and tunicamycin. In addition, expression levels of bEro1 exactly coincided with that of bPdi. This is the first result suggesting that bERO1 plays an essential role in ER quality control through the combined activities of bERO1 and bPDI as a catalyst of protein folding in the ER and sustaining cellular redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchul Seo
- Institute of Medical Research, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38067, Korea.
| | - Hee-Joo Ryou
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea.
| | - Eun-Young Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea.
| | - Tae-Won Goo
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38067, Korea.
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Abstract
Protein disulfide-isomerase (PDI) was the first protein-folding catalyst to be characterized, half a century ago. It plays critical roles in a variety of physiological events by displaying oxidoreductase and redox-regulated chaperone activities. This review provides a brief history of the identification of PDI as both an enzyme and a molecular chaperone and of the recent advances in studies on the structure and dynamics of PDI, the substrate binding and release, and the cooperation with its partners to catalyze oxidative protein folding and maintain ER redox homeostasis. In this review, we highlight the structural features of PDI, including the high interdomain flexibility, the multiple binding sites, the two synergic active sites, and the redox-dependent conformational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xi Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chih-chen Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Ramming T, Okumura M, Kanemura S, Baday S, Birk J, Moes S, Spiess M, Jenö P, Bernèche S, Inaba K, Appenzeller-Herzog C. A PDI-catalyzed thiol-disulfide switch regulates the production of hydrogen peroxide by human Ero1. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 83:361-72. [PMID: 25697776 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) involves ER oxidoreductin 1 (Ero1)-mediated disulfide formation in protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). In this process, Ero1 consumes oxygen (O2) and releases hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), but none of the published Ero1 crystal structures reveal any potential pathway for entry and exit of these reactants. We report that additional mutation of the Cys(208)-Cys(241) disulfide in hyperactive Ero1α (Ero1α-C104A/C131A) potentiates H2O2 production, ER oxidation, and cell toxicity. This disulfide clamps two helices that seal the flavin cofactor where O2 is reduced to H2O2. Through its carboxyterminal active site, PDI unlocks this seal by forming a Cys(208)/Cys(241)-dependent mixed-disulfide complex with Ero1α. The H2O2-detoxifying glutathione peroxidase 8 also binds to the Cys(208)/Cys(241) loop region. Supported by O2 diffusion simulations, these data describe the first enzymatically controlled O2 access into a flavoprotein active site, provide molecular-level understanding of Ero1α regulation and H2O2 production/detoxification, and establish the deleterious consequences of constitutive Ero1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ramming
- Division of Molecular & Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Masaki Okumura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Shingo Kanemura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Sefer Baday
- Swiss Institutes of Bioinformatics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Birk
- Division of Molecular & Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Suzette Moes
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Spiess
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Jenö
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Bernèche
- Swiss Institutes of Bioinformatics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kenji Inaba
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Christian Appenzeller-Herzog
- Division of Molecular & Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Okumura M, Kadokura H, Inaba K. Structures and functions of protein disulfide isomerase family members involved in proteostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 83:314-22. [PMID: 25697777 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential cellular compartment in which an enormous number of secretory and cell surface membrane proteins are synthesized and subjected to cotranslational or posttranslational modifications, such as glycosylation and disulfide bond formation. Proper maintenance of ER protein homeostasis (sometimes termed proteostasis) is essential to avoid cellular stresses and diseases caused by abnormal proteins. Accumulating knowledge of cysteine-based redox reactions catalyzed by members of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family has revealed that these enzymes play pivotal roles in productive protein folding accompanied by disulfide formation, as well as efficient ER-associated degradation accompanied by disulfide reduction. Each of PDI family members forms a protein-protein interaction with a preferential partner to fulfill a distinct function. Multiple redox pathways that utilize PDIs appear to function synergistically to attain the highest quality and productivity of the ER, even under various stress conditions. This review describes the structures, physiological functions, and cooperative actions of several essential PDIs, and provides important insights into the elaborate proteostatic mechanisms that have evolved in the extremely active and stress-sensitive ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Okumura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kadokura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kenji Inaba
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
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48
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Hudson DA, Gannon SA, Thorpe C. Oxidative protein folding: from thiol-disulfide exchange reactions to the redox poise of the endoplasmic reticulum. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 80:171-82. [PMID: 25091901 PMCID: PMC4312752 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This review examines oxidative protein folding within the mammalian endoplasmic reticulum (ER) from an enzymological perspective. In protein disulfide isomerase-first (PDI-first) pathways of oxidative protein folding, PDI is the immediate oxidant of reduced client proteins and then addresses disulfide mispairings in a second isomerization phase. In PDI-second pathways the initial oxidation is PDI-independent. Evidence for the rapid reduction of PDI by reduced glutathione is presented in the context of PDI-first pathways. Strategies and challenges are discussed for determination of the concentrations of reduced and oxidized glutathione and of the ratios of PDI(red):PDI(ox). The preponderance of evidence suggests that the mammalian ER is more reducing than first envisaged. The average redox state of major PDI-family members is largely to almost totally reduced. These observations are consistent with model studies showing that oxidative protein folding proceeds most efficiently at a reducing redox poise consistent with a stoichiometric insertion of disulfides into client proteins. After a discussion of the use of natively encoded fluorescent probes to report the glutathione redox poise of the ER, this review concludes with an elaboration of a complementary strategy to discontinuously survey the redox state of as many redox-active disulfides as can be identified by ratiometric LC-MS-MS methods. Consortia of oxidoreductases that are in redox equilibrium can then be identified and compared to the glutathione redox poise of the ER to gain a more detailed understanding of the factors that influence oxidative protein folding within the secretory compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin A Hudson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Shawn A Gannon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Colin Thorpe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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Horna-Terrón E, Pradilla-Dieste A, Sánchez-de-Diego C, Osada J. TXNDC5, a newly discovered disulfide isomerase with a key role in cell physiology and pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:23501-18. [PMID: 25526565 PMCID: PMC4284777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151223501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin domain-containing 5 (TXNDC5) is a member of the protein disulfide isomerase family, acting as a chaperone of endoplasmic reticulum under not fully characterized conditions As a result, TXNDC5 interacts with many cell proteins, contributing to their proper folding and correct formation of disulfide bonds through its thioredoxin domains. Moreover, it can also work as an electron transfer reaction, recovering the functional isoform of other protein disulfide isomerases, replacing reduced glutathione in its role. Finally, it also acts as a cellular adapter, interacting with the N-terminal domain of adiponectin receptor. As can be inferred from all these functions, TXNDC5 plays an important role in cell physiology; therefore, dysregulation of its expression is associated with oxidative stress, cell ageing and a large range of pathologies such as arthritis, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, vitiligo and virus infections. Its implication in all these important diseases has made TXNDC5 a susceptible biomarker or even a potential pharmacological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Horna-Terrón
- Grado de Biotecnología, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza E-50013, Spain.
| | | | | | - Jesús Osada
- Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza E-50013, Spain.
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50
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Abstract
Organocatalysts derived from diethylenetriamine effect the rapid isomerization of non-native protein disulfide bonds to native ones. These catalysts contain a pendant hydrophobic moiety to encourage interaction with the non-native state, and two thiol groups with low pKa values that form a disulfide bond with a high E°' value.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Lukesh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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