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Pace CN, Haulena M, Drumm HE, Akhurst L, Raverty SA. CAUSES AND TRENDS OF HARBOR SEAL (PHOCA VITULINA) MORTALITY ALONG THE BRITISH COLUMBIA COAST, CANADA, 2012-2020. J Wildl Dis 2023; 59:629-639. [PMID: 37540148 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-22-00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
A retrospective study was conducted to categorize and describe the causes of mortality in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) along the British Columbia coast that presented to the Vancouver Aquarium Marine Mammal Rescue Centre (MMR) for rehabilitation from 2012 to 2020. Medical records for 1,279 predominantly perinatal live-stranded harbor seals recovered in this region were reviewed. Approximately 20.0% (256 individuals; 137 males, 118 females, 1 unknown) of these animals died while at MMR. Infectious disease was the most common cause of death, accounting for 60.5% of mortality across all age classes. This was followed by nonanthropogenic trauma (7.1%), metabolic illness (5.4%), nutritional deficiency (5.0%), parasitic illness (5.0%), congenital disorders (2.5%), and human-associated trauma (0.4%). Pups were the most common age class (87.4%) amongst mortalities and predominantly died of an infectious process (62.5%). Phocid herpesvirus-1 infection was identified in 18.9% of the mortalities, with the highest prevalence occurring in 2019 (30.8%). Fungal disease was detected in six seals: three cases of pulmonary mycosis due to Cryptococcus gattii and three cases consistent with mucormycosis. In six cases, mortality was attributed to congenital disorders. Two of these cases involved axial skeletal malformities that are not currently described in the literature. This is the first study to describe the causes of mortality in harbor seals undergoing rehabilitation in British Columbia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney N Pace
- Vancouver Aquarium, 845 Avison Way, Vancouver, British Columbia V6G 3E2, Canada
| | - Martin Haulena
- Vancouver Aquarium, 845 Avison Way, Vancouver, British Columbia V6G 3E2, Canada
| | - Hannah E Drumm
- Vancouver Aquarium, 845 Avison Way, Vancouver, British Columbia V6G 3E2, Canada
| | - Lindsaye Akhurst
- Vancouver Aquarium, 845 Avison Way, Vancouver, British Columbia V6G 3E2, Canada
| | - Stephen A Raverty
- Animal Health Center British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, 1767 Angus Campbell Rd., Abbotsford, British Columbia V3G 2M3, Canada
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Sakyi ME, Kamio T, Kohyama K, Rahman MM, Shimizu K, Okada A, Inoshima Y. Assessing of the use of proteins A, G, and chimeric protein AG to detect marine mammal immunoglobulins. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291743. [PMID: 37733771 PMCID: PMC10513184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increase in infectious diseases in marine mammals, including brucellosis, infections of morbillivirus, herpesvirus, and poxvirus. Several serological diagnostic methods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, immunofluorescence assays (ELISA), and western blotting, have been used to detect antibodies against pathogens in marine mammals. However, options for commercial secondary antibodies used to detect antibodies in marine mammals are limited; therefore, the use of proteins A, G, or chimeric protein AG may provide a suitable alternative. This study aimed to assess the use of proteins A, G, and chimeric protein AG to detect marine mammal immunoglobulins. Currently, there are no comparative studies on the use of proteins A, G, and chimeric protein AG for the detection of immunoglobulins in marine mammals. In this study, we used ten pinnipeds' species (Baikal seal, California sea lion, harbor seal, northern fur seal, ringed seal, South American fur seal, South American sea lion, spotted seal, Steller sea lion, and walrus) and five cetacean species (beluga whale, bottlenose dolphin, harbor porpoise, killer whale, and Pacific white-sided dolphin) and compare binding ability to proteins A, G, or chimeric protein AG by ELISA. The results revealed that the immunoglobulins from pinniped and cetacean species reacted more strongly to protein A than protein G. In addition, the immunoglobulins of pinnipeds and cetaceans showed a strong binding ability to chimeric protein AG. These results suggest that proteins A, G, and chimeric protein AG would be used to help further develop serological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Essien Sakyi
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamio
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Md. Matiur Rahman
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Faculty for Veterinary, Department of Medicine, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Kaori Shimizu
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ayaka Okada
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasuo Inoshima
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), Gifu, Japan
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3
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Puryear W, Sawatzki K, Hill N, Foss A, Stone JJ, Doughty L, Walk D, Gilbert K, Murray M, Cox E, Patel P, Mertz Z, Ellis S, Taylor J, Fauquier D, Smith A, DiGiovanni RA, van de Guchte A, Gonzalez-Reiche AS, Khalil Z, van Bakel H, Torchetti MK, Lantz K, Lenoch JB, Runstadler J. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Outbreak in New England Seals, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:786-791. [PMID: 36958010 PMCID: PMC10045683 DOI: 10.3201/eid2904.221538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the spillover of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) into marine mammals in the northeastern United States, coincident with H5N1 in sympatric wild birds. Our data indicate monitoring both wild coastal birds and marine mammals will be critical to determine pandemic potential of influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nichola Hill
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (W. Puryear, K. Sawatzki, A. Foss, J.J. Stone, M. Murray, E. Cox, J. Runstadler)
- University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (N. Hill)
- Marine Mammals of Maine, Brunswick, Maine, USA (L. Doughty, D. Walk, K. Gilbert)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Barnstable, Massachusetts, USA (P. Patel, Z. Mertz)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Weymouth, Massachusetts, USA (Z. Mertz)
- Wild Care, Inc., Eastham, Massachusetts, USA (S. Ellis, J. Taylor)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (D. Fauquier)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA (A. Smith)
- Atlantic Marine Conservation Society, Hampton Bays, New York, USA (R.A. DiGiovanni Jr.)
- Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA (A. van de Guchte, A.S. Gonzalez-Reiche, Z. Khalil, H. van Bakel)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa, USA (M.K. Torchetti, K. Lantz)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (J.B. Lenoch)
| | - Alexa Foss
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (W. Puryear, K. Sawatzki, A. Foss, J.J. Stone, M. Murray, E. Cox, J. Runstadler)
- University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (N. Hill)
- Marine Mammals of Maine, Brunswick, Maine, USA (L. Doughty, D. Walk, K. Gilbert)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Barnstable, Massachusetts, USA (P. Patel, Z. Mertz)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Weymouth, Massachusetts, USA (Z. Mertz)
- Wild Care, Inc., Eastham, Massachusetts, USA (S. Ellis, J. Taylor)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (D. Fauquier)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA (A. Smith)
- Atlantic Marine Conservation Society, Hampton Bays, New York, USA (R.A. DiGiovanni Jr.)
- Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA (A. van de Guchte, A.S. Gonzalez-Reiche, Z. Khalil, H. van Bakel)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa, USA (M.K. Torchetti, K. Lantz)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (J.B. Lenoch)
| | - Jonathon J. Stone
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (W. Puryear, K. Sawatzki, A. Foss, J.J. Stone, M. Murray, E. Cox, J. Runstadler)
- University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (N. Hill)
- Marine Mammals of Maine, Brunswick, Maine, USA (L. Doughty, D. Walk, K. Gilbert)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Barnstable, Massachusetts, USA (P. Patel, Z. Mertz)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Weymouth, Massachusetts, USA (Z. Mertz)
- Wild Care, Inc., Eastham, Massachusetts, USA (S. Ellis, J. Taylor)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (D. Fauquier)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA (A. Smith)
- Atlantic Marine Conservation Society, Hampton Bays, New York, USA (R.A. DiGiovanni Jr.)
- Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA (A. van de Guchte, A.S. Gonzalez-Reiche, Z. Khalil, H. van Bakel)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa, USA (M.K. Torchetti, K. Lantz)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (J.B. Lenoch)
| | - Lynda Doughty
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (W. Puryear, K. Sawatzki, A. Foss, J.J. Stone, M. Murray, E. Cox, J. Runstadler)
- University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (N. Hill)
- Marine Mammals of Maine, Brunswick, Maine, USA (L. Doughty, D. Walk, K. Gilbert)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Barnstable, Massachusetts, USA (P. Patel, Z. Mertz)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Weymouth, Massachusetts, USA (Z. Mertz)
- Wild Care, Inc., Eastham, Massachusetts, USA (S. Ellis, J. Taylor)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (D. Fauquier)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA (A. Smith)
- Atlantic Marine Conservation Society, Hampton Bays, New York, USA (R.A. DiGiovanni Jr.)
- Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA (A. van de Guchte, A.S. Gonzalez-Reiche, Z. Khalil, H. van Bakel)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa, USA (M.K. Torchetti, K. Lantz)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (J.B. Lenoch)
| | - Dominique Walk
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (W. Puryear, K. Sawatzki, A. Foss, J.J. Stone, M. Murray, E. Cox, J. Runstadler)
- University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (N. Hill)
- Marine Mammals of Maine, Brunswick, Maine, USA (L. Doughty, D. Walk, K. Gilbert)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Barnstable, Massachusetts, USA (P. Patel, Z. Mertz)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Weymouth, Massachusetts, USA (Z. Mertz)
- Wild Care, Inc., Eastham, Massachusetts, USA (S. Ellis, J. Taylor)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (D. Fauquier)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA (A. Smith)
- Atlantic Marine Conservation Society, Hampton Bays, New York, USA (R.A. DiGiovanni Jr.)
- Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA (A. van de Guchte, A.S. Gonzalez-Reiche, Z. Khalil, H. van Bakel)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa, USA (M.K. Torchetti, K. Lantz)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (J.B. Lenoch)
| | - Katie Gilbert
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (W. Puryear, K. Sawatzki, A. Foss, J.J. Stone, M. Murray, E. Cox, J. Runstadler)
- University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (N. Hill)
- Marine Mammals of Maine, Brunswick, Maine, USA (L. Doughty, D. Walk, K. Gilbert)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Barnstable, Massachusetts, USA (P. Patel, Z. Mertz)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Weymouth, Massachusetts, USA (Z. Mertz)
- Wild Care, Inc., Eastham, Massachusetts, USA (S. Ellis, J. Taylor)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (D. Fauquier)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA (A. Smith)
- Atlantic Marine Conservation Society, Hampton Bays, New York, USA (R.A. DiGiovanni Jr.)
- Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA (A. van de Guchte, A.S. Gonzalez-Reiche, Z. Khalil, H. van Bakel)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa, USA (M.K. Torchetti, K. Lantz)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (J.B. Lenoch)
| | - Maureen Murray
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (W. Puryear, K. Sawatzki, A. Foss, J.J. Stone, M. Murray, E. Cox, J. Runstadler)
- University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (N. Hill)
- Marine Mammals of Maine, Brunswick, Maine, USA (L. Doughty, D. Walk, K. Gilbert)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Barnstable, Massachusetts, USA (P. Patel, Z. Mertz)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Weymouth, Massachusetts, USA (Z. Mertz)
- Wild Care, Inc., Eastham, Massachusetts, USA (S. Ellis, J. Taylor)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (D. Fauquier)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA (A. Smith)
- Atlantic Marine Conservation Society, Hampton Bays, New York, USA (R.A. DiGiovanni Jr.)
- Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA (A. van de Guchte, A.S. Gonzalez-Reiche, Z. Khalil, H. van Bakel)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa, USA (M.K. Torchetti, K. Lantz)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (J.B. Lenoch)
| | - Elena Cox
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (W. Puryear, K. Sawatzki, A. Foss, J.J. Stone, M. Murray, E. Cox, J. Runstadler)
- University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (N. Hill)
- Marine Mammals of Maine, Brunswick, Maine, USA (L. Doughty, D. Walk, K. Gilbert)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Barnstable, Massachusetts, USA (P. Patel, Z. Mertz)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Weymouth, Massachusetts, USA (Z. Mertz)
- Wild Care, Inc., Eastham, Massachusetts, USA (S. Ellis, J. Taylor)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (D. Fauquier)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA (A. Smith)
- Atlantic Marine Conservation Society, Hampton Bays, New York, USA (R.A. DiGiovanni Jr.)
- Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA (A. van de Guchte, A.S. Gonzalez-Reiche, Z. Khalil, H. van Bakel)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa, USA (M.K. Torchetti, K. Lantz)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (J.B. Lenoch)
| | - Priya Patel
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (W. Puryear, K. Sawatzki, A. Foss, J.J. Stone, M. Murray, E. Cox, J. Runstadler)
- University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (N. Hill)
- Marine Mammals of Maine, Brunswick, Maine, USA (L. Doughty, D. Walk, K. Gilbert)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Barnstable, Massachusetts, USA (P. Patel, Z. Mertz)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Weymouth, Massachusetts, USA (Z. Mertz)
- Wild Care, Inc., Eastham, Massachusetts, USA (S. Ellis, J. Taylor)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (D. Fauquier)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA (A. Smith)
- Atlantic Marine Conservation Society, Hampton Bays, New York, USA (R.A. DiGiovanni Jr.)
- Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA (A. van de Guchte, A.S. Gonzalez-Reiche, Z. Khalil, H. van Bakel)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa, USA (M.K. Torchetti, K. Lantz)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (J.B. Lenoch)
| | - Zak Mertz
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (W. Puryear, K. Sawatzki, A. Foss, J.J. Stone, M. Murray, E. Cox, J. Runstadler)
- University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (N. Hill)
- Marine Mammals of Maine, Brunswick, Maine, USA (L. Doughty, D. Walk, K. Gilbert)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Barnstable, Massachusetts, USA (P. Patel, Z. Mertz)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Weymouth, Massachusetts, USA (Z. Mertz)
- Wild Care, Inc., Eastham, Massachusetts, USA (S. Ellis, J. Taylor)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (D. Fauquier)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA (A. Smith)
- Atlantic Marine Conservation Society, Hampton Bays, New York, USA (R.A. DiGiovanni Jr.)
- Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA (A. van de Guchte, A.S. Gonzalez-Reiche, Z. Khalil, H. van Bakel)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa, USA (M.K. Torchetti, K. Lantz)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (J.B. Lenoch)
| | - Stephanie Ellis
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (W. Puryear, K. Sawatzki, A. Foss, J.J. Stone, M. Murray, E. Cox, J. Runstadler)
- University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (N. Hill)
- Marine Mammals of Maine, Brunswick, Maine, USA (L. Doughty, D. Walk, K. Gilbert)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Barnstable, Massachusetts, USA (P. Patel, Z. Mertz)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Weymouth, Massachusetts, USA (Z. Mertz)
- Wild Care, Inc., Eastham, Massachusetts, USA (S. Ellis, J. Taylor)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (D. Fauquier)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA (A. Smith)
- Atlantic Marine Conservation Society, Hampton Bays, New York, USA (R.A. DiGiovanni Jr.)
- Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA (A. van de Guchte, A.S. Gonzalez-Reiche, Z. Khalil, H. van Bakel)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa, USA (M.K. Torchetti, K. Lantz)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (J.B. Lenoch)
| | - Jennifer Taylor
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (W. Puryear, K. Sawatzki, A. Foss, J.J. Stone, M. Murray, E. Cox, J. Runstadler)
- University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (N. Hill)
- Marine Mammals of Maine, Brunswick, Maine, USA (L. Doughty, D. Walk, K. Gilbert)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Barnstable, Massachusetts, USA (P. Patel, Z. Mertz)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Weymouth, Massachusetts, USA (Z. Mertz)
- Wild Care, Inc., Eastham, Massachusetts, USA (S. Ellis, J. Taylor)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (D. Fauquier)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA (A. Smith)
- Atlantic Marine Conservation Society, Hampton Bays, New York, USA (R.A. DiGiovanni Jr.)
- Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA (A. van de Guchte, A.S. Gonzalez-Reiche, Z. Khalil, H. van Bakel)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa, USA (M.K. Torchetti, K. Lantz)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (J.B. Lenoch)
| | - Deborah Fauquier
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (W. Puryear, K. Sawatzki, A. Foss, J.J. Stone, M. Murray, E. Cox, J. Runstadler)
- University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (N. Hill)
- Marine Mammals of Maine, Brunswick, Maine, USA (L. Doughty, D. Walk, K. Gilbert)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Barnstable, Massachusetts, USA (P. Patel, Z. Mertz)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Weymouth, Massachusetts, USA (Z. Mertz)
- Wild Care, Inc., Eastham, Massachusetts, USA (S. Ellis, J. Taylor)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (D. Fauquier)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA (A. Smith)
- Atlantic Marine Conservation Society, Hampton Bays, New York, USA (R.A. DiGiovanni Jr.)
- Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA (A. van de Guchte, A.S. Gonzalez-Reiche, Z. Khalil, H. van Bakel)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa, USA (M.K. Torchetti, K. Lantz)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (J.B. Lenoch)
| | - Ainsley Smith
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (W. Puryear, K. Sawatzki, A. Foss, J.J. Stone, M. Murray, E. Cox, J. Runstadler)
- University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (N. Hill)
- Marine Mammals of Maine, Brunswick, Maine, USA (L. Doughty, D. Walk, K. Gilbert)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Barnstable, Massachusetts, USA (P. Patel, Z. Mertz)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Weymouth, Massachusetts, USA (Z. Mertz)
- Wild Care, Inc., Eastham, Massachusetts, USA (S. Ellis, J. Taylor)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (D. Fauquier)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA (A. Smith)
- Atlantic Marine Conservation Society, Hampton Bays, New York, USA (R.A. DiGiovanni Jr.)
- Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA (A. van de Guchte, A.S. Gonzalez-Reiche, Z. Khalil, H. van Bakel)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa, USA (M.K. Torchetti, K. Lantz)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (J.B. Lenoch)
| | - Robert A. DiGiovanni
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (W. Puryear, K. Sawatzki, A. Foss, J.J. Stone, M. Murray, E. Cox, J. Runstadler)
- University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (N. Hill)
- Marine Mammals of Maine, Brunswick, Maine, USA (L. Doughty, D. Walk, K. Gilbert)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Barnstable, Massachusetts, USA (P. Patel, Z. Mertz)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Weymouth, Massachusetts, USA (Z. Mertz)
- Wild Care, Inc., Eastham, Massachusetts, USA (S. Ellis, J. Taylor)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (D. Fauquier)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA (A. Smith)
- Atlantic Marine Conservation Society, Hampton Bays, New York, USA (R.A. DiGiovanni Jr.)
- Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA (A. van de Guchte, A.S. Gonzalez-Reiche, Z. Khalil, H. van Bakel)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa, USA (M.K. Torchetti, K. Lantz)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (J.B. Lenoch)
| | - Adriana van de Guchte
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (W. Puryear, K. Sawatzki, A. Foss, J.J. Stone, M. Murray, E. Cox, J. Runstadler)
- University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (N. Hill)
- Marine Mammals of Maine, Brunswick, Maine, USA (L. Doughty, D. Walk, K. Gilbert)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Barnstable, Massachusetts, USA (P. Patel, Z. Mertz)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Weymouth, Massachusetts, USA (Z. Mertz)
- Wild Care, Inc., Eastham, Massachusetts, USA (S. Ellis, J. Taylor)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (D. Fauquier)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA (A. Smith)
- Atlantic Marine Conservation Society, Hampton Bays, New York, USA (R.A. DiGiovanni Jr.)
- Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA (A. van de Guchte, A.S. Gonzalez-Reiche, Z. Khalil, H. van Bakel)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa, USA (M.K. Torchetti, K. Lantz)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (J.B. Lenoch)
| | - Ana Silvia Gonzalez-Reiche
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (W. Puryear, K. Sawatzki, A. Foss, J.J. Stone, M. Murray, E. Cox, J. Runstadler)
- University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (N. Hill)
- Marine Mammals of Maine, Brunswick, Maine, USA (L. Doughty, D. Walk, K. Gilbert)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Barnstable, Massachusetts, USA (P. Patel, Z. Mertz)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Weymouth, Massachusetts, USA (Z. Mertz)
- Wild Care, Inc., Eastham, Massachusetts, USA (S. Ellis, J. Taylor)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (D. Fauquier)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA (A. Smith)
- Atlantic Marine Conservation Society, Hampton Bays, New York, USA (R.A. DiGiovanni Jr.)
- Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA (A. van de Guchte, A.S. Gonzalez-Reiche, Z. Khalil, H. van Bakel)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa, USA (M.K. Torchetti, K. Lantz)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (J.B. Lenoch)
| | - Zain Khalil
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (W. Puryear, K. Sawatzki, A. Foss, J.J. Stone, M. Murray, E. Cox, J. Runstadler)
- University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (N. Hill)
- Marine Mammals of Maine, Brunswick, Maine, USA (L. Doughty, D. Walk, K. Gilbert)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Barnstable, Massachusetts, USA (P. Patel, Z. Mertz)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Weymouth, Massachusetts, USA (Z. Mertz)
- Wild Care, Inc., Eastham, Massachusetts, USA (S. Ellis, J. Taylor)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (D. Fauquier)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA (A. Smith)
- Atlantic Marine Conservation Society, Hampton Bays, New York, USA (R.A. DiGiovanni Jr.)
- Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA (A. van de Guchte, A.S. Gonzalez-Reiche, Z. Khalil, H. van Bakel)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa, USA (M.K. Torchetti, K. Lantz)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (J.B. Lenoch)
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (W. Puryear, K. Sawatzki, A. Foss, J.J. Stone, M. Murray, E. Cox, J. Runstadler)
- University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (N. Hill)
- Marine Mammals of Maine, Brunswick, Maine, USA (L. Doughty, D. Walk, K. Gilbert)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Barnstable, Massachusetts, USA (P. Patel, Z. Mertz)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Weymouth, Massachusetts, USA (Z. Mertz)
- Wild Care, Inc., Eastham, Massachusetts, USA (S. Ellis, J. Taylor)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (D. Fauquier)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA (A. Smith)
- Atlantic Marine Conservation Society, Hampton Bays, New York, USA (R.A. DiGiovanni Jr.)
- Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA (A. van de Guchte, A.S. Gonzalez-Reiche, Z. Khalil, H. van Bakel)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa, USA (M.K. Torchetti, K. Lantz)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (J.B. Lenoch)
| | - Mia K. Torchetti
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (W. Puryear, K. Sawatzki, A. Foss, J.J. Stone, M. Murray, E. Cox, J. Runstadler)
- University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (N. Hill)
- Marine Mammals of Maine, Brunswick, Maine, USA (L. Doughty, D. Walk, K. Gilbert)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Barnstable, Massachusetts, USA (P. Patel, Z. Mertz)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Weymouth, Massachusetts, USA (Z. Mertz)
- Wild Care, Inc., Eastham, Massachusetts, USA (S. Ellis, J. Taylor)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (D. Fauquier)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA (A. Smith)
- Atlantic Marine Conservation Society, Hampton Bays, New York, USA (R.A. DiGiovanni Jr.)
- Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA (A. van de Guchte, A.S. Gonzalez-Reiche, Z. Khalil, H. van Bakel)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa, USA (M.K. Torchetti, K. Lantz)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (J.B. Lenoch)
| | - Kristina Lantz
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (W. Puryear, K. Sawatzki, A. Foss, J.J. Stone, M. Murray, E. Cox, J. Runstadler)
- University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (N. Hill)
- Marine Mammals of Maine, Brunswick, Maine, USA (L. Doughty, D. Walk, K. Gilbert)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Barnstable, Massachusetts, USA (P. Patel, Z. Mertz)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Weymouth, Massachusetts, USA (Z. Mertz)
- Wild Care, Inc., Eastham, Massachusetts, USA (S. Ellis, J. Taylor)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (D. Fauquier)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA (A. Smith)
- Atlantic Marine Conservation Society, Hampton Bays, New York, USA (R.A. DiGiovanni Jr.)
- Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA (A. van de Guchte, A.S. Gonzalez-Reiche, Z. Khalil, H. van Bakel)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa, USA (M.K. Torchetti, K. Lantz)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (J.B. Lenoch)
| | - Julianna B. Lenoch
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (W. Puryear, K. Sawatzki, A. Foss, J.J. Stone, M. Murray, E. Cox, J. Runstadler)
- University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (N. Hill)
- Marine Mammals of Maine, Brunswick, Maine, USA (L. Doughty, D. Walk, K. Gilbert)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Barnstable, Massachusetts, USA (P. Patel, Z. Mertz)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Weymouth, Massachusetts, USA (Z. Mertz)
- Wild Care, Inc., Eastham, Massachusetts, USA (S. Ellis, J. Taylor)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (D. Fauquier)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA (A. Smith)
- Atlantic Marine Conservation Society, Hampton Bays, New York, USA (R.A. DiGiovanni Jr.)
- Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA (A. van de Guchte, A.S. Gonzalez-Reiche, Z. Khalil, H. van Bakel)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa, USA (M.K. Torchetti, K. Lantz)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (J.B. Lenoch)
| | - Jonathan Runstadler
- Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (W. Puryear, K. Sawatzki, A. Foss, J.J. Stone, M. Murray, E. Cox, J. Runstadler)
- University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA (N. Hill)
- Marine Mammals of Maine, Brunswick, Maine, USA (L. Doughty, D. Walk, K. Gilbert)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Barnstable, Massachusetts, USA (P. Patel, Z. Mertz)
- New England Wildlife Centers, Weymouth, Massachusetts, USA (Z. Mertz)
- Wild Care, Inc., Eastham, Massachusetts, USA (S. Ellis, J. Taylor)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (D. Fauquier)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA (A. Smith)
- Atlantic Marine Conservation Society, Hampton Bays, New York, USA (R.A. DiGiovanni Jr.)
- Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA (A. van de Guchte, A.S. Gonzalez-Reiche, Z. Khalil, H. van Bakel)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa, USA (M.K. Torchetti, K. Lantz)
- US Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (J.B. Lenoch)
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4
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Plancarte M, Kovalenko G, Baldassano J, Ramírez AL, Carrillo S, Duignan PJ, Goodfellow I, Bortz E, Dutta J, van Bakel H, Coffey LL. Human influenza A virus H1N1 in marine mammals in California, 2019. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283049. [PMID: 36996074 PMCID: PMC10062622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
From 2011-2018, we conducted surveillance in marine mammals along the California coast for influenza A virus (IAV), frequently detecting anti-influenza antibodies and intermittently detecting IAV. In spring 2019, this pattern changed. Despite no change in surveillance intensity, we detected IAV RNA in 10 samples in March and April, mostly in nasal and rectal swabs from northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). Although virus isolation was unsuccessful, IAV sequenced from one northern elephant seal nasal swab showed close genetic identity with pandemic H1N1 IAV subclade 6B.1A.1 that was concurrently circulating in humans in the 2018/19 influenza season. This represents the first report of human A(H1N1)pdm09 IAV in northern elephant seals since 2010, suggesting IAV continues to spill over from humans to pinnipeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Plancarte
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ganna Kovalenko
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Julie Baldassano
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ana L. Ramírez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Selina Carrillo
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Pádraig J. Duignan
- The Marine Mammal Center, Sausalito, California, United States of America
| | - Ian Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Bortz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska, United States of America
| | - Jayeeta Dutta
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lark L. Coffey
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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5
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Floyd T, Banyard AC, Lean FZX, Byrne AMP, Fullick E, Whittard E, Mollett BC, Bexton S, Swinson V, Macrelli M, Lewis NS, Reid SM, Núñez A, Duff JP, Hansen R, Brown IH. Encephalitis and Death in Wild Mammals at a Rehabilitation Center after Infection with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus, United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2856-2863. [PMID: 34670647 PMCID: PMC8544989 DOI: 10.3201/eid2711.211225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a disease and mortality event involving swans, seals, and a fox at a wildlife rehabilitation center in the United Kingdom during late 2020. Five swans had onset of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection while in captivity. Subsequently, 5 seals and a fox died (or were euthanized) after onset of clinical disease. Avian-origin influenza A virus subtype H5N8 was retrospectively determined as the cause of disease. Infection in the seals manifested as seizures, and immunohistochemical and molecular testing on postmortem samples detected a neurologic distribution of viral products. The fox died overnight after sudden onset of inappetence, and postmortem tissues revealed neurologic and respiratory distribution of viral products. Live virus was isolated from the swans, seals, and the fox, and a single genetic change was detected as a potential adaptive mutation in the mammalian-derived viral sequences. No human influenza-like illness was reported in the weeks after the event.
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6
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ANTIBODIES AGAINST INFLUENZA VIRUS TYPES A AND B IN CANADIAN SEALS. J Wildl Dis 2021; 57:808-819. [PMID: 34410421 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-20-00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses have been reported from marine mammals worldwide, particularly in pinnipeds, and have caused mass mortalities of seals in North America and Europe. Because influenza viruses in marine mammals can be zoonotic, our objective was to examine Canadian phocids for exposure to influenza A and B viruses in order to understand health risks to wild populations as well as to humans who consume or handle these animals. Blood was collected from 394 seals in eastern Canada from 1994 to 2005. Sera were screened for exposure to influenza viruses in three resident species of seals: harbour, Phoca vitulina (n=66); grey, Halichoerus grypus (n=82); ringed, Phoca hispida (n=2); and two migrant species: harp, Pagophilus groenlandica (n=206) and hooded, Cystophora cristata (n=38). Included were samples from captive grey (n=1) and harbour seals (n=8) at two aquaria. Sera were prescreened using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and antibodies against influenza A virus were confirmed using a commercial competitive ELISA (IDEXX Europe B.V.). A subset of influenza A virus positive sera was used to determine common virus subtypes recognized by sera using reference strains. All positive sera in the indirect ELISA reacted with influenza A virus subtypes H3, H4, and H10 using a hemagglutination inhibition assay. Sera from harbour, grey, harp, and hooded seals had antibodies against influenza A and influenza B viruses (some cross-reactivity occurred). Overall, 33% (128/385) of wild seals were seropositive to influenza viruses, with the highest seroprevalence in harp (42%) followed by harbour (33%), grey (23%), and hooded (11%) seals. Antibodies were detected in both sexes and most age classes of wild seals. Two of eight captive harbour seals were seropositive to influenza B virus and four had cross-reactions to influenza A and B viruses. This study reports antibodies against influenza A and B viruses in four seal species from the same geographic area in eastern Canada.
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7
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Respiratory Tract Explant Infection Dynamics of Influenza A Virus in California Sea Lions, Northern Elephant Seals, and Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2021; 95:e0040321. [PMID: 34037419 PMCID: PMC8312873 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00403-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand susceptibility of wild California sea lions and Northern elephant seals to influenza A virus (IAV), we developed an ex vivo respiratory explant model and used it to compare infection kinetics for multiple IAV subtypes. We first established the approach using explants from colonized rhesus macaques, a model for human IAV. Trachea, bronchi, and lungs from 11 California sea lions, 2 Northern elephant seals, and 10 rhesus macaques were inoculated within 24 h postmortem with 6 strains representing 4 IAV subtypes. Explants from the 3 species showed similar IAV infection kinetics, with peak viral titers 48 to 72 h post-inoculation that increased by 2 to 4 log10 PFU/explant relative to the inoculum. Immunohistochemistry localized IAV infection to apical epithelial cells. These results demonstrate that respiratory tissue explants from wild marine mammals support IAV infection. In the absence of the ability to perform experimental infections of marine mammals, this ex vivo culture of respiratory tissues mirrors the in vivo environment and serves as a tool to study IAV susceptibility, host range, and tissue tropism. IMPORTANCE Although influenza A virus can infect marine mammals, a dearth of marine mammal cell lines and ethical and logistical challenges prohibiting experimental infections of living marine mammals mean that little is known about IAV infection kinetics in these species. We circumvented these limitations by adapting a respiratory tract explant model first to establish the approach with rhesus macaques and then for use with explants from wild marine mammals euthanized for nonrespiratory medical conditions. We observed that multiple strains representing 4 IAV subtypes infected trachea, bronchi, and lungs of macaques and marine mammals with variable peak titers and kinetics. This ex vivo model can define infection dynamics for IAV in marine mammals. Further, use of explants from animals euthanized for other reasons reduces use of animals in research.
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8
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Avian Influenza in Wild Birds and Poultry: Dissemination Pathways, Monitoring Methods, and Virus Ecology. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050630. [PMID: 34065291 PMCID: PMC8161317 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza is one of the largest known threats to domestic poultry. Influenza outbreaks on poultry farms typically lead to the complete slaughter of the entire domestic bird population, causing severe economic losses worldwide. Moreover, there are highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) strains that are able to infect the swine or human population in addition to their primary avian host and, as such, have the potential of being a global zoonotic and pandemic threat. Migratory birds, especially waterfowl, are a natural reservoir of the avian influenza virus; they carry and exchange different virus strains along their migration routes, leading to antigenic drift and antigenic shift, which results in the emergence of novel HPAI viruses. This requires monitoring over time and in different locations to allow for the upkeep of relevant knowledge on avian influenza virus evolution and the prevention of novel epizootic and epidemic outbreaks. In this review, we assess the role of migratory birds in the spread and introduction of influenza strains on a global level, based on recent data. Our analysis sheds light on the details of viral dissemination linked to avian migration, the viral exchange between migratory waterfowl and domestic poultry, virus ecology in general, and viral evolution as a process tightly linked to bird migration. We also provide insight into methods used to detect and quantify avian influenza in the wild. This review may be beneficial for the influenza research community and may pave the way to novel strategies of avian influenza and HPAI zoonosis outbreak monitoring and prevention.
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Wasik BR, Voorhees IE, Parrish CR. Canine and Feline Influenza. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a038562. [PMID: 31871238 PMCID: PMC7778219 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus infections of carnivores-primarily in dogs and in large and small cats-have been repeatedly observed to be caused by a number of direct spillovers of avian viruses or in infections by human or swine viruses. In addition, there have also been prolonged epizootics of an H3N8 equine influenza virus in dogs starting around 1999, of an H3N2 avian influenza virus in domestic dog populations in Asia and in the United States that started around 2004, and an outbreak of an avian H7N2 influenza virus among cats in an animal shelter in the United States in 2016. The impact of influenza viruses in domesticated companion animals and their zoonotic or panzootic potential poses significant questions for veterinary and human health.
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Pneumonia in endangered aquatic mammals and the need for developing low-coverage vaccination for their management and conservation. Anim Health Res Rev 2020; 21:122-130. [PMID: 33292914 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252320000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities can lead to several devastating effects on the environment. The pollutants, which include the discharge of effluents, runoffs in the form of different lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of pesticides, heavy metals, and other contaminants, can harm exposed fauna and flora. The aquatic environment is the ultimate destination for many pollutants which negatively affect aquatic biodiversity and even can cause a species to become extinct. A pollutant can directly affect the behavior of an animal, disrupt cellular systems, and impair the immune system. This harm can be reduced and even mitigated by adopting proper approaches for the conservation of the target biota. Among aquatic organisms, cetaceans, such as the Yangtze finless porpoise, Irrawaddy dolphin, Ganges River dolphin, Amazon River dolphin, and Indus River dolphin, are at a higher risk of extinction because of lack of knowledge and research, and thus insufficient information with respect to their conservation status, management, and policies. Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of mass mortalities of cetaceans. This article reviews the limited research reported on stress and pneumonia induced by pollution, stress-induced pneumonia and immunosuppression, pneumonia-caused mass mortalities of aquatic mammals, and vaccination in wildlife with a specific focus on aquatic mammals, the role of genomics in vaccine development and vaccination, and the major challenges in vaccine development for biodiversity conservation.
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11
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Kwak DK, Kim JS, Lee MK, Ryu KS, Chi SW. Probing the Neuraminidase Activity of Influenza Virus Using a Cytolysin A Protein Nanopore. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14303-14308. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Kyu Kwak
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Division of Biomedical Research, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Proteome Structural Biology, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sik Kim
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Division of Biomedical Research, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Lee
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Division of Biomedical Research, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Seok Ryu
- Protein Structure Research Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Wook Chi
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Division of Biomedical Research, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Proteome Structural Biology, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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12
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Nabi G, Khan S. Risk of COVID-19 pneumonia in aquatic mammals. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109732. [PMID: 32502685 PMCID: PMC7255329 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
•The SARS-CoV-2 can enter the oceans, rivers, and lakes in several ways. •Aquatic mammals can recognise the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2. •Cetacean species should be screened and monitored for the virus during a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Nabi
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Suliman Khan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, China.
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13
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Sanderson CE, Alexander KA. Unchartered waters: Climate change likely to intensify infectious disease outbreaks causing mass mortality events in marine mammals. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:4284-4301. [PMID: 32558115 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Infectious disease emergence has increased significantly over the last 30 years, with mass mortality events (MMEs) associated with epizootics becoming increasingly common. Factors influencing these events have been widely studied in terrestrial systems, but remain relatively unexplored in marine mammals. Infectious disease-induced MMEs (ID MMEs) have not been reported ubiquitously among marine mammal species, indicating that intrinsic (host) and/or extrinsic (environmental) ecological factors may influence this heterogeneity. We assess the occurrence of ID MMEs (1955-2018) across extant marine mammals (n = 129) in relation to key life-history characteristics (sociality, trophic level, habitat breadth) and environmental variables (season, sea surface temperature [SST] anomalies, El Niño occurrence). Our results show that ID MMEs have been reported in 14% of marine mammal species (95% CI 9%-21%), with 72% (n = 36; 95% CI 56%-84%) of these events caused predominantly by viruses, primarily morbillivirus and influenza A. Bacterial pathogens caused 25% (95% CI 14%-41%) of MMEs, with only one being the result of a protozoan pathogen. Overall, virus-induced MMEs involved a greater number of fatalities per event compared to other pathogens. No association was detected between the occurrence of ID MMEs and host characteristics, such as sociality or trophic level, but ID MMEs did occur more frequently in semiaquatic species (pinnipeds) compared to obligate ocean dwellers (cetaceans; χ2 = 9.6, p = .002). In contrast, extrinsic factors significantly influenced ID MMEs, with seasonality linked to frequency (χ2 = 19.85, p = .0002) and severity of these events, and global yearly SST anomalies positively correlated with their temporal occurrence (Z = 3.43, p = 2.7e-04). No significant association was identified between El Niño and ID MME occurrence (Z = 0.28, p = .81). With climate change forecasted to increase SSTs and the frequency of extreme seasonal weather events, epizootics causing MMEs are likely to intensify with significant consequences for marine mammal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Sanderson
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Center for African Resources: Animals, Communities and Land use (CARACAL), Kasane, Botswana
| | - Kathleen A Alexander
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Center for African Resources: Animals, Communities and Land use (CARACAL), Kasane, Botswana
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Swine ANP32A Supports Avian Influenza Virus Polymerase. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00132-20. [PMID: 32269123 PMCID: PMC7307101 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00132-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses can jump from wild birds and poultry into mammalian species such as humans or swine, but they only continue to transmit if they accumulate mammalian adapting mutations. Pigs appear uniquely susceptible to both avian and human strains of influenza and are often described as virus “mixing vessels.” In this study, we describe how a host factor responsible for regulating virus replication, ANP32A, is different between swine and humans. Swine ANP32A allows a greater range of influenza viruses, specifically those from birds, to replicate. It does this by binding the virus polymerase more tightly than the human version of the protein. This work helps to explain the unique properties of swine as mixing vessels. Avian influenza viruses occasionally infect and adapt to mammals, including humans. Swine are often described as “mixing vessels,” being susceptible to both avian- and human-origin viruses, which allows the emergence of novel reassortants, such as the precursor to the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. ANP32 proteins are host factors that act as influenza virus polymerase cofactors. In this study, we describe how swine ANP32A, uniquely among the mammalian ANP32 proteins tested, supports the activity of avian-origin influenza virus polymerases and avian influenza virus replication. We further show that after the swine-origin influenza virus emerged in humans and caused the 2009 pandemic, it evolved polymerase gene mutations that enabled it to more efficiently use human ANP32 proteins. We map the enhanced proviral activity of swine ANP32A to a pair of amino acids, 106 and 156, in the leucine-rich repeat and central domains and show these mutations enhance binding to influenza virus trimeric polymerase. These findings help elucidate the molecular basis for the mixing vessel trait of swine and further our understanding of the evolution and ecology of viruses in this host. IMPORTANCE Avian influenza viruses can jump from wild birds and poultry into mammalian species such as humans or swine, but they only continue to transmit if they accumulate mammalian adapting mutations. Pigs appear uniquely susceptible to both avian and human strains of influenza and are often described as virus “mixing vessels.” In this study, we describe how a host factor responsible for regulating virus replication, ANP32A, is different between swine and humans. Swine ANP32A allows a greater range of influenza viruses, specifically those from birds, to replicate. It does this by binding the virus polymerase more tightly than the human version of the protein. This work helps to explain the unique properties of swine as mixing vessels.
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Abstract
Influenza A infection has been detected in marine mammals going back to 1975, with additional unconfirmed outbreaks as far back as 1931. Over the past forty years, infectious virus has been recovered on ten separate occasions from both pinnipeds (harbor seal, elephant seal, and Caspian seal) and cetaceans (striped whale and pilot whale). Recovered viruses have spanned a range of subtypes (H1, H3, H4, H7, H10, and H13) and, in all but H1N1, show strong evidence for deriving directly from avian sources. To date, there have been five unusual mortality events directly attributed to influenza A virus; these have primarily occurred in harbor seals in the Northeastern United States, with the most recent occurring in harbor seals in the North Sea.There are numerous additional reports wherein influenza A virus has indirectly been identified in marine mammals; these include serosurveillance efforts that have detected influenza A- and B-specific antibodies in marine mammals spanning the globe and the detection of viral RNA in both active and opportunistic surveillance in the Northwest Atlantic. For viral detection and recovery, nasal, rectal, and conjunctival swabs have been employed in pinnipeds, while blowhole, nasal, and rectal swabs have been employed in cetaceans. In the case of deceased animals, virus has also been detected in tissue. Surveillance has historically been somewhat limited, relying largely upon opportunistic sampling of stranded or bycaught animals and primarily occurring in response to a mortality event. A handful of active surveillance projects have shown that influenza may be more endemic in marine mammals than previously appreciated, though live virus is difficult to recover. Surveillance efforts are hindered by permitting and logistical challenges, the absence of reagents and methodology optimized for nonavian wild hosts, and low concentration of virus recovered from asymptomatic animals. Despite these challenges, a growing body of evidence suggests that marine mammals are an important wild reservoir of influenza and may contribute to mammalian adaptation of avian variants.
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Suttie A, Karlsson EA, Deng YM, Hurt AC, Greenhill AR, Barr IG, Dussart P, Horwood PF. Avian influenza in the Greater Mekong Subregion, 2003-2018. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 74:103920. [PMID: 31201870 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The persistent circulation of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) is an ongoing problem for many countries in South East Asia, causing large economic losses to both the agricultural and health sectors. This review analyses AIV diversity, evolution and the risk of AIV emergence in humans in countries of the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS): Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam (excluding China). The analysis was based on AIV sequencing data, serological studies, published journal articles and AIV outbreak reports available from January 2003 to December 2018. All countries of the GMS have suffered losses due repeated outbreaks of highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1 that has also caused human cases in all GMS countries. In Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam AIV outbreaks in domestic poultry have also been caused by clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6. A diverse range of low pathogenic AIVs (H1-H12) have been detected in poultry and wild bird species, though surveillance for and characterization of these subtypes is limited. Subtype H3, H4, H6 and H11 viruses have been detected over prolonged periods; whilst H1, H2, H7, H8, H10 and H12 viruses have only been detected transiently. H9 AIVs circulate endemically in Cambodia and Vietnam with seroprevalence data indicating human exposure to H9 AIVs in Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam. As surveillance studies focus heavily on the detection of H5 AIVs in domestic poultry further research is needed to understand the true level of AIV diversity and the risk AIVs pose to humans in the GMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Suttie
- Virology Unit, Institute Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Erik A Karlsson
- Virology Unit, Institute Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Yi-Mo Deng
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Aeron C Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew R Greenhill
- School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University, Churchill, Australia
| | - Ian G Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institute Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Paul F Horwood
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
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Complete Sequence and Annotation of the Mycoplasma phocirhinis Strain 852 T Genome. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/13/e00131-19. [PMID: 30923243 PMCID: PMC6439246 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00131-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of Mycoplasma phocirhinis strain 852T was examined for determinants of tropism or virulence. It encodes multiple orthologs of an immunosuppressor that may predispose susceptibility to infection or influence outcomes of intercurrent diseases in marine mammals. The genome of Mycoplasma phocirhinis strain 852T was examined for determinants of tropism or virulence. It encodes multiple orthologs of an immunosuppressor that may predispose susceptibility to infection or influence outcomes of intercurrent diseases in marine mammals.
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18
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Complete Sequence and Annotation of the Mycoplasma phocidae Strain 105 T Genome. Microbiol Resour Announc 2018; 7:MRA01237-18. [PMID: 30533705 PMCID: PMC6256636 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01237-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome of Mycoplasma phocidae strain 105T was analyzed in order to improve our understanding of its role in epidemic marine mammal mortalities. It was found to encode a suite of immunosuppressors that may enable evasion of host defenses and modulate susceptibility to viral coinfections or their severity in seals.
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Colegrove KM, Burek-Huntington KA, Roe W, Siebert U. Pinnipediae. PATHOLOGY OF WILDLIFE AND ZOO ANIMALS 2018. [PMCID: PMC7150363 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805306-5.00023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This chapter reviews common diseases of pinnipeds, including species in the Otariidae (fur seals and sea lions), Phocidae (true seals), and Odobenidae (walrus) families. Much of the knowledge on pathologic conditions of pinnipeds comes from necropsies of stranded animals and those housed in captivity. As such, disease knowledge is biased toward species frequently housed in zoos and aquaria, those that strand more commonly, or those in which free-ranging populations are more easily accessible. Though historically systematic evaluations of wild populations have rarely been accomplished, in the past 10 years, with advances in marine mammal medicine and anesthesia, biologists and veterinarians more frequently completed live animal health field investigations to evaluate health and disease in free-ranging pinniped populations.
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Abstract
Omics technologies have been developed in recent decades and applied to different subjects, although the greatest advancements have been achieved in human biology and disease. Genome sequencing and the exploration of its coding and noncoding regions are rapidly yielding meaningful answers to diverse questions, relating genome information to protein activity to environmental changes. In the past, marine mammal genetic and transcriptional studies have been restricted due to the lack of reference genomes. But the advance of high-throughput sequencing is revolutionizing the life sciences technologies. As long-lived organisms, at the top of the food chain, marine mammals play an important role in marine ecosystems and while their protected status is in favor of conservation of the species, it also complicates the researcher's approach to traditional measurements of health. Omics data generated by high-throughput technologies will represent an important key for improving the scientific basis for understanding both marine mammal and environment health.
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Molecular Markers for Interspecies Transmission of Avian Influenza Viruses in Mammalian Hosts. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122706. [PMID: 29236050 PMCID: PMC5751307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, a wide range of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have infected various mammalian hosts and continuously threaten both human and animal health. It is a result of overcoming the inter-species barrier which is mostly associated with gene reassortment and accumulation of mutations in their gene segments. Several recent studies have shed insights into the phenotypic and genetic changes that are involved in the interspecies transmission of AIVs. These studies have a major focus on transmission from avian to mammalian species due to the high zoonotic potential of the viruses. As more mammalian species have been infected with these viruses, there is higher risk of genetic evolution of these viruses that may lead to the next human pandemic which represents and raises public health concern. Thus, understanding the mechanism of interspecies transmission and molecular determinants through which the emerging AIVs can acquire the ability to transmit to humans and other mammals is an important key in evaluating the potential risk caused by AIVs among humans. Here, we summarize previous and recent studies on molecular markers that are specifically involved in the transmission of avian-derived influenza viruses to various mammalian hosts including humans, pigs, horses, dogs, and marine mammals.
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Surveillance for highly pathogenic influenza A viruses in California during 2014-2015 provides insights into viral evolutionary pathways and the spatiotemporal extent of viruses in the Pacific Americas Flyway. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e80. [PMID: 28874792 PMCID: PMC5625317 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We used surveillance data collected in California before, concurrent with, and subsequent to an outbreak of highly pathogenic (HP) clade 2.3.4.4 influenza A viruses (IAVs) in 2014–2015 to (i) evaluate IAV prevalence in waterfowl, (ii) assess the evidence for spill-over infections in marine mammals and (iii) genetically characterize low-pathogenic (LP) and HP IAVs to refine inference on the spatiotemporal extent of HP genome constellations and to evaluate possible evolutionary pathways. We screened samples from 1496 waterfowl and 1142 marine mammals collected from April 2014 to August 2015 and detected IAV RNA in 159 samples collected from birds (n=157) and pinnipeds (n=2). HP IAV RNA was identified in three samples originating from American wigeon (Anas americana). Genetic sequence data were generated for a clade 2.3.4.4 HP IAV-positive diagnostic sample and 57 LP IAV isolates. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the HP IAV was a reassortant H5N8 virus with gene segments closely related to LP IAVs detected in mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) sampled in California and other IAVs detected in wild birds sampled within the Pacific Americas Flyway. In addition, our analysis provided support for common ancestry between LP IAVs recovered from waterfowl sampled in California and gene segments of reassortant HP H5N1 IAVs detected in British Columbia, Canada and Washington, USA. Our investigation provides evidence that waterfowl are likely to have played a role in the evolution of reassortant HP IAVs in the Pacific Americas Flyway during 2014–2015, whereas we did not find support for spill-over infections in potential pinniped hosts.
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The Interplay between the Host Receptor and Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071541. [PMID: 28714909 PMCID: PMC5536029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins of influenza A virus are responsible for the surface interactions of the virion with the host. Entry of the virus is mediated by functions of the HA: binding to cellular receptors and facilitating fusion of the virion membrane with the endosomal membrane. The HA structure contains receptor binding sites in the globular membrane distal head domains of the trimer, and the fusion machinery resides in the stem region. These sites have specific characteristics associated with subtype and host, and the differences often define species barriers. For example, avian viruses preferentially recognize α2,3-Sialic acid terminating glycans as receptors and mammalian viruses recognize α2,6-Sialic acid. The neuraminidase, or the receptor-destroying protein, cleaves the sialic acid from cellular membrane constituents and viral glycoproteins allowing for egress of nascent virions. A functional balance of activity has been demonstrated between the two glycoproteins, resulting in an optimum level of HA affinity and NA enzymatic cleavage to allow for productive infection. As more is understood about both HA and NA, the relevance for functional balance between HA and NA continues to expand, with potential implications for interspecies transmission, host adaptation, and pathogenicity.
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25
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Harris KA, Freidl GS, Munoz OS, von Dobschuetz S, De Nardi M, Wieland B, Koopmans MPG, Stärk KDC, van Reeth K, Dauphin G, Meijer A, de Bruin E, Capua I, Hill AA, Kosmider R, Banks J, Stevens K, van der Werf S, Enouf V, van der Meulen K, Brown IH, Alexander DJ, Breed AC. Epidemiological Risk Factors for Animal Influenza A Viruses Overcoming Species Barriers. ECOHEALTH 2017; 14:342-360. [PMID: 28523412 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1244-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Drivers and risk factors for Influenza A virus transmission across species barriers are poorly understood, despite the ever present threat to human and animal health potentially on a pandemic scale. Here we review the published evidence for epidemiological risk factors associated with influenza viruses transmitting between animal species and from animals to humans. A total of 39 papers were found with evidence of epidemiological risk factors for influenza virus transmission from animals to humans; 18 of which had some statistical measure associated with the transmission of a virus. Circumstantial or observational evidence of risk factors for transmission between animal species was found in 21 papers, including proximity to infected animals, ingestion of infected material and potential association with a species known to carry influenza virus. Only three publications were found which presented a statistical measure of an epidemiological risk factor for the transmission of influenza between animal species. This review has identified a significant gap in knowledge regarding epidemiological risk factors for the transmission of influenza viruses between animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A Harris
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Gudrun S Freidl
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olga S Munoz
- OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
- One Health Center of Excellence, Emerging Pathogens Institute and Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences-Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sophie von Dobschuetz
- Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, UK
- Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - Marco De Nardi
- OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
- SAFOSO AG, Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Wieland
- International Livestock Research Institute ILRI, Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kristien van Reeth
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gwen Dauphin
- Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - Adam Meijer
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin de Bruin
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ilaria Capua
- OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
- One Health Center of Excellence, Emerging Pathogens Institute and Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences-Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Andy A Hill
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
- Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, UK
- BAE Systems, Farnborough, UK
| | - Rowena Kosmider
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Jill Banks
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | | | | | | | - Karen van der Meulen
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ian H Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Dennis J Alexander
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Andrew C Breed
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
- Epidemiology and One Health Section, Department of Water Resources, Canberra, Australia.
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27
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Puryear WB, Keogh M, Hill N, Moxley J, Josephson E, Davis KR, Bandoro C, Lidgard D, Bogomolni A, Levin M, Lang S, Hammill M, Bowen D, Johnston DW, Romano T, Waring G, Runstadler J. Prevalence of influenza A virus in live-captured North Atlantic gray seals: a possible wild reservoir. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e81. [PMID: 27485496 PMCID: PMC5034098 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) has been associated with multiple unusual mortality events (UMEs) in North Atlantic pinnipeds, frequently attributed to spillover of virus from wild-bird reservoirs. To determine if endemic infection persists outside of UMEs, we undertook a multiyear investigation of IAV in healthy, live-captured Northwest Atlantic gray seals (Halichoerus grypus). From 2013 to 2015, we sampled 345 pups and 57 adults from Cape Cod, MA, USA and Nova Scotia, Canada consistently detecting IAV infection across all groups. There was an overall viral prevalence of 9.0% (95% confidence interval (CI): 6.4%-12.5%) in weaned pups and 5.3% (CI: 1.2%-14.6%) in adults, with seroprevalences of 19.3% (CI: 15.0%-24.5%) and 50% (CI: 33.7%-66.4%), respectively. Positive sera showed a broad reactivity to diverse influenza subtypes. IAV status did not correlate with measures of animal health nor impact animal movement or foraging. This study demonstrated that Northwest Atlantic gray seals are both permissive to and tolerant of diverse IAV, possibly representing an endemically infected wild reservoir population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nichola Hill
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Josephson
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | | | | | - Damian Lidgard
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1C2
| | | | - Milton Levin
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA
| | - Shelley Lang
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada B2Y 4A2
| | - Michael Hammill
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada B2Y 4A2
| | - Don Bowen
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada B2Y 4A2
| | | | | | - Gordon Waring
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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van den Brand JMA, Wohlsein P, Herfst S, Bodewes R, Pfankuche VM, van de Bildt MWG, Seehusen F, Puff C, Richard M, Siebert U, Lehnert K, Bestebroer T, Lexmond P, Fouchier RAM, Prenger-Berninghoff E, Herbst W, Koopmans M, Osterhaus ADME, Kuiken T, Baumgärtner W. Influenza A (H10N7) Virus Causes Respiratory Tract Disease in Harbor Seals and Ferrets. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159625. [PMID: 27448168 PMCID: PMC4957826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses sporadically cross the species barrier to mammals, including humans, in which they may cause epidemic disease. Recently such an epidemic occurred due to the emergence of avian influenza virus of the subtype H10N7 (Seal/H10N7) in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). This epidemic caused high mortality in seals along the north-west coast of Europe and represented a potential risk for human health. To characterize the spectrum of lesions and to identify the target cells and viral distribution, findings in 16 harbor seals spontaneously infected with Seal/H10N7 are described. The seals had respiratory tract inflammation extending from the nasal cavity to bronchi associated with intralesional virus antigen in respiratory epithelial cells. Virus infection was restricted to the respiratory tract. The fatal outcome of the viral infection in seals was most likely caused by secondary bacterial infections. To investigate the pathogenic potential of H10N7 infection for humans, we inoculated the seal virus intratracheally into six ferrets and performed pathological and virological analyses at 3 and 7 days post inoculation. These experimentally inoculated ferrets displayed mild clinical signs, virus excretion from the pharynx and respiratory tract inflammation extending from bronchi to alveoli that was associated with virus antigen expression exclusively in the respiratory epithelium. Virus was isolated only from the respiratory tract. In conclusion, Seal/H10N7 infection in naturally infected harbor seals and experimentally infected ferrets shows that respiratory epithelial cells are the permissive cells for viral replication. Fatal outcome in seals was caused by secondary bacterial pneumonia similar to that in fatal human cases during influenza pandemics. Productive infection of ferrets indicates that seal/H10N7 may possess a zoonotic potential. This outbreak of LPAI from wild birds to seals demonstrates the risk of such occasions for mammals and thus humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Wohlsein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier Bodewes
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vanessa M. Pfankuche
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marco W. G. van de Bildt
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frauke Seehusen
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Puff
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research (ITAW), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Werftstraβe 6, D-25761, Büsum, Germany
| | - Kristina Lehnert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research (ITAW), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Werftstraβe 6, D-25761, Büsum, Germany
| | - Theo Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen Prenger-Berninghoff
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Straβe 85-89, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Herbst
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Straβe 85-89, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail: (TK); (WB)
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail: (TK); (WB)
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Kuiken T, Kennedy S, Barrett T, Van de Bildt MWG, Borgsteede FH, Brew SD, Codd GA, Duck C, Deaville R, Eybatov T, Forsyth MA, Foster G, Jepson PD, Kydyrmanov A, Mitrofanov I, Ward CJ, Wilson S, Osterhaus ADME. The 2000 Canine Distemper Epidemic in Caspian Seals (Phoca caspica): Pathology and Analysis of Contributory Factors. Vet Pathol 2016; 43:321-38. [PMID: 16672579 DOI: 10.1354/vp.43-3-321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
More than 10,000 Caspian seals ( Phoca caspica) were reported dead in the Caspian Sea during spring and summer 2000. We performed necropsies and extensive laboratory analyses on 18 seals, as well as examination of the pattern of strandings and variation in weather in recent years, to identify the cause of mortality and potential contributory factors. The monthly stranding rate in 2000 was up to 2.8 times the historic mean. It was preceded by an unusually mild winter, as observed before in mass mortality events of pinnipeds. The primary diagnosis in 11 of 13 seals was canine distemper, characterized by broncho-interstitial pneumonia, lymphocytic necrosis and depletion in lymphoid organs, and the presence of typical intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in multiple epithelia. Canine distemper virus infection was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction products. Organochlorine and zinc concentrations in tissues of seals with canine distemper were comparable to those of Caspian seals in previous years. Concurrent bacterial infections that may have contributed to the mortality of the seals included Bordetella bronchiseptica (4/8 seals), Streptococcus phocae (3/8), Salmonella dublin (1/8), and S. choleraesuis (1/8). A newly identified bacterium, Corynebacterium caspium, was associated with balanoposthitis in one seal. Several infectious and parasitic organisms, including poxvirus, Atopobacter phocae, Eimeria- and Sarcocystis-like organisms, and Halarachne sp. were identified in Caspian seals for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kuiken
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 1738, Rotterdam, 3000 DR, The Netherlands.
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Fereidouni S, Munoz O, Von Dobschuetz S, De Nardi M. Influenza Virus Infection of Marine Mammals. ECOHEALTH 2016; 13:161-170. [PMID: 25231137 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-014-0968-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Interspecies transmission may play a key role in the evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses. The importance of marine mammals as hosts or carriers of potential zoonotic pathogens such as highly pathogenic H5 and H7 influenza viruses is not well understood. The fact that influenza viruses are some of the few zoonotic pathogens known to have caused infection in marine mammals, evidence for direct transmission of influenza A virus H7N7 subtype from seals to man, transmission of pandemic H1N1 influenza viruses to seals and also limited evidence for long-term persistence of influenza B viruses in seal populations without significant genetic change, makes monitoring of influenza viruses in marine mammal populations worth being performed. In addition, such monitoring studies could be a great tool to better understand the ecology of influenza viruses in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Fereidouni
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Riems, Germany.
- WESCA Wildlife Network, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Olga Munoz
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padua, Italy
| | - Sophie Von Dobschuetz
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
- Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, UK
| | - Marco De Nardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padua, Italy
- SAFOSO AG, Bern, Switzerland
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Coinfection by Ureaplasma spp., Photobacterium damselae and an Actinomyces-like microorganism in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) with pleuropneumonia stranded along the Adriatic coast of Italy. Res Vet Sci 2016; 105:111-4. [PMID: 27033917 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A case of pleuropneumonia is reported in an adult male bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) found stranded in 2014 along the Central Adriatic coast of Italy. A severe pyogranulomatous pneumonia and thoracic lymphadenopathy were present at necropsy. Numerous Splendore-Hoeppli bodies were found microscopically scattered throughout the lung. Histochemical evidence of Actinomyces-like organisms was obtained from the pulmonary parenchyma, with a strain of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida and Ureaplasma spp. being also isolated from the same tissue. For the latter, a genome fragment of approximately 1400 bp from the 16s rDNA was amplified and sequenced. BLAST analysis revealed 100% identity with an uncultured Ureaplasma spp. (JQ193826.1).
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32
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Rosales SM, Vega Thurber R. Brain Meta-Transcriptomics from Harbor Seals to Infer the Role of the Microbiome and Virome in a Stranding Event. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143944. [PMID: 26630132 PMCID: PMC4668051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine diseases are becoming more frequent, and tools for identifying pathogens and disease reservoirs are needed to help prevent and mitigate epizootics. Meta-transcriptomics provides insights into disease etiology by cataloguing and comparing sequences from suspected pathogens. This method is a powerful approach to simultaneously evaluate both the viral and bacterial communities, but few studies have applied this technique in marine systems. In 2009 seven harbor seals, Phoca vitulina, stranded along the California coast from a similar brain disease of unknown cause of death (UCD). We evaluated the differences between the virome and microbiome of UCDs and harbor seals with known causes of death. Here we determined that UCD stranded animals had no viruses in their brain tissue. However, in the bacterial community, we identified Burkholderia and Coxiella burnetii as important pathogens associated with this stranding event. Burkholderia were 100% prevalent and ~2.8 log2 fold more abundant in the UCD animals. Further, while C. burnetii was found in only 35.7% of all samples, it was highly abundant (~94% of the total microbial community) in a single individual. In this harbor seal, C. burnetii showed high transcription rates of invading and translation genes, implicating it in the pathogenesis of this animal. Based on these data we propose that Burkholderia taxa and C. burnetii are potentially important opportunistic neurotropic pathogens in UCD stranded harbor seals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Rosales
- Oregon State University, Dept. of Microbiology, 226 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Rebecca Vega Thurber
- Oregon State University, Dept. of Microbiology, 226 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, United States of America
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Romero Tejeda A, Aiello R, Salomoni A, Berton V, Vascellari M, Cattoli G. Susceptibility to and transmission of H5N1 and H7N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in bank voles (Myodes glareolus). Vet Res 2015; 46:51. [PMID: 25963535 PMCID: PMC4427987 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of influenza type A (IA) infections in wild mammals populations is a critical gap in our knowledge of how IA viruses evolve in novel hosts that could be in close contact with avian reservoir species and other wild animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility to infection, the nasal shedding and the transmissibility of the H7N1 and H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses in the bank vole (Myodes glareolus), a wild rodent common throughout Europe and Asia. Two out of 24 H5N1-infected voles displayed evident respiratory distress, while H7N1-infected voles remained asymptomatic. Viable virus was isolated from nasal washes collected from animals infected with both HPAI viruses, and extra-pulmonary infection was confirmed in both experimental groups. Histopathological lesions were evident in the respiratory tract of infected animals, although immunohistochemistry positivity was only detected in lungs and trachea of two H7N1-infected voles. Both HPAI viruses were transmitted by direct contact, and seroconversion was confirmed in 50% and 12.5% of the asymptomatic sentinels in the H7N1 and H5N1 groups, respectively. Interestingly, viable virus was isolated from lungs and nasal washes collected from contact sentinels of both groups. The present study demonstrated that two non-rodent adapted HPAI viruses caused asymptomatic infection in bank voles, which shed high amounts of the viruses and were able to infect contact voles. Further investigations are needed to determine whether bank voles could be involved as silent hosts in the transmission of HPAI viruses to other mammals and domestic poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Romero Tejeda
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, 35020, Padova, Italy.
| | - Roberta Aiello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, 35020, Padova, Italy.
| | - Angela Salomoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, 35020, Padova, Italy.
| | - Valeria Berton
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, 35020, Padova, Italy.
| | - Marta Vascellari
- Histopathology Laboratory, IZSVe, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, 35020, Padova, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, 35020, Padova, Italy.
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Tryland M, Nesbakken T, Robertson L, Grahek-Ogden D, Lunestad BT. Human pathogens in marine mammal meat – a northern perspective. Zoonoses Public Health 2015; 61:377-94. [PMID: 24344685 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Only a few countries worldwide hunt seals and whales commercially. In Norway, hooded and harp seals and minke whales are commercially harvested, and coastal seals (harbour and grey seals) are hunted as game. Marine mammal meat is sold to the public and thus included in general microbiological meat control regulations. Slaughtering and dressing of marine mammals are performed in the open air on deck, and many factors on board sealing or whaling vessels may affect meat quality, such as the ice used for cooling whale meat and the seawater used for cleaning, storage of whale meat in the open air until ambient temperature is reached, and the hygienic conditions of equipment, decks, and other surfaces. Based on existing reports, it appears that meat of seal and whale does not usually represent a microbiological hazard to consumers in Norway, because human disease has not been associated with consumption of such foods. However, as hygienic control on marine mammal meat is ad hoc, mainly based on spot-testing, and addresses very few human pathogens, this conclusion may be premature. Additionally, few data from surveys or systematic quality control screenings have been published. This review examines the occurrence of potential human pathogens in marine mammals, as well as critical points for contamination of meat during the slaughter, dressing, cooling, storage and processing of meat. Some zoonotic agents are of particular relevance as foodborne pathogens, such as Trichinella spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Salmonella and Leptospira spp. In addition, Mycoplasma spp. parapoxvirus and Mycobacterium spp. constitute occupational risks during handling of marine mammals and marine mammal products. Adequate training in hygienic procedures is necessary to minimize the risk of contamination on board, and acquiring further data is essential for obtaining a realistic assessment of the microbiological risk to humans from consuming marine mammal meat.
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Osborne AJ, Pearson J, Chilvers BL, Kennedy MA, Gemmell NJ. Examining the role of components of Slc11a1 (Nramp1) in the susceptibility of New Zealand sea lions (Phocarctos hookeri) to disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122703. [PMID: 25874773 PMCID: PMC4397024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The New Zealand sea lion (NZSL, Phocarctos hookeri) is a Threatened marine mammal with a restricted distribution and a small, declining, population size. The species is susceptible to bacterial pathogens, having suffered three mass mortality events since 1998. Understanding the genetic factors linked to this susceptibility is important in mitigating population decline. The gene solute carrier family 11 member a1 (Slc11a1) plays an important role in mammalian resistance or susceptibility to a wide range of bacterial pathogens. At present, Slc11a1 has not been characterised in many taxa, and despite its known roles in mediating the effects of infectious disease agents, has not been examined as a candidate gene in susceptibility or resistance in any wild population of conservation concern. Here we examine components of Slc11a1 in NZSLs and identify: i) a polymorphic nucleotide in the promoter region; ii) putative shared transcription factor binding motifs between canids and NZSLs; and iii) a conserved polymorphic microsatellite in the first intron of Slc11a1, which together suggest conservation of Slc11a1 gene structure in otariids. At the promoter polymorphism, we demonstrate a shift away from normal allele frequency distributions and an increased likelihood of death from infectious causes with one allelic variant. While this increased likelihood is not statistically significant, lack of significance is potentially due to the complexity of genetic susceptibility to disease in wild populations. Our preliminary data highlight the potential significance of this gene in disease resistance in wild populations; further exploration of Slc11a1 will aid the understanding of susceptibility to infection in mammalian species of conservation significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J. Osborne
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - John Pearson
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - B. Louise Chilvers
- Marine Species and Threats Team, Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Martin A. Kennedy
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Neil J. Gemmell
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Structural and functional analysis of surface proteins from an A(H3N8) influenza virus isolated from New England harbor seals. J Virol 2014; 89:2801-12. [PMID: 25540377 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02723-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In late 2011, an A(H3N8) influenza virus infection resulted in the deaths of 162 New England harbor seals. Virus sequence analysis and virus receptor binding studies highlighted potential markers responsible for mammalian adaptation and a mixed receptor binding preference (S. J. Anthony, J. A. St Leger, K. Pugliares, H. S. Ip, J. M. Chan, Z. W. Carpenter, I. Navarrete-Macias, M. Sanchez-Leon, J. T. Saliki, J. Pedersen, W. Karesh, P. Daszak, R. Rabadan, T. Rowles, W. I. Lipkin, MBio 3:e00166-00112, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00166-12). Here, we present a detailed structural and biochemical analysis of the surface antigens of the virus. Results obtained with recombinant proteins for both the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase indicate a true avian receptor binding preference. Although the detection of this virus in new species highlights an increased potential for cross-species transmission, our results indicate that the A(H3N8) virus currently poses a low risk to humans. IMPORTANCE Cross-species transmission of zoonotic influenza viruses increases public health concerns. Here, we report a molecular and structural study of the major surface proteins from an A(H3N8) influenza virus isolated from New England harbor seals. The results improve our understanding of these viruses as they evolve and provide important information to aid ongoing risk assessment analyses as these zoonotic influenza viruses continue to circulate and adapt to new hosts.
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Duignan PJ, Van Bressem MF, Baker JD, Barbieri M, Colegrove KM, De Guise S, de Swart RL, Di Guardo G, Dobson A, Duprex WP, Early G, Fauquier D, Goldstein T, Goodman SJ, Grenfell B, Groch KR, Gulland F, Hall A, Jensen BA, Lamy K, Matassa K, Mazzariol S, Morris SE, Nielsen O, Rotstein D, Rowles TK, Saliki JT, Siebert U, Waltzek T, Wellehan JF. Phocine distemper virus: current knowledge and future directions. Viruses 2014; 6:5093-134. [PMID: 25533658 PMCID: PMC4276944 DOI: 10.3390/v6125093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phocine distemper virus (PDV) was first recognized in 1988 following a massive epidemic in harbor and grey seals in north-western Europe. Since then, the epidemiology of infection in North Atlantic and Arctic pinnipeds has been investigated. In the western North Atlantic endemic infection in harp and grey seals predates the European epidemic, with relatively small, localized mortality events occurring primarily in harbor seals. By contrast, PDV seems not to have become established in European harbor seals following the 1988 epidemic and a second event of similar magnitude and extent occurred in 2002. PDV is a distinct species within the Morbillivirus genus with minor sequence variation between outbreaks over time. There is now mounting evidence of PDV-like viruses in the North Pacific/Western Arctic with serological and molecular evidence of infection in pinnipeds and sea otters. However, despite the absence of associated mortality in the region, there is concern that the virus may infect the large Pacific harbor seal and northern elephant seal populations or the endangered Hawaiian monk seals. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on PDV with particular focus on developments in diagnostics, pathogenesis, immune response, vaccine development, phylogenetics and modeling over the past 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pádraig J. Duignan
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; E-Mails: (P.D.); (K.L.)
| | - Marie-Françoise Van Bressem
- Cetacean Conservation Medicine Group (CMED), Peruvian Centre for Cetacean Research (CEPEC), Pucusana, Lima 20, Peru; E-Mail:
| | - Jason D. Baker
- Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 1845 WASP Blvd., Building 176, Honolulu, Hawaii 96818, USA; E-Mails: (J.D.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Michelle Barbieri
- Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 1845 WASP Blvd., Building 176, Honolulu, Hawaii 96818, USA; E-Mails: (J.D.B.); (M.B.)
- The Marine Mammal Centre, Sausalito, CA 94965, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Kathleen M. Colegrove
- Zoological Pathology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Sylvain De Guise
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, and Connecticut Sea Grant College Program, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Rik L. de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands; E-Mail:
| | - Giovanni Di Guardo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Andrew Dobson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-2016, USA; E-Mails: (A.D.); (B.G.); (S.E.M.)
| | - W. Paul Duprex
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, 620 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Greg Early
- Greg Early, Integrated Statistics, 87 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Deborah Fauquier
- National Marine Fisheries Service/National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; E-Mails: (D.F.); (T.K.R.)
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Simon J. Goodman
- School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Bryan Grenfell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-2016, USA; E-Mails: (A.D.); (B.G.); (S.E.M.)
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-2220, USA
| | - Kátia R. Groch
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Frances Gulland
- The Marine Mammal Centre, Sausalito, CA 94965, USA; E-Mail:
- Marine Mammal Commission, 4340 East-West Highway, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Ailsa Hall
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Brenda A. Jensen
- Department of Natural Sciences, Hawai’i Pacific University, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Karina Lamy
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada; E-Mails: (P.D.); (K.L.)
| | - Keith Matassa
- Keith Matassa, Pacific Marine Mammal Center, 20612 Laguna Canyon Road, Laguna Beach, CA 92651, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Sandro Mazzariol
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro Padua, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Sinead E. Morris
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-2016, USA; E-Mails: (A.D.); (B.G.); (S.E.M.)
| | - Ole Nielsen
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Central and Arctic Region, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - David Rotstein
- David Rotstein, Marine Mammal Pathology Services, 19117 Bloomfield Road, Olney, MD 20832, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Teresa K. Rowles
- National Marine Fisheries Service/National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; E-Mails: (D.F.); (T.K.R.)
| | - Jeremy T. Saliki
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, GA 30602, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover 30173, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Thomas Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, FL 32611, USA; E-Mail:
| | - James F.X. Wellehan
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, FL 32610, USA; E-Mail:
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Li ZN, Ip HS, Trost JF, White CL, Murray MJ, Carney PJ, Sun XJ, Stevens J, Levine MZ, Katz JM. Serologic evidence of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection in northern sea otters. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20:915-7. [PMID: 24751396 PMCID: PMC4012822 DOI: 10.3201/eid2005.131890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Greig DJ, Gulland FMD, Smith WA, Conrad PA, Field CL, Fleetwood M, Harvey JT, Ip HS, Jang S, Packham A, Wheeler E, Hall AJ. Surveillance for zoonotic and selected pathogens in harbor seals Phoca vitulina from central California. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 111:93-106. [PMID: 25266897 DOI: 10.3354/dao02762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The infection status of harbor seals Phoca vitulina in central California, USA, was evaluated through broad surveillance for pathogens in stranded and wild-caught animals from 2001 to 2008, with most samples collected in 2007 and 2008. Stranded animals from Mendocino County to San Luis Obispo County were sampled at a rehabilitation facility: The Marine Mammal Center (TMMC, n = 175); wild-caught animals were sampled at 2 locations: San Francisco Bay (SF, n = 78) and Tomales Bay (TB, n = 97), that differed in degree of urbanization. Low prevalences of Salmonella, Campylobacter, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium were detected in the feces of stranded and wild-caught seals. Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli were more prevalent in the feces of stranded (58% [78 out of 135] and 76% [102 out of 135]) than wild-caught (42% [45 out of 106] and 66% [68 out of 106]) seals, whereas Vibrio spp. were 16 times more likely to be cultured from the feces of seals from SF than TB or TMMC (p < 0.005). Brucella DNA was detected in 3.4% of dead stranded harbor seals (2 out of 58). Type A influenza was isolated from feces of 1 out of 96 wild-caught seals. Exposure to Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis neurona, and type A influenza was only detected in the wild-caught harbor seals (post-weaning age classes), whereas antibody titers to Leptospira spp. were detected in stranded and wild-caught seals. No stranded (n = 109) or wild-caught (n = 217) harbor seals had antibodies to phocine distemper virus, although a single low titer to canine distemper virus was detected. These results highlight the role of harbor seals as sentinel species for zoonotic and terrestrial pathogens in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise J Greig
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 8LB, UK
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Respiratory transmission of an avian H3N8 influenza virus isolated from a harbour seal. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4791. [PMID: 25183346 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing human H7N9 influenza infections highlight the threat of emerging avian influenza viruses. In 2011, an avian H3N8 influenza virus isolated from moribund New England harbour seals was shown to have naturally acquired mutations known to increase the transmissibility of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses. To elucidate the potential human health threat, here we evaluate a panel of avian H3N8 viruses and find that the harbour seal virus displays increased affinity for mammalian receptors, transmits via respiratory droplets in ferrets and replicates in human lung cells. Analysis of a panel of human sera for H3N8 neutralizing antibodies suggests that there is no population-wide immunity to these viruses. The prevalence of H3N8 viruses in birds and multiple mammalian species including recent isolations from pigs and evidence that it was a past human pandemic virus make the need for surveillance and risk analysis of these viruses of public health importance.
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41
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Influenza A virus polymerase is a site for adaptive changes during experimental evolution in bat cells. J Virol 2014; 88:12572-85. [PMID: 25142579 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01857-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The recent identification of highly divergent influenza A viruses in bats revealed a new, geographically dispersed viral reservoir. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of host-restricted viral tropism and the potential for transmission of viruses between humans and bats, we exposed a panel of cell lines from bats of diverse species to a prototypical human-origin influenza A virus. All of the tested bat cell lines were susceptible to influenza A virus infection. Experimental evolution of human and avian-like viruses in bat cells resulted in efficient replication and created highly cytopathic variants. Deep sequencing of adapted human influenza A virus revealed a mutation in the PA polymerase subunit not previously described, M285K. Recombinant virus with the PA M285K mutation completely phenocopied the adapted virus. Adaptation of an avian virus-like virus resulted in the canonical PB2 E627K mutation that is required for efficient replication in other mammals. None of the adaptive mutations occurred in the gene for viral hemagglutinin, a gene that frequently acquires changes to recognize host-specific variations in sialic acid receptors. We showed that human influenza A virus uses canonical sialic acid receptors to infect bat cells, even though bat influenza A viruses do not appear to use these receptors for virus entry. Our results demonstrate that bats are unique hosts that select for both a novel mutation and a well-known adaptive mutation in the viral polymerase to support replication. IMPORTANCE Bats constitute well-known reservoirs for viruses that may be transferred into human populations, sometimes with fatal consequences. Influenza A viruses have recently been identified in bats, dramatically expanding the known host range of this virus. Here we investigated the replication of human influenza A virus in bat cell lines and the barriers that the virus faces in this new host. Human influenza A and B viruses infected cells from geographically and evolutionarily diverse New and Old World bats. Viruses mutated during infections in bat cells, resulting in increased replication and cytopathic effects. These mutations were mapped to the viral polymerase and shown to be solely responsible for adaptation to bat cells. Our data suggest that replication of human influenza A viruses in a nonnative host drives the evolution of new variants and may be an important source of genetic diversity.
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Shaw SD, Berger ML, Weijs L, Päpke O, Covaci A. Polychlorinated biphenyls still pose significant health risks to northwest Atlantic harbor seals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 490:477-487. [PMID: 24875260 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been detected at relatively high concentrations in harbor seals, apex predators in the northwest Atlantic. As part of an ongoing assessment of the effects of PCBs on population health, we analyzed tri- to deca-PCBs in the liver of 56 harbor seals (6 adult males, 50 pups) and in 11 blubber samples (4 adult males, 7 pups) and examined tissue-specific accumulation patterns, biomagnification potential, and toxic implications of current PCB concentrations. Hepatic ∑30PCB concentrations (overall mean±standard deviation: 76,860±111,800 ng/g lipid weight, lw) were higher than blubber concentrations (48,180±69,420 ng/g lw). Regional trends were suggestive of fresh PCB inputs from the industrialized, densely populated southern coast of New England versus the rural north. The lack of temporal trends confirmed that tissue concentrations of PCBs have plateaued since the early 1990s. Tissue distribution of PCBs varied significantly by age and, surprisingly by gender among the pups. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that lighter PCBs are selectively transferred from mother to pup blubber in relation to lipid solubility (log Kow), but heavier PCBs may be efficiently transferred during late lactation from mother to pup liver. Biomagnification factors (BMFs) for ∑6PCBs from prey fish to adult male seals ranged from 90 to 547 in the liver and 88 to 532 in the blubber, and suggested that molecular structure and metabolic capacity were more important influences than log Kow on the retention of PCBs. Blubber concentrations of ∑30PCBs in 87% of the pups were an order of magnitude higher than recent toxic reference values (TRVs) calculated for ∑154PCBs in nursing harbor seals, suggesting that the pups are at risk for PCB-mediated toxicity at a vulnerable stage of development. Given the recurring pattern of epizootics in these seals, the health of the population is of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Shaw
- Marine Environmental Research Institute, Center for Marine Studies, P.O. Box 1652, Blue Hill, ME 04614, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA.
| | - Michelle L Berger
- Marine Environmental Research Institute, Center for Marine Studies, P.O. Box 1652, Blue Hill, ME 04614, USA
| | - Liesbeth Weijs
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Olaf Päpke
- Eurofins-ERGO, Neuländerkamp 1, 21079 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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Groth M, Lange J, Kanrai P, Pleschka S, Scholtissek C, Krumbholz A, Platzer M, Sauerbrei A, Zell R. The genome of an influenza virus from a pilot whale: relation to influenza viruses of gulls and marine mammals. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 24:183-6. [PMID: 24704761 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus A/whale/Maine/328B/1984 (H13N2) was isolated from a diseased pilot whale. Since only a partial sequence was available, its complete genome was sequenced and compared to the sequences of subtype H13 influenza viruses from shorebirds and various influenza viruses of marine mammals. The data reveal a rare genotype constellation with all gene segments derived of an influenza virus adapted to gulls, terns and waders. In contrast, the phylogenetic trees indicate that the majority of influenza viruses isolated from marine mammals derived from influenza viruses adapted to geese and ducks. We conclude that A/whale/Maine/328B/1984 is the first record of an infection of a marine mammal from a gull-origin influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Groth
- Genome Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Leibniz Institute of Age Research, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jeannette Lange
- Department of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Hans-Knoell-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Pumaree Kanrai
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, Schubertstrasse 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, Schubertstrasse 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Scholtissek
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, Schubertstrasse 81, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andi Krumbholz
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Str. 4, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Platzer
- Genome Research, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Leibniz Institute of Age Research, Beutenbergstr. 11, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Sauerbrei
- Department of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Hans-Knoell-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Roland Zell
- Department of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Hans-Knoell-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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Abstract
Wild aquatic bird populations have long been considered the natural reservoir for influenza A viruses with virus transmission from these birds seeding other avian and mammalian hosts. While most evidence still supports this dogma, recent studies in bats have suggested other reservoir species may also exist. Extensive surveillance studies coupled with an enhanced awareness in response to H5N1 and pandemic 2009 H1N1 outbreaks is also revealing a growing list of animals susceptible to infection with influenza A viruses. Although in a relatively stable host-pathogen interaction in aquatic birds, antigenic, and genetic evolution of influenza A viruses often accompanies interspecies transmission as the virus adapts to a new host. The evolutionary changes in the new hosts result from a number of processes including mutation, reassortment, and recombination. Depending on host and virus these changes can be accompanied by disease outbreaks impacting wildlife, veterinary, and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Woo Yoon
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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Burge CA, Mark Eakin C, Friedman CS, Froelich B, Hershberger PK, Hofmann EE, Petes LE, Prager KC, Weil E, Willis BL, Ford SE, Harvell CD. Climate change influences on marine infectious diseases: implications for management and society. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2014; 6:249-77. [PMID: 23808894 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010213-135029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are common in marine environments, but the effects of a changing climate on marine pathogens are not well understood. Here we review current knowledge about how the climate drives host-pathogen interactions and infectious disease outbreaks. Climate-related impacts on marine diseases are being documented in corals, shellfish, finfish, and humans; these impacts are less clearly linked for other organisms. Oceans and people are inextricably linked, and marine diseases can both directly and indirectly affect human health, livelihoods, and well-being. We recommend an adaptive management approach to better increase the resilience of ocean systems vulnerable to marine diseases in a changing climate. Land-based management methods of quarantining, culling, and vaccinating are not successful in the ocean; therefore, forecasting conditions that lead to outbreaks and designing tools/approaches to influence these conditions may be the best way to manage marine disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen A Burge
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; , *
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Priore SF, Moss WN, Turner DH. Influenza B virus has global ordered RNA structure in (+) and (-) strands but relatively less stable predicted RNA folding free energy than allowed by the encoded protein sequence. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:330. [PMID: 23958134 PMCID: PMC3765861 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza A virus contributes to seasonal epidemics and pandemics and contains Global Ordered RNA structure (GORS) in the nucleoprotein (NP), non-structural (NS), PB2, and M segments. A related virus, influenza B, is also a major annual public health threat, but unlike influenza A is very selective to human hosts. This study extends the search for GORS to influenza B. Findings A survey of all available influenza B sequences reveals GORS in the (+) and (−)RNAs of the NP, NS, PB2, and PB1 gene segments. The results are similar to influenza A, except GORS is observed for the M1 segment of influenza A but not for PB1. In general, the folding free energies of human-specific influenza B RNA segments are less stable than allowable by the encoded amino acid sequence. This is consistent with findings in influenza A, where human-specific influenza RNA folds are less stable than avian and swine strains. Conclusions These results reveal fundamental molecular similarities and differences between Influenza A and B and suggest a rational basis for choosing segments to target with therapeutics and for viral attenuation for live vaccines by altering RNA folding stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore F Priore
- Department of Chemistry and Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627-0216, USA.
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47
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Feng Z, Gomez J, Bowman AS, Ye J, Long LP, Nelson SW, Yang J, Martin B, Jia K, Nolting JM, Cunningham F, Cardona C, Zhang J, Yoon KJ, Slemons RD, Wan XF. Antigenic characterization of H3N2 influenza A viruses from Ohio agricultural fairs. J Virol 2013; 87:7655-67. [PMID: 23637412 PMCID: PMC3700273 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00804-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The demonstrated link between the emergence of H3N2 variant (H3N2v) influenza A viruses (IAVs) and swine exposure at agricultural fairs has raised concerns about the human health risk posed by IAV-infected swine. Understanding the antigenic profiles of IAVs circulating in pigs at agricultural fairs is critical to developing effective prevention and control strategies. Here, 68 H3N2 IAV isolates recovered from pigs at Ohio fairs (2009 to 2011) were antigenically characterized. These isolates were compared with other H3 IAVs recovered from commercial swine, wild birds, and canines, along with human seasonal and variant H3N2 IAVs. Antigenic cartography demonstrated that H3N2 IAV isolates from Ohio fairs could be divided into two antigenic groups: (i) the 2009 fair isolates and (ii) the 2010 and 2011 fair isolates. These same two antigenic clusters have also been observed in commercial swine populations in recent years. Human H3N2v isolates from 2010 and 2011 are antigenically clustered with swine-origin IAVs from the same time period. The isolates recovered from pigs at fairs did not cross-react with ferret antisera produced against the human seasonal H3N2 IAVs circulating during the past decade, raising the question of the degree of immunity that the human population has to swine-origin H3N2 IAVs. Our results demonstrate that H3N2 IAVs infecting pigs at fairs and H3N2v isolates were antigenically similar to the IAVs circulating in commercial swine, demonstrating that exhibition swine can function as a bridge between commercial swine and the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Feng
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Janet Gomez
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Andrew S. Bowman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Li-Ping Long
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Sarah W. Nelson
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jialiang Yang
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Brigitte Martin
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Kun Jia
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jacqueline M. Nolting
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Fred Cunningham
- USDA/APHIS/WS, National Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi Field Station, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Carol Cardona
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Kyoung-Jin Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Richard D. Slemons
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
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48
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Boyce WM, Mena I, Yochem PK, Gulland FM, García-Sastre A, Moreno N, Perez DR, Gonzalez-Reiche AS, Stewart BS. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection in marine mammals in California. Emerg Microbes Infect 2013; 2:e40. [PMID: 26038474 PMCID: PMC3698372 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2013.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter M Boyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California , Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ignacio Mena
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , NY 10029, USA
| | - Pamela K Yochem
- Physiology and Ocean Health Program, Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute , San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | | | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , NY 10029, USA
| | - Noelia Moreno
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , NY 10029, USA
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ana S Gonzalez-Reiche
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Brent S Stewart
- Ecology Program , Hubbs-SeaWorld Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
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de Groot NG, Bontrop RE. The HIV-1 pandemic: does the selective sweep in chimpanzees mirror humankind's future? Retrovirology 2013; 10:53. [PMID: 23705941 PMCID: PMC3667106 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An HIV-1 infection progresses in most human individuals sooner or later into AIDS, a devastating disease that kills more than a million people worldwide on an annual basis. Nonetheless, certain HIV-1-infected persons appear to act as long-term non-progressors, and elite control is associated with the presence of particular MHC class I allotypes such as HLA-B*27 or -B*57. The HIV-1 pandemic in humans arose from the cross-species transmission of SIVcpz originating from chimpanzees. Chimpanzees, however, appear to be relatively resistant to developing AIDS after HIV-1/SIVcpz infection. Mounting evidence illustrates that, in the distant past, chimpanzees experienced a selective sweep resulting in a severe reduction of their MHC class I repertoire. This was most likely caused by an HIV-1/SIV-like retrovirus, suggesting that chimpanzees may have experienced long-lasting host-virus relationships with SIV-like viruses. Hence, if natural selection is allowed to follow its course, prospects for the human population may look grim, thus underscoring the desperate need for an effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja G de Groot
- Department of Comparative Genetics and Refinement, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
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Goldstein T, Mena I, Anthony SJ, Medina R, Robinson PW, Greig DJ, Costa DP, Lipkin WI, Garcia-Sastre A, Boyce WM. Pandemic H1N1 influenza isolated from free-ranging Northern Elephant Seals in 2010 off the central California coast. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62259. [PMID: 23690933 PMCID: PMC3655164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecies transmission of influenza A is an important factor in the evolution and ecology of influenza viruses. Marine mammals are in contact with a number of influenza reservoirs, including aquatic birds and humans, and this may facilitate transmission among avian and mammalian hosts. Virus isolation, whole genome sequencing, and hemagluttination inhibition assay confirmed that exposure to pandemic H1N1 influenza virus occurred among free-ranging Northern Elephant Seals (Mirounga angustirostris) in 2010. Nasal swabs were collected from 42 adult female seals in April 2010, just after the animals had returned to the central California coast from their short post-breeding migration in the northeast Pacific. Swabs from two seals tested positive by RT-PCR for the matrix gene, and virus was isolated from each by inoculation into embryonic chicken eggs. Whole genome sequencing revealed greater than 99% homology with A/California/04/2009 (H1N1) that emerged in humans from swine in 2009. Analysis of more than 300 serum samples showed that samples collected early in 2010 (n = 100) were negative and by April animals began to test positive for antibodies against the pH1N1 virus (HI titer of ≥1∶40), supporting the molecular findings. In vitro characterizations studies revealed that viral replication was indistinguishable from that of reference strains of pH1N1 in canine kidney cells, but replication was inefficient in human epithelial respiratory cells, indicating these isolates may be elephant seal adapted viruses. Thus findings confirmed that exposure to pandemic H1N1 that was circulating in people in 2009 occurred among free-ranging Northern Elephant Seals in 2010 off the central California coast. This is the first report of pH1N1 (A/Elephant seal/California/1/2010) in any marine mammal and provides evidence for cross species transmission of influenza viruses in free-ranging wildlife and movement of influenza viruses between humans and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
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