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Lv C, Cheng L, Feng W, Xie H, Kou J, Wang L, Shi M, Song X, Wang X, Chen S, Xue L, Zhang C, Li X, Zhao H. Targeting microbiota-immune-synaptic plasticity to explore the effect of tea polyphenols on improving memory in the aged type 2 diabetic rat model. Nutr Neurosci 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38622917 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2024.2341188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to explore whether TP could improve memory in the aged type 2 diabetic rat model by regulating microbiota-immune-synaptic plasticity axis. METHODS The experiment was divided into two parts. Firstly, to investigate the effects of TP on the physiopathology of the aged T2DM model rats, rats were randomly divided into the Normal control group, the aged group, the Aged T2DM model group, the TP 75, 150, 300 mg/kg groups, the 150 mg/kg Piracetam group and the 3 mg/kg Rosiglitazone group. Then, to further verify whether TP improved memory in aged T2DM rat model by regulating intestinal flora, the fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from the rats in the 300 mg/kg TP group into the rats in the aged T2DM model group was carried out. Effects on gut microbiota, colonic integrity (epithelial tight junction proteins), and endotoxemia (serum LPS) were examined, along with synaptic structure, synaptic plasticity-related structural proteins and inflammation signaling of the hippocampus in our study. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that TP alleviated memory impairments in the aged T2DM rat model. The specific outcomes were as follows: TP 300 mg/kg corrected the gut dysbacteriosis, alleviated intestinal permeability reduction and peripheral/central inflammation, inhibited the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Meanwhile, TP improved the synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus of the aged T2DM model rats, whose expressions of SYN, PSD 95, NMDAR1 and GluR1 in hippocampus were significantly up-regulated. Surprisingly, rats of the FMT group displayed the same changes. DISCUSSION TP improves the memory in aged T2DM rat model. The mechanism may be related to the alteration of gut flora, which can inhibit hippocampal TLR4/NF-κB signaling to attenuate neuroinflammation, then improve synaptic plasticity. The study proposes that TP interventions aimed at manipulating the gut microbiota may hold great potential as an effective approach for preventing and treating this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Lv
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Cheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Feng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoran Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Kou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqian Shi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Song
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangzhi Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lushan Xue
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemin Li
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Coal Environmental Pathogenicity and Prevention (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
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Yu S, Zhang Z, Qin Z, Liu M, Zhao X, Cheng Y, Xue P, Wang X, Chen L, Wu Q, Ju L, Tang J. Prenatal diesel exhaust exposure alters hippocampal synaptic plasticity in offspring. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:4348-4362. [PMID: 38431308 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) are major air pollutants emitted from automobile engines. Prenatal exposure to DEPs has been linked to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases associated with aging. However, the specific mechanism by DEPs impair the hippocampal synaptic plasticity in the offspring remains unclear. Pregnant C57BL/6 mice were administered DEPs solution via the tail vein every other day for a total of 10 injections, then the male offsprings were studied to assess learning and memory by the Morris water maze. Additionally, protein expression in the hippocampus, including CPEB3, NMDAR (NR1, NR2A, NR2B), PKA, SYP, PSD95, and p-CREB was analyzed using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The alterations in the histomorphology of the hippocampus were observed in male offspring on postnatal day 7 following prenatal exposure to DEPs. Furthermore, 8-week-old male offspring exposed to DEPs during prenatal development exhibited impairments in the Morris water maze test, indicating deficits in learning and memory. Mechanistically, the findings from our study indicate that exposure to DEPs during pregnancy may alter the expression of CPEB3, SYP, PSD95, NMDAR (NR1, NR2A, and NR2B), PKA, and p-CREB in the hippocampus of both immature and mature male offspring. The results offer evidence for the role of the NMDAR/PKA/CREB and CPEB3 signaling pathway in mediating the learning and memory toxicity of DEPs in male offspring mice. The alterations in signaling pathways may contribute to the observed damage to synaptic structure and transmission function plasticity caused by DEPs. The findings hold potential for informing future safety assessments of DEPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shali Yu
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Nantong Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Nantong Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Ziyu Qin
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Nantong Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Meijun Liu
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Nantong Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Xiaoye Zhao
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Nantong Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Yulan Cheng
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Nantong Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Peng Xue
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Nantong Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Xiaoke Wang
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Nantong Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Nantong Third People’s Hospital, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong 226006, China
| | - Qiyun Wu
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Nantong Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Linling Ju
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Nantong Third People’s Hospital, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong 226006, China
| | - Juan Tang
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Nantong Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
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3
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Rocchetti J, Fasano C, Dal-Bo G, Guma E, El Mestikawy S, Wong TP, Fakhfouri G, Giros B. Persistent extrasynaptic hyperdopaminergia in the mouse hippocampus induces plasticity and recognition memory deficits reversed by the atypical antipsychotic sulpiride. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289770. [PMID: 37624765 PMCID: PMC10456148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that subcortical hyperdopaminergia alters cognitive function in schizophrenia and antipsychotic drugs (APD) fail at rescuing cognitive deficits in patients. In a previous study, we showed that blocking D2 dopamine receptors (D2R), a core action of APD, led to profound reshaping of mesohippocampal fibers, deficits in synaptic transmission and impairments in learning and memory in the mouse hippocampus (HP). However, it is currently unknown how excessive dopamine affects HP-related cognitive functions, and how APD would impact HP functions in such a state. After verifying the presence of DAT-positive neuronal projections in the ventral (temporal), but not in the dorsal (septal), part of the HP, GBR12935, a blocker of dopamine transporter (DAT), was infused in the CA1 of adult C57Bl/6 mice to produce local hyperdopaminergia. Chronic GBR12935 infusion in temporal CA1 induced a mild learning impairment in the Morris Water Maze and abolished long-term recognition memory in novel-object (NORT) and object-place recognition tasks (OPRT). Deficits were accompanied by a significant decrease in DAT+ mesohippocampal fibers. Intrahippocampal or systemic treatment with sulpiride during GBR infusions improved the NORT deficit but not that of OPRT. In vitro application of GBR on hippocampal slices abolished long-term depression (LTD) of fEPSP in temporal CA1. LTD was rescued by co-application with sulpiride. In conclusion, chronic DAT blockade in temporal CA1 profoundly altered mesohippocampal modulation of hippocampal functions. Contrary to previous observations in normodopaminergic mice, antagonising D2Rs was beneficial for cognitive functions in the context of hippocampal hyperdopaminergia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Rocchetti
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital, Mc Gill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Caroline Fasano
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital, Mc Gill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gregory Dal-Bo
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital, Mc Gill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Elisa Guma
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital, Mc Gill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Salah El Mestikawy
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital, Mc Gill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, NPS – IBPS, Paris, France
| | - Tak-Pan Wong
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital, Mc Gill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gohar Fakhfouri
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital, Mc Gill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Bruno Giros
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital, Mc Gill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Université Paris-Cité, INCC UMR 8002, CNRS, Paris, France
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Seike T, Chen CH, Mochly-Rosen D. Impact of common ALDH2 inactivating mutation and alcohol consumption on Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1223977. [PMID: 37693648 PMCID: PMC10483235 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1223977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is an enzyme found in the mitochondrial matrix that plays a central role in alcohol and aldehyde metabolism. A common ALDH2 polymorphism in East Asians descent (called ALDH2*2 or E504K missense variant, SNP ID: rs671), present in approximately 8% of the world's population, has been associated with a variety of diseases. Recent meta-analyses support the relationship between this ALDH2 polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease (AD). And AD-like pathology observed in ALDH2-/- null mice and ALDH2*2 overexpressing transgenic mice indicate that ALDH2 deficiency plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. Recently, the worldwide increase in alcohol consumption has drawn attention to the relationship between heavy alcohol consumption and AD. Of potential clinical significance, chronic administration of alcohol in ALDH2*2/*2 knock-in mice exacerbates the pathogenesis of AD-like symptoms. Therefore, ALDH2 polymorphism and alcohol consumption likely play an important role in the onset and progression of AD. Here, we review the data on the relationship between ALDH2 polymorphism, alcohol, and AD, and summarize what is currently known about the role of the common ALDH2 inactivating mutation, ALDH2*2, and alcohol in the onset and progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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5
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Offline neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity during sleep and memory consolidation. Neurosci Res 2022; 189:29-36. [PMID: 36584924 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
After initial formation during learning, memories are further processed in the brain during subsequent days for long-term consolidation, with sleep playing a key role in this process. Studies have shown that neuronal activity patterns during the awake period are repeated in the hippocampus during sleep, which may coordinate brain-wide reactivation leading to memory consolidation. Consistently, perturbation of this activity blocks the formation of long-term memory. This 'replay' of activity during sleep likely triggers plastic changes in synaptic transmission, a cellular substrate of memory, in multiple brain regions, which likely plays a critical role in long-term memory. Two forms of synaptic plasticity, potentiation and depression of synaptic transmission, are induced in parallel during sleep and is termed "offline synaptic plasticity", as opposed to the "online synaptic plasticity" that occurs immediately following a memory event.
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6
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Sadeghi MA, Hemmati S, Nassireslami E, Yousefi Zoshk M, Hosseini Y, Abbasian K, Chamanara M. Targeting neuronal nitric oxide synthase and the nitrergic system in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:3057-3082. [PMID: 36029333 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Current pharmacological approaches to treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) lack adequate effectiveness. As a result, identifying new molecular targets for drug development is necessary. Furthermore, fear learning and memory in PTSD can undergo different phases, such as fear acquisition, consolidation, and extinction. Each phase may involve different cellular pathways and brain regions. As a result, effective management of PTSD requires mindfulness of the timing of drug administration. One of the molecular targets currently under intense investigation is the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptor (NMDAR). However, despite the therapeutic efficacy of drugs targeting NMDAR, their translation into clinical use has been challenging due to their various side effects. One possible solution to this problem is to target signaling proteins downstream to NMDAR to improve targeting specificity. One of these proteins is the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), which is activated following calcium influx through the NMDAR. OBJECTIVE In this paper, we review the literature on the pharmacological modulation of nNOS in animal models of PTSD to evaluate its therapeutic potential. Furthermore, we attempt to decipher the inconsistencies observed between the findings of these studies based on the specific phase of fear learning which they had targeted. RESULTS Inhibition of nNOS may inhibit fear acquisition and recall, while not having a significant effect on fear consolidation and extinction. However, it may improve extinction consolidation or reconsolidation blockade. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of nNOS has therapeutic potential against PTSD and warrants further development for use in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Sadeghi
- Toxicology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Hemmati
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Nassireslami
- Toxicology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Yasaman Hosseini
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kourosh Abbasian
- Management and Health Economics Department, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Chamanara
- Toxicology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Synaptic plasticity during systems memory consolidation. Neurosci Res 2022; 183:1-6. [PMID: 35667493 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
After learning, memory is initially encoded in the hippocampus but subsequently stabilized in other brain regions such as the cortex for long-lasting storage. This process is known as systems memory consolidation, and its cellular mechanism has long been a fundamental question. Synaptic plasticity is the major cellular mechanism underlying learning and memory, and is therefore considered a key function in the process of systems memory consolidation. Therefore, many studies have aimed to establish a causal link between synaptic plasticity in the brain and memory-associated behaviors. In this review, I discuss the various lines of research showing the function of synaptic plasticity, mainly in the hippocampus and cortex during memory consolidation.
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8
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Kachhvah AD, Jalan S. First-order route to antiphase clustering in adaptive simplicial complexes. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:L062203. [PMID: 35854537 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.l062203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This Letter investigates the transition to synchronization of oscillator ensembles encoded by simplicial complexes in which pairwise and higher-order coupling weights alter with time through a rate-based adaptive mechanism inspired by the Hebbian learning rule. These simultaneously evolving disparate adaptive coupling weights lead to a phenomenon in that the in-phase synchronization is completely obliterated; instead, the antiphase synchronization is originated. In addition, the onsets of antiphase synchronization and desynchronization are manageable through both dyadic and triadic learning rates. The theoretical validation of these numerical assessments is delineated thoroughly by employing Ott-Antonsen dimensionality reduction. The framework and results of the Letter would help understand the underlying synchronization behavior of a range of real-world systems, such as the brain functions and social systems where interactions evolve with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Deep Kachhvah
- Complex Systems Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore - Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Sarika Jalan
- Complex Systems Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore - Simrol, Indore 453552, India
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9
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Anisimova M, van Bommel B, Wang R, Mikhaylova M, Wiegert JS, Oertner TG, Gee CE. Spike-timing-dependent plasticity rewards synchrony rather than causality. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:23-34. [PMID: 35203089 PMCID: PMC9758582 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) is a candidate mechanism for information storage in the brain, but the whole-cell recordings required for the experimental induction of STDP are typically limited to 1 h. This mismatch of time scales is a long-standing weakness in synaptic theories of memory. Here we use spectrally separated optogenetic stimulation to fire precisely timed action potentials (spikes) in CA3 and CA1 pyramidal cells. Twenty minutes after optogenetic induction of STDP (oSTDP), we observed timing-dependent depression (tLTD) and timing-dependent potentiation (tLTP), depending on the sequence of spiking. As oSTDP does not require electrodes, we could also assess the strength of these paired connections three days later. At this late time point, late tLTP was observed for both causal (CA3 before CA1) and anticausal (CA1 before CA3) timing, but not for asynchronous activity patterns (Δt = 50 ms). Blocking activity after induction of oSTDP prevented stable potentiation. Our results confirm that neurons wire together if they fire together, but suggest that synaptic depression after anticausal activation (tLTD) is a transient phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Anisimova
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bas van Bommel
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany,Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Feie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rui Wang
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marina Mikhaylova
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany,Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörn Simon Wiegert
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Christine E Gee
- Corresponding author: Institute for Synaptic Physiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
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Zhang YX, Xing B, Li YC, Yan CX, Gao WJ. NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in prefrontal neurons underlies social memory retrieval in female mice. Neuropharmacology 2022; 204:108895. [PMID: 34813859 PMCID: PMC8688302 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Social memory is the ability to discriminate familiar conspecific from the unknown ones. Prefrontal neurons are essentially required for social memory, but the mechanism associated with this regulation remains unknown. It is also unclear to what extent the neuronal representations of social memory formation and retrieval events overlap in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and which event drives social memory strength. Here we asked these questions by using a repeated social training paradigm for social recognition in FosTRAP mice. We found that after 4 days' repeated social training, female mice developed stable social memory. Specifically, repeated social training activated more cells that were labeled with tdTomato during memory retrieval compared with the first day of memory encoding. Besides, combining TRAP with c-Fos immunostaining, we found about 30% of the FosTRAPed cells were reactivated during retrieval. Moreover, the number of retrieval-induced but not first-day encoding-induced tdTomato neurons correlates with the social recognition ratio in the prelimbic but not other subregions. The activated cells during the retrieval session also showed increased NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission compared with that in non-labeled pyramidal neurons. Blocking NMDA receptors by MK-801 impaired social memory but not sociability. Therefore, our results reveal that repetitive training elevates mPFC involvement in social memory retrieval via enhancing NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission, thus rendering stable social memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xiang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA,College of Forensic Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Bo Xing
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Yan-Chun Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Chun-Xia Yan
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| | - Wen-Jun Gao
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA.
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11
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Schaan Fernandes H, Popik B, de Oliveira Alvares L. Effects of hippocampal IP 3R inhibition on contextual fear memory consolidation, retrieval, reconsolidation and extinction. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2022; 188:107587. [PMID: 35051621 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular calcium stores (ICS) play a dynamic role in neuronal calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis both by buffering Ca2+ excess in the cytoplasm or providing an additional source of Ca2+ when concentration increase is needed. However, in spite of the large body of evidence showing Ca2+ as an essential second messenger in many signaling cascades underlying synaptic plasticity, the direct involvement of the intracellular Ca2+-release channels (ICRCs) in memory processing has been highly overlooked. Here we investigated the role of the ICRC inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) activity during different memory phases using pharmacological inhibition in the dorsal hippocampus during contextual fear conditioning. We first found that post-training administration of the IP3R antagonist 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate (2-APB) impaired memory consolidation in a dose and time-dependent manner. Inhibiting IP3Rs also disrupted memory retrieval. Contextual fear memory reconsolidation or extinction, however, were not sensitive to IP3R blockade. Taken together, our results indicate that hippocampal IP3Rs play an important role in contextual fear memory consolidation and retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Schaan Fernandes
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Memória, Biophysics Department, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91,501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90,046-900 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruno Popik
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Memória, Biophysics Department, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91,501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90,046-900 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lucas de Oliveira Alvares
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Memória, Biophysics Department, Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 91,501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90,046-900 Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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12
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Grochowska KM, Bär J, Gomes GM, Kreutz MR, Karpova A. Jacob, a Synapto-Nuclear Protein Messenger Linking N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Activation to Nuclear Gene Expression. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:787494. [PMID: 34899262 PMCID: PMC8662305 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.787494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyramidal neurons exhibit a complex dendritic tree that is decorated by a huge number of spine synapses receiving excitatory input. Synaptic signals not only act locally but are also conveyed to the nucleus of the postsynaptic neuron to regulate gene expression. This raises the question of how the spatio-temporal integration of synaptic inputs is accomplished at the genomic level and which molecular mechanisms are involved. Protein transport from synapse to nucleus has been shown in several studies and has the potential to encode synaptic signals at the site of origin and decode them in the nucleus. In this review, we summarize the knowledge about the properties of the synapto-nuclear messenger protein Jacob with special emphasis on a putative role in hippocampal neuronal plasticity. We will elaborate on the interactome of Jacob, the signals that control synapto-nuclear trafficking, the mechanisms of transport, and the potential nuclear function. In addition, we will address the organization of the Jacob/NSMF gene, its origin and we will summarize the evidence for the existence of splice isoforms and their expression pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna M Grochowska
- Research Group (RG) Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Leibniz Group 'Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function', University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Bär
- Research Group (RG) Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group (RG) Neuronal Protein Transport, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Research Group (RG) Optobiology, Institute of Biology, HU Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guilherme M Gomes
- Research Group (RG) Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael R Kreutz
- Research Group (RG) Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Leibniz Group 'Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function', University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany.,German Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anna Karpova
- Research Group (RG) Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
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13
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Yuan C, Gao A, Xu Q, Zhang B, Xue R, Dou Y, Yu C. A multi-dosing regimen to enhance the spatial memory of normal rats with α5-containing GABA A receptor negative allosteric modulator L-655,708. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:3375-3389. [PMID: 34389882 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05951-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The reported inconsistent effects of negative allosteric modulators of α5-containing GABAA receptors on learning and memory may be attributed to receptor selectivity, effective plasma concentration maintenance, and administration time. This study aimed to compare the effects of L-655,708 administered by single-dosing regimen versus multi-dosing regimen on spatial memory, signaling molecules, and brain functional connectivity. METHODS After comparing the maintenance time of the effective plasma concentration of L-655,708 between multi-dosing and single-dosing regimens, we further compared the effects of the administration of the two regimens at different phases (before-learning, during-learning, and before-probe) of the Morris water maze (MWM) test on the performance of learning and memory and the levels of signaling molecules related to learning and memory in hippocampal tissues. Functional connectivity analyses between hippocampal and cortical regions were performed to further clarify the effects of the multi-dosing regimen. RESULTS The multi-dosing regimen could maintain the effective plasma concentration of L-655,708 much longer than the single-dosing regimen. Only the multi-dosing regimen for L-655,708 administration during the learning period led to significant improvement in spatial memory in the MWM test and increases in levels of glutamate receptors and phosphorylated signaling molecules (p-PKAα, p-CaMKII, and p-CREB-1). Compared with the vehicle control, the multi-dosing regimen increased the functional connectivity of the left hippocampal CA1 with cingulate and motor cortices. CONCLUSIONS A multi-dosing regimen for L-655,708 administered during the learning period is an effective strategy to improve spatial memory, increase signaling molecule levels, and enhance the functional connectivity of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Yuan
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - An Gao
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Xue
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Dou
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chunshui Yu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Dissociated Role of Thalamic and Cortical Input to the Lateral Amygdala for Consolidation of Long-Term Fear Memory. J Neurosci 2021; 41:9561-9570. [PMID: 34667069 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1167-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-encoding coordinated reactivation of memory traces distributed throughout interconnected brain regions is thought to be critical for consolidation of memories. However, little is known about the role of neural circuit pathways during post-learning periods for consolidation of memories. To investigate this question, we optogenetically silenced the inputs from both auditory cortex and thalamus in the lateral amygdala (LA) for 15 min immediately following auditory fear conditioning (FC) and examined its effect on fear memory formation in mice of both sexes. Optogenetic inhibition of both inputs disrupted long-term fear memory formation tested 24 h after FC. This effect was specific such that the same inhibition did not affect short-term memory and context-dependent memory. Moreover, long-term memory was intact if the inputs were inhibited at much later time points after FC (3 h or 1 d after FC), indicating that optical inhibition for 15 min itself does not produce any nonspecific deleterious effect on fear memory retrieval. Selective inhibition of thalamic input was sufficient to impair consolidation of auditory fear memory. In contrast, selective inhibition of cortical input disrupted remote fear memory without affecting recent memory. These results reveal a dissociated role of thalamic and cortical input to the LA during early post-learning periods for consolidation of long-term fear memory.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Coordinated communications between brain regions are thought to be essential during post-learning periods for consolidation of memories. However, the role of specific neural circuit pathways in this process has been scarcely explored. Using a precise optogenetic inhibition of auditory input pathways, either thalamic or cortical or both, to the LA during post-training periods, we here show that thalamic input is required for consolidation of both recent and remote fear memory, whereas cortical input is crucial for consolidation of remote fear memory. These results reveal a dissociated role of auditory input pathways to the LA for consolidation of long-term fear memory.
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15
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Liu J, Guo ZN, Yan XL, Yang Y, Huang S. Brain Pathogenesis and Potential Therapeutic Strategies in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:755392. [PMID: 34867280 PMCID: PMC8634727 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.755392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is the most common muscular dystrophy that affects multiple systems including the muscle and heart. The mutant CTG expansion at the 3′-UTR of the DMPK gene causes the expression of toxic RNA that aggregate as nuclear foci. The foci then interfere with RNA-binding proteins, affecting hundreds of mis-spliced effector genes, leading to aberrant alternative splicing and loss of effector gene product functions, ultimately resulting in systemic disorders. In recent years, increasing clinical, imaging, and pathological evidence have indicated that DM1, though to a lesser extent, could also be recognized as true brain diseases, with more and more researchers dedicating to develop novel therapeutic tools dealing with it. In this review, we summarize the current advances in the pathogenesis and pathology of central nervous system (CNS) deficits in DM1, intervention measures currently being investigated are also highlighted, aiming to promote novel and cutting-edge therapeutic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center & Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- China National Comprehensive Stroke Center, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen-Ni Guo
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center & Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- China National Comprehensive Stroke Center, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Changchun, China
| | - Xiu-Li Yan
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center & Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center & Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- China National Comprehensive Stroke Center, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Changchun, China
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center & Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- China National Comprehensive Stroke Center, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Shuo Huang,
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16
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Goto A, Bota A, Miya K, Wang J, Tsukamoto S, Jiang X, Hirai D, Murayama M, Matsuda T, McHugh TJ, Nagai T, Hayashi Y. Stepwise synaptic plasticity events drive the early phase of memory consolidation. Science 2021; 374:857-863. [PMID: 34762472 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj9195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Goto
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Ayaka Bota
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ken Miya
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Jingbo Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Suzune Tsukamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Xinzhi Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Daichi Hirai
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masanori Murayama
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tomoki Matsuda
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Thomas J McHugh
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yasunori Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Brain and Body System Science Institute, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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17
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Lie E, Yeo Y, Lee EJ, Shin W, Kim K, Han KA, Yang E, Choi TY, Bae M, Lee S, Um SM, Choi SY, Kim H, Ko J, Kim E. SALM4 negatively regulates NMDA receptor function and fear memory consolidation. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1138. [PMID: 34588597 PMCID: PMC8481232 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02656-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many synaptic adhesion molecules positively regulate synapse development and function, but relatively little is known about negative regulation. SALM4/Lrfn3 (synaptic adhesion-like molecule 4/leucine rich repeat and fibronectin type III domain containing 3) inhibits synapse development by suppressing other SALM family proteins, but whether SALM4 also inhibits synaptic function and specific behaviors remains unclear. Here we show that SALM4-knockout (Lrfn3-/-) male mice display enhanced contextual fear memory consolidation (7-day post-training) but not acquisition or 1-day retention, and exhibit normal cued fear, spatial, and object-recognition memory. The Lrfn3-/- hippocampus show increased currents of GluN2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (GluN2B-NMDARs), but not α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors (AMPARs), which requires the presynaptic receptor tyrosine phosphatase PTPσ. Chronic treatment of Lrfn3-/- mice with fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor used to treat excessive fear memory that directly inhibits GluN2B-NMDARs, normalizes NMDAR function and contextual fear memory consolidation in Lrfn3-/- mice, although the GluN2B-specific NMDAR antagonist ifenprodil was not sufficient to reverse the enhanced fear memory consolidation. These results suggest that SALM4 suppresses excessive GluN2B-NMDAR (not AMPAR) function and fear memory consolidation (not acquisition).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Lie
- grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141 Korea ,grid.255168.d0000 0001 0671 5021Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620 Korea
| | - Yeji Yeo
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Korea
| | - Eun-Jae Lee
- grid.267370.70000 0004 0533 4667Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505 Korea
| | - Wangyong Shin
- grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141 Korea
| | - Kyungdeok Kim
- grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141 Korea
| | - Kyung Ah Han
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Hyeonpoong-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988 Korea
| | - Esther Yang
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21, Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Korea
| | - Tae-Yong Choi
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, 03080 Korea
| | - Mihyun Bae
- grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141 Korea
| | - Suho Lee
- grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141 Korea
| | - Seung Min Um
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Korea
| | - Se-Young Choi
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, 03080 Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- grid.222754.40000 0001 0840 2678Department of Anatomy and Division of Brain Korea 21, Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Korea
| | - Jaewon Ko
- grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Hyeonpoong-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988 Korea
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141 Korea ,grid.267370.70000 0004 0533 4667Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505 Korea
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18
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Fatiha Muhammad E, Kumar A, Wahab HA, Zhang KYJ. Identification of 1,2,4-Triazolylthioethanone Scaffold for the Design of New Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors. Mol Inform 2021; 40:e2100020. [PMID: 34060234 DOI: 10.1002/minf.202100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are the most effective drugs for Alzheimer's disease treatment. However, considering the potential and failure rates of AChE inhibitors, chemical scaffolds targeting cholinesterase specifically are still very limited. Herein, we report a new class of AChE inhibitors identified by employing a virtual screening approach that combines shape similarity with molecular docking calculations. Virtual screening followed by the evaluation of AChE inhibitory activity allowed us to identify 1,2,4-triazolylthioethanones as a novel class of AChE inhibitors. Thirteen compounds with 1,2,4-triazolylthiothanone core and IC50 values in the range of 0.15±0.07 to 3.32±0.92 μM have been reported here. Our findings shed light into a class of AChE inhibitors that could be useful starting point for the development of novel therapeutics to tackle Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erma Fatiha Muhammad
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Habibah A Wahab
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Kam Y J Zhang
- Laboratory for Structural Bioinformatics, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
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19
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Yao H, Uras G, Zhang P, Xu S, Yin Y, Liu J, Qin S, Li X, Allen S, Bai R, Gong Q, Zhang H, Zhu Z, Xu J. Discovery of Novel Tacrine-Pyrimidone Hybrids as Potent Dual AChE/GSK-3 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7483-7506. [PMID: 34024109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Based on a multitarget strategy, a series of novel tacrine-pyrimidone hybrids were identified for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Biological evaluation results demonstrated that these hybrids exhibited significant inhibitory activities toward acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3). The optimal compound 27g possessed excellent dual AChE/GSK-3 inhibition both in terms of potency and equilibrium (AChE: IC50 = 51.1 nM; GSK-3β: IC50 = 89.3 nM) and displayed significant amelioration on cognitive deficits in scopolamine-induced amnesia mice and efficient reduction against phosphorylation of tau protein on Ser-199 and Ser-396 sites in glyceraldehyde (GA)-stimulated differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, compound 27g exhibited eligible pharmacokinetic properties, good kinase selectivity, and moderate neuroprotection against GA-induced reduction in cell viability and neurite damage in SH-SY5Y-derived neurons. The multifunctional profiles of compound 27g suggest that it deserves further investigation as a promising lead for the prospective treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Giuseppe Uras
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics & Formulation, School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shengtao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ying Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shuai Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xinuo Li
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics & Formulation, School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Stephanie Allen
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics & Formulation, School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Renren Bai
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Qi Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zheying Zhu
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics & Formulation, School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Jinyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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20
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Altered nociception in Alzheimer disease is associated with striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase signaling. Pain 2021; 162:1669-1680. [PMID: 33433143 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, accounting for approximately 60% of cases. In addition to memory loss, changes in pain sensitivity are found in a substantial proportion of patients with AD. However, the mechanism of nociception deficits in AD is still unclear. Here, we hypothesize that the nociception abnormality in AD is due to the aberrant activation of striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) signaling, which modulates proteins related to nociception transduction. Our results indicated that the transgenic mice carrying human amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene had lower sensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimulation than the wild-type group at the ages of 6, 9, and 12 months. These APP mice exhibited elevated STEP activity and decreased phosphorylation of proteins involved in nociception transduction in hippocampi. The pharmacological inhibition of STEP activity using TC-2153 further reversed nociception and cognitive deficits in the APP mice. Moreover, the phosphorylation of nociception-related proteins in the APP mice was also rescued after STEP inhibitor treatment, indicating the key role of STEP in nociception alteration. In summary, this study identifies a mechanism for the reduced nociceptive sensitivity in an AD mouse model that could serve as a therapeutic target to improve the quality of life for patients with AD.
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21
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Średniawa W, Wróbel J, Kublik E, Wójcik DK, Whittington MA, Hunt MJ. Network and synaptic mechanisms underlying high frequency oscillations in the rat and cat olfactory bulb under ketamine-xylazine anesthesia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6390. [PMID: 33737621 PMCID: PMC7973548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Wake-related ketamine-dependent high frequency oscillations (HFO) can be recorded in local field potentials (LFP) from cortical and subcortical regions in rodents. The mechanisms underlying their generation and occurrence in higher mammals are unclear. Unfortunately, anesthetic doses of pure ketamine attenuate HFO, which has precluded their investigation under anesthesia. Here, we show ketamine-xylazine (KX) anesthesia is associated with a prominent 80–130 Hz rhythm in the olfactory bulb (OB) of rats, whereas 30–65 Hz gamma power is diminished. Simultaneous LFP and thermocouple recordings revealed the 80–130 Hz rhythm was dependent on nasal respiration. This rhythm persisted despite surgical excision of the piriform cortex. Silicon probes spanning the dorsoventral aspect of the OB revealed this rhythm was strongest in ventral areas and associated with microcurrent sources about the mitral layer. Pharmacological microinfusion studies revealed dependency on excitatory-inhibitory synaptic activity, but not gap junctions. Finally, a similar rhythm occurred in the OB of KX-anesthetized cats, which shared key features with our rodent studies. We conclude that the activity we report here is driven by nasal airflow, local excitatory-inhibitory interactions, and conserved in higher mammals. Additionally, KX anesthesia is a convenient model to investigate further the mechanisms underlying wake-related ketamine-dependent HFO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Władysław Średniawa
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.,University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Wróbel
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Kublik
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Krzysztof Wójcik
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Jagiellonian University, 30-348, Cracow, Poland
| | | | - Mark Jeremy Hunt
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland. .,University of York, Heslington, NY, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
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22
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Mechanism of seizure-induced retrograde amnesia. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 200:101984. [PMID: 33388373 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Seizures cause retrograde amnesia, but underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We tested whether seizure activated neuronal circuits overlap with spatial memory engram and whether seizures saturate LTP in engram cells. A seizure caused retrograde amnesia for spatial memory task. Spatial learning and a seizure caused cFos expression and synaptic plasticity overlapping set of neurons in the CA1 of the hippocampus. Recordings from learning-labeled CA1 pyramidal neurons showed potentiated synapses. Seizure-tagged neurons were also more excitable with larger rectifying excitatory postsynaptic currents than surrounding unlabeled neurons. These neurons had enlarged dendritic spines and saturated LTP. A seizure immediately after learning, reset the memory engram. Seizures cause retrograde amnesia through shared ensembles and mechanisms.
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Smolen P, Baxter DA, Byrne JH. Comparing Theories for the Maintenance of Late LTP and Long-Term Memory: Computational Analysis of the Roles of Kinase Feedback Pathways and Synaptic Reactivation. Front Comput Neurosci 2020; 14:569349. [PMID: 33390922 PMCID: PMC7772319 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2020.569349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental neuroscience question is how memories are maintained from days to a lifetime, given turnover of proteins that underlie expression of long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP) or “tag” synapses as eligible for LTP. A likely solution relies on synaptic positive feedback loops, prominently including persistent activation of Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) and self-activated synthesis of protein kinase M ζ (PKMζ). Data also suggest positive feedback based on recurrent synaptic reactivation within neuron assemblies, or engrams, is necessary to maintain memories. The relative importance of these mechanisms is controversial. To explore the likelihood that each mechanism is necessary or sufficient to maintain memory, we simulated maintenance of LTP with a simplified model incorporating persistent kinase activation, synaptic tagging, and preferential reactivation of strong synapses, and analyzed implications of recent data. We simulated three model variants, each maintaining LTP with one feedback loop: autonomous, self-activated PKMζ synthesis (model variant I); self-activated CamKII (model variant II); and recurrent reactivation of strengthened synapses (model variant III). Variant I predicts that, for successful maintenance of LTP, either 1) PKMζ contributes to synaptic tagging, or 2) a low constitutive tag level persists during maintenance independent of PKMζ, or 3) maintenance of LTP is independent of tagging. Variant II maintains LTP and suggests persistent CaMKII activation could maintain PKMζ activity, a feedforward interaction not previously considered. However, we note data challenging the CaMKII feedback loop. In Variant III synaptic reactivation drives, and thus predicts, recurrent or persistent activation of CamKII and other necessary kinases, plausibly contributing to persistent elevation of PKMζ levels. Reactivation is thus predicted to sustain recurrent rounds of synaptic tagging and incorporation of plasticity-related proteins. We also suggest (model variant IV) that synaptic reactivation and autonomous kinase activation could synergistically maintain LTP. We propose experiments that could discriminate these maintenance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Smolen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Douglas A Baxter
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Engineering and Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - John H Byrne
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W.M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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24
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Howe T, Blockeel AJ, Taylor H, Jones MW, Bazhenov M, Malerba P. NMDA receptors promote hippocampal sharp-wave ripples and the associated coactivity of CA1 pyramidal cells. Hippocampus 2020; 30:1356-1370. [PMID: 33112474 PMCID: PMC8645203 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Hippocampal sharp-wave ripples (SWRs) support the reactivation of memory representations, relaying information to neocortex during "offline" and sleep-dependent memory consolidation. While blockade of NMDA receptors (NMDAR) is known to affect both learning and subsequent consolidation, the specific contributions of NMDAR activation to SWR-associated activity remain unclear. Here, we combine biophysical modeling with in vivo local field potential (LFP) and unit recording to quantify changes in SWR dynamics following inactivation of NMDAR. In a biophysical model of CA3-CA1 SWR activity, we find that NMDAR removal leads to reduced SWR density, but spares SWR properties such as duration, cell recruitment and ripple frequency. These predictions are confirmed by experiments in which NMDAR-mediated transmission in rats was inhibited using three different NMDAR antagonists, while recording dorsal CA1 LFP. In the model, loss of NMDAR-mediated conductances also induced a reduction in the proportion of cell pairs that co-activate significantly above chance across multiple events. Again, this prediction is corroborated by dorsal CA1 single-unit recordings, where the NMDAR blocker ketamine disrupted correlated spiking during SWR. Our results are consistent with a framework in which NMDA receptors both promote activation of SWR events and organize SWR-associated spiking content. This suggests that, while SWR are short-lived events emerging in fast excitatory-inhibitory networks, slower network components including NMDAR-mediated currents contribute to ripple density and promote consistency in the spiking content across ripples, underpinning mechanisms for fine-tuning of memory consolidation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Howe
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience,
University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Anthony J. Blockeel
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience,
University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Hannah Taylor
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience,
University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Matthew W. Jones
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience,
University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Maxim Bazhenov
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego,
La Jolla, California
| | - Paola Malerba
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience,
University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Columbus,
Ohio
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25
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Bhatia NK, Carrillo E, Durham RJ, Berka V, Jayaraman V. Allosteric Changes in the NMDA Receptor Associated with Calcium-Dependent Inactivation. Biophys J 2020; 119:2349-2359. [PMID: 33098865 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors mediate synaptic excitatory signaling in the mammalian central nervous system by forming calcium-permeable transmembrane channels upon binding glutamate and coagonist glycine. Ca2+ influx through NMDA receptors leads to channel inactivation through a process mediated by resident calmodulin bound to the intracellular C-terminal segment of the GluN1 subunit of the receptor. Using single-molecule FRET investigations, we show that in the presence of calcium-calmodulin, the distance across the two GluN1 subunits at the entrance of the first transmembrane segment is shorter and the bilobed cleft of the glycine-binding domain in GluN1 is more closed when bound to glycine and glutamate relative to what is observed in the presence of barium-calmodulin. Consistent with these observations, the glycine deactivation rate is slower in the presence of calcium-calmodulin. Taken together, these results show that the binding of calcium-calmodulin to the C-terminus has long-range allosteric effects on the extracellular segments of the receptor that may contribute to the calcium-dependent inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Kaur Bhatia
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Elisa Carrillo
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Ryan J Durham
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas; MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Vladimir Berka
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Vasanthi Jayaraman
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas; MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.
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26
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Sanchis P, Fernández-Gayol O, Comes G, Aguilar K, Escrig A, Giralt M, Palmiter RD, Hidalgo J. A new mouse model to study restoration of interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression in a Cre-dependent manner: microglial IL-6 regulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:304. [PMID: 33059703 PMCID: PMC7565836 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01969-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that controls numerous physiological processes both in basal and neuroinflammatory conditions, including the inflammatory response to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). IL-6 is produced by multiple peripheral and central cells, and until now, the putative roles of IL-6 from different cell types have been evaluated through conditional cell-specific IL-6 knockout mice. Nevertheless, these mice probably undergo compensatory responses of IL-6 from other cells, which makes it difficult to assess the role of each source of IL-6. Methods To give some insight into this problem, we have produced a novel mouse model: a conditional reversible IL-6 KO mouse (IL6-DIO-KO). By using double-inverted, open-reading-frame (DIO) technology, we created a mouse line with the loss of Il6 expression in all cells that can be restored by the action of Cre recombinase. Since microglia are one of the most important sources and targets of IL-6 into the central nervous system, we have recovered microglial Il6 expression in IL6-DIO-KO mice through breeding to Cx3cr1-CreER mice and subsequent injection of tamoxifen (TAM) when mice were 10–16 weeks old. Then, they were immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 peptide (MOG35-55) 7 weeks after TAM treatment to induce EAE. Clinical symptoms and demyelination, CD3 infiltration, and gliosis in the spinal cord were evaluated. Results IL6-DIO-KO mice were resistant to EAE, validating the new model. Restoration of microglial Il6 was sufficient to develop a mild version of EAE-related clinical symptoms and neuropathology. Conclusions IL6-DIO-KO mouse is an excellent model to understand in detail the role of specific cellular sources of IL-6 within a recovery-of-function paradigm in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sanchis
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olaya Fernández-Gayol
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.,Current affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Molecular Genetics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Gemma Comes
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kevin Aguilar
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Escrig
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Giralt
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard D Palmiter
- Department of Biochemistry, Genome Sciences, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Juan Hidalgo
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Animal Physiology Unit, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
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Choi KH, Berman RY, Zhang M, Spencer HF, Radford KD. Effects of Ketamine on Rodent Fear Memory. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197173. [PMID: 32998470 PMCID: PMC7582895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine, a multimodal anesthetic drug, has become increasingly popular in the treatment of pain following traumatic injury as well as treatment-resistant major depressive disorders. However, the psychological impact of this dissociative medication on the development of stress-related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains controversial. To address these concerns, preclinical studies have investigated the effects of ketamine administration on fear memory and stress-related behaviors in laboratory animals. Despite a well-documented line of research examining the effects of ketamine on fear memory, there is a lack of literature reviews on this important topic. Therefore, this review article summarizes the current preclinical literature on ketamine and fear memory with a particular emphasis on the route, dose, and timing of ketamine administration in rodent fear conditioning studies. Additionally, this review describes the molecular mechanisms by which ketamine may impact fear memory and stress-related behaviors. Overall, findings from previous studies are inconsistent in that fear memory may be increased, decreased, or unaltered following ketamine administration in rodents. These conflicting results can be explained by factors such as the route, dose, and timing of ketamine administration; the interaction between ketamine and stress; and individual variability in the rodent response to ketamine. This review also recommends that future preclinical studies utilize a clinically relevant route of administration and account for biological sex differences to improve translation between preclinical and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang H. Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (K.H.C.); (R.Y.B.); (M.Z.)
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Rina Y. Berman
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (K.H.C.); (R.Y.B.); (M.Z.)
| | - Michael Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (K.H.C.); (R.Y.B.); (M.Z.)
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Haley F. Spencer
- Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| | - Kennett D. Radford
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Correspondence:
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28
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Sawangjit A, Oyanedel CN, Niethard N, Born J, Inostroza M. Deepened sleep makes hippocampal spatial memory more persistent. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 173:107245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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29
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Lyu Y, Ren XK, Zhang HF, Tian FJ, Mu JB, Zheng JP. Sub-chronic administration of benzo[a]pyrene disrupts hippocampal long-term potentiation via inhibiting CaMK II/PKC/PKA-ERK-CREB signaling in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:961-970. [PMID: 32255272 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is recognized as a neurotoxic pollutant to mammals, which could impair learning and memory function. Although there is some evidence to suggest that N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein in nerve cells, is involved into the B[a]P induced neurotoxicity, the exact molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated, particularly the effects of B[a]P on the NMDAR downstream signaling transduction pathways. In the present study, we examined the neurotoxicity of sub-chronic administrated B[a]P on male Sprague-Dawley rats. Our data suggested that B[a]P exposure caused significant deficits in learning and memory function and the impairment of hippocampal LTP in rats. Further mechanistic studies indicate that B[a]P-induced learning and memory deficits are associated with the inhibition of NMDAR NR1 subunit transcription and protein phosphorylation. More importantly, the inactivation of CaMK II/PKC/PKA-ERK-CREB signaling pathways in hippocampus was detected at both the 2.5 and 6.25 mg/kg B[a]P-treated groups, indicating that multiple targets in NMDAR and downstream signaling pathways are involved in the B[a]P-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lyu
- Department of Health Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xue-Ke Ren
- Department of Health Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hui-Fang Zhang
- Department of Health Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Feng-Jie Tian
- Department of Health Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jian-Bing Mu
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jin-Ping Zheng
- Department of Health Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
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30
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Beheshti S, Sami M, Mirzabeh A, Yazdi A. D-Lys-3-GHRP-6 impairs memory consolidation and downregulates the hippocampal serotonin HT1A, HT7 receptors and glutamate GluA1 subunit of AMPA receptors. Physiol Behav 2020; 223:112969. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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31
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Zagórska A, Jaromin A. Perspectives for New and More Efficient Multifunctional Ligands for Alzheimer's Disease Therapy. Molecules 2020; 25:E3337. [PMID: 32717806 PMCID: PMC7435667 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite tremendous research efforts at every level, globally, there is still a lack of effective drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The biochemical mechanisms of this devastating neurodegenerative disease are not yet clearly understood. This review analyses the relevance of multiple ligands in drug discovery for AD as a versatile toolbox for a polypharmacological approach to AD. Herein, we highlight major targets associated with AD, ranging from acetylcholine esterase (AChE), beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1), glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β), N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, monoamine oxidases (MAOs), metal ions in the brain, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors, the third subtype of histamine receptor (H3 receptor), to phosphodiesterases (PDEs), along with a summary of their respective relationship to the disease network. In addition, a multitarget strategy for AD is presented, based on reported milestones in this area and the recent progress that has been achieved with multitargeted-directed ligands (MTDLs). Finally, the latest publications referencing the enlarged panel of new biological targets for AD related to the microglia are highlighted. However, the question of how to find meaningful combinations of targets for an MTDLs approach remains unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zagórska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Jaromin
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland;
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Grella SL, Fortin AH, McKissick O, Leblanc H, Ramirez S. Odor modulates the temporal dynamics of fear memory consolidation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:150-163. [PMID: 32179657 PMCID: PMC7079569 DOI: 10.1101/lm.050690.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Systems consolidation (SC) theory proposes that recent, contextually rich memories are stored in the hippocampus (HPC). As these memories become remote, they are believed to rely more heavily on cortical structures within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), where they lose much of their contextual detail and become schematized. Odor is a particularly evocative cue for intense remote memory recall and despite these memories being remote, they are highly contextual. In instances such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), intense remote memory recall can occur years after trauma, which seemingly contradicts SC. We hypothesized that odor may shift the organization of salient or fearful memories such that when paired with an odor at the time of encoding, they are delayed in the de-contextualization process that occurs across time, and retrieval may still rely on the HPC, where memories are imbued with contextually rich information, even at remote time points. We investigated this by tagging odor- and non-odor-associated fear memories in male c57BL/6 mice and assessed recall and c-Fos expression in the dorsal CA1 (dCA1) and prelimbic cortex (PL) 1 or 21 d later. In support of SC, our data showed that recent memories were more dCA1-dependent whereas remote memories were more PL-dependent. However, we also found that odor influenced this temporal dynamic, biasing the memory system from the PL to the dCA1 when odor cues were present. Behaviorally, inhibiting the dCA1 with activity-dependent DREADDs had no effect on recall at 1 d and unexpectedly caused an increase in freezing at 21 d. Together, these findings demonstrate that odor can shift the organization of fear memories at the systems level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Grella
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Amanda H Fortin
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Olivia McKissick
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Heloise Leblanc
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Steve Ramirez
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Durham RJ, Paudyal N, Carrillo E, Bhatia NK, Maclean DM, Berka V, Dolino DM, Gorfe AA, Jayaraman V. Conformational spread and dynamics in allostery of NMDA receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:3839-3847. [PMID: 32015122 PMCID: PMC7035515 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910950117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Allostery can be manifested as a combination of repression and activation in multidomain proteins allowing for fine tuning of regulatory mechanisms. Here we have used single molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) and molecular dynamics simulations to study the mechanism of allostery underlying negative cooperativity between the two agonists glutamate and glycine in the NMDA receptor. These data show that binding of one agonist leads to conformational flexibility and an increase in conformational spread at the second agonist site. Mutational and cross-linking studies show that the dimer-dimer interface at the agonist-binding domain mediates the allostery underlying the negative cooperativity. smFRET on the transmembrane segments shows that they are tightly coupled in the unliganded and single agonist-bound form and only upon binding both agonists the transmembrane domain explores looser packing which would facilitate activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Durham
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Nabina Paudyal
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Elisa Carrillo
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Nidhi Kaur Bhatia
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - David M Maclean
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Vladimir Berka
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Drew M Dolino
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Alemayehu A Gorfe
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Vasanthi Jayaraman
- Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030;
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030
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34
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Giannoccaro MP, Wright SK, Vincent A. In vivo Mechanisms of Antibody-Mediated Neurological Disorders: Animal Models and Potential Implications. Front Neurol 2020; 10:1394. [PMID: 32116982 PMCID: PMC7013005 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the discovery of antibodies directed against neuronal surface antigens (NSA-Abs) in patients with different forms of encephalitis has provided a basis for immunotherapies in previously undefined disorders. Nevertheless, despite the circumstantial clinical evidence of the pathogenic role of these antibodies in classical autoimmune encephalitis, specific criteria need to be applied in order to establish the autoimmune nature of a disease. A growing number of studies have begun to provide proof of the pathogenicity of NSA-Abs and insights into their pathogenic mechanisms through passive transfer or, more rarely, through active immunization animal models. Moreover, the increasing evidence that NSA-Abs in the maternal circulation can reach the fetal brain parenchyma during gestation, causing long-term effects, has led to models of antibody-induced neurodevelopmental disorders. This review summarizes different methodological approaches and the results of the animal models of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1), contactin-associated protein 2 (CASPR2), and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) antibody-mediated disorders and discuss the results and the limitations. We also summarize recent experiments that demonstrate that maternal antibodies to NMDAR and CASPR2 can alter development in the offspring with potential lifelong susceptibility to neurological or psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Giannoccaro
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna and IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sukhvir K. Wright
- School of Life and Health Sciences & Aston Neuroscience Institute, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Vincent
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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35
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Marcondes LA, Nachtigall EG, Zanluchi A, de Carvalho Myskiw J, Izquierdo I, Furini CRG. Involvement of medial prefrontal cortex NMDA and AMPA/kainate glutamate receptors in social recognition memory consolidation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 168:107153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Haugland KG, Olberg A, Lande A, Kjelstrup KB, Brun VH. Hippocampal growth hormone modulates relational memory and the dendritic spine density in CA1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:33-44. [PMID: 31949035 PMCID: PMC6970428 DOI: 10.1101/lm.050229.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) deficiency is associated with cognitive decline which occur both in normal aging and in endocrine disorders. Several brain areas express receptors for GH although their functional role is unclear. To determine how GH affects the capacity for learning and memory by specific actions in one of the key areas, the hippocampus, we injected recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) in male rats to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) combined with either GH, antagonizing GH (aGH), or no hormone, in the dorsal CA1. We found that aGH disrupted memory in the Morris water maze task, and that aGH treated animals needed more training to relearn a novel goal location. In a one-trial spontaneous location recognition test, the GH treated rats had better memory performance for object locations than the two other groups. Histological examinations revealed that GH increased the dendritic spine density on apical dendrites of CA1, while aGH reduced the spine density. GH increased the relative amount of immature spines, while aGH decreased the same amount. Our results imply that GH is a neuromodulator with strong influence over hippocampal plasticity and relational memory by mechanisms involving modulation of dendritic spines. The findings are significant to the increasing aging population and GH deficiency patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla G Haugland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University in Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anniken Olberg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University in Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Andreas Lande
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University in Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kirsten B Kjelstrup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University in Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway.,University Hospital of North Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Vegard H Brun
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University in Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway.,University Hospital of North Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
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Endogenous formaldehyde is a memory-related molecule in mice and humans. Commun Biol 2019; 2:446. [PMID: 31815201 PMCID: PMC6884489 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaseous formaldehyde is an organic small molecule formed in the early stages of earth’s evolution. Although toxic in high concentrations, formaldehyde plays an important role in cellular metabolism and, unexpectedly, is found even in the healthy brain. However, its pathophysiological functions in the brain are unknown. Here, we report that under physiological conditions, spatial learning activity elicits rapid formaldehyde generation from mitochondrial sarcosine dehydrogenase (SARDH). We find that elevated formaldehyde levels facilitate spatial memory formation by enhancing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) currents via the C232 residue of the NMDA receptor, but that high formaldehyde concentrations gradually inactivate the receptor by cross-linking NR1 subunits to NR2B. We also report that in mice with aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) knockout, formaldehyde accumulation due to hypofunctional ALDH2 impairs memory, consistent with observations of Alzheimerʼs disease patients. We also find that formaldehyde deficiency caused by mutation of the mitochondrial SARDH gene in children with sarcosinemia or in mice with Sardh deletion leads to cognitive deficits. Hence, we conclude that endogenous formaldehyde regulates learning and memory via the NMDA receptor. Ai et al. report that endogenous formaldehyde bidirectionally modulates cognition via the NMDA-R receptor, with both insufficiency and overabundance resulting in cognitive defects. The target site of formaldehyde enhancing NMDA-currents is cysteine C232 residue in amino terminal domain sequence of the NR2B subunit of NMDA-R and excessive formaldehyde suppresses NMDA-R activity by cross-linking NR1 to NR2B residues.
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Rivi V, Benatti C, Colliva C, Radighieri G, Brunello N, Tascedda F, Blom JMC. Lymnaea stagnalis as model for translational neuroscience research: From pond to bench. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 108:602-616. [PMID: 31786320 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to illustrate how a reductionistic, but sophisticated, approach based on the use of a simple model system such as the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (L. stagnalis), might be useful to address fundamental questions in learning and memory. L. stagnalis, as a model, provides an interesting platform to investigate the dialog between the synapse and the nucleus and vice versa during memory and learning. More importantly, the "molecular actors" of the memory dialogue are well-conserved both across phylogenetic groups and learning paradigms, involving single- or multi-trials, aversion or reward, operant or classical conditioning. At the same time, this model could help to study how, where and when the memory dialog is impaired in stressful conditions and during aging and neurodegeneration in humans and thus offers new insights and targets in order to develop innovative therapies and technology for the treatment of a range of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rivi
- Dept. of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - C Benatti
- Dept. of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - C Colliva
- Dept. of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - G Radighieri
- Dept. of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - N Brunello
- Dept. of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - F Tascedda
- Dept. of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - J M C Blom
- Dept. of Education and Human Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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Williams Avram SK, Lee HJ, Fastman J, Cymerblit-Sabba A, Smith A, Vincent M, Song J, Granovetter MC, Lee SH, Cilz NI, Stackmann M, Chaturvedi R, Young WS. NMDA Receptor in Vasopressin 1b Neurons Is Not Required for Short-Term Social Memory, Object Memory or Aggression. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:218. [PMID: 31787886 PMCID: PMC6856057 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The arginine vasopressin 1b receptor (Avpr1b) plays an important role in social behaviors including aggression, social learning and memory. Genetic removal of Avpr1b from mouse models results in deficits in aggression and short-term social recognition in adults. Avpr1b gene expression is highly enriched in the pyramidal neurons of the hippocampal cornu ammonis 2 (CA2) region. Activity of the hippocampal CA2 has been shown to be required for normal short-term social recognition and aggressive behaviors. Vasopressin acts to enhance synaptic responses of CA2 neurons through a NMDA-receptor dependent mechanism. Genetic removal of the obligatory subunit of the NMDA receptor (Grin1) within distinct hippocampal regions impairs non-social learning and memory. However, the question of a direct role for NMDA receptor activity in Avpr1b neurons to modulate social behavior remains unclear. To answer this question, we first created a novel transgenic mouse line with Cre recombinase knocked into the Avpr1b coding region to genetically target Avpr1b neurons. We confirmed this line has dense Cre expression throughout the dorsal and ventral CA2 regions of the hippocampus, along with scattered expression within the caudate-putamen and olfactory bulb (OB). Conditional removal of the NMDA receptor was achieved by crossing our line to an available floxed Grin1 line. The resulting mice were measured on a battery of social and memory behavioral tests. Surprisingly, we did not observe any differences between Avpr1b-Grin1 knockout mice and their wildtype siblings. We conclude that mice without typical NMDA receptor function in Avpr1b neurons can develop normal aggression as well as short-term social and object memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Williams Avram
- Section on Neural Gene Expression, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Systems Neuroscience Imaging Resource, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Heon-Jin Lee
- Section on Neural Gene Expression, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jarrett Fastman
- Section on Neural Gene Expression, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Adi Cymerblit-Sabba
- Section on Neural Gene Expression, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Adam Smith
- Section on Neural Gene Expression, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Matthew Vincent
- Section on Neural Gene Expression, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - June Song
- Section on Neural Gene Expression, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael C Granovetter
- Section on Neural Gene Expression, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Su-Hyun Lee
- Section on Neural Gene Expression, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nicholas I Cilz
- Section on Neural Gene Expression, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michelle Stackmann
- Section on Neural Gene Expression, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rahul Chaturvedi
- Section on Neural Gene Expression, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - W Scott Young
- Section on Neural Gene Expression, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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40
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Multi-target design strategies for the improved treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 176:228-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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41
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Di G, Liu G, Xu Y, Kim H. Effects of combined traffic noise on the synaptic ultrastructure and expressions of p-CaMKII and NMDAR1 in the hippocampus of young SD rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:22030-22039. [PMID: 31140091 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05457-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to explore the effects of combined traffic noise (CTN) on learning and memory function, young Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were exposed to CTN from highway and high-speed railway for 52 days, whose day-night equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level (Ldn) was 70 dB(A) (corresponding sound pressure level was 80 dB). The synaptic ultrastructure and the expressions of phosphorylated calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (p-CaMKII) and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 (NMDAR1 or NR1) in the hippocampus were tested by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Western blot, respectively. Results showed that there was no significant difference in the synaptic ultrastructure and the expressions of p-CaMKII and NR1 in the hippocampus of young rats between the experimental group and control group. Compared with single high-speed railway noise (HSRN) with Ldn of 70 dB(A), CTN had less influences on learning and memory function, which was closely related to smaller intermittency of CTN and less anxiety caused by CTN. In comparison with white noise with a sound pressure level of 80 dB, CTN had less impacts on learning and memory function, which was mainly associated with CTN's smaller R-weighted sound pressure level based on rats' auditory sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Di
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guangxiang Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqian Xu
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Hakbong Kim
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
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42
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Van Dyke AM, Francis TC, Chen H, Bailey AM, Thompson SM. RETRACTED: Chronic fluoxetine treatment in vivo enhances excitatory synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 2019; 150:38-45. [PMID: 30851310 PMCID: PMC6475886 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the Authors. After publication, Scott M. Thompson found significant concerns about the data and duly notified The University of Maryland. The University of Maryland conducted an internal investigation which confirmed that the article was compromised. Namely in Figure 2B, the Investigation Committee determined that the western blots used to create the figure were not the ones used for the quantification and concluded that the figure was falsified to fit the hypothesis. In Figure 2C and 2D, the Investigation Committee determined that the densitometry data (pCaMKII, pS831, CamKII and GluA1) used to create the histogram were falsified to fit the hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Van Dyke
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Training Programs in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Membrane Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - T Chase Francis
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Training Programs in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Haiwen Chen
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Training Programs in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Membrane Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Aileen M Bailey
- Department of Psychology, Saint Mary's College of Maryland, St. Mary's City, MD, USA
| | - Scott M Thompson
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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43
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Smolen P, Baxter DA, Byrne JH. How can memories last for days, years, or a lifetime? Proposed mechanisms for maintaining synaptic potentiation and memory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:133-150. [PMID: 30992383 PMCID: PMC6478248 DOI: 10.1101/lm.049395.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
With memory encoding reliant on persistent changes in the properties of synapses, a key question is how can memories be maintained from days to months or a lifetime given molecular turnover? It is likely that positive feedback loops are necessary to persistently maintain the strength of synapses that participate in encoding. Such feedback may occur within signal-transduction cascades and/or the regulation of translation, and it may occur within specific subcellular compartments or within neuronal networks. Not surprisingly, numerous positive feedback loops have been proposed. Some posited loops operate at the level of biochemical signal-transduction cascades, such as persistent activation of Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) or protein kinase Mζ. Another level consists of feedback loops involving transcriptional, epigenetic and translational pathways, and autocrine actions of growth factors such as BDNF. Finally, at the neuronal network level, recurrent reactivation of cell assemblies encoding memories is likely to be essential for late maintenance of memory. These levels are not isolated, but linked by shared components of feedback loops. Here, we review characteristics of some commonly discussed feedback loops proposed to underlie the maintenance of memory and long-term synaptic plasticity, assess evidence for and against their necessity, and suggest experiments that could further delineate the dynamics of these feedback loops. We also discuss crosstalk between proposed loops, and ways in which such interaction can facilitate the rapidity and robustness of memory formation and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Smolen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W. M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Douglas A Baxter
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W. M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - John H Byrne
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, W. M. Keck Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, McGovern Medical School of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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44
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Aparisi Rey A, Karaulanov E, Sharopov S, Arab K, Schäfer A, Gierl M, Guggenhuber S, Brandes C, Pennella L, Gruhn WH, Jelinek R, Maul C, Conrad A, Kilb W, Luhmann HJ, Niehrs C, Lutz B. Gadd45α modulates aversive learning through post-transcriptional regulation of memory-related mRNAs. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:embr.201846022. [PMID: 30948457 PMCID: PMC6549022 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Learning is essential for survival and is controlled by complex molecular mechanisms including regulation of newly synthesized mRNAs that are required to modify synaptic functions. Despite the well‐known role of RNA‐binding proteins (RBPs) in mRNA functionality, their detailed regulation during memory consolidation is poorly understood. This study focuses on the brain function of the RBP Gadd45α (growth arrest and DNA damage‐inducible protein 45 alpha, encoded by the Gadd45a gene). Here, we find that hippocampal memory and long‐term potentiation are strongly impaired in Gadd45a‐deficient mice, a phenotype accompanied by reduced levels of memory‐related mRNAs. The majority of the Gadd45α‐regulated transcripts show unusually long 3′ untranslated regions (3′UTRs) that are destabilized in Gadd45a‐deficient mice via a transcription‐independent mechanism, leading to reduced levels of the corresponding proteins in synaptosomes. Moreover, Gadd45α can bind specifically to these memory‐related mRNAs. Our study reveals a new function for extended 3′UTRs in memory consolidation and identifies Gadd45α as a novel regulator of mRNA stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Aparisi Rey
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Salim Sharopov
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Stephan Guggenhuber
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Caroline Brandes
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Luigi Pennella
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Ruth Jelinek
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christina Maul
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Conrad
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Werner Kilb
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christof Niehrs
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany .,Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Ramsaran AI, Schlichting ML, Frankland PW. The ontogeny of memory persistence and specificity. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 36:100591. [PMID: 30316637 PMCID: PMC6969236 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interest in the ontogeny of memory blossomed in the twentieth century following the initial observations that memories from infancy and early childhood are rapidly forgotten. The intense exploration of infantile amnesia in subsequent years has led to a thorough characterization of its psychological determinants, although the neurobiology of memory persistence has long remained elusive. By contrast, other phenomena in the ontogeny of memory like infantile generalization have received relatively less attention. Despite strong evidence for reduced memory specificity during ontogeny, infantile generalization is poorly understood from psychological and neurobiological perspectives. In this review, we examine the ontogeny of memory persistence and specificity in humans and nonhuman animals at the levels of behavior and the brain. To this end, we first describe the behavioral phenotypes associated with each phenomenon. Looking into the brain, we then discuss neurobiological mechanisms in the hippocampus that contribute to the ontogeny of memory. Hippocampal neurogenesis and critical period mechanisms have recently been discovered to underlie amnesia during early development, and at the same time, we speculate that similar processes may contribute to the early bias towards memory generalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam I Ramsaran
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G3, Canada
| | | | - Paul W Frankland
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G3, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada; Child & Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, M5G 1M1, Canada.
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46
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Cholecystokinin release triggered by NMDA receptors produces LTP and sound-sound associative memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:6397-6406. [PMID: 30850520 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1816833116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory is stored in neural networks via changes in synaptic strength mediated in part by NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP). Here we show that a cholecystokinin (CCK)-B receptor (CCKBR) antagonist blocks high-frequency stimulation-induced neocortical LTP, whereas local infusion of CCK induces LTP. CCK-/- mice lacked neocortical LTP and showed deficits in a cue-cue associative learning paradigm; and administration of CCK rescued associative learning deficits. High-frequency stimulation-induced neocortical LTP was completely blocked by either the NMDAR antagonist or the CCKBR antagonist, while application of either NMDA or CCK induced LTP after low-frequency stimulation. In the presence of CCK, LTP was still induced even after blockade of NMDARs. Local application of NMDA induced the release of CCK in the neocortex. These findings suggest that NMDARs control the release of CCK, which enables neocortical LTP and the formation of cue-cue associative memory.
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47
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Quillfeldt JA. Temporal Flexibility of Systems Consolidation and the Synaptic Occupancy/Reset Theory (SORT): Cues About the Nature of the Engram. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2019; 11:1. [PMID: 30814946 PMCID: PMC6381034 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2019.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to adapt to new situations involves behavioral changes expressed either from an innate repertoire, or by acquiring experience through memory consolidation mechanisms, by far a much richer and flexible source of adaptation. Memory formation consists of two interrelated processes that take place at different spatial and temporal scales, Synaptic Consolidation, local plastic changes in the recruited neurons, and Systems Consolidation, a process of gradual reorganization of the explicit/declarative memory trace between hippocampus and the neocortex. In this review, we summarize some converging experimental results from our lab that support a normal temporal framework of memory systems consolidation as measured both from the anatomical and the psychological points of view, and propose a hypothetical model that explains these findings while predicting other phenomena. Then, the same experimental design was repeated interposing additional tasks between the training and the remote test to verify for any interference: we found that (a) when the animals were subject to a succession of new learnings, systems consolidation was accelerated, with the disengagement of the hippocampus taking place before the natural time point of this functional switch, but (b) when a few reactivation sessions reexposed the animal to the training context without the shock, systems consolidation was delayed, with the hippocampus prolonging its involvement in retrieval. We hypothesize that new learning recruits from a fixed number of plastic synapses in the CA1 area to store the engram index, while reconsolidation lead to a different outcome, in which additional synapses are made available. The first situation implies the need of a reset mechanism in order to free synapses needed for further learning, and explains the acceleration observed under intense learning activity, while the delay might be explained by a different process, able to generate extra free synapses: depending on the cognitive demands, it deals either with a fixed or a variable pool of available synapses. The Synaptic Occupancy/Reset Theory (SORT) emerged as an explanation for the temporal flexibility of systems consolidation, to encompass the two different dynamics of explicit memories, as well as to bridge both synaptic and systems consolidation in one single mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alberto Quillfeldt
- Psychobiology and Neurocomputation Lab, Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Neurosciences Graduate Program, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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48
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Xu C, Wang K, Ding YH, Li WJ, Ding L. Claudin-7 gene knockout causes destruction of intestinal structure and animal death in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:584-599. [PMID: 30774273 PMCID: PMC6371004 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i5.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Claudin-7, one of the important components of cellular tight junctions, is currently considered to be expressed abnormally in colorectal inflammation and colorectal cancer. However, there is currently no effective animal model to study its specific mechanism. Therefore, we constructed three lines of Claudin-7 knockout mice using the Cre/LoxP system.
AIM To determine the function of the tumor suppressor gene Claudin-7 by generating three lines of Claudin-7 gene knockout mice.
METHODS We crossed Claudin-7-floxed mice with CMV-Cre, vil1-Cre, and villin-CreERT2 transgenic mice, and the offspring were self-crossed to obtain conventional Claudin-7 knockout mice, conditional (intestinal specific) Claudin-7 knockout mice, and inducible conditional Claudin-7 knockout mice. Intraperitoneal injection of tamoxifen into the inducible conditional Claudin-7 knockout mice can induce the knockout of Claudin-7. PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis were used to identify mouse genotypes, and Western blot was used to confirm the knockout of Claudin-7. The mental state, body length, and survival time of these mice were observed. The dying mice were sacrificed, and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemical staining were performed to observe changes in intestinal structure and proliferation markers.
RESULTS We generated Claudin-7-floxed mice and three lines of Claudin-7 gene knockout mice using the Cre/LoxP system successfully. Conventional and intestinal specific Claudin-7 knockout mice were stunted and died during the perinatal period, and intestinal HE staining in these mice revealed mucosal gland structure disappearance and connective tissue hyperplasia with extensive inflammatory cell infiltration. The inducible conditional Claudin-7 knockout mice had a normal phenotype at birth, but after the induction with tamoxifen, they exhibited a dying state. Intestinal HE staining showed significant inflammatory cell infiltration, and atypical hyperplasia and adenoma were also observed. Intestinal immunohistochemistry analysis showed abnormal expression and distribution of Ki67, and the normal intestinal proliferation balance was disrupted. The intestinal crypt size in inducible conditional Claudin-7 knockout mice was increased compared with control mice (small intestine: 54.1 ± 2.96 vs 38.4 ± 1.63; large intestine: 44.7 ± 1.93 vs 27.4 ± 0.60; P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION The knockout of Claudin-7 in vivo causes extensive inflammation, atypical hyperplasia, and adenoma in intestinal tissue as well as animal death in mice. Claudin-7 may act as a tumor suppressor gene in the development of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Xu
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Yu-Han Ding
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Wen-Jing Li
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Lei Ding
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
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49
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Geis C, Planagumà J, Carreño M, Graus F, Dalmau J. Autoimmune seizures and epilepsy. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:926-940. [PMID: 30714986 DOI: 10.1172/jci125178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid expansion in the number of encephalitis disorders associated with autoantibodies against neuronal proteins has led to an incremental increase in use of the term "autoimmune epilepsy," yet has occurred with limited attention to the physiopathology of each disease and genuine propensity to develop epilepsy. Indeed, most autoimmune encephalitides present with seizures, but the probability of evolving to epilepsy is relatively small. The risk of epilepsy is higher for disorders in which the antigens are intracellular (often T cell-mediated) compared with disorders in which the antigens are on the cell surface (antibody-mediated). Most autoantibodies against neuronal surface antigens show robust effects on the target proteins, resulting in hyperexcitability and impairment of synaptic function and plasticity. Here, we trace the evolution of the concept of autoimmune epilepsy and examine common inflammatory pathways that might lead to epilepsy. Then, we focus on several antibody-mediated encephalitis disorders that associate with seizures and review the synaptic alterations caused by patients' antibodies, with emphasis on those that have been modeled in animals (e.g., antibodies against NMDA, AMPA receptors, LGI1 protein) or in cultured neurons (e.g., antibodies against the GABAb receptor).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Geis
- Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Jesus Planagumà
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and
| | - Mar Carreño
- Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Graus
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and.,Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Dalmau
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and.,Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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50
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Barry DN, Maguire EA. Remote Memory and the Hippocampus: A Constructive Critique. Trends Cogn Sci 2019; 23:128-142. [PMID: 30528612 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus is known to be recruited during the recall of experiences from our distant past, despite evidence that memory traces in this region vanish over time. Extant theories of systems-level consolidation have yet to accommodate both phenomena. We propose that the hippocampus reconstructs remote memories in the absence of the original trace. It accomplishes this by assembling consolidated neocortical elements into spatially coherent scenes that form the basis of unfolding memory events. This reconstruction is likely facilitated by input from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. This process-oriented approach to hippocampal recruitment during remote recollection is consistent with its increasingly acknowledged role in constructing mental representations beyond the domain of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Barry
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Eleanor A Maguire
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AR, UK.
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