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Zurell D, Schifferle K, Herrando S, Keller V, Lehikoinen A, Sattler T, Wiedenroth L. Range and climate niche shifts in European and North American breeding birds. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230013. [PMID: 38583472 PMCID: PMC10999265 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Species respond dynamically to climate change and exhibit time lags. Consequently, species may not occupy their full climatic niche during range shifting. Here, we assessed climate niche tracking during recent range shifts of European and United States (US) birds. Using data from two European bird atlases and from the North American Breeding Bird Survey between the 1980s and 2010s, we analysed range overlap and climate niche overlap based on kernel density estimation. Phylogenetic multiple regression was used to assess the effect of species morphological, ecological and biogeographic traits on range and niche metrics. European birds shifted their ranges north and north-eastwards, US birds westwards. Range unfilling was lower than expected by null models, and niche expansion was more common than niche unfilling. Also, climate niche tracking was generally lower in US birds and poorly explained by species traits. Overall, our results suggest that dispersal limitations were minor in range shifting birds in Europe and the USA while delayed extinctions from unfavourable areas seem more important. Regional differences could be related to differences in land use history and monitoring schemes. Comparative analyses of range and niche shifts provide a useful screening approach for identifying the importance of transient dynamics and time-lagged responses to climate change. This article is part of the theme issue 'Ecological novelty and planetary stewardship: biodiversity dynamics in a transforming biosphere'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Zurell
- Ecology and Macroecology Laboratory, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Katrin Schifferle
- Ecology and Macroecology Laboratory, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sergi Herrando
- European Bird Census Council (EBCC), Prague, CZ-150 00, Czech Republic
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, ES-08193, Spain
- Catalan Ornithological Institute (ICO), Natural Science Museum of Barcelona, Barcelona, ES-08019, Spain
| | - Verena Keller
- European Bird Census Council (EBCC), Prague, CZ-150 00, Czech Republic
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, 6204 Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Aleksi Lehikoinen
- European Bird Census Council (EBCC), Prague, CZ-150 00, Czech Republic
- The Helsinki Laboratory of Ornithology, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Thomas Sattler
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, 6204 Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Levin Wiedenroth
- Ecology and Macroecology Laboratory, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
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2
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Grünwald J, Hanzelka J, Voříšek P, Reif J. Long-term population trends of 48 urban bird species correspond between urban and rural areas. iScience 2024; 27:109717. [PMID: 38706865 PMCID: PMC11066430 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Colonization of urban areas by wild species is a widespread phenomenon investigated from various ecological and evolutionary perspectives, yet long-term population trends of organisms in urban areas remain understudied. To fill this knowledge gap, we used data from a large-scale breeding bird monitoring scheme and computed population trends in 48 urban bird species in urban and rural areas of a central European country, Czechia. In most species, trends were similar in both environments, indicating common drivers and/or connections between urban and rural populations. In species with significant trends, the positive trends prevailed, suggesting good performance of urbanized species. This may result from wildlife-friendly environmental changes in cities, such as the expansion of green areas and the maturing of woody vegetation. In respect to species traits, more positive trends were found in larger species than in smaller species in both habitats, likely due to the recovery of previously depleted populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Grünwald
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Hanzelka
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petr Voříšek
- European Bird Census Council, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Czech Society for Ornithology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiří Reif
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
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3
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Katayama N, Fujita T, Ueta M, Morelli F, Amano T. Effects of human depopulation and warming climate on bird populations in Japan. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2024; 38:e14175. [PMID: 37650391 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying biodiversity trends in economically developed countries, where depopulation, associated secondary succession, and climate warming are ongoing, provides insights for global biodiversity conservation in the 21st century. However, few studies have assessed the impacts of secondary succession and climate warming on species' population trends at a national scale. We estimated the population trends of common breeding bird species in Japan and examined the associations between the overall population trend and species traits with the nationwide bird count data on 47 species collected from 2009 to 2020. The overall population trend varied among species. Four species populations increased moderately, 18 were stable, and 11 declined moderately. Population trends for 13 species were uncertain. The difference in overall trends among the species was associated with their habitat group and temperature niche. Species with relatively low-temperature niches experienced more pronounced declines. Multispecies indicators showed a moderate increase in forest specialists and moderate declines in forest generalists (species that use both forests and open habitats) and open-habitat specialists. Forest generalists and open-habitat specialists also declined more rapidly at sites with more abandoned farmland. All species groups showed an accelerated decline or decelerated increase after 2015. These results suggest that common breeding birds in Japan are facing deteriorating trends as a result of nationwide changes in land use and climate. Future land-use planning and policies should consider the benefits of passive rewilding for forest specialists and active restoration measures (e.g., low-intensive forestry and agriculture) for nonforest specialists to effectively conserve biodiversity in the era of human depopulation and climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Katayama
- Division of Agroecosystem Management Research, Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences NARO, Tsukuba-shi, Japan
| | - Taku Fujita
- The Nature Conservation Society of Japan, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | | | - Federico Morelli
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Tatsuya Amano
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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4
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Tirozzi P, Massimino D, Bani L. Avian responses to climate extremes: insights into abundance curves and species sensitivity using the UK Breeding Bird Survey. Oecologia 2024; 204:241-255. [PMID: 38244056 PMCID: PMC10830718 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05504-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Climate change remains one of the most urgent challenges for biodiversity conservation. Recent studies have highlighted that climate extremes (CLEXs) can lead to widespread and negative effects across all taxa and ecological levels, but most of these studies are based on short-term periods and small spatial scales and lack a multi-species approach. Here, using generalised additive models (GAMs) and the UK Breeding Bird Survey (BBS), we described response curves for the abundance of 100 resident bird species over large spatial and temporal scales and identified the species showing a greater sensitivity to CLEXs. We used five climatic indices computed at 1-km spatial resolution as proxies of CLEXs during the winter or breeding season and considered both 1- and 2-year lagged effects. The results demonstrated widespread and significant effects of CLEXs on bird abundances at both time lags and in both seasons. Winter frost days (FD0), summer days (SU25) during the breeding season and simple precipitation intensity index (SDII) during the breeding season mainly showed negative effects. Daily temperature range (DTR) in both winter and breeding season and dry days (DD) during the breeding season led to diversified responses across the species, with a prevalence of positive effects. A large proportion of species showed a high sensitivity to CLEXs, highlighting that these species may deserve attention in future studies aimed at biodiversity conservation. We demonstrated that CLEXs can represent a significant driver affecting population abundances over large spatial and temporal scales, emphasising the need for understanding mechanistic processes at the basis of the observed effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Tirozzi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy.
- National Biodiversity Future Center, NBFC, 90133, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Dario Massimino
- British Trust for Ornithology, BTO, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk, IP24 2PU, UK
| | - Luciano Bani
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center, NBFC, 90133, Palermo, Italy
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5
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Howard C, Marjakangas EL, Morán-Ordóñez A, Milanesi P, Abuladze A, Aghababyan K, Ajder V, Arkumarev V, Balmer DE, Bauer HG, Beale CM, Bino T, Boyla KA, Burfield IJ, Burke B, Caffrey B, Chodkiewicz T, Del Moral JC, Mazal VD, Fernández N, Fornasari L, Gerlach B, Godinho C, Herrando S, Ieronymidou C, Johnston A, Jovicevic M, Kalyakin M, Keller V, Knaus P, Kotrošan D, Kuzmenko T, Leitão D, Lindström Å, Maxhuni Q, Mihelič T, Mikuska T, Molina B, Nagy K, Noble D, Øien IJ, Paquet JY, Pladevall C, Portolou D, Radišić D, Rajkov S, Rajković DZ, Raudonikis L, Sattler T, Saveljić D, Shimmings P, Sjenicic J, Šťastný K, Stoychev S, Strus I, Sudfeldt C, Sultanov E, Szép T, Teufelbauer N, Uzunova D, van Turnhout CAM, Velevski M, Vikstrøm T, Vintchevski A, Voltzit O, Voříšek P, Wilk T, Zurell D, Brotons L, Lehikoinen A, Willis SG. Local colonisations and extinctions of European birds are poorly explained by changes in climate suitability. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4304. [PMID: 37474503 PMCID: PMC10359363 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change has been associated with both latitudinal and elevational shifts in species' ranges. The extent, however, to which climate change has driven recent range shifts alongside other putative drivers remains uncertain. Here, we use the changing distributions of 378 European breeding bird species over 30 years to explore the putative drivers of recent range dynamics, considering the effects of climate, land cover, other environmental variables, and species' traits on the probability of local colonisation and extinction. On average, species shifted their ranges by 2.4 km/year. These shifts, however, were significantly different from expectations due to changing climate and land cover. We found that local colonisation and extinction events were influenced primarily by initial climate conditions and by species' range traits. By contrast, changes in climate suitability over the period were less important. This highlights the limitations of using only climate and land cover when projecting future changes in species' ranges and emphasises the need for integrative, multi-predictor approaches for more robust forecasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Howard
- Conservation Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Emma-Liina Marjakangas
- The Helsinki Lab of Ornithology, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alejandra Morán-Ordóñez
- Ecological and Forestry Applications Research Centre (CREAF), 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Forest Science and Tecnology Centre (CTFC), Carretera vella de Sant Llorenç de Morunys km 2, 25280, Sant Llorenç de Morunys, Spain
| | - Pietro Milanesi
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, 6204, Sempach, Switzerland
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Via F. Selmi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Aleksandre Abuladze
- Institute of Zoology, Ilia State University, Kakutsa Cholokashvili Ave 3 / 5, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia
| | - Karen Aghababyan
- BirdLinks Armenia (former TSE-Towards Sustainable Ecosystems) NGO, 87b Dimitrov, apt 14, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Vitalie Ajder
- Society for Birds and Nature Protection, Leova, Republic of Moldova
- Moldova State University, A.Mateevici str. 60, Chişinău, Republic of Moldova
| | - Volen Arkumarev
- Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds/BirdLife Bulgaria, Sofia 1111, Yavorov complex, bl. 71, en. 1, ap. 1, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Dawn E Balmer
- British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk, IP24 2PU, UK
- Atlas Steering Committee, European Bird Census Council, Na Bělidle 34, CZ-150 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Hans-Günther Bauer
- Atlas Steering Committee, European Bird Census Council, Na Bělidle 34, CZ-150 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
- Max-Planck Institute of Animal Behaviour, Am Obstberg 1, 78315, Radolfzell, Germany
| | - Colin M Beale
- York Environmental Sustainability Institute, University of York, York, YO10 5NG, UK
- Department of Biology, University of York, YO10 5DD, York, UK
| | - Taulant Bino
- Albanian Ornithological Society, Rr. "Vaso Pasha", Nd. 4, Apt. 3, 1004, Tirana, Albania
| | - Kerem Ali Boyla
- WWF Turkey, Büyük Postane Caddesi No: 19 Kat: 5, 34420, Bahçekapı-Fatih, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ian J Burfield
- BirdLife International, David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - Brian Burke
- BirdWatch Ireland, Unit 20, Block D, Bullford Business Campus, Kilcoole, Greystones, County Wicklow, Ireland
| | - Brian Caffrey
- BirdWatch Ireland, Unit 20, Block D, Bullford Business Campus, Kilcoole, Greystones, County Wicklow, Ireland
| | - Tomasz Chodkiewicz
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679, Warszawa, Poland
- Polish Society for the Protection of Birds, Odrowąża 24, 05-270, Marki, Poland
| | - Juan Carlos Del Moral
- Sociedad Española de Ornitología (SEO/BirdLife), Melquiades Biencinto, 34, 28053, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vlatka Dumbovic Mazal
- Institute for Environment and Nature, Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development, Radnicka cesta 80, 10 000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Néstor Fernández
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Inst. of Biology, Martin Luther Univ. Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | | | - Bettina Gerlach
- DDA-Federation of German Avifaunists, An den Speichern 2, D-48157, Münster, Germany
| | - Carlos Godinho
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development; LabOr-Laboratório de Ornitologia Universidade de Évora Pólo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7002-774, Évora, Portugal
| | - Sergi Herrando
- Ecological and Forestry Applications Research Centre (CREAF), 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Atlas Steering Committee, European Bird Census Council, Na Bělidle 34, CZ-150 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
- Catalan Ornithological Institute, Natural History Museum of Barcelona, Plaça Leonardo da Vinci 4-5, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Alison Johnston
- Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | | | - Mikhail Kalyakin
- Atlas Steering Committee, European Bird Census Council, Na Bělidle 34, CZ-150 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
- Zoological Museum of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Bolshaya Nikitskaya Str., 2, Moscow, 125009, Russia
| | - Verena Keller
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, 6204, Sempach, Switzerland
- Atlas Steering Committee, European Bird Census Council, Na Bělidle 34, CZ-150 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Knaus
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, 6204, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Dražen Kotrošan
- Ornithological society "Naše ptice", Semira Frašte 6, 71 000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Tatiana Kuzmenko
- Ukrainian Society for the Protection of Birds, P.O. Box 33, Kyiv, 01103, Ukraine
| | - Domingos Leitão
- Sociedade Portuguesa para o Estudo das Aves, Av. Almirante Gago Coutinho, 46A, 1700-031, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Åke Lindström
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Qenan Maxhuni
- Kosovo Ornithological Society, Str. Hysni Gashi no. 28, Kalabri, 10 000, Prishtinë, Republic of Kosovo
| | - Tomaž Mihelič
- DOPPS-BirdLife Slovenia, Tržaška c. 2, SI, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tibor Mikuska
- Croatian Society for Birds and Nature Protection, Gundulićeva 19a, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Blas Molina
- Sociedad Española de Ornitología (SEO/BirdLife), Melquiades Biencinto, 34, 28053, Madrid, Spain
| | - Károly Nagy
- MME BirdLife Hungary, 1121 Költő u. 21, Budapest, Hungary
| | - David Noble
- British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk, IP24 2PU, UK
- Atlas Steering Committee, European Bird Census Council, Na Bělidle 34, CZ-150 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Clara Pladevall
- Andorra Research + Innovation, Av. Rocafort 21-23, AD600, Sant Julià de Lòria, Andorra
| | - Danae Portolou
- Hellenic Ornithological Society / BirdLife Greece, Agiou Konstantinou 52, Athens, 10437, Greece
| | - Dimitrije Radišić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Saša Rajkov
- Center for Biodiversity Research, Maksima Gorkog 40/3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Draženko Z Rajković
- Center for Biodiversity Research, Maksima Gorkog 40/3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Liutauras Raudonikis
- Lithuanian Ornithological Society, Naugarduko st. 47-3, LT-03208, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Thomas Sattler
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, 6204, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Darko Saveljić
- Environmental Protection Agency of Montenegro, IV proleterske 19, 81000, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Paul Shimmings
- BirdLife Norway. Sandgata 30b, NO-7012, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jovica Sjenicic
- Ornithological society "Naše ptice", Semira Frašte 6, 71 000, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Society for Research and Protection of Biodiversity, Mladena Stojanovica 2, 78 000, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Karel Šťastný
- Czech University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Dept. of Ecology, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6-Suchdol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stoycho Stoychev
- Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds/BirdLife Bulgaria, Sofia 1111, Yavorov complex, bl. 71, en. 1, ap. 1, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Iurii Strus
- Nature reserve "Roztochya", Sichovyh Striltsiv 7, 81070, Ivano-Frankove, Ukraine
| | - Christoph Sudfeldt
- DDA-Federation of German Avifaunists, An den Speichern 2, D-48157, Münster, Germany
| | - Elchin Sultanov
- Azerbaijan Ornithological Society, M. Mushfiq 4B, ap.60, Baku, AZ1004, Azerbaijan Republic
| | - Tibor Szép
- MME BirdLife Hungary, 1121 Költő u. 21, Budapest, Hungary
- University of Nyíregyháza, 4400 Sóstói út 31/b, Nyíregyháza, Hungary
| | | | - Danka Uzunova
- Macedonian Ecological Society, Blvd. Boris Trajkovski Str. 7, 9a, Skopje, N, Macedonia
| | - Chris A M van Turnhout
- Sovon-Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Metodija Velevski
- Macedonian Ecological Society, Blvd. Boris Trajkovski Str. 7, 9a, Skopje, N, Macedonia
| | - Thomas Vikstrøm
- Dansk Ornitologisk Forening (DOF-BirdLife DK), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Olga Voltzit
- Zoological Museum of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Bolshaya Nikitskaya Str., 2, Moscow, 125009, Russia
| | - Petr Voříšek
- Atlas Steering Committee, European Bird Census Council, Na Bělidle 34, CZ-150 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
- Czech Society for Ornithology, Na Bělidle 34, 15000, Prague 5, Czechia
| | - Tomasz Wilk
- Polish Society for the Protection of Birds, Odrowąża 24, 05-270, Marki, Poland
| | - Damaris Zurell
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lluís Brotons
- Ecological and Forestry Applications Research Centre (CREAF), 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Forest Science and Tecnology Centre (CTFC), Carretera vella de Sant Llorenç de Morunys km 2, 25280, Sant Llorenç de Morunys, Spain
- Atlas Steering Committee, European Bird Census Council, Na Bělidle 34, CZ-150 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
- CSIC, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| | - Aleksi Lehikoinen
- The Helsinki Lab of Ornithology, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Atlas Steering Committee, European Bird Census Council, Na Bělidle 34, CZ-150 00, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Stephen G Willis
- Conservation Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
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6
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Gregory RD, Eaton MA, Burfield IJ, Grice PV, Howard C, Klvaňová A, Noble D, Šilarová E, Staneva A, Stephens PA, Willis SG, Woodward ID, Burns F. Drivers of the changing abundance of European birds at two spatial scales. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220198. [PMID: 37246375 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Detecting biodiversity change and identifying its causes is challenging because biodiversity is multifaceted and temporal data often contain bias. Here, we model temporal change in species' abundance and biomass by using extensive data describing the population sizes and trends of native breeding birds in the United Kingdom (UK) and the European Union (EU). In addition, we explore how species' population trends vary with species' traits. We demonstrate significant change in the bird assemblages of the UK and EU, with substantial reductions in overall bird abundance and losses concentrated in a relatively small number of abundant and smaller sized species. By contrast, rarer and larger birds had generally fared better. Simultaneously, overall avian biomass had increased very slightly in the UK and was stable in the EU, indicating a change in community structure. Abundance trends across species were positively correlated with species' body mass and with trends in climate suitability, and varied with species' abundance, migration strategy and niche associations linked to diet. Our work highlights how changes in biodiversity cannot be captured easily by a single number; care is required when measuring and interpreting biodiversity change given that different metrics can provide very different insights. This article is part of the theme issue 'Detecting and attributing the causes of biodiversity change: needs, gaps and solutions'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Gregory
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Sandy, Befordshire SG19 2DL, UK
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Ian J Burfield
- BirdLife International, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - Philip V Grice
- Chief Scientist Directorate, Natural England, Peterborough PE2 8YY, UK
| | - Christine Howard
- Conservation Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, County Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Alena Klvaňová
- Czech Society for Ornithology, 150 00 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - David Noble
- British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk IP24 2PU, UK
| | - Eva Šilarová
- Czech Society for Ornithology, 150 00 Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Staneva
- BirdLife International, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - Philip A Stephens
- Conservation Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, County Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Stephen G Willis
- Conservation Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, County Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Ian D Woodward
- British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk IP24 2PU, UK
| | - Fiona Burns
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
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7
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Sunde J, Franzén M, Betzholtz PE, Francioli Y, Pettersson LB, Pöyry J, Ryrholm N, Forsman A. Century-long butterfly range expansions in northern Europe depend on climate, land use and species traits. Commun Biol 2023; 6:601. [PMID: 37270651 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04967-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is an important driver of range shifts and community composition changes. Still, little is known about how the responses are influenced by the combination of land use, species interactions and species traits. We integrate climate and distributional data for 131 butterfly species in Sweden and Finland and show that cumulative species richness has increased with increasing temperature over the past 120 years. Average provincial species richness increased by 64% (range 15-229%), from 46 to 70. The rate and direction of range expansions have not matched the temperature changes, in part because colonisations have been modified by other climatic variables, land use and vary according to species characteristics representing ecological generalisation and species interactions. Results emphasise the role of a broad ecological filtering, whereby a mismatch between environmental conditions and species preferences limit the ability to disperse and establish populations in emerging climates and novel areas, with potentially widespread implications for ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Sunde
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, SE-39182, Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Markus Franzén
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, SE-39182, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Per-Eric Betzholtz
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, SE-39182, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Yannick Francioli
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, SE-39182, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Lars B Pettersson
- Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biology, Lund University, SE-22362, Lund, Sweden
| | - Juha Pöyry
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Nature Solutions, Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nils Ryrholm
- Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, University of Gävle, SE-80176, Gävle, Sweden
| | - Anders Forsman
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, SE-39182, Kalmar, Sweden
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8
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Sandvig EM, Quilodrán CS, Altamirano TA, Aguirre F, Barroso O, Rivero de Aguilar J, Schaub M, Kéry M, Vásquez RA, Rozzi R. Survival rates in the world's southernmost forest bird community. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10143. [PMID: 37351480 PMCID: PMC10282503 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Magellanic sub-Antarctic Forest is home to the world's southernmost avian community and is the only Southern Hemisphere analogue to Northern Hemisphere temperate forests at this latitude. This region is considered among the few remaining pristine areas of the world, and shifts in environmental conditions are predominantly driven by climate variability. Thus, understanding climate-driven demographic processes is critical for addressing conservation issues in this system under future climate change scenarios. Here, we describe annual survival patterns and their association with climate variables using a 20-year mark-recapture data set of five forest bird species in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve. We develop a multispecies hierarchical survival model to jointly explore age-dependent survival probabilities at the community and species levels in a group of five forest passerines. At the community level, we assess the association of migratory behavior and body size with survival, and at the species level, we investigate the influence of local and regional climatic variables on temporal variations of survival. We found a positive effect of precipitation and a negative effect of El Niño Southern Oscillation on juvenile survival in the white-crested Elaenia and a consistent but uncertain negative effect of temperature on survival in juveniles and 80% of adults. We found only a weak association of climate variables with survival across species in the community and no temporal trends in survival for any of the species in either age class, highlighting apparent stability in these high austral latitude forests. Finally, our findings provide an important resource of survival probabilities, a necessary input for assessing potential impacts of global climate change in this unique region of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik M. Sandvig
- Cape Horn International CenterUniversidad de MagallanesPuerto WilliamsChile
- Centro Bahía Lomas, Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Santo TomásSantiagoChile
- Swiss Ornithological Institute (Vogelwarte)SempachSwitzerland
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB)Universidad de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Claudio S. Quilodrán
- Cape Horn International CenterUniversidad de MagallanesPuerto WilliamsChile
- Department of Genetics and EvolutionUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Tomás A. Altamirano
- Cape Horn International CenterUniversidad de MagallanesPuerto WilliamsChile
- Audubon Americas, National Audubon SocietySantiagoChile
- Center for Local Development (CEDEL), Villarrica CampusPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileVillarricaChile
| | - Francisco Aguirre
- Cape Horn International CenterUniversidad de MagallanesPuerto WilliamsChile
- Centro de Investigación Gaia Antártica (CIGA)Universidad de MagallanesPunta ArenasChile
| | - Omar Barroso
- Cape Horn International CenterUniversidad de MagallanesPuerto WilliamsChile
| | | | - Michael Schaub
- Swiss Ornithological Institute (Vogelwarte)SempachSwitzerland
| | - Marc Kéry
- Swiss Ornithological Institute (Vogelwarte)SempachSwitzerland
| | - Rodrigo A. Vásquez
- Cape Horn International CenterUniversidad de MagallanesPuerto WilliamsChile
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB)Universidad de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Ricardo Rozzi
- Cape Horn International CenterUniversidad de MagallanesPuerto WilliamsChile
- Sub‐Antarctic Biocultural Conservation Program, Department of Philosophy and Religion and Department of Biological ScienciesUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of North TexasDentonTexasUSA
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9
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Storch D, Koleček J, Keil P, Vermouzek Z, Voříšek P, Reif J. Decomposing trends in bird populations: Climate, life histories and habitat affect different aspects of population change. DIVERS DISTRIB 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Storch
- Center for Theoretical Study Charles University and the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Koleček
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology Czech Academy of Sciences Brno Czech Republic
| | - Petr Keil
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Praha Czech Republic
| | | | - Petr Voříšek
- Czech Society for Ornithology Praha Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Reif
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science Palacký University in Olomouc Olomouc Czech Republic
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10
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Shaw T, Schönamsgruber S, Cordeiro Pereira JM, Mikusiński G. Refining manual annotation effort of acoustic data to estimate bird species richness and composition: The role of duration, intensity, and time. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9491. [PMCID: PMC9663670 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Shaw
- Geobotany, Faculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | | | | | - Grzegorz Mikusiński
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and ManagementUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- School for Forest ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesSkinnskattebergSweden
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11
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Bradter U, Johnston A, Hochachka WM, Soultan A, Brommer JE, Gaget E, Kålås JA, Lehikoinen A, Lindström Å, Piirainen S, Pavón‐Jordán D, Pärt T, Øien IJ, Sandercock BK. Decomposing the spatial and temporal effects of climate on bird populations in northern European mountains. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:6209-6227. [PMID: 35899584 PMCID: PMC9804621 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The relationships between species abundance or occurrence versus spatial variation in climate are commonly used in species distribution models to forecast future distributions. Under "space-for-time substitution", the effects of climate variation on species are assumed to be equivalent in both space and time. Two unresolved issues of space-for-time substitution are the time period for species' responses and also the relative contributions of rapid- versus slow reactions in shaping spatial and temporal responses to climate change. To test the assumption of equivalence, we used a new approach of climate decomposition to separate variation in temperature and precipitation in Fennoscandia into spatial, temporal, and spatiotemporal components over a 23-year period (1996-2018). We compiled information on land cover, topography, and six components of climate for 1756 fixed route surveys, and we modeled annual counts of 39 bird species breeding in the mountains of Fennoscandia. Local abundance of breeding birds was associated with the spatial components of climate as expected, but the temporal and spatiotemporal climatic variation from the current and previous breeding seasons were also important. The directions of the effects of the three climate components differed within and among species, suggesting that species can respond both rapidly and slowly to climate variation and that the responses represent different ecological processes. Thus, the assumption of equivalent species' response to spatial and temporal variation in climate was seldom met in our study system. Consequently, for the majority of our species, space-for-time substitution may only be applicable once the slow species' responses to a changing climate have occurred, whereas forecasts for the near future need to accommodate the temporal components of climate variation. However, appropriate forecast horizons for space-for-time substitution are rarely considered and may be difficult to reliably identify. Accurately predicting change is challenging because multiple ecological processes affect species distributions at different temporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Bradter
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNorwegian Institute for Nature ResearchTrondheimNorway
| | - Alison Johnston
- Cornell Lab of OrnithologyCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
- CREEM, School of Mathematics and StatisticsUniversity of St. AndrewsSt. AndrewsUK
| | | | - Alaaeldin Soultan
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | | | - Elie Gaget
- Department of BiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)LaxenburgAustria
| | - John Atle Kålås
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNorwegian Institute for Nature ResearchTrondheimNorway
| | | | - Åke Lindström
- Department of Biology, Biodiversity UnitLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Sirke Piirainen
- Finnish Museum of Natural HistoryHelsinkiFinland
- Arctic Centre, University of LaplandRovaniemiFinland
| | - Diego Pavón‐Jordán
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNorwegian Institute for Nature ResearchTrondheimNorway
| | - Tomas Pärt
- Department of EcologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | | | - Brett K. Sandercock
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNorwegian Institute for Nature ResearchTrondheimNorway
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12
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Flack A, Aikens EO, Kölzsch A, Nourani E, Snell KR, Fiedler W, Linek N, Bauer HG, Thorup K, Partecke J, Wikelski M, Williams HJ. New frontiers in bird migration research. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R1187-R1199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Increasing climatic decoupling of bird abundances and distributions. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:1299-1306. [PMID: 35835826 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Species abundances and distributions are changing in response to changing climate and other anthropogenic drivers but how this translates into how well species can match their optimal climate conditions as they change is not well understood. Using a continental-scale 30-year time series, we quantified temporal trends in climate matching of North American bird species and tested whether geographical variation in rates of climate and land use change and/or species traits could underlie variation in trends among species. Overall, we found that species abundances and distributions are becoming more decoupled from climate as it changes through time. Species differences in climate matching trends were related to their ecological traits, particularly habitat specialization, but not to average rates of climate and land use change within the species' ranges. Climatic decoupling through time was particularly prominent for birds that were declining in abundance and occupancy, including threatened species. While we could not discern whether climate decoupling causes or is caused by the negative population trends, higher climatic decoupling in declining species could lead to a feedback as birds experience increasing exposure to suboptimal climatic conditions.
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14
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Bosco L, Xu Y, Deshpande P, Lehikoinen A. Range shifts of overwintering birds depend on habitat type, snow conditions and habitat specialization. Oecologia 2022; 199:725-736. [PMID: 35767049 PMCID: PMC9309152 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Climatic warming is forcing species to shift their ranges poleward, which has been demonstrated for many taxa globally. Yet, the influence of habitat types on within- and among-species variations of distribution shifts has rarely been studied, especially during the non-breeding season. Here, we investigated habitat-specific shift distances of northern range margins and directions of the distribution center based on long-term data of overwintering birds in Finland. Specifically, we explored influences of habitat type, species' snow depth tolerance, species' climatic niche and habitat specialization on range shifts during the past 40 years in 81 bird species. Birds overwintering in arable land shifted more clearly toward north compared to birds of the same species in rural and forest habitats, while the northern range margin shift distances did not significantly differ among the habitat types. Range shifts were more linked with the species' snow depth tolerance rather than species' climatic niche. Snow depth tolerance of species was negatively associated with the eastward shift direction across all habitats, while we found habitat-specific patterns with snow depth for northward shift directions and northern margin shift distances. Species with stronger habitat specializations shifted more strongly toward north as compared to generalist species, whereas the climatic niche of bird species only marginally correlated with range shifts, so that cold-dwelling species shifted longer distances and more clearly eastward. Our study reveals habitat-specific patterns linked to snow conditions for overwintering boreal birds and highlights the importance of habitat availability and preference in climate driven range shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bosco
- The Helsinki Lab of Ornithology, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Yanjie Xu
- The Helsinki Lab of Ornithology, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Purabi Deshpande
- The Helsinki Lab of Ornithology, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Programme in Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00011, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aleksi Lehikoinen
- The Helsinki Lab of Ornithology, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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15
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Camera Trapping Reveals Spatiotemporal Partitioning Patterns and Conservation Implications for Two Sympatric Pheasant Species in the Qilian Mountains, Northwestern China. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131657. [PMID: 35804556 PMCID: PMC9264835 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Camera-trapping technology has been widely applied to obtain survey data and enhance understanding of animal ecology. Ground-dwelling pheasants with limited distributions and weak dispersal capacity are prone to extinction due to disturbances and climate change in high-altitude mountain areas. The Qilian Mountains form a global biodiversity hotspot for endemic species and contain crucial areas for ecological and biodiversity conservation. The Blue Eared Pheasant (EP) and Blood Pheasant (BP) are indicator species of the environment and currently occur in the Qilian Mountain National Nature Reserve (QMNNR). Understanding their stable coexistence is key for making informed conservation and management actions. They have similar daily activity patterns but their monthly activity patterns are strikingly different. Both BP and EP prefer forest habitats but BP nests in more dense vegetation cover. Ninety-one percent of BP distribution falls within EP distribution in the QMNNR. Their areas of potential overlap are in the central and eastern parts of the QMNNR, but landscape connectivity is relatively poor. This study further improved the understanding of the basic knowledge of BP and EP coexistence. Conservation actions should give priority to those highly overlapping areas and strengthen forest landscape connectivity, as they provide irreplaceable habitats for threatened Galliformes. Abstract Studying the spatio-temporal niche partitioning among closely related sympatric species is essential for understanding their stable coexistence in animal communities. However, consideration of niche partitioning across multiple ecological dimensions is still poor for many sympatric pheasant species. Here, we studied temporal activity patterns and spatial distributions of the Blue Eared Pheasant (EP, Crossoptilon auritum) and Blood Pheasant (BP, Ithaginis cruentus) in the Qilian Mountains National Nature Reserve (QMNNR), Northwestern China, using 137 camera traps from August 2017 to August 2020. Kernel density estimation was applied to analyze diel activity patterns, and the Maxent model was applied to evaluate their suitable distributions and underlying habitat preferences. Eight Galliformes species were captured in 678 detection records with 485 records of EP and 106 records of BP over a total of 39,206 camera days. Their monthly activity frequencies demonstrate temporal partitioning but their diel activity patterns do not. Furthermore, 90.78% of BP distribution (2867.99 km2) overlaps with the distribution of EP (4355.86 km2) in the QMNNR. However, BP manifests a high dependence on forest habitats and shows larger Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values, while EP showed obvious avoidance of forest with NDVI greater than 0.75. Hence, differentiation in monthly activity patterns and partitioning in habitat preference might facilitate their coexistence in spatiotemporal dimensions. Conservation actions should give priority to highly overlapping areas in the center and east of the QMNNR and should strengthen forest landscape connectivity, as they provide irreplaceable habitats for these threatened and endemic Galliformes.
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16
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Birds adapted to cold conditions show greater changes in range size related to past climatic oscillations than temperate birds. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10813. [PMID: 35752649 PMCID: PMC9233688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14972-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigation of ecological responses of species to past climate oscillations provides crucial information to understand the effects of global warming. In this work, we investigated how past climate changes affected the distribution of six bird species with different climatic requirements and migratory behaviours in the Western Palearctic and in Africa. Species Distribution Models and Marine Isotopic Stage (MIS) 2 fossil occurrences of selected species were employed to evaluate the relation between changes in range size and species climatic tolerances. The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) range predictions, generally well supported by the MIS 2 fossil occurrences, suggest that cold-dwelling species considerably expanded their distribution in the LGM, experiencing more pronounced net changes in range size compared to temperate species. Overall, the thermal niche proves to be a key ecological trait for explaining the impact of climate change in species distributions. Thermal niche is linked to range size variations due to climatic oscillations, with cold-adapted species currently suffering a more striking range reduction compared to temperate species. This work also supports the persistence of Afro-Palearctic migrations during the LGM due to the presence of climatically suitable wintering areas in Africa even during glacial maxima.
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17
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Solovyeva D, Barykina DA, Prokopenko OD, Balsby TJS, Fox AD. Annual variation in waterbird clutch initiation date in relation to spring thaw in Arctic Russia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2022; 66:1005-1012. [PMID: 35194684 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-022-02256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To test for the degree of species-specific variation in clutch initiation date in relation to spring thaw, we recorded first egg dates in 1433 nests of seven large bodied long-distance migratory waterbird species breeding on Ayopechan Island in the Chaun Delta, Chukotka, in the Russian Arctic during 2002-2020. Pacific Loon Gavia pacifica, Sandhill Crane Grus canadensis and Glaucous Gull Larus hyperboreus all adjusted timing of clutch initiation completely to annual variation in first frost-free dates. First egg dates of Spectacled Eider Somateria fischeri also significantly advanced in warmer springs, but the rate of change was significantly less than unity, implying a reduced capacity to accommodate change in vernal thaw that may not be able to keep up with greater change in the future. Long-tailed Duck Clangula hyemalis and Vega Gull Larus vegae showed a tendency for earlier first egg dates in years with earlier first frost-free date, but for both species, the relationship failed to reach statistical significance. Bewick's Swan Cygnus columbianus showed almost no change in mean first egg date across the observed variation in first frost-free dates. Based on these data, we suggest that while all seven species showed signs of plasticity in their timing of onset of breeding, Pacific Loon, Sandhill Crane and Glaucous Gull showed greater adaptability to adjust the timing of their breeding season to recent variation in spring thaw than the other four species studied here over this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Solovyeva
- Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Portovava 18, Magadan, 685000, Russia
| | - Daria A Barykina
- Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Portovava 18, Magadan, 685000, Russia
| | - Olga D Prokopenko
- Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Portovava 18, Magadan, 685000, Russia
| | - Thorsten J S Balsby
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Kalø, Grenåvej 14, 8410, Rønde, Denmark
| | - Anthony D Fox
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Kalø, Grenåvej 14, 8410, Rønde, Denmark.
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18
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Wind Farms and Power Lines Have Negative Effects on Territory Occupancy in Eurasian Eagle Owls (Bubo bubo). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091089. [PMID: 35565516 PMCID: PMC9099858 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Wind power can contribute to a necessary reduction in CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions. However, wind farm construction and infrastructure might cause other problems, for example, reducing biodiversity. In parts of their distribution area, eagle owls are scarce and declining, and not much is known about their tolerance for different kind of disturbances. Here, we investigated the presence–absence of Eurasian eagle owls (Bubo bubo) in 48 territories in the central part of Norway before the construction of eight wind farms and power lines started, and shortly after the construction period. Eagle owls living within 4–5 km away from the disturbance left their territories to a higher extent than eagle owls living even further away. Abstract Wind power is useful for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but the construction and operation might have negative effects on biodiversity. The purpose of this study was to investigate any effects of wind farm and power line construction on territory occupancy in the vulnerable Eurasian eagle owl. We investigated 48 eagle owl territories before and after the whole construction period and a short operation period with the use of sound meters. We found that territorial eagle owls within 4–5 km from the wind farm and power line construction disturbance left their territories to a significantly higher extent (41% reduction in the number of territories with eagle owls) compared with the eagle owls in territories further away (23% reduction). The distance from the nest site to the disturbance was significantly shorter for those territories that were abandoned compared with territories where the birds stayed. Possible reasons for this decline might be a higher mortality caused by collisions, desertion and avoidance of wind power areas caused by the noise and disturbance from their construction. In addition, there are possible indirect effects, for example reductions in prey species may force eagle owls to abandon their territories. The construction period lasted much longer than the period with active wind turbines and power lines in this investigation, but we cannot separate the effects of the two because the investigations were only possible in the eagle owl breeding season, and the wind turbines were activated shortly after the construction period. Our results imply that careful investigations are needed to detect the possible occurrence of eagle owls near any type of construction work. Studies of these territories should strongly influence how and when the construction work can be carried out, but more investigations are needed to find details about the influence of distance.
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19
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Jenouvrier S, Long MC, Coste CFD, Holland M, Gamelon M, Yoccoz NG, Sæther B. Detecting climate signals in populations across life histories. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:2236-2258. [PMID: 34931401 PMCID: PMC9303565 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Climate impacts are not always easily discerned in wild populations as detecting climate change signals in populations is challenged by stochastic noise associated with natural climate variability, variability in biotic and abiotic processes, and observation error in demographic rates. Detection of the impact of climate change on populations requires making a formal distinction between signals in the population associated with long-term climate trends from those generated by stochastic noise. The time of emergence (ToE) identifies when the signal of anthropogenic climate change can be quantitatively distinguished from natural climate variability. This concept has been applied extensively in the climate sciences, but has not been explored in the context of population dynamics. Here, we outline an approach to detecting climate-driven signals in populations based on an assessment of when climate change drives population dynamics beyond the envelope characteristic of stochastic variations in an unperturbed state. Specifically, we present a theoretical assessment of the time of emergence of climate-driven signals in population dynamics ( ToE pop ). We identify the dependence of ToE pop on the magnitude of both trends and variability in climate and also explore the effect of intrinsic demographic controls on ToE pop . We demonstrate that different life histories (fast species vs. slow species), demographic processes (survival, reproduction), and the relationships between climate and demographic rates yield population dynamics that filter climate trends and variability differently. We illustrate empirically how to detect the point in time when anthropogenic signals in populations emerge from stochastic noise for a species threatened by climate change: the emperor penguin. Finally, we propose six testable hypotheses and a road map for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Jenouvrier
- Biology DepartmentWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods HoleMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Christophe F. D. Coste
- Centre for Biodiversity DynamicsDepartment of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Marika Holland
- National Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Marlène Gamelon
- Centre for Biodiversity DynamicsDepartment of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie ÉvolutiveCNRSUnité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5558Université Lyon 1Université de LyonVilleurbanneFrance
| | - Nigel G. Yoccoz
- Department of Arctic and Marine BiologyUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Bernt‐Erik Sæther
- Centre for Biodiversity DynamicsDepartment of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
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20
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Local adaptation to climate anomalies relates to species phylogeny. Commun Biol 2022; 5:143. [PMID: 35177761 PMCID: PMC8854402 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03088-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Climatic anomalies are increasing in intensity and frequency due to rapid rates of global change, leading to increased extinction risk for many species. The impacts of anomalies are likely to vary between species due to different degrees of sensitivity and extents of local adaptation. Here, we used long-term butterfly monitoring data of 143 species across six European bioclimatic regions to show how species’ population dynamics have responded to local or globally-calculated climatic anomalies, and how species attributes mediate these responses. Contrary to expectations, degree of apparent local adaptation, estimated from the relative population sensitivity to local versus global anomalies, showed no associations with species mobility or reproductive rate but did contain a strong phylogenetic signal. The existence of phylogenetically-patterned local adaptation to climate has important implications for forecasting species responses to current and future climatic conditions and for developing appropriate conservation practices. Melero et al. investigate butterfly responses to climatic anomalies from long-term monitoring observations in the field. They found the degree of adaptation to local fluctuations in climate had a strong phylogenetic signal but was not associated with mobility or reproductive rate of a species.
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21
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Couet J, Marjakangas EL, Santangeli A, Kålås JA, Lindström Å, Lehikoinen A. Short-lived species move uphill faster under climate change. Oecologia 2022; 198:877-888. [PMID: 34989860 PMCID: PMC9056483 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is pushing species ranges and abundances towards the poles and mountain tops. Although many studies have documented local altitudinal shifts, knowledge of general patterns at a large spatial scale, such as a whole mountain range, is scarce. From a conservation perspective, studying altitudinal shifts in wildlife is relevant because mountain regions often represent biodiversity hotspots and are among the most vulnerable ecosystems. Here, we examine whether altitudinal shifts in birds’ abundances have occurred in the Scandinavian mountains over 13 years, and assess whether such shifts are related to species’ traits. Using abundance data, we show a clear pattern of uphill shift in the mean altitude of bird abundance across the Scandinavian mountains, with an average speed of 0.9 m per year. Out of 76 species, 7 shifted significantly their abundance uphill. Altitudinal shift was strongly related to species’ longevity: short-lived species showed more pronounced uphill shifts in abundance than long-lived species. The observed abundance shifts suggest that uphill shifts are not only driven by a small number of individuals at the range boundaries, but the overall bird abundances are on the move. Overall, the results underscore the wide-ranging impact of climate change and the potential vulnerability of species with slow life histories, as they appear less able to timely respond to rapidly changing climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joséphine Couet
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 17, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emma-Liina Marjakangas
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 17, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrea Santangeli
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 17, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - John Atle Kålås
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Torgarden, Postboks 5685, 7485, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Åke Lindström
- Department of Biology, Biodiversity unit, Lund University, Ecology Building, S-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Aleksi Lehikoinen
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 17, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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22
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Abundance and Diurnal Time Activity Budget of the Threatened Species White-Headed Ducks (Anatidae: Oxyura leucocephala) in an Unprotected Area, Boussedra Marsh, Northeast Algeria. EKOLÓGIA (BRATISLAVA) 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/eko-2021-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The white-headed duck is a globally threatened species and its populations have become fragmented and undergone major decline in recent decades. Changes including long-term abundance (five times from 2005 to 2018) and diurnal activity budget (2010−2011 and 2017−2018) with respect to the effect of habitat features at Boussedra marsh (unprotected area) were compiled in order to fill some gaps in the status and trend of North African populations. The population size of the white-headed duck decreased over years from 2010 to 2018 by about 52.81%, and was positively associated with interior vegetation area, but not significantly with water surface area. Trends of population dynamics differed among seasons, and the number was higher in wintering than breeding season. Sleeping (44.93%, 23.74%) and feeding (59.09%, 27.43%) were the dominant diurnal activities at both the years of study, respectively. Boussedra marsh plays an important ecological role as a diurnal forging habitat and reproduction site for this threatened species and as a shelter for other waterfowl.
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23
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Öst M, Lehikoinen A, Jaatinen K. Top–down effects override climate forcing on reproductive success in a declining sea duck. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Öst
- Environmental and Marine Biology, Biocity, Åbo Akademi Univ. Turku Finland
- Novia Univ. of Applied Sciences Ekenäs Finland
| | - Aleksi Lehikoinen
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, Univ. of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Kim Jaatinen
- Nature and Game Management Trust Finland Degerby Finland
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24
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Morrison CA, Auniņš A, Benkő Z, Brotons L, Chodkiewicz T, Chylarecki P, Escandell V, Eskildsen DP, Gamero A, Herrando S, Jiguet F, Kålås JA, Kamp J, Klvaňová A, Kmecl P, Lehikoinen A, Lindström Å, Moshøj C, Noble DG, Øien IJ, Paquet JY, Reif J, Sattler T, Seaman BS, Teufelbauer N, Trautmann S, van Turnhout CAM, Vořišek P, Butler SJ. Bird population declines and species turnover are changing the acoustic properties of spring soundscapes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6217. [PMID: 34728617 PMCID: PMC8564540 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural sounds, and bird song in particular, play a key role in building and maintaining our connection with nature, but widespread declines in bird populations mean that the acoustic properties of natural soundscapes may be changing. Using data-driven reconstructions of soundscapes in lieu of historical recordings, here we quantify changes in soundscape characteristics at more than 200,000 sites across North America and Europe. We integrate citizen science bird monitoring data with recordings of individual species to reveal a pervasive loss of acoustic diversity and intensity of soundscapes across both continents over the past 25 years, driven by changes in species richness and abundance. These results suggest that one of the fundamental pathways through which humans engage with nature is in chronic decline, with potentially widespread implications for human health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Morrison
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - A Auniņš
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas iela 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
- Latvian Ornithological Society, Skolas iela 3, Riga, LV-1010, Latvia
| | - Z Benkő
- Romanian Ornithological Society/BirdLife Romania, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - L Brotons
- InForest JRU (CTFC-CREAF), Solsona, 25280, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- CSIC, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Chodkiewicz
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679, Warszawa, Poland
- Polish Society for the Protection of Birds (OTOP), ul. Odrowaza 24, 05-270, Marki, Poland
| | - P Chylarecki
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679, Warszawa, Poland
| | - V Escandell
- Sociedad Española de Ornitología (SEO/BirdLife), Madrid, Spain
| | - D P Eskildsen
- Dansk Ornitologisk Forening, BirdLife Denmark, Vesterbrogade 138-140, DK-1620, København V, Denmark
| | - A Gamero
- European Bird Census Council-Czech Society for Ornithology, Na Bělidle 34, 15000, Prague 5, Czechia
| | - S Herrando
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- European Bird Census Council-Catalan Ornithological Institute, Natural History Museum of Barcelona, Plaça Leonardo da Vinci 4-5, 08019, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - F Jiguet
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation, UMR7204 MNHN-CNRS-SU, Paris, France
| | - J A Kålås
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, P.O. Box 5685, Torgarden, NO-7485, Trondheim, Norway
| | - J Kamp
- University of Göttingen, Department of Conservation Science, Bürgerstr. 50, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
- Dachverband Deutscher Avifaunisten (DDA), An den Speichern 2, 48157, Münster, Germany
| | - A Klvaňová
- European Bird Census Council-Czech Society for Ornithology, Na Bělidle 34, 15000, Prague 5, Czechia
| | - P Kmecl
- DOPPS - BirdLife Slovenia, Tržaška cesta 2, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - A Lehikoinen
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 17, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Å Lindström
- Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biology, Lund University, Ecology Building, S-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - C Moshøj
- Dansk Ornitologisk Forening, BirdLife Denmark, Vesterbrogade 138-140, DK-1620, København V, Denmark
| | - D G Noble
- British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk, IP24 2PU, UK
| | - I J Øien
- NOF-BirdLife Norway, Sandgata 30 B, NO-7012, Trondheim, Norway
| | - J-Y Paquet
- Natagora, Département Études, Traverse des Muses 1, B-5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - J Reif
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17 Listopadu 50, 771 43, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - T Sattler
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, 6204, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - B S Seaman
- BirdLife Österreich, Museumsplatz 1/10/8, A-1070, Wien, Austria
| | - N Teufelbauer
- BirdLife Österreich, Museumsplatz 1/10/8, A-1070, Wien, Austria
| | - S Trautmann
- Dachverband Deutscher Avifaunisten (DDA), An den Speichern 2, 48157, Münster, Germany
| | - C A M van Turnhout
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, P.O. Box 6521, 6503 GA, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department of Animal Ecology and Ecophysiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - P Vořišek
- European Bird Census Council-Czech Society for Ornithology, Na Bělidle 34, 15000, Prague 5, Czechia
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17 Listopadu 50, 771 43, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - S J Butler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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25
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Geographic variation in the population trends of common breeding birds across central Europe. Basic Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Jiguet F, Schwemmer P, Rousseau P, Bocher P. GPS tracking data can document wind turbine interactions: Evidence from a GPS-tagged Eurasian curlew. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL: ANIMALS AND ENVIRONMENTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsiae.2021.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Concurrent Butterfly, Bat and Small Mammal Monitoring Programmes Using Citizen Science in Catalonia (NE Spain): A Historical Review and Future Directions. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13090454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Biodiversity and Bioindicators research group (BiBIO), based at the Natural Sciences Museum of Granollers, has coordinated four long-term faunal monitoring programmes based on citizen science over more than two decades in Catalonia (NE Spain). We summarize the historical progress of these programmes, describing their main conservation outputs, the challenges overcome, and future directions. The Catalan Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (CBMS) consists of a network of nearly 200 recording sites where butterfly populations have been monitored through visual censuses along transects for nearly three decades. This programme provides accurate temporal and spatial changes in the abundance of butterflies and relates them to different environmental factors (e.g., habitat and weather conditions). The Bat Monitoring Programme has progressively evolved to include passive acoustic monitoring protocols, as well as bat box-, underground- and river-bat surveys, and community ecological indices have been developed to monitor bat responses at assemblage level to both landscape and climatic changes. The Monitoring of common small mammals in Spain (SEMICE), a common small mammal monitoring programme with almost 80 active live-trapping stations, provides information to estimate population trends and has underlined the relevance of small mammals as both prey (of several predators) and predators (of insect forest pests). The Dormouse Monitoring Programme represents the first monitoring programme in Europe using specific nest boxes for the edible dormouse, providing information about biological and demographic data of the species at the southern limit of its distribution range. The combination and complementarity of these monitoring programmes provide crucial data to land managers to improve the understanding of conservation needs and develop efficient protection laws.
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28
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Landscape Attributes Best Explain the Population Trend of Wintering Greater White-Fronted Goose (Anser albifrons) in the Yangtze River Floodplain. LAND 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/land10080865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biodiversity in the Middle and Lower Yangtze Floodplain has critically decreased during the last several decades, driven by numerous determinants. Hence, identification of primary drivers of animal population decline is a priority for conservation. Analyzing long time-series data is a powerful way to assess drivers of declines, but the data are often missing, hampering effective conservation policymaking. In this study, based on twenty-four years (from 1996 to 2019) of annual maximal count data, we investigated the effects of climate and landscape changes on the increasing population trend of the Greater White-Fronted Goose (Anser albifrons) at a Ramsar site in the Middle and Lower Yangtze Floodplain, China. Our results showed that the availability of a suitable habitat and landscape attributes are the key driving forces affecting the population trend, while the effects of climate factors are weak. Specifically, increasing the area of suitable habitat and alleviating habitat fragmentation through a fishing ban policy may have provided a more suitable habitat to the geese, contributing to the increasing population trend. However, we also observed that the grazing prohibition policy implemented in 2017 at Shengjin Lake may have potentially negatively affected geese abundance, as grazing by larger herbivores may favor smaller geese species by modifying the vegetation community and structure. Based on our results, we suggest several practical countermeasures to improve the habitat suitability for herbivorous goose species wintering in this region.
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29
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Canonne C, Montadert M, Besnard A. Drivers of black grouse trends in the French Alps: The prevailing contribution of climate. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Coline Canonne
- DRAS OFB Juvignac France
- EPHE, PSL Research University, CNRS, UM, SupAgro, IRD, INRA Montpellier France
| | | | - Aurélien Besnard
- EPHE, PSL Research University, CNRS, UM, SupAgro, IRD, INRA Montpellier France
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30
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Global inequities and political borders challenge nature conservation under climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2011204118. [PMID: 33558229 PMCID: PMC7896304 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011204118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological communities are undergoing a major redistribution as species track their moving climatic niches on a warming planet. This has major repercussions for global biodiversity governance. By simulating the changing distributions of species under climate change, and comparing impacts between nations, we highlight the global inequities in climate impacts on nature. We then consider the global importance of transboundary conservation under climate change, as many species ranges are projected to move across political borders. By mapping transboundary range shifts globally, we highlight regions where international cooperation may be most useful for conservation and where border barriers may be most detrimental. Our findings underscore the need for cooperation across national boundaries to minimize biodiversity loss in the face of global change. Underlying sociopolitical factors have emerged as important determinants of wildlife population trends and the effectiveness of conservation action. Despite mounting research into the impacts of climate change on nature, there has been little consideration of the human context in which these impacts occur, particularly at the global scale. We investigate this in two ways. First, by modeling the climatic niches of terrestrial mammals and birds globally, we show that projected species loss under climate change is greatest in countries with weaker governance and lower Gross Domestic Product, with loss of mammal species projected to be greater in countries with lower CO2 emissions. Therefore, climate change impacts on species may be disproportionately significant in countries with lower capacity for effective conservation and lower greenhouse gas emissions, raising important questions of international justice. Second, we consider the redistribution of species in the context of political boundaries since the global importance of transboundary conservation under climate change is poorly understood. Under a high-emissions scenario, we find that 35% of mammals and 29% of birds are projected to have over half of their 2070 climatic niche in countries in which they are not currently found. We map these transboundary range shifts globally, identifying borders across which international coordination might most benefit conservation and where physical border barriers, such as walls and fences, may be an overlooked obstacle to climate adaptation. Our work highlights the importance of sociopolitical context and the utility of a supranational perspective for 21st century nature conservation.
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31
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Climate-driven divergence in plant-microbiome interactions generates range-wide variation in bud break phenology. Commun Biol 2021; 4:748. [PMID: 34135464 PMCID: PMC8209103 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02244-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil microbiomes are rapidly becoming known as an important driver of plant phenotypic variation and may mediate plant responses to environmental factors. However, integrating spatial scales relevant to climate change with plant intraspecific genetic variation and soil microbial ecology is difficult, making studies of broad inference rare. Here we hypothesize and show: 1) the degree to which tree genotypes condition their soil microbiomes varies by population across the geographic distribution of a widespread riparian tree, Populus angustifolia; 2) geographic dissimilarity in soil microbiomes among populations is influenced by both abiotic and biotic environmental variation; and 3) soil microbiomes that vary in response to abiotic and biotic factors can change plant foliar phenology. We show soil microbiomes respond to intraspecific variation at the tree genotype and population level, and geographic variation in soil characteristics and climate. Using a fully reciprocal plant population by soil location feedback experiment, we identified a climate-based soil microbiome effect that advanced and delayed bud break phenology by approximately 10 days. These results demonstrate a landscape-level feedback between tree populations and associated soil microbial communities and suggest soil microbes may play important roles in mediating and buffering bud break phenology with climate warming, with whole ecosystem implications.
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32
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Bladon AJ, Donald PF, Collar NJ, Denge J, Dadacha G, Wondafrash M, Green RE. Climatic change and extinction risk of two globally threatened Ethiopian endemic bird species. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249633. [PMID: 34010302 PMCID: PMC8133463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is having profound effects on the distributions of species globally. Trait-based assessments predict that specialist and range-restricted species are among those most likely to be at risk of extinction from such changes. Understanding individual species’ responses to climate change is therefore critical for informing conservation planning. We use an established Species Distribution Modelling (SDM) protocol to describe the curious range-restriction of the globally threatened White-tailed Swallow (Hirundo megaensis) to a small area in southern Ethiopia. We find that, across a range of modelling approaches, the distribution of this species is well described by two climatic variables, maximum temperature and dry season precipitation. These same two variables have been previously found to limit the distribution of the unrelated but closely sympatric Ethiopian Bush-crow (Zavattariornis stresemanni). We project the future climatic suitability for both species under a range of climate scenarios and modelling approaches. Both species are at severe risk of extinction within the next half century, as the climate in 68–84% (for the swallow) and 90–100% (for the bush-crow) of their current ranges is predicted to become unsuitable. Intensive conservation measures, such as assisted migration and captive-breeding, may be the only options available to safeguard these two species. Their projected disappearance in the wild offers an opportunity to test the reliability of SDMs for predicting the fate of wild species. Monitoring future changes in the distribution and abundance of the bush-crow is particularly tractable because its nests are conspicuous and visible over large distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Bladon
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul F. Donald
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- BirdLife International, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, RSPB, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jarso Denge
- Borana National Park Authority, Yabello, Oromiya, Ethiopia
| | | | - Mengistu Wondafrash
- Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society, Bole Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rhys E. Green
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, RSPB, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
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33
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Gaüzère P, Devictor V. Mismatches between birds' spatial and temporal dynamics reflect their delayed response to global changes. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gaüzère
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine Grenoble France
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34
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Watermeyer KE, Guillera-Arroita G, Bal P, Burgass MJ, Bland LM, Collen B, Hallam C, Kelly LT, McCarthy MA, Regan TJ, Stevenson S, Wintle BA, Nicholson E. Using decision science to evaluate global biodiversity indices. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2021; 35:492-501. [PMID: 32557849 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Global biodiversity indices are used to measure environmental change and progress toward conservation goals, yet few indices have been evaluated comprehensively for their capacity to detect trends of interest, such as declines in threatened species or ecosystem function. Using a structured approach based on decision science, we qualitatively evaluated 9 indices commonly used to track biodiversity at global and regional scales against 5 criteria relating to objectives, design, behavior, incorporation of uncertainty, and constraints (e.g., costs and data availability). Evaluation was based on reference literature for indices available at the time of assessment. We identified 4 key gaps in indices assessed: pathways to achieving goals (means objectives) were not always clear or relevant to desired outcomes (fundamental objectives); index testing and understanding of expected behavior was often lacking; uncertainty was seldom acknowledged or accounted for; and costs of implementation were seldom considered. These gaps may render indices inadequate in certain decision-making contexts and are problematic for indices linked with biodiversity targets and sustainability goals. Ensuring that index objectives are clear and their design is underpinned by a model of relevant processes are crucial in addressing the gaps identified by our assessment. Uptake and productive use of indices will be improved if index performance is tested rigorously and assumptions and uncertainties are clearly communicated to end users. This will increase index accuracy and value in tracking biodiversity change and supporting national and global policy decisions, such as the post-2020 global biodiversity framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Watermeyer
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | | | - Payal Bal
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Michael J Burgass
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, SL5 7PY, U.K
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SZ, U.K
- Biodiversify, Newark, Nottinghamshire, NG24, U.K
| | - Lucie M Bland
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Lucie Bland Editing, 1-3 Theobald Street, Thornbury, VIC, 3071, Australia
| | - Ben Collen
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetic, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Chris Hallam
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Luke T Kelly
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Michael A McCarthy
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Tracey J Regan
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Simone Stevenson
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Brendan A Wintle
- Quantitative and Applied Ecology, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Emily Nicholson
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Integrative Ecology, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
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Brlík V, Šilarová E, Škorpilová J, Alonso H, Anton M, Aunins A, Benkö Z, Biver G, Busch M, Chodkiewicz T, Chylarecki P, Coombes D, de Carli E, Del Moral JC, Derouaux A, Escandell V, Eskildsen DP, Fontaine B, Foppen RPB, Gamero A, Gregory RD, Harris S, Herrando S, Hristov I, Husby M, Ieronymidou C, Jiquet F, Kålås JA, Kamp J, Kmecl P, Kurlavičius P, Lehikoinen A, Lewis L, Lindström Å, Manolopoulos A, Martí D, Massimino D, Moshøj C, Nellis R, Noble D, Paquet A, Paquet JY, Portolou D, Ramírez I, Redel C, Reif J, Ridzoň J, Schmid H, Seaman B, Silva L, Soldaat L, Spasov S, Staneva A, Szép T, Florenzano GT, Teufelbauer N, Trautmann S, van der Meij T, van Strien A, van Turnhout C, Vermeersch G, Vermouzek Z, Vikstrøm T, Voříšek P, Weiserbs A, Klvaňová A. Long-term and large-scale multispecies dataset tracking population changes of common European breeding birds. Sci Data 2021; 8:21. [PMID: 33772033 PMCID: PMC7997925 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-00804-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Around fifteen thousand fieldworkers annually count breeding birds using standardized protocols in 28 European countries. The observations are collected by using country-specific and standardized protocols, validated, summarized and finally used for the production of continent-wide annual and long-term indices of population size changes of 170 species. Here, we present the database and provide a detailed summary of the methodology used for fieldwork and calculation of the relative population size change estimates. We also provide a brief overview of how the data are used in research, conservation and policy. We believe this unique database, based on decades of bird monitoring alongside the comprehensive summary of its methodology, will facilitate and encourage further use of the Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Brlík
- Czech Society for Ornithology, Prague, Czechia. .,Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia. .,Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Brno, Czechia.
| | | | | | - Hany Alonso
- Portuguese Society for the Study of Birds (SPEA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marc Anton
- Catalan Ornithological Institute, Natural History Museum of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ainars Aunins
- Latvian Ornithological Society, Riga, Latvia.,Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Zoltán Benkö
- Romanian Ornithological Society, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Evolutionary Ecology Group, Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gilles Biver
- Ministère de l'Environnement, du Climat et du Développement durable, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Malte Busch
- Dachverband Deutscher Avifaunisten (DDA), Muenster, Germany
| | - Tomasz Chodkiewicz
- Museum & Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland.,Polish Society for the Protection of Birds (OTOP), Marki, Poland
| | | | - Dick Coombes
- BirdWatch Ireland, on behalf of the National Parks & Wildlife Service, Kilcoole, Republic of Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruud P B Foppen
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Animal Ecology & Ecophysiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Gamero
- Czech Society for Ornithology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Richard D Gregory
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Sandy, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, Centre for Biodiversity & Environment Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Harris
- British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford, United Kingdom
| | - Sergi Herrando
- Catalan Ornithological Institute, Natural History Museum of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iordan Hristov
- Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds/BirdLife Bulgaria, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Magne Husby
- Section of Science, Nord University, Levanger, Norway.,BirdLife Norway, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | - John A Kålås
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Johannes Kamp
- Dachverband Deutscher Avifaunisten (DDA), Muenster, Germany.,Department of Conservation Biology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Petras Kurlavičius
- Lithuanian Ornithological Society, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Aleksi Lehikoinen
- The Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lesley Lewis
- BirdWatch Ireland, on behalf of the National Parks & Wildlife Service, Kilcoole, Republic of Ireland
| | - Åke Lindström
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - David Martí
- Catalan Ornithological Institute, Natural History Museum of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Renno Nellis
- Birdlife Estonia/Estonian Ornithological Society, Tartu, Estonia
| | - David Noble
- British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Iván Ramírez
- BirdLife International, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cindy Redel
- Centrale ornithologique, natur&ëmwelt a.s.b.l., Kockelscheuer, Luxembourg
| | - Jiří Reif
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jozef Ridzoň
- Slovak Ornithological Society/BirdLife Slovakia, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Hans Schmid
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Leo Soldaat
- Statistics Netherlands, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Svetoslav Spasov
- Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds/BirdLife Bulgaria, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anna Staneva
- Birdlife Estonia/Estonian Ornithological Society, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tibor Szép
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Nyíregyháza, Nyíregyháza, Hungary.,MME/BirdLife, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Sven Trautmann
- Dachverband Deutscher Avifaunisten (DDA), Muenster, Germany
| | | | | | - Chris van Turnhout
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Animal Ecology & Ecophysiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Petr Voříšek
- Czech Society for Ornithology, Prague, Czechia.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
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Kapitza S, Van Ha P, Kompas T, Golding N, Cadenhead NCR, Bal P, Wintle BA. Assessing biophysical and socio-economic impacts of climate change on regional avian biodiversity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3304. [PMID: 33558621 PMCID: PMC7870812 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82474-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change threatens biodiversity directly by influencing biophysical variables that drive species' geographic distributions and indirectly through socio-economic changes that influence land use patterns, driven by global consumption, production and climate. To date, no detailed analyses have been produced that assess the relative importance of, or interaction between, these direct and indirect climate change impacts on biodiversity at large scales. Here, we apply a new integrated modelling framework to quantify the relative influence of biophysical and socio-economically mediated impacts on avian species in Vietnam and Australia and we find that socio-economically mediated impacts on suitable ranges are largely outweighed by biophysical impacts. However, by translating economic futures and shocks into spatially explicit predictions of biodiversity change, we now have the power to analyse in a consistent way outcomes for nature and people of any change to policy, regulation, trading conditions or consumption trend at any scale from sub-national to global.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kapitza
- Quantitative and Applied Ecology Group, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Pham Van Ha
- Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Tom Kompas
- Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Nick Golding
- Quantitative and Applied Ecology Group, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Natasha C R Cadenhead
- Quantitative and Applied Ecology Group, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- NESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub, University of Melbourne and University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Payal Bal
- Quantitative and Applied Ecology Group, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Brendan A Wintle
- Quantitative and Applied Ecology Group, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- NESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub, University of Melbourne and University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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Lehikoinen A, Lindström Å, Santangeli A, Sirkiä PM, Brotons L, Devictor V, Elts J, Foppen RPB, Heldbjerg H, Herrando S, Herremans M, Hudson MAR, Jiguet F, Johnston A, Lorrilliere R, Marjakangas EL, Michel NL, Moshøj CM, Nellis R, Paquet JY, Smith AC, Szép T, van Turnhout C. Wintering bird communities are tracking climate change faster than breeding communities. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:1085-1095. [PMID: 33496011 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Global climate change is driving species' distributions towards the poles and mountain tops during both non-breeding and breeding seasons, leading to changes in the composition of natural communities. However, the degree of season differences in climate-driven community shifts has not been thoroughly investigated at large spatial scales. We compared the rates of change in the community composition during both winter (non-breeding season) and summer (breeding) and their relation to temperature changes. Based on continental-scale data from Europe and North America, we examined changes in bird community composition using the community temperature index (CTI) approach and compared the changes with observed regional temperature changes during 1980-2016. CTI increased faster in winter than in summer. This seasonal discrepancy is probably because individuals are less site-faithful in winter, and can more readily shift their wintering sites in response to weather in comparison to the breeding season. Regional long-term changes in community composition were positively associated with regional temperature changes during both seasons, but the pattern was only significant during summer due to high annual variability in winter communities. Annual changes in community composition were positively associated with the annual temperature changes during both seasons. Our results were broadly consistent across continents, suggesting some climate-driven restructuring in both European and North American avian communities. Because community composition has changed much faster during the winter than during the breeding season, it is important to increase our knowledge about climate-driven impacts during the less-studied non-breeding season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksi Lehikoinen
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Åke Lindström
- Department of Biology, Biodiversity Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andrea Santangeli
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi M Sirkiä
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lluís Brotons
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,InForest Jru (CTFC-CREAF), Solsona, Spain.,CSIC, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Vincent Devictor
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Jaanus Elts
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Estonian Ornithological Society, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ruud P B Foppen
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Animal Ecology & Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,European Bird Census Council, GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henning Heldbjerg
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Roende, Denmark.,DOF-BirdLife Denmark, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Sergi Herrando
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Catalan Ornithological Institute, Natural History Museum of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Marie-Anne R Hudson
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Frédéric Jiguet
- UMR7204 Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR 7204), MNHN CNRS Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Alison Johnston
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Conservation Science Group, Dept of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Romain Lorrilliere
- UMR7204 Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR 7204), MNHN CNRS Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Lab of Ecologie, Systematique & Evolution, UMR CNRS 8079, University Paris-Sud, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Renno Nellis
- Birdlife Estonia/Estonian Ornithological Society, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Adam C Smith
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tibor Szép
- University of Nyíregyháza, Nyíregyháza, Hungary.,MME/BirdLife Hungary, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Chris van Turnhout
- Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Animal Ecology & Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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38
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Distribution of Five Aquatic Plants Native to South America and Invasive Elsewhere under Current Climate. ECOLOGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/ecologies2010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Biological invasions and climate pose two of the most important challenges facing global biodiversity. Certainly, climate change may intensify the impacts of invasion by allowing invasive plants to increase in abundance and further expand their ranges. For example, most aquatic alien plants in temperate climate are of tropical and subtropical origins and the northern limits of their ranges are generally determined by minimum winter temperatures, and they will probably expand their distributions northwards if climate warms. The distribution of five invasive aquatic plants in freshwater systems across continents were investigated. Their global distributions in the current climate were modeled using a recently developed ensemble species distribution model approach, specifically designed to account for dispersal constraints on the distributions of range-expanding species. It was found that the species appear capable of substantial range expansion, and that low winter temperature is the strongest factor limiting their invasion. These findings can be used to identify areas at risk of recently introduction of neophytes, and develop future monitoring programs for aquatic ecosystems, prioritizing control efforts, which enables the effective use of ecological niche models to forecast aquatic invasion in other geographic regions.
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39
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徐 晶. A Review of Bird Migration Research. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.12677/ije.2021.102032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Marchant R, Guppy M, Guppy S. The influence of the Southern Oscillation Index on the timing of breeding of a forest-bird community in south-eastern Australia. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/wr21004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
ContextLong-term changes in the breeding phenology of bird communities have been widely studied. For many species, breeding appears to be starting earlier as temperatures increase. For south-eastern Australia, such a trend has not so far been demonstrated.
AimsThe aim was to determine how the date of laying of the first egg (FE; for sedentary species) or arrival times (for migratory species) responded to climatic factors such as rainfall, air temperature and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), and whether FE or arrival time showed a trend through time.
MethodsThe date of laying of the first egg (FE) for 13 sedentary species of birds was recorded over 18 (1975–1984 and 2007–2014) breeding seasons (August to January) at a single site in a coastal forest in south-eastern Australia. The arrival times for seven migratory species were also recorded for these seasons.
Key resultsLinear mixed models showed that FE was negatively correlated with the mean monthly SOI for April to July (A-J SOI), the period directly before the breeding season. Eggs were laid earlier when A-J SOI was positive and later when it was negative. SOIs calculated over different combinations of months showed that those for the January to March period had no influence on FE. FE was not related to minimum or maximum temperatures during April to July, despite increases in temperature between 1975 and 2014, nor was it related to rainfall between April and July. Mixed linear models showed that arrival date for migratory species became earlier between 1975 and 2014, but was uninfluenced by A-J SOI or rainfall.
ConclusionsMigratory species arrived earlier by 0.27 days per year. However, this was at least an order of magnitude smaller than annual temporal changes in FE for sedentary species (6–7 days) associated with cyclical SOI fluctuations. Changes in SOI dominated the annual breeding phenology of the community.
ImplicationsThe mechanisms by which A-J SOI influences the timing of nesting may be related to the primary productivity of forests and the influence of this on insect abundance. There are few data on these factors.
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Díaz M, Soliño M, Martínez-Jáuregui M. Bird Diversity in Mediterranean Pine and Mixed Forests. PINES AND THEIR MIXED FOREST ECOSYSTEMS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN 2021:363-377. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63625-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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42
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Hoover JP, Schelsky WM. Warmer April Temperatures on Breeding Grounds Promote Earlier Nesting in a Long-Distance Migratory Bird, the Prothonotary Warbler. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.580725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Global climate change and warming are altering hemispheric and local weather patterns. Altered weather patterns have great potential to affect the phenology of life history events, such as the initiation of breeding in organisms that reproduce seasonally. Long-distance migratory birds may be particularly challenged by changes in local weather on breeding grounds because they arrive from distant locations and must commence breeding when conditions are appropriate. Here we explore the effects of local temperature on first egg dates and annual productivity in a long-distance Neotropical migratory songbird, the prothonotary warbler Protonotaria citrea. We present results from a 20-year (1994 to 2013) study documenting the detailed nesting activities of a color-marked population (average of 155 individual females each year) of warblers in southern Illinois, United States. The warblers typically arrive in April and start breeding in late April and May in our study system. We tested for an effect of local average April daily temperature and female age on first egg dates, total number of offspring produced per female, and the probability of fledging two broods. We found that warmer April temperatures promoted earlier first egg dates and higher average annual productivity in the warblers. On average, older females had earlier first egg dates than 1-year-old females, but both age groups responded similarly to local April temperatures. The reproductive gains associated with earlier first egg dates in warmer years stemmed from an increased probability of successfully fledging two broods, suggesting that earlier first egg dates do not currently create a mismatch with food (insect) resources. Earliest arrival dates of warblers to the region of our study system were not affected by local April temperatures, suggesting that females vary their first egg date based on conditions they experience/assess after their arrival. Whereas these birds currently adjust the timing of their breeding and actually produce more offspring in warmer years, continued global warming may eventually upset the current balance between arrival dates, food resources, and the commencement of nesting.
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Lu Y, Yang Y, Sun B, Yuan J, Yu M, Stenseth NC, Bullock JM, Obersteiner M. Spatial variation in biodiversity loss across China under multiple environmental stressors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/47/eabd0952. [PMID: 33219032 PMCID: PMC7679164 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd0952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity is essential for the maintenance of ecosystem health and delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals. However, the drivers of biodiversity loss and the spatial variation in their impacts are poorly understood. Here, we explore the spatial-temporal distributions of threatened and declining ("biodiversity-loss") species and find that these species are affected by multiple stressors, with climate and human activities being the fundamental shaping forces. There has been large spatial variation in the distribution of threatened species over China's provinces, with the biodiversity of Gansu, Guangdong, Hainan, and Shaanxi provinces severely reduced. With increasing urbanization and industrialization, the expansion of construction and worsening pollution has led to habitat retreat or degradation, and high proportions of amphibians, mammals, and reptiles are threatened. Because distributions of species and stressors vary widely across different climate zones and geographical areas, specific policies and measures are needed for preventing biodiversity loss in different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglong Lu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yifu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environmental & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Bin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing 10019, China
| | - Jingjing Yuan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Minzhao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Nils Chr Stenseth
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 03160 Oslo 3, Norway
| | - James M Bullock
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Michael Obersteiner
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Ecosystem Services and Management Program, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
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Saunders SP, Michel NL, Bateman BL, Wilsey CB, Dale K, LeBaron GS, Langham GM. Community science validates climate suitability projections from ecological niche modeling. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02128. [PMID: 32223029 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Climate change poses an intensifying threat to many bird species and projections of future climate suitability provide insight into how species may shift their distributions in response. Climate suitability is characterized using ecological niche models (ENMs), which correlate species occurrence data with current environmental covariates and project future distributions using the modeled relationships together with climate predictions. Despite their widespread adoption, ENMs rely on several assumptions that are rarely validated in situ and can be highly sensitive to modeling decisions, precluding their reliability in conservation decision-making. Using data from a novel, large-scale community science program, we developed dynamic occupancy models to validate near-term climate suitability projections for bluebirds and nuthatches in summer and winter. We estimated occupancy, colonization, and extinction dynamics across species' ranges in the United States in relation to projected climate suitability in the 2020s, and used a Gibbs variable selection approach to quantify evidence of species-climate relationships. We also included a Bird Conservation Region strata-level random effect to examine among-strata variation in occupancy that may be attributable to land-use and ecoregional differences. Across species and seasons, we found strong evidence that initial occupancy and colonization were positively related to 2020 climate suitability, illustrating an independent validation of projections from ENMs across a large geographic area. Random strata effects revealed that occupancy probabilities were generally higher than average in core areas and lower than average in peripheral areas of species' ranges, and served as a first step in identifying spatial patterns of occupancy from these community science data. Our findings lend much-needed support to the use of ENM projections for addressing questions about potential climate-induced changes in species' occupancy dynamics. More broadly, our work highlights the value of community scientist observations for ground-truthing projections from statistical models and for refining our understanding of the processes shaping species' distributions under a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah P Saunders
- National Audubon Society, 225 Varick Street, New York, New York, 10014, USA
| | - Nicole L Michel
- National Audubon Society, 225 Varick Street, New York, New York, 10014, USA
| | - Brooke L Bateman
- National Audubon Society, 225 Varick Street, New York, New York, 10014, USA
| | - Chad B Wilsey
- National Audubon Society, 225 Varick Street, New York, New York, 10014, USA
| | - Kathy Dale
- National Audubon Society, 225 Varick Street, New York, New York, 10014, USA
| | - Geoffrey S LeBaron
- National Audubon Society, 225 Varick Street, New York, New York, 10014, USA
| | - Gary M Langham
- National Audubon Society, 225 Varick Street, New York, New York, 10014, USA
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45
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Ananin AA. Formation and Analysis of Long-Term Series of Bird-Population Observations at Key Sites as Way to Study Biodiversity. CONTEMP PROBL ECOL+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995425520040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Howard C, Stephens PA, Pearce‐Higgins JW, Gregory RD, Butchart SH, Willis SG. Disentangling the relative roles of climate and land cover change in driving the long‐term population trends of European migratory birds. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James W. Pearce‐Higgins
- British Trust for Ornithology Thetford, Norfolk UK
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Richard D. Gregory
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science The Lodge Bedord UK
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research University College London London UK
| | - Stuart H.M. Butchart
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- BirdLife International Cambridge UK
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47
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McMahon BJ, Doyle S, Gray A, Kelly SBA, Redpath SM. European bird declines: Do we need to rethink approaches to the management of abundant generalist predators? J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barry J. McMahon
- UCD School of Agriculture & Food Science University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Susan Doyle
- UCD School of Agriculture & Food Science University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Aimée Gray
- UCD School of Agriculture & Food Science University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Seán B. A. Kelly
- UCD School of Agriculture & Food Science University College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Steve M. Redpath
- School of Biological Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
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48
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Otero I, Farrell KN, Pueyo S, Kallis G, Kehoe L, Haberl H, Plutzar C, Hobson P, García‐Márquez J, Rodríguez‐Labajos B, Martin J, Erb K, Schindler S, Nielsen J, Skorin T, Settele J, Essl F, Gómez‐Baggethun E, Brotons L, Rabitsch W, Schneider F, Pe'er G. Biodiversity policy beyond economic growth. Conserv Lett 2020; 13:e12713. [PMID: 32999687 PMCID: PMC7507775 DOI: 10.1111/conl.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence-synthesized in this paper-shows that economic growth contributes to biodiversity loss via greater resource consumption and higher emissions. Nonetheless, a review of international biodiversity and sustainability policies shows that the majority advocate economic growth. Since improvements in resource use efficiency have so far not allowed for absolute global reductions in resource use and pollution, we question the support for economic growth in these policies, where inadequate attention is paid to the question of how growth can be decoupled from biodiversity loss. Drawing on the literature about alternatives to economic growth, we explore this contradiction and suggest ways forward to halt global biodiversity decline. These include policy proposals to move beyond the growth paradigm while enhancing overall prosperity, which can be implemented by combining top-down and bottom-up governance across scales. Finally, we call the attention of researchers and policy makers to two immediate steps: acknowledge the conflict between economic growth and biodiversity conservation in future policies; and explore socioeconomic trajectories beyond economic growth in the next generation of biodiversity scenarios.
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49
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Morelli F, Benedetti Y, Callaghan CT. Ecological specialization and population trends in European breeding birds. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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50
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Bock SL, Lowers RH, Rainwater TR, Stolen E, Drake JM, Wilkinson PM, Weiss S, Back B, Guillette L, Parrott BB. Spatial and temporal variation in nest temperatures forecasts sex ratio skews in a crocodilian with environmental sex determination. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200210. [PMID: 32345164 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Species displaying temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) are especially vulnerable to the effects of a rapidly changing global climate due to their profound sensitivity to thermal cues during development. Predicting the consequences of climate change for these species, including skewed offspring sex ratios, depends on understanding how climatic factors interface with features of maternal nesting behaviour to shape the developmental environment. Here, we measure thermal profiles in 86 nests at two geographically distinct sites in the northern and southern regions of the American alligator's (Alligator mississippiensis) geographical range, and examine the influence of both climatic factors and maternally driven nest characteristics on nest temperature variation. Changes in daily maximum air temperatures drive annual trends in nest temperatures, while variation in individual nest temperatures is also related to local habitat factors and microclimate characteristics. Without any compensatory nesting behaviours, nest temperatures are projected to increase by 1.6-3.7°C by the year 2100, and these changes are predicted to have dramatic consequences for offspring sex ratios. Exact sex ratio outcomes vary widely depending on site and emission scenario as a function of the unique temperature-by-sex reaction norm exhibited by all crocodilians. By revealing the ecological drivers of nest temperature variation in the American alligator, this study provides important insights into the potential consequences of climate change for crocodilian species, many of which are already threatened by extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Bock
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29802, USA
| | - Russell H Lowers
- Integrated Mission Support Services, John F. Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899, USA
| | - Thomas R Rainwater
- Tom Yawkey Wildlife Center, Georgetown, SC 29440, USA.,Belle W. Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology & Forest Science, Clemson University, Georgetown, SC 29442, USA
| | - Eric Stolen
- Integrated Mission Support Services, John F. Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899, USA
| | - John M Drake
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Stephanie Weiss
- Integrated Mission Support Services, John F. Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899, USA
| | - Brenton Back
- Integrated Mission Support Services, John F. Kennedy Space Center, FL 32899, USA
| | - Louis Guillette
- Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Benjamin B Parrott
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29802, USA
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