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Xie Y, Wang X, Liu S, He Z, Zhang H, Yu Z, Xie M, Wang W. Transforming Growth Factor β1 Protects Against Ischemic Demyelination via Regulating Microglial Lipid Metabolism Pathway. Stroke 2025; 56:1554-1568. [PMID: 40160039 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.124.048206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 01/13/2025] [Accepted: 02/10/2025] [Indexed: 04/02/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced white matter lesions are an important cause of vascular cognitive impairment in aging life. TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor β1) is widely recognized as a multifunctional cytokine participating in numerous pathophysiological processes in the central nervous system. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective potentials of TGF-β1 in ischemic white matter lesions. METHODS A mouse model of bilateral common carotid artery stenosis was established to imitate the ischemic white matter lesions. The agonist of the TGF-β1 pathway was continuously applied via intraperitoneal injection. The Morris water maze test and gait analysis system were used to assess the cognitive and gait disorders in modeling mice. The Luxol fast blue staining, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy were conducted to determine the severity of demyelinating lesions, microglial activation, and dysfunction of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway in microglia. Furthermore, primary cultured microglia were exposed to extracted myelin debris and TGF-β1 in vitro to explore the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS As evaluated by behavioral tests, TGF-β1 significantly alleviated the cognitive dysfunction and gait disorder in bilateral common carotid artery stenosis-modeling mice. The demyelinating lesion and remyelination process were also found to be highly improved by activation of the TGF-β1 pathway. The results of immunostaining and electron microscopy showed that TGF-β1 could ameliorate microglial activation and the dysfunction of lipid metabolism in myelin-engulfed microglia. Mechanistically, in primary cultured microglia exposed to myelin debris, administration of TGF-β1 notably mitigated the inflammatory response and accumulation of intracellular lipid droplets via promoting the lipid droplets degradation in the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, as quantified by flow cytometry, immunostaining, Western blot, etc. Yet, the application of autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine significantly reversed the above anti-inflammatory effects of TGF-β1. CONCLUSIONS TGF-β1 relieved cognitive deficit, demyelinating lesions, and microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in bilateral common carotid artery stenosis modeling by reducing abnormal lipid droplet accumulation and dysfunction of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway in microglia. Clinically, staged activation of the TGF-β1 pathway may become a potential target and promising treatment for ischemic white matter lesions and vascular cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xie
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College (Y.X., X.W., Z.H., H.Z., Z.Y., M.X., W.W.), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.X., X.W., Z.H., H.Z., Z.Y., M.X., W.W.)
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College (Y.X., X.W., Z.H., H.Z., Z.Y., M.X., W.W.), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.X., X.W., Z.H., H.Z., Z.Y., M.X., W.W.)
| | - Shuai Liu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medicine College (S.L.), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziyu He
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College (Y.X., X.W., Z.H., H.Z., Z.Y., M.X., W.W.), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.X., X.W., Z.H., H.Z., Z.Y., M.X., W.W.)
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College (Y.X., X.W., Z.H., H.Z., Z.Y., M.X., W.W.), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.X., X.W., Z.H., H.Z., Z.Y., M.X., W.W.)
| | - Zhiyuan Yu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College (Y.X., X.W., Z.H., H.Z., Z.Y., M.X., W.W.), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.X., X.W., Z.H., H.Z., Z.Y., M.X., W.W.)
| | - Minjie Xie
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College (Y.X., X.W., Z.H., H.Z., Z.Y., M.X., W.W.), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.X., X.W., Z.H., H.Z., Z.Y., M.X., W.W.)
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College (Y.X., X.W., Z.H., H.Z., Z.Y., M.X., W.W.), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of the Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College (W.W.), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Functional Reconstruction Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (Y.X., X.W., Z.H., H.Z., Z.Y., M.X., W.W.)
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Groh J, Feng R, Yuan X, Liu L, Klein D, Hutahaean G, Butz E, Wang Z, Steinbrecher L, Neher J, Martini R, Simons M. Microglia activation orchestrates CXCL10-mediated CD8 + T cell recruitment to promote aging-related white matter degeneration. Nat Neurosci 2025:10.1038/s41593-025-01955-w. [PMID: 40404995 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-025-01955-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 05/24/2025]
Abstract
Aging is the major risk factor for neurodegeneration and is associated with structural and functional alterations in white matter. Myelin is particularly vulnerable to aging, resulting in white matter-associated microglia activation. Here we used pharmacological and genetic approaches to investigate microglial functions related to aging-associated changes in myelinated axons of mice. Our results reveal that maladaptive microglia activation promotes the accumulation of harmful CD8+ T cells, leading to the degeneration of myelinated axons and subsequent impairment of brain function and behavior. We characterize glial heterogeneity and aging-related changes in white matter by single-cell and spatial transcriptomics and reveal elaborate glial-immune interactions. Mechanistically, we show that the CXCL10-CXCR3 axis is crucial for the recruitment and retention of CD8+ T cells in aged white matter, where they exert pathogenic effects. Our results indicate that myelin-related microglia dysfunction promotes adaptive immune reactions in aging and identify putative targets to mitigate their detrimental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Groh
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany.
| | - Ruoqing Feng
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Xidi Yuan
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Neuroimmunology and Neurodegenerative Disease, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Dennis Klein
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gladis Hutahaean
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Butz
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Steinbrecher
- Neuroimmunology and Neurodegenerative Disease, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jonas Neher
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Neuroimmunology and Neurodegenerative Disease, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Martini
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mikael Simons
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
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Wang X, Sun Y, Yu H, Xue C, Pei X, Chen Y, Guan Y. The regulation of microglia by aging and autophagy in multiple sclerosis. Pharmacol Res 2025:107786. [PMID: 40398690 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2025] [Revised: 04/19/2025] [Accepted: 05/17/2025] [Indexed: 05/23/2025]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease that is often characterized by the development of irreversible clinical disability. Age is a strong risk factor that is strongly associated with the clinical course and progression of MS. Several lines of evidence suggest that with aging, microglia have an aging-related gene expression signature and are close to disease-associated microglia (DAM), which exhibit decreased phagocytosis but increased production of inflammatory factors. The gene expression signatures of microglia in MS overlap with those in aging, inflammation and DAM. Moreover, the clearance of damaged myelin by microglia is impaired in the aged brain. Autophagy is a cellular process that decreases in activity with age. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of autophagy and aging in MS. We describe the impact of autophagy and aging on microglial activation in MS and the molecules involved in autophagy and aging, which are related to the phagocytosis and activation of microglia. We propose that a decrease in autophagy in microglia occurs with aging, leading to a decrease in phagocytosis. Decreases in phagocytosis and increases in the production of inflammatory factors by microglia contribute to chronic inflammation in the aged brain and disease progression in MS. Thus, the modulation of autophagy in microglia serves as a potential therapeutic target for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiying Wang
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Sun
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haojun Yu
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunran Xue
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuzhong Pei
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangtai Guan
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Yadav SK, Chen C, Dhib-Jalbut S, Ito K. The mechanism of disease progression by aging and age-related gut dysbiosis in multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2025; 212:106956. [PMID: 40383164 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2025.106956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2025] [Revised: 05/05/2025] [Accepted: 05/13/2025] [Indexed: 05/20/2025] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease caused by a multifaceted interplay of genetic predispositions and environmental factors. Most patients initially experience the relapsing-remitting form of the disease (RRMS), which is characterized by episodes of neurological deficits followed by periods of symptom resolution. However, over time, many individuals with RRMS advance to a progressive form of the disease, known as secondary progressive MS (SPMS), marked by a gradual worsening of symptoms without periods of remission. The mechanisms underlying this transition remain largely unclear, and current disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are partially effective in treating SPMS. Age is widely acknowledged as a risk factor for the transition from RRMS to SPMS. One factor associated with aging that may influence the progression of MS is gut dysbiosis. This review discusses how aging and age-related gut dysbiosis affect the progression of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar Yadav
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
| | - Claire Chen
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
| | - Suhayl Dhib-Jalbut
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
| | - Kouichi Ito
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America.
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5
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Prakash P, Manchanda P, Paouri E, Bisht K, Sharma K, Rajpoot J, Wendt V, Hossain A, Wijewardhane PR, Randolph CE, Chen Y, Stanko S, Gasmi N, Gjojdeshi A, Card S, Fine J, Jethava KP, Clark MG, Dong B, Ma S, Crockett A, Thayer EA, Nicolas M, Davis R, Hardikar D, Allende D, Prayson RA, Zhang C, Davalos D, Chopra G. Amyloid-β induces lipid droplet-mediated microglial dysfunction via the enzyme DGAT2 in Alzheimer's disease. Immunity 2025:S1074-7613(25)00192-X. [PMID: 40393454 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2025] [Indexed: 05/22/2025]
Abstract
Microglial phagocytosis genes have been linked to increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the mechanisms translating genetic association to cellular dysfunction remain unknown. Here, we showed that microglia formed lipid droplets (LDs) upon amyloid-β (Aβ) exposure and that LD loads increased with proximity to amyloid plaques in brains from individuals with AD and the 5xFAD mouse model. LD-laden microglia exhibited defects in Aβ phagocytosis, and unbiased lipidomic analyses identified a parallel decrease in free fatty acids (FFAs) and increase in triacylglycerols (TGs) as the key metabolic transition underlying LD formation. Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2)-a key enzyme that converts FFAs to TGs-promoted microglial LD formation and was increased in mouse 5xFAD and human AD brains. Pharmacologically targeting DGAT2 improved microglial uptake of Aβ and reduced plaque load and neuronal damage in 5xFAD mice. These findings identify a lipid-mediated mechanism underlying microglial dysfunction that could become a therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Palak Manchanda
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Evi Paouri
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kanchan Bisht
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kaushik Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jitika Rajpoot
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Victoria Wendt
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ahad Hossain
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | - Caitlin E Randolph
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yihao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sarah Stanko
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nadia Gasmi
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Anxhela Gjojdeshi
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sophie Card
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jonathan Fine
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Krupal P Jethava
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Matthew G Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Bin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Seohee Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Alexis Crockett
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Thayer
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Marlo Nicolas
- Division of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ryann Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Dhruv Hardikar
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Daniela Allende
- Division of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Dimitrios Davalos
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Gaurav Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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6
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Depp C, Doman JL, Hingerl M, Xia J, Stevens B. Microglia transcriptional states and their functional significance: Context drives diversity. Immunity 2025; 58:1052-1067. [PMID: 40328255 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2025] [Revised: 04/08/2025] [Accepted: 04/08/2025] [Indexed: 05/08/2025]
Abstract
In the brain, microglia are continuously exposed to a dynamic microenvironment throughout life, requiring them to adapt accordingly to specific developmental or disease-related demands. The advent of single-cell sequencing technologies has revealed the diversity of microglial transcriptional states. In this review, we explore the various contexts that drive transcriptional diversity in microglia and assess the extent to which non-homeostatic conditions induce context-specific signatures. We discuss our current understanding and knowledge gaps regarding the relationship between transcriptional states and microglial function, review the influence of complex microenvironments and prior experiences on microglial state induction, and highlight strategies to bridge the gap between mouse and human studies to advance microglia-targeting therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Depp
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jordan L Doman
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Society of Fellows, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maximilian Hingerl
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Judy Xia
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Beth Stevens
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Investigator, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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7
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Wang BN, Du AY, Chen XH, Huang T, Mamun AA, Li P, Du ST, Feng YZ, Jiang LY, Xu J, Wang Y, Wang SS, Kim K, Zhou KL, Wu YQ, Hu SW, Xiao J. Inhibition of CD36 ameliorates mouse spinal cord injury by accelerating microglial lipophagy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2025; 46:1205-1220. [PMID: 39880928 PMCID: PMC12032095 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01463-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 12/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2025]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious trauma of the central nervous system (CNS). SCI induces a unique lipid-dense environment that results in the deposition of large amounts of lipid droplets (LDs). The presence of LDs has been shown to contribute to the progression of other diseases. Lipophagy, a selective type of autophagy, is involved in intracellular LDs degradation. Fatty acid translocase CD36, a multifunctional transmembrane protein that facilitates the uptake of long-chain fatty acids, is implicated in the progression of certain metabolic diseases, and negatively regulates autophagy. However, the precise mechanisms of LDs generation and degradation in SCI, as well as whether CD36 regulates SCI via lipophagy, remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of LDs accumulation in microglia for SCI, as well as the regulatory mechanism of CD36 in microglia lipophagy during LDs elimination in vivo and in vitro. SCI was induced in mice by applying moderate compression on spina cord at T9-T10 level. Locomotion recovery was evaluated at days 0, 1, 3, 7 and 14 following the injury. PA-stimulated BV2 cells was established as the in vitro lipid-loaded model. We observed a marked buildup of LDs in microglial cells at the site of injury post-SCI. More importantly, microglial cells with excessive LDs exhibited elevated activation and stimulated inflammatory response, which drastically triggered the pyroptosis of microglial cells. Furthermore, we found significantly increased CD36 expression, and the breakdown of lipophagy in microglia following SCI. Sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate sodium (SSO), a CD36 inhibitor, has been shown to promote the lipophagy of microglial cells in SCI mice and PA-treated BV2 cells, which enhanced LDs degradation, ameliorated inflammatory levels and pyroptosis of microglial cells, and ultimately promoted SCI recovery. As expected, inhibition of lipophagy with Baf-A1 reversed the effects of SSO. We conclude that microglial lipophagy is essential for the removal of LDs during SCI recovery. Our research implies that CD36 could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment and management of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei-Ni Wang
- Department of Arthroplasty, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Affiliated Wenling Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, 317500, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - An-Yu Du
- Department of Arthroplasty, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Affiliated Wenling Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, 317500, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Xiang-Hang Chen
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Ting Huang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Central Laboratory of The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People's Hospital, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Ping Li
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Si-Ting Du
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yan-Zheng Feng
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Lin-Yuan Jiang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Wang
- Department of Arthroplasty, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Affiliated Wenling Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, 317500, China
| | - Kwonseop Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kai-Liang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Yan-Qing Wu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Engineering Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Pharmaceutical Development of Growth Factors, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Si-Wang Hu
- Department of Arthroplasty, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Affiliated Wenling Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, 317500, China.
| | - Jian Xiao
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
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Wang NQ, Sun PX, Shen QQ, Deng MY. Cholesterol Metabolism in CNS Diseases: The Potential of SREBP2 and LXR as Therapeutic Targets. Mol Neurobiol 2025; 62:6283-6307. [PMID: 39775479 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04672-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 12/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025]
Abstract
The brain is the organ with the highest cholesterol content in the body. Cholesterol in the brain plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of synapses and myelin sheaths to ensure normal brain function. Disruptions in cholesterol metabolism are closely associated with various central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). In this review, we explore the synthesis, regulation, transport, and functional roles of cholesterol in the CNS. We discuss in detail the associations between cholesterol homeostasis imbalance and CNS diseases including AD, HD, and MS, highlighting the significant role of cholesterol metabolism abnormalities in the development of these diseases. Sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP2) and liver X receptor (LXR) are two critical transcription factors that play central roles in cholesterol synthesis and reverse transport, respectively. Their cooperative interaction finely tunes the balance of brain cholesterol metabolism, presenting potential therapeutic value for preventing and treating CNS diseases. We particularly emphasize the alterations in SREBP2 and LXR under pathological conditions and their impacts on disease progression. This review summarizes current therapeutic agents targeting these two pathways, with the hope of broadening the perspectives of CNS drug developers and encouraging further study into SREBP2 and LXR-related therapies for CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Pei-Xiang Sun
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Qi-Qi Shen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Meng-Yan Deng
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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9
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Baumer Y, Irei J, Boisvert WA. Cholesterol crystals in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Cardiol 2025; 22:315-332. [PMID: 39558130 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-024-01100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2024] [Indexed: 11/20/2024]
Abstract
The presence of cholesterol crystals (CCs) in tissues was first described more than 100 years ago. CCs have a pathogenic role in various cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, aortic aneurysm and, most prominently, atherosclerosis. Although the underlying mechanisms and signalling pathways involved in CC formation are incompletely understood, numerous studies have highlighted the existence of CCs at various stages of atheroma progression. In this Review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying CC formation and the role of CCs in cardiovascular disease. In particular, we explore the established links between lipid metabolism across various cell types and the formation of CCs, with a focus on CC occurrence in the vasculature. We also discuss CC-induced inflammation as one of the pathogenic features of CCs in the atheroma. Finally, we summarize the therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing CC-mediated atherosclerotic burden, including approaches to inhibit CC formation in the vasculature or to mitigate the inflammatory response triggered by CCs. Addressing CC formation might emerge as a crucial component in our broader efforts to combat cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Baumer
- Social Determinants of Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Laboratory, NIH, NHLBI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason Irei
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - William A Boisvert
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA.
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10
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Gu RF, Hronowski X, Shao Z, Gao B, Soucey K, Sun F, Tsai HH, Wei R. Dynamic Proteome Changes in Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination and Remyelination in the Mouse Brain. J Proteome Res 2025. [PMID: 40305778 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2025]
Abstract
This study aimed to gain insights into the dynamic proteome changes and underlying molecular mechanisms of de/remyelination in a cuprizone model, a widely used preclinical model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Longitudinal sampling of control or cuprizone-treated mouse brains was executed at 6 time points over 6 weeks. Data analysis included 8489 quantified proteins. Differential proteomic and GO analyses revealed that 5.9% of the quantified proteome was altered, including reported and novel de/remyelination-relevant protein changes and underlying pathways. We found that oligodendrocyte proteins (Fa2h and Ugt8) were significantly changed during demyelination, suggesting that dysregulated sphingolipid metabolism in MS may stem from oligodendrocyte pathology. Importantly, we showed that the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway was the most enriched biological process in a subset of significantly changed proteins, where myelination was highly enriched. We further validated the changes in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway through targeted GC-MS analysis of intermediate sterols, supporting the critical role of cholesterol biosynthesis in de/remyelination. Unexpectedly, changes of myelin-associated proteins, Mbp and Plp1, were minimal, while Ermn showed significant reduction tracking with demyelination, indicating that some myelin protein changes are more sensitive to demyelination. Together with a list of significantly altered proteins, the results of this study could benefit future remyelination research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Fang Gu
- Chemical Biology and Proteomics, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Xiaoping Hronowski
- Chemical Biology and Proteomics, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Zhaohui Shao
- Multiple Sclerosis Immunology Research, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Benbo Gao
- Chemical Biology and Proteomics, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Kayla Soucey
- Multiple Sclerosis Immunology Research, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Fangxu Sun
- Chemical Biology and Proteomics, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Hui-Hsin Tsai
- Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Development, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Ru Wei
- Chemical Biology and Proteomics, Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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11
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Martens N, Zhan N, Yam SC, Palumbo M, Pontini L, Leijten FPJ, van Vark-van der Zee L, Voortman G, Friedrichs S, Gerding A, Marinozzi M, Jonker JW, Kuipers F, Lütjohann D, Vanmierlo T, Mulder MT. Role for the liver X receptor agonist 22-ketositosterol in preventing disease progression in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Br J Pharmacol 2025. [PMID: 40233928 DOI: 10.1111/bph.70031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2025] [Accepted: 02/09/2025] [Indexed: 04/17/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Liver X receptors (LXRs) are promising therapeutic targets for alleviating Alzheimer's disease (AD) symptoms. We assessed the impact of the semi-synthetic LXR agonist 22-ketositosterol on disease progression in an AD mouse model. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH From 5.5 months of age, APPswePS1ΔE9 (AD) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates received a regular or 22-ketositosterol-supplemented diet (0.017% w/w). Cognition was assessed with object location and recognition tasks and a spontaneous alternation Y-maze test. Amyloid β was quantified using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), microglia (Iba1, CD68) and astrocyte (GFAP) markers using IHC. Sterols were determined in food, serum, liver and cerebellum. KEY RESULTS 22-Ketositosterol activated both liver X receptors-α and -β and promoted cholesterol efflux in cell cultures. Diet supplementation with 22-ketositosterol prevented a decline in the performance of APPswePS1ΔE9 mice in the object location task but not in the other two tasks. Without affecting amyloid β deposition, 22-ketositosterol decreased microglia (Iba1, CD68) and astrocyte (GFAP) markers in the cortex and hippocampus of APPswePS1ΔE9, suggesting potential anti-inflammatory effects. No lipid accumulation was detected in the liver or serum upon 22-ketositosterol supplementation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Diet supplementation with 22-ketositosterol prevented the decline in spatial memory of APPswePS1ΔE9 mice. Our data suggest therapeutic benefits of 22-ketositosterol possibly by enhancing cholesterol efflux and mitigating inflammatory responses, without inducing hepatosteatosis or hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Martens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Na Zhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sammie C Yam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lorenzo Pontini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Frank P J Leijten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie van Vark-van der Zee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gardi Voortman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Friedrichs
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Albert Gerding
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maura Marinozzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing (ERIBA), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Department Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Mental Health and Neuroscience Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique T Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Rezaei A, Kocsis-Jutka V, Gunes ZI, Zeng Q, Kislinger G, Bauernschmitt F, Isilgan HB, Parisi LR, Kaya T, Franzenburg S, Koppenbrink J, Knogler J, Arzberger T, Farny D, Nuscher B, Katona E, Dhingra A, Yang C, Gouna G, LaClair KD, Janjic A, Enard W, Zhou Q, Hagan N, Ofengeim D, Beltrán E, Gokce O, Simons M, Liebscher S, Edbauer D. Correction of dysregulated lipid metabolism normalizes gene expression in oligodendrocytes and prolongs lifespan in female poly-GA C9orf72 mice. Nat Commun 2025; 16:3442. [PMID: 40216746 PMCID: PMC11992041 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-58634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2025] [Indexed: 04/14/2025] Open
Abstract
Clinical and genetic research links altered cholesterol metabolism with ALS development and progression, yet pinpointing specific pathomechanisms remain challenging. We investigated how cholesterol dysmetabolism interacts with protein aggregation, demyelination, and neuronal loss in ALS. Bulk RNAseq transcriptomics showed decreased cholesterol biosynthesis and increased cholesterol export in ALS mouse models (GA-Nes, GA-Camk2a GA-CFP, rNLS8) and patient samples (spinal cord), suggesting an adaptive response to cholesterol overload. Consequently, we assessed the efficacy of the cholesterol-binding drug 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (CD) in a fast-progressing C9orf72 ALS mouse model with extensive poly-GA expression and myelination deficits. CD treatment normalized cholesteryl ester levels, lowered neurofilament light chain levels, and prolonged lifespan in female but not male GA-Nes mice, without impacting poly-GA aggregates. Single nucleus transcriptomics indicated that CD primarily affected oligodendrocytes, significantly restored myelin gene expression, increased density of myelinated axons, inhibited the disease-associated oligodendrocyte response, and downregulated the lipid-associated genes Plin4 and ApoD. These results suggest that reducing excess free cholesterol in the CNS could be a viable ALS treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rezaei
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Zeynep I Gunes
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Qing Zeng
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Kislinger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Bauernschmitt
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Laura R Parisi
- Sanofi, Rare and Neurologic Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tuğberk Kaya
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sören Franzenburg
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jonas Koppenbrink
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Knogler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Arzberger
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Farny
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Brigitte Nuscher
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eszter Katona
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Munich, Germany
| | - Ashutosh Dhingra
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chao Yang
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Garyfallia Gouna
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Aleksandar Janjic
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Enard
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Qihui Zhou
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Nellwyn Hagan
- Sanofi, Rare and Neurologic Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Eduardo Beltrán
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ozgun Gokce
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mikael Simons
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Liebscher
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neurobiochemistry, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dieter Edbauer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Munich, Germany.
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13
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Zhu W, Shi R, Li Y, Zhang G, Feng X, Cong J, He M, An Y, Ma R, Shi W, Cong B. Stress-Induced Cholesterol Metabolic Dysregulation and Differentiation Trajectory Shift in Oligodendrocytes Synergistically Drive Demyelination. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:3517. [PMID: 40332029 PMCID: PMC12026842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26083517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2025] [Revised: 04/03/2025] [Accepted: 04/07/2025] [Indexed: 05/08/2025] Open
Abstract
Stress-induced demyelination resulting from oligodendrocyte (OLG) dysfunction is one of the key pathological mechanisms of depression, yet its dynamic regulatory network remains unclear. This study integrates single-cell transcriptomics, lineage tracing, and functional interventions to uncover a temporally disordered OLG cholesterol metabolism in a restraint stress mouse model: After 3 days of stress, upregulation of efflux genes Abca1/Abcg1 triggers a compensatory response; however, by day 14, persistent suppression of transport genes (Apoe, Apod) and homeostatic regulatory genes (Dhcr24, Srebf2, etc.) leads to intracellular accumulation of "ineffective cholesterol", with compensatory activation of the AMPK pathway unable to restore cholesterol conversion into myelin. Pseudotime analysis further reveals that stress alters OLG differentiation trajectories, decreasing the proportion of mature OLGs and causing immature precursors to abnormally stall at the late pre-differentiation stage, resulting in myelin regeneration failure. Moreover, an immune OLG_C10 subpopulation expressing complement component C3 and P2ry12 is identified, indicating that OLGs may contribute to neuroinflammatory cascades through immune reprogramming. In summary, these findings reveal a novel mechanism from the dynamic perspective of OLGs, in which the interplay of "metabolic imbalance, differentiation blockade, and immune activation" collaboratively drives stress-induced demyelination, providing a theoretical foundation for depression treatment targeting OLG functional restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Weibo Shi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; (W.Z.); (R.S.); (Y.L.); (G.Z.); (X.F.); (J.C.); (M.H.); (Y.A.); (R.M.)
| | - Bin Cong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; (W.Z.); (R.S.); (Y.L.); (G.Z.); (X.F.); (J.C.); (M.H.); (Y.A.); (R.M.)
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14
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Luo M, Wang Q, Chen J, Yin G. m6A-related genes of peripheral white blood cell in spinal cord injury as potential targets for prognosis and treatment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2025; 12:1544719. [PMID: 40270490 PMCID: PMC12014650 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1544719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2025] [Indexed: 04/25/2025] Open
Abstract
Objective Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a destructive neurological and pathological state that causes major motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a reversible RNA modification implicated in various biological processes. However, few studies have examined m6A expression in patients with SCI. We explored the prognostic value of m6A-related genes as potential biomarkers in SCI to establish a set of accurate diagnostic and prognostic prediction models. Methods Differentially expressed analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to explore m6a related modules and hub genes. KEGG and GO analyses was utilized to explore the potential role of these hub genes. Gene expression was verified in single-cell data. The correlation of m6A related gene with spinal cord injury severity was explored. Results We found 289 SCI-related and five m6A-related candidate genes with high SCI correlation and high differential expression in the publicly available dataset, GSE151371. These genes are also involved in long-chain fatty acid binding. Early SCI was accompanied by significant immune cell infiltration. Simultaneously, infiltrating immune cells and the innate immune system have a strong cellular interaction, which gradually decreases over time. The number of PPARG-positive cells also increases after SCI. The comparatively higher expression of PPARG and lower expression of AK5 in white blood cells (WBCs) correlates with severity of SCI. Conclusion Our integrated analysis illustrates the hub genes involved in SCI, which can be prognostic markers. Further understanding of the functions of the identified SCI hub genes may provide deeper insights into the molecular mechanisms of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jian Chen
- *Correspondence: Jian Chen, ; Guoyong Yin,
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15
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Vanherle S, Loix M, Miron VE, Hendriks JJA, Bogie JFJ. Lipid metabolism, remodelling and intercellular transfer in the CNS. Nat Rev Neurosci 2025; 26:214-231. [PMID: 39972160 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-025-00908-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2025] [Indexed: 02/21/2025]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism encompasses the catabolism and anabolism of lipids, and is fundamental for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, particularly within the lipid-rich CNS. Increasing evidence further underscores the importance of lipid remodelling and transfer within and between glial cells and neurons as key orchestrators of CNS lipid homeostasis. In this Review, we summarize and discuss the complex landscape of processes involved in lipid metabolism, remodelling and intercellular transfer in the CNS. Highlighted are key pathways, including those mediating lipid (and lipid droplet) biogenesis and breakdown, lipid oxidation and phospholipid metabolism, as well as cell-cell lipid transfer mediated via lipoproteins, extracellular vesicles and tunnelling nanotubes. We further explore how the dysregulation of these pathways contributes to the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, and examine the homeostatic and pathogenic impacts of environment, diet and lifestyle on CNS lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Vanherle
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- University MS Centre, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Melanie Loix
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- University MS Centre, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Veronique E Miron
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Barlo Multiple Sclerosis Centre, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jerome J A Hendriks
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- University MS Centre, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jeroen F J Bogie
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.
- University MS Centre, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.
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16
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Feng Y, Ma X, Zong X, Jordan JD, Wu CYC, Tesic V, Lee RHC, Zhang Q. Clemastine enhances myelin formation in the striatum and medial prefrontal cortex and improves sociability in a neonatal rat hypoxic-ischemic model. Biomed Pharmacother 2025; 185:117916. [PMID: 40058153 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2025.117916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 01/28/2025] [Accepted: 02/14/2025] [Indexed: 03/23/2025] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) results in gray and white matter injuries, leading to impairments in social behavior and severe neurological deficits. Clemastine treatment has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating behavioral deficits in various neurological disorders by improving myelin formation. It has been suggested that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the striatum play a key role in human social behaviors. To test whether clemastine can mitigate sociability deficits by rescuing the myelin damage in these key brain areas, we administered clemastine orally for two weeks following HI insult in neonatal rats. We demonstrated that clemastine successfully ameliorated HI-induced social deficits during adolescence, attenuated hypomyelination and promoted oligodendrocyte maturation in the striatum and mPFC. We also observed that clementine reduced proliferation and apoptosis of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), decreased myelin debris induced by HI in the striatum, and was accompanied by microglia morphological changes in the striatum. Furthermore, our findings revealed a positive correlation between sociability and myelin formation in the striatum and mPFC. In conclusion, our data indicate that clemastine attenuates HI-induced sociability impairments during adolescence, potentially through its role in promoting myelin formation in the striatum and mPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Feng
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Xuemei Zong
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - J Dedrick Jordan
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Celeste Yin-Chieh Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Vesna Tesic
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Reggie Hui-Chao Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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17
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Que X, Zhang T, Liu X, Yin Y, Xia X, Gong P, Song W, Qin Q, Xu ZQD, Tang Y. The role of TREM2 in myelin sheath dynamics: A comprehensive perspective from physiology to pathology. Prog Neurobiol 2025; 247:102732. [PMID: 40021075 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2025.102732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2025] [Accepted: 02/18/2025] [Indexed: 03/03/2025]
Abstract
Demyelinating disorders, characterizing by the loss of myelin integrity, present significant challenges due to their impact on neurological function and lack of effective treatments. Understanding the mechanisms underlying myelin damage is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), a pivotal immune receptor predominantly found on microglial cells, plays essential roles in phagocytosis and lipid metabolism, vital processes in neuroinflammation and immune regulation. Emerging evidence indicates a close relationship between TREM2 and various aspects of myelin sheath dynamics, including maintenance, response to damage, and regeneration. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of TREM2's influence on myelin physiology and pathology, highlighting its therapeutic potential and putative mechanisms in the progression of demyelinating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Que
- Department of Neurology & Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing 100053, China; Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100053, China; Departments of Neurobiology and Pathology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- Department of Neurology & Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing 100053, China; Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xueyu Liu
- Department of Neurology & Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing 100053, China; Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yunsi Yin
- Department of Neurology & Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing 100053, China; Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xinyi Xia
- Department of Neurology & Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing 100053, China; Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Ping Gong
- Departments of Neurobiology and Pathology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Weiyi Song
- Department of Neurology & Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing 100053, China; Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100053, China; Departments of Neurobiology and Pathology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qi Qin
- Department of Neurology & Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing 100053, China; Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Zhi-Qing David Xu
- Departments of Neurobiology and Pathology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Neurology & Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing 100053, China; Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing 100053, China.
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18
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Hill BM, Holloway RK, Forbes LH, Davies CL, Monteiro JK, Brown CM, Rose J, Fudge N, Plant PJ, Mahmood A, Brand-Arzamendi K, Kent SA, Molina-Gonzalez I, Gyoneva S, Ransohoff RM, Wipke B, Priller J, Schneider R, Moore CS, Miron VE. Monocyte-secreted Wnt reduces the efficiency of central nervous system remyelination. PLoS Biol 2025; 23:e3003073. [PMID: 40233100 PMCID: PMC12052099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2025] [Accepted: 02/18/2025] [Indexed: 04/17/2025] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of myelin in the central nervous system (CNS) reinstates nerve health and function, yet its decreased efficiency with aging and progression of neurodegenerative disease contributes to axonal loss and/or degeneration. Although CNS myeloid cells have been implicated in regulating the efficiency of remyelination, the distinct contribution of blood monocytes versus that of resident microglia is unclear. Here, we reveal that monocytes have non-redundant functions compared to microglia in regulating remyelination. Using a transgenic mouse in which classical monocytes have reduced egress from bone marrow (Ccr2-/-), we demonstrate that monocytes drive the timely onset of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin protein expression, yet impede myelin production. Ribonucleic acid sequencing revealed a Wnt signature in wild-type mouse lesion monocytes, which was confirmed in monocytes from multiple sclerosis white matter lesions and blood. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of Wnt release by monocytes increased remyelination. Our findings reveal monocytes to be critical regulators of remyelination and identify monocytic Wnt signaling as a promising therapeutic target to inhibit for increased efficiency of CNS regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca M. Hill
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- BARLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca K. Holloway
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- BARLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lindsey H. Forbes
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor’s Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L. Davies
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor’s Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan K. Monteiro
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- BARLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christina M. Brown
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor’s Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Rose
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor’s Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Neva Fudge
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Pamela J. Plant
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayisha Mahmood
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor’s Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Koroboshka Brand-Arzamendi
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- BARLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah A. Kent
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor’s Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Molina-Gonzalez
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor’s Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Stefka Gyoneva
- Previously at Biogen Ltd, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Ransohoff
- Previously at Biogen Ltd, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Third Rock Ventures, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brian Wipke
- Previously at Biogen Ltd, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Manifold Bio, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Josef Priller
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellor’s Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and DZNE, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raphael Schneider
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- BARLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Craig S. Moore
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Veronique E. Miron
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- BARLO Multiple Sclerosis Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor’s Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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19
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Huang R, Pang Q, Zheng L, Lin J, Li H, Wan L, Wang T. Cholesterol metabolism: physiological versus pathological aspects in intracerebral hemorrhage. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1015-1030. [PMID: 38989934 PMCID: PMC11438341 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an important component of plasma membranes and participates in many basic life functions, such as the maintenance of cell membrane stability, the synthesis of steroid hormones, and myelination. Cholesterol plays a key role in the establishment and maintenance of the central nervous system. The brain contains 20% of the whole body's cholesterol, 80% of which is located within myelin. A huge number of processes (e.g., the sterol regulatory element-binding protein pathway and liver X receptor pathway) participate in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in the brain via mechanisms that include cholesterol biosynthesis, intracellular transport, and efflux. Certain brain injuries or diseases involving crosstalk among the processes above can affect normal cholesterol metabolism to induce detrimental consequences. Therefore, we hypothesized that cholesterol-related molecules and pathways can serve as therapeutic targets for central nervous system diseases. Intracerebral hemorrhage is the most severe hemorrhagic stroke subtype, with high mortality and morbidity. Historical cholesterol levels are associated with the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. Moreover, secondary pathological changes after intracerebral hemorrhage are associated with cholesterol metabolism dysregulation, such as neuroinflammation, demyelination, and multiple types of programmed cell death. Intracellular cholesterol accumulation in the brain has been found after intracerebral hemorrhage. In this paper, we review normal cholesterol metabolism in the central nervous system, the mechanisms known to participate in the disturbance of cholesterol metabolism after intracerebral hemorrhage, and the links between cholesterol metabolism and cell death. We also review several possible and constructive therapeutic targets identified based on cholesterol metabolism to provide cholesterol-based perspectives and a reference for those interested in the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Huang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Suzhou Medicine College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qiuyu Pang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Suzhou Medicine College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lexin Zheng
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Suzhou Medicine College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiaxi Lin
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Suzhou Medicine College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hanxi Li
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Suzhou Medicine College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lingbo Wan
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Suzhou Medicine College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Suzhou Medicine College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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20
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Montilla A, Zabala A, Calvo I, Bosch-Juan M, Tomé-Velasco I, Mata P, Koster M, Sierra A, Kooistra SM, Soria FN, Eggen BJL, Fresnedo O, Fernández JA, Tepavcevic V, Matute C, Domercq M. Microglia regulate myelin clearance and cholesterol metabolism after demyelination via interferon regulatory factor 5. Cell Mol Life Sci 2025; 82:131. [PMID: 40137979 PMCID: PMC11947375 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-025-05648-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 12/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2025] [Indexed: 03/29/2025]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is a transcription factor that plays a role in orchestrating innate immune responses, particularly in response to viral infections. Notably, IRF5 has been identified as a microglia risk gene linked to multiple sclerosis (MS), but its specific role in MS pathogenesis remains unclear. Through the use of Irf5-/- mice, our study uncovers a non-canonical function of IRF5 in MS recovery. Irf5-/- mice exhibited increased damage in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model and demonstrated impaired oligodendrocyte recruitment into the lesion core following lysolecithin-induced demyelination. Transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses revealed that IRF5 has a role in microglia-mediated myelin phagocytosis, lipid metabolism, and cholesterol homeostasis. Indeed, Irf5-/- microglia phagocytose myelin, but myelin debris is not adequately degraded, leading to an accumulation of lipid droplets, cholesterol esters, and cholesterol crystals within demyelinating lesions. This abnormal buildup can hinder remyelination processes. Importantly, treatments that promote cholesterol transport were found to reduce lipid droplet accumulation and mitigate the exacerbated damage in Irf5-/- mice with EAE. Altogether, our study identified the antiviral transcription factor IRF5 as a key transcriptional regulator of lipid degradation and cholesterol homeostasis and suggest that loss of IRF5 function leads to pathogenic lipid accumulation in microglia, thereby obstructing remyelination. These data and the fact that Irf5 polymorphisms are significantly associated with MS, highlight IRF5 as a potential therapeutic target to promote regenerative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Montilla
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, E-48940, Leioa, Spain.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain.
| | - Alazne Zabala
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Ibai Calvo
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Marina Bosch-Juan
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Irene Tomé-Velasco
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Paloma Mata
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Mirjam Koster
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Amanda Sierra
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque Foundation, E-48009, Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Susanne M Kooistra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Federico N Soria
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque Foundation, E-48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Olatz Fresnedo
- Lipids & Liver Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - José Andrés Fernández
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Vanja Tepavcevic
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Carlos Matute
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, E-48940, Leioa, Spain.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain.
| | - María Domercq
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, E-48940, Leioa, Spain.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain.
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21
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Jana R, Das Sarma J. The crosstalk between CNS resident glial cells and peripheral immune cells is critical for age-dependent demyelination and subsequent remyelination. Biogerontology 2025; 26:74. [PMID: 40085264 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-025-10213-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2025] [Indexed: 03/16/2025]
Abstract
White-matter diseases like multiple sclerosis begin in young adulthood. Aging, being a risk factor, contributes to the progression of these diseases and makes neurological disabilities worsen. Aging causes white matter alteration due to myelin loss, axonal degeneration, and hyperintensities, resulting in cognitive impairment and neurological disorders. Aging also negatively affects central nervous system resident glial cells and peripheral immune cells, contributing to myelin degeneration and diminished myelin renewal process. Restoration of myelin failure with aging accelerates the progression of cognitive decline. This review will mainly focus on how age-related altered functions of glial and peripheral cells will affect myelin sheath alteration and myelin restoration. This understanding can give us insights into the underlying mechanisms of demyelination and failure of remyelination with aging concerning altered glial and peripheral immune cell function and their crosstalk. Also, we will explain the therapeutic strategies to enhance the remyelination process of an aging brain to improve the cognitive health of an aging person.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishika Jana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India.
- Departments of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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22
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Xu Y, Yin H, Li L, Wang X, Hou Q. Covert cerebrospinal fluid dynamics dysfunction: evolution from conventional to innovative therapies. Front Neurol 2025; 16:1554813. [PMID: 40144621 PMCID: PMC11936825 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1554813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2025] [Accepted: 02/27/2025] [Indexed: 03/28/2025] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics disorders are intricately linked to diverse neurological pathologies, though they usually are mild and covert. Contemporary insights into glymphatic system function, particularly the CSF transport, drainage, and its role in clearing metabolic waste and toxic substances in both normal and pathological states, and the pivotal role of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in CSF-interstitial fluid (ISF) exchange, have established novel theoretical frameworks of subclinical CSF dynamics dysfunction, and have promoted the development of non-surgical therapeutic approaches for them simultaneously. This review comprehensively analyzes the advancement of non-surgical interventions for CSF dynamics disorders, emphasizing the transition from established methodologies to innovative approaches. Current non-surgical treatment strategies primarily encompass three directions: pharmacological therapy, physical therapy, and biological regulation therapy. In terms of pharmacological interventions, developments from traditional diuretics to novel small-molecule drugs show promising therapeutic potential. In physical therapy, innovative techniques such as lower body negative pressure, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and vagus nerve stimulation have provided new options for clinical practice. Meanwhile, biological regulation therapy, exemplified by recombinant VEGF-C administration, has established novel therapeutic paradigms. These therapeutic strategies have demonstrated potential in improving CSF dynamics and enhancing CSF waste elimination. Future research should focus on developing individualized treatment protocols, elucidating of therapeutic mechanisms, and assessing longitudinal outcomes. This will facilitate the development of more precise therapeutic strategies and exploration of optimized multimodal treatment combinations in handling the so-called convert CSF dynamics dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Class 6, 2020 Clinical Medicine Program, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lingge Li
- Class 2, 2020 Clinical Medicine Program, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaodi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qinghua Hou
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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23
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Kornberg MD, Calabresi PA. Multiple Sclerosis and Other Acquired Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2025; 17:a041374. [PMID: 38806240 PMCID: PMC11875095 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Acquired demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) comprise inflammatory conditions, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and related diseases, as well as noninflammatory conditions caused by toxic, metabolic, infectious, traumatic, and neurodegenerative insults. Here, we review the spectrum of diseases producing acquired CNS demyelination before focusing on the prototypical example of MS, exploring the pathologic mechanisms leading to myelin injury in relapsing and progressive MS and summarizing the mechanisms and modulators of remyelination. We highlight the complex interplay between the immune system, oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), and other CNS glia cells such as microglia and astrocytes in the pathogenesis and clinical course of MS. Finally, we review emerging therapeutic strategies that exploit our growing understanding of disease mechanisms to limit progression and promote remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Kornberg
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Peter A Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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24
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Pistolesi A, Ranieri G, Calvani M, Guasti D, Chiarugi A, Buonvicino D. Microglial suppression by myeloperoxidase inhibitor does not delay neurodegeneration in a mouse model of progressive multiple sclerosis. Exp Neurol 2025; 385:115095. [PMID: 39674307 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.115095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2024] [Revised: 11/28/2024] [Accepted: 12/03/2024] [Indexed: 12/16/2024]
Abstract
Drugs able to efficiently counteract the progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) are still an unmet need. Numerous preclinical evidence indicates that reactive oxygen-generating enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), expressed by neutrophils and microglia, might play a key role in neurodegenerative disorders. Then, the MPO inhibition has been evaluated in clinical trials in Parkinson's and multiple system atrophy patients, and a clinical trial for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is underway. The effects of MPO inhibition on MS patients have not yet been explored. In the present study, by adopting the NOD mouse model of progressive MS (PMS), we evaluated the pharmacological effects of the MPO inhibitor verdiperstat (also known as AZD3241) on functional, immune, and mitochondrial parameters during disease evolution. We found that daily treatment with verdiperstat did not affect the pattern of progression as well as survival, despite its ability to reduce mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and microglia activation in the spinal cord of immunized mice. Remarkably, verdiperstat did not affect adaptive immunity, neutrophils invasion as well as mitochondrial derangement in the spinal cords of immunized mice. Data suggest that microglia suppression is not sufficient to prevent disease evolution, corroborating the hypothesis that immune-independent components drive neurodegeneration in progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Pistolesi
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ranieri
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maura Calvani
- Department of Paediatric Haematology-Oncology, A. Meyer University Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Guasti
- Imaging Platform, Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alberto Chiarugi
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Buonvicino
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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25
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Yoon H, Triplet EM, Wurtz L, Simon WL, Choi CI, Scarisbrick IA. Regulation of CNS Lipids by Protease Activated Receptor 1. J Neurochem 2025; 169:e70047. [PMID: 40123504 PMCID: PMC11968084 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.70047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2025] [Accepted: 02/28/2025] [Indexed: 03/25/2025]
Abstract
Disruptions in the metabolism of cholesterol and other lipids are strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological disease. The CNS is highly enriched in cholesterol, which is primarily synthesized de novo. Cholesterol synthesis is also rate limiting for myelin regeneration. Given that knockout of the thrombin receptor (Protease Activated Receptor 1 (PAR1)) accelerates myelin regeneration, here we sought to determine the potential regulatory actions of PAR1 in CNS cholesterol and lipid metabolism in the intact adult CNS and during myelin regeneration. We present quantitative PCR and RNAseq evidence from murine spinal cords at the peak of myelination and in adulthood showing PAR1 knockout is associated with increased gene expression for cholesterol biosynthesis (Hmgcs1, Hmgcr, Sqle, and Dhcr7), lipid transport (ApoE, Abca1, and Ldlr), and intracellular processing (Lcat, Npc1, and Npc2) at one or more time points examined. An upregulation of genes involved in the synthesis of other lipids enriched in the myelin membrane, specifically Fa2h, Ugt8a, and Gal3st1, was also observed in PAR1 knockouts. Transcription factors essential for lipid and cholesterol production (Srebf1 and Srebf2) were also increased in PAR1 knockout spinal cords at the postnatal day 21 peak of myelination and at day 45. GC-MS and LC-MS quantification of lipids demonstrated coordinate increases in the abundance of select cholesterol and lipid species in the spinal cords of PAR1 knockout mice, including enrichment of esterified cholesterol, together with sphingomyelins and sphingolipids. Co-localization of the SREBP1 and SREBP2 transcription factors, as well as HMGCS1, a rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, to glia during remyelination post-lysolecithin or cuprizone-mediated demyelination showed a prominent regulatory role for PAR1 in Olig2+ oligodendrocytes. PAR1 knockouts also demonstrated elevated levels of SREBP2 in more mature GST3+ oligodendrocytes and SREBP1 in GFAP+ astrocytes during remyelination post-lysolecithin. These findings demonstrate novel roles for PAR1 as a regulator of CNS cholesterol and lipid metabolism and its potential as a therapeutic target to increase cholesterol availability to improve myelin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesook Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Erin M. Triplet
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, and the Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program Sciences Rochester, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Lincoln Wurtz
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, and the Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program Sciences Rochester, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Whitney L. Simon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Chan-Il Choi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Isobel A. Scarisbrick
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, and the Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program Sciences Rochester, Rochester, MN 55905
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Rochester, MN 55905
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, MN 55905
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26
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Prakash P, Randolph CE, Walker KA, Chopra G. Lipids: Emerging Players of Microglial Biology. Glia 2025; 73:657-677. [PMID: 39688320 PMCID: PMC11784843 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 11/18/2024] [Accepted: 11/22/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024]
Abstract
Lipids are small molecule immunomodulators that play critical roles in maintaining cellular health and function. Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, regulate lipid metabolism both in the extracellular environment and within intracellular compartments through various mechanisms. For instance, glycerophospholipids and fatty acids interact with protein receptors on the microglial surface, such as the Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2, influencing cellular functions like phagocytosis and migration. Moreover, cholesterol is essential not only for microglial survival but, along with other lipids such as fatty acids, is crucial for the formation, function, and accumulation of lipid droplets, which modulate microglial activity in inflammatory diseases. Other lipids, including acylcarnitines and ceramides, participate in various signaling pathways within microglia. Despite the complexity of the microglial lipidome, only a few studies have investigated the effects of specific lipid classes on microglial biology. In this review, we focus on major lipid classes and their roles in modulating microglial function. We also discuss novel analytical techniques for characterizing the microglial lipidome and highlight gaps in current knowledge, suggesting new directions for future research on microglial lipid biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Prakash
- Department of ChemistryPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | | | | | - Gaurav Chopra
- Department of ChemistryPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering, Purdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
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27
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Kshirsagar A, Ronan R, Rebelo AL, McMahon S, Pandit A, Schlosser G. Quantitative proteomics of regenerating and non-regenerating spinal cords in Xenopus. Dev Biol 2025; 519:65-78. [PMID: 39694174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 12/12/2024] [Accepted: 12/16/2024] [Indexed: 12/20/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury in humans is a life-changing condition with no effective treatment. However, many non-mammalian vertebrates can fully regenerate their spinal cord after injury. Frogs such as Xenopus can regenerate the spinal cord at larval stages, but lose this capacity at metamorphosis. This makes them ideal models to elucidate molecular pathways underlying regenerative capacity by comparing responses to spinal cord injury in regenerative (R) and non-regenerative (NR) stages of the same species. Here we use quantitative proteomics with Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantification (iTRAQ) followed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) to identify functions and pathways that were differentially regulated after spinal cord injury between R and NR stages in Xenopus laevis. We find that many embryonic pathways of neuronal development are re-activated following SCI at the R but not at the NR stage. This is accompanied by the upregulation of regulatory proteins controlling transcription and translation at the R stage, but their downregulation at the NR stage. Conversely, lipid hydrolysis and uptake as well as mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is downregulated at the R, but upregulated at the NR stage. Taken together this suggests that dysregulation of lipid homeostasis and augmentation of oxidative stress play a key role in the loss of regenerative capacity of the spinal cord after metamorphosis. In identifying new factors regulating regenerative capacity in the vertebrate spinal cord, our findings suggest new potential therapeutic targets for promoting neural repair in the injured adult mammalian spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Kshirsagar
- Research Ireland Centre for Medical Devices (CÚRAM), University of Galway, Biomedical Sciences Building, Newcastle Road, Galway, H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | - Rachel Ronan
- Research Ireland Centre for Medical Devices (CÚRAM), University of Galway, Biomedical Sciences Building, Newcastle Road, Galway, H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | - Ana Lúcia Rebelo
- Research Ireland Centre for Medical Devices (CÚRAM), University of Galway, Biomedical Sciences Building, Newcastle Road, Galway, H91 W2TY, Ireland
| | - Siobhan McMahon
- Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- Research Ireland Centre for Medical Devices (CÚRAM), University of Galway, Biomedical Sciences Building, Newcastle Road, Galway, H91 W2TY, Ireland.
| | - Gerhard Schlosser
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Biomedical Sciences Building, Newcastle Road, Galway, H91 W2TY, Ireland.
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28
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Jantz-Naeem N, Guvencli N, Böttcher-Loschinski R, Böttcher M, Mougiakakos D, Kahlfuss S. Metabolic T-cell phenotypes: from bioenergetics to function. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2025; 328:C1062-C1075. [PMID: 39946684 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00478.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2025] [Indexed: 04/15/2025]
Abstract
It is well known that T-cell metabolism and function are intimately linked. Metabolic reprogramming is a dynamic process that provides the necessary energy and biosynthetic precursors while actively regulating the immune response of T cells. As such, aberrations and dysfunctions in metabolic (re)programming, resulting in altered metabolic endotypes, may have an impact on disease pathology in various contexts. With the increasing demand for personalized and highly specialized medicine and immunotherapy, understanding metabolic profiles and T-cell subset dependence on specific metabolites will be crucial to harness the therapeutic potential of immunometabolism and T cell bioenergetics. In this review, we dissect metabolic alterations in different T-cell subsets in autoimmune and viral inflammation, T cell and non-T-cell malignancies, highlighting potential anchor points for future treatment and therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouria Jantz-Naeem
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nese Guvencli
- Department of Haematology, Oncology, and Cell Therapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Romy Böttcher-Loschinski
- Department of Haematology, Oncology, and Cell Therapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Böttcher
- Department of Haematology, Oncology, and Cell Therapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Haematology, Oncology, and Cell Therapy, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Kahlfuss
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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29
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Wu X, Miller JA, Lee BTK, Wang Y, Ruedl C. Reducing microglial lipid load enhances β amyloid phagocytosis in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2025; 11:eadq6038. [PMID: 39908361 PMCID: PMC11797491 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adq6038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2025] [Indexed: 02/07/2025]
Abstract
Macrophages accumulate lipid droplets (LDs) under stress and inflammatory conditions. Despite the presence of LD-loaded macrophages in many tissues, including the brain, their contribution to neurodegenerative disorders remains elusive. This study investigated the role of lipid metabolism in Alzheimer's disease (AD) by assessing the contribution of LD-loaded brain macrophages, including microglia and border-associated macrophages (BAMs), in an AD mouse model. Particularly, BAMs and activated CD11c+ microglia localized near β amyloid (Aβ) plaques exhibited a pronounced lipid-associated gene signature and a high LD load. Having observed that elevated intracellular LD content correlated inversely with microglial phagocytic activities, we subsequently inhibited LD formation specifically in CX3CR1+ brain macrophages using an inducible APP-KI/Fit2iΔMφ transgenic mouse model. We demonstrated that reducing LD content in microglia and CX3CR1+ BAMs remarkably improved their phagocytic ability. Furthermore, lowering microglial LDs consistently enhanced their efferocytosis capacities and notably reduced Aβ deposition in the brain parenchyma. Therefore, mitigating LD accumulation in brain macrophages provides perspectives for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - James Alastair Miller
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bernett Teck Kwong Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yulan Wang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christiane Ruedl
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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30
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Zhou Y, Huang Z, Lin B, Ma M, Hao Y, Liu J, Xu W, Huang G, Mo W, Wang X, Jiang W, Zhou R. Demyelination-derived lysophosphatidylserine promotes microglial dysfunction and neuropathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Immunol 2025; 22:134-149. [PMID: 39741193 PMCID: PMC11782631 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01235-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 10/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/02/2025] Open
Abstract
Microglia dysfunction-associated neuroinflammation is an important driver of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we show that demyelination promotes neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment via the lysophosphatidylserine (LysoPS)-GPR34 axis in AD. Demyelination is observed at the early stage and is accompanied by an increase in LysoPS in myelin debris in a 5xFAD mouse model of AD. Reducing the content of LysoPS in myelin or inhibiting its receptor GPR34 via genetic or pharmacological approaches can reduce microglial dysfunction and neuroinflammation and improve microglial Aβ phagocytosis, subsequently resulting in less Aβ deposition and memory restoration in 5xFAD mice. Furthermore, increased LysoPS production and microglial GPR34 expression were also observed in the brains of AD patients. These results reveal the pathogenic role of demyelination-derived LysoPS in microglial dysfunction and AD pathology and suggest that blocking GPR34 as a therapeutic strategy beyond targeting Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Zonghui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Hefei, China
| | - Bolong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Ming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Yize Hao
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Neurology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Guangming Huang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Wei Mo
- Institute of Immunology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaqiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China.
| | - Wei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China.
| | - Rongbin Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China.
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Hefei, China.
- Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China.
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31
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Tang Y, Zhang L, Huang P, She Z, Luo S, Peng H, Chen Y, Luo J, Duan W, Xiao Y, Liu L, Liu L. Understanding the intricacies of cellular mechanisms in remyelination: The role of circadian rhythm. Neurochem Int 2025; 183:105929. [PMID: 39756585 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2025.105929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2024] [Revised: 12/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2025] [Indexed: 01/07/2025]
Abstract
The term "circadian rhythm" refers to the 24-h oscillations found in various physiological processes in organisms, responsible for maintaining bodily homeostasis. Many neurological diseases mainly involve the process of demyelination, and remyelination is crucial for the treatment of neurological diseases. Current research mainly focuses on the key role of circadian clocks in the pathophysiological mechanisms of multiple sclerosis. Various studies have shown that the circadian rhythm regulates various cellular molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in remyelination. The process of remyelination is primarily mediated by oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), oligodendrocytes, microglia, and astrocytes. OPCs are activated, proliferate, migrate, and ultimately differentiate into oligodendrocytes after demyelination, involving many key signaling pathway and regulatory factors. Activated microglia secretes important cytokines and chemokines, promoting OPC proliferation and differentiation, and phagocytoses myelin debris that inhibits remyelination. Astrocytes play a crucial role in supporting remyelination by secreting signals that promote remyelination or facilitate the phagocytosis of myelin debris by microglia. Additionally, cell-to-cell communication via gap junctions allows for intimate contact between astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, providing metabolic support for oligodendrocytes. Therefore, gaining a deeper understanding of the mechanisms and molecular pathways of the circadian rhythm at various stages of remyelination can help elucidate the fundamental characteristics of remyelination and provide insights into treating demyelinating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufen Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China; Clinical Medical Research Center for Child Development and Behavior, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China; Clinical Medical Research Center for Child Development and Behavior, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China; Clinical Medical Research Center for Child Development and Behavior, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Zhou She
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China; Clinical Medical Research Center for Child Development and Behavior, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Senlin Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China; Clinical Medical Research Center for Child Development and Behavior, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China; Clinical Medical Research Center for Child Development and Behavior, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yuqiong Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China; Clinical Medical Research Center for Child Development and Behavior, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jinwen Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China; Clinical Medical Research Center for Child Development and Behavior, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Wangxin Duan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China; Clinical Medical Research Center for Child Development and Behavior, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yangyang Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China; Clinical Medical Research Center for Child Development and Behavior, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Lingjuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China; Clinical Medical Research Center for Child Development and Behavior, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
| | - Liqun Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China; Clinical Medical Research Center for Child Development and Behavior, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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32
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Moreno-Rodriguez M, Perez SE, Malek-Ahmadi M, Mufson EJ. APOEε4 alters ApoE and Fabp7 in frontal cortex white matter in prodromal Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2025; 22:25. [PMID: 39885546 PMCID: PMC11783964 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-025-03349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2025] [Indexed: 02/01/2025] Open
Abstract
The ApoE ε4 allele (APOEε4) is a major genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is linked to demyelination and cognitive decline. However, its effects on the lipid transporters apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and fatty acid-binding protein 7 (Fabp7), which are crucial for the maintenance of myelin in white matter (WM) during the progression of AD remain underexplored. To evaluate the effects of APOEε4 on ApoE, Fabp7 and myelin in the WM of the frontal cortex (FC), we examined individuals carrying one ε4 allele that came to autopsy with a premortem clinical diagnosis of no cognitive impairment (NCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild to moderate AD compared with non-carrier counterparts. ApoE, Fabp7 and Olig2 immunostaining was used to visualize cells, whereas myelin basic protein (MBP) immunocytochemistry and luxol fast blue (LFB) histochemistry of myelin in the WM of the FC were combined with quantitative morphometry. We observed increased numbers of ApoE-positive astrocytes in the WM of both NCI and MCI APOEε4 carriers compared with non-carriers, whereas Fabp7-positive cells were elevated only in AD. Conversely, Olig2 cell counts and MBP immunostaining decreased in MCI APOEε4 carriers compared to non-carriers, while LFB levels were higher in NCI APOEε4 carriers compared to non-carriers. Although no correlations were found between ApoE, Fabp7, and cognitive status, LFB measurements were positively correlated with perceptual speed, global cognition, and visuospatial scores in APOEε4 carriers across clinical groups. The present findings suggest that the ε4 allele compromises FC myelin homeostasis by disrupting the lipid transporters ApoE, Fabp7 and myelination early in the onset of AD. These data support targeting cellular components related to WM integrity as possible treatments for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Moreno-Rodriguez
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | - Sylvia E Perez
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
| | | | - Elliott J Mufson
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA.
- Departments of Translational Neuroscience and Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA.
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33
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Zhang L, Zhou Y, Yang Z, Jiang L, Yan X, Zhu W, Shen Y, Wang B, Li J, Song J. Lipid droplets in central nervous system and functional profiles of brain cells containing lipid droplets in various diseases. J Neuroinflammation 2025; 22:7. [PMID: 39806503 PMCID: PMC11730833 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-025-03334-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2025] [Indexed: 01/16/2025] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs), serving as the convergence point of energy metabolism and multiple signaling pathways, have garnered increasing attention in recent years. Different cell types within the central nervous system (CNS) can regulate energy metabolism to generate or degrade LDs in response to diverse pathological stimuli. This article provides a comprehensive review on the composition of LDs in CNS, their generation and degradation processes, their interaction mechanisms with mitochondria, the distribution among different cell types, and the roles played by these cells-particularly microglia and astrocytes-in various prevalent neurological disorders. Additionally, we also emphasize the paradoxical role of LDs in post-cerebral ischemia inflammation and explore potential underlying mechanisms, aiming to identify novel therapeutic targets for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longxiao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yunfei Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhongbo Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liangchao Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinyang Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenkai Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bolong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiaxi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jinning Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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Guo JL, Braun D, Fitzgerald GA, Hsieh YT, Rougé L, Litvinchuk A, Steffek M, Propson NE, Heffner CM, Discenza C, Han SJ, Rana A, Skuja LL, Lin BQ, Sun EW, Davis SS, Balasundar S, Becerra I, Dugas JC, Ha C, Hsiao-Nakamoto J, Huang F, Jain S, Kung JE, Liau NPD, Mahon CS, Nguyen HN, Nguyen N, Samaddar M, Shi Y, Tatarakis D, Tian Y, Zhu Y, Suh JH, Sandmann T, Calvert MEK, Arguello A, Kane LA, Lewcock JW, Holtzman DM, Koth CM, Di Paolo G. Decreased lipidated ApoE-receptor interactions confer protection against pathogenicity of ApoE and its lipid cargoes in lysosomes. Cell 2025; 188:187-206.e26. [PMID: 39532095 PMCID: PMC11724755 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 10/15/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
While apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the strongest genetic modifier for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), the molecular mechanisms underlying isoform-dependent risk and the relevance of ApoE-associated lipids remain elusive. Here, we report that impaired low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR) binding of lipidated ApoE2 (lipApoE2) avoids LDLR recycling defects observed with lipApoE3/E4 and decreases the uptake of cholesteryl esters (CEs), which are lipids linked to neurodegeneration. In human neurons, the addition of ApoE carrying polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)-CE revealed an allelic series (ApoE4 > ApoE3 > ApoE2) associated with lipofuscinosis, an age-related lysosomal pathology resulting from lipid peroxidation. Lipofuscin increased lysosomal accumulation of tau fibrils and was elevated in the APOE4 mouse brain with exacerbation by tau pathology. Intrahippocampal injection of PUFA-CE-lipApoE4 was sufficient to induce lipofuscinosis in wild-type mice. Finally, the protective Christchurch mutation also reduced LDLR binding and phenocopied ApoE2. Collectively, our data strongly suggest decreased lipApoE-LDLR interactions minimize LOAD risk by reducing the deleterious effects of endolysosomal targeting of ApoE and associated pathogenic lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing L Guo
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Dylan Braun
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Lionel Rougé
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Litvinchuk
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Micah Steffek
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Suk Ji Han
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anil Rana
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lukas L Skuja
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bi Qi Lin
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jason C Dugas
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Connie Ha
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Fen Huang
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shourya Jain
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Nathan Nguyen
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Yajuan Shi
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Yuxi Tian
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yuda Zhu
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jung H Suh
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lesley A Kane
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Groh J, Simons M. White matter aging and its impact on brain function. Neuron 2025; 113:127-139. [PMID: 39541972 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2024] [Revised: 09/16/2024] [Accepted: 10/18/2024] [Indexed: 11/17/2024]
Abstract
Aging has a detrimental impact on white matter, resulting in reduced volume, compromised structural integrity of myelinated axons, and an increase in white matter hyperintensities. These changes are closely linked to cognitive decline and neurological disabilities. The deterioration of myelin and its diminished ability to regenerate as we age further contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Understanding these changes is crucial for devising effective disease prevention strategies. Here, we will discuss the structural alterations in white matter that occur with aging and examine the cellular and molecular mechanisms driving these aging-related transformations. We highlight how the progressive disruption of white matter may initiate a self-perpetuating cycle of inflammation and neural damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Groh
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
| | - Mikael Simons
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Colombo G, Monsorno K, Paolicelli RC. Metabolic control of microglia in health and disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2025; 209:143-159. [PMID: 40122622 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-443-19104-6.00009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2025]
Abstract
Metabolic states within cells are tightly linked to functional outcomes and finely regulated by nutrient availability. A growing body of the literature supports the idea that various metabolites can influence cellular functions, such as cell differentiation, migration, and proliferation in different contexts, with ample evidence coming from the immune system. Additionally, certain functional programs can trigger significant metabolic changes within cells, which are crucial not only to meet high energy demands, but also to produce intermediate metabolites necessary to support specific tasks. Microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system, are constantly active, surveying the brain parenchyma and providing support to neighboring cells in the brain. They exhibit high metabolic flexibility, capable of quickly undergoing metabolic reprogramming based on nutrient availability and functional requirements. In this chapter, we will discuss the major metabolic pathways within cells and provide examples of how relevant enzymes and metabolites can impact microglial function in physiologic and pathologic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Colombo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katia Monsorno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rosa C Paolicelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Lee H, Kang S, Choi SQ. Lipid Droplet Surface Promotes 3D Morphological Evolution of Non-Rhomboidal Cholesterol Crystals. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2025; 12:e2409201. [PMID: 39513471 PMCID: PMC11714234 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202409201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Revised: 10/24/2024] [Indexed: 11/15/2024]
Abstract
Cholesterol crystals, which cause inflammation and various diseases, predominantly grow in a platy, rhomboid structure on the plasma membranes but exhibit an uneven three-dimensional (3D) architecture intracellularly. Here, it is demonstrated how cholesterol crystallizes in a non-rhomboidal shape on the surface of lipid droplets and develops into 3D sheet-like agglomerates using an in vitro lipid droplet reconstitution system with stereoscopic fluorescence imaging. The findings reveal that interfacial cholesterol transport on the lipid droplet surface and unique lipid droplet components significantly influence the nucleation-and-growth dynamics of cholesterol crystals, leading to crystal growth in various polygonal shapes. Furthermore, cholesterol crystals readily agglomerate to form large, curved sheet structures on the confined, spherical surfaces of lipid droplets. This discovery enhances the understanding of the volumetric morphological growth of intracellular cholesterol crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun‐Ro Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghan Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Siyoung Q. Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
- Advanced Battery CenterKAIST Institute for the NanoCenturyKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
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Van Gaever F, Mingneau F, Vanherle S, Driege Y, Haegman M, Van Wonterghem E, Xie J, Vandenbroucke RE, Hendriks JJA, Beyaert R, Staal J. The phytohormone abscisic acid enhances remyelination in mouse models of multiple sclerosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1500697. [PMID: 39742273 PMCID: PMC11685095 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1500697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2024] [Accepted: 11/27/2024] [Indexed: 01/03/2025] Open
Abstract
Introduction Over the past few decades, there has been a sudden rise in the incidence of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) in Western countries. However, current treatments often show limited efficacy in certain patients and are associated with adverse effects, which highlights the need for safer and more effective therapeutic approaches. Environmental factors, particularly dietary habits, have been observed to play a substantial role in the development of MS. In this study, we are the first to investigate the potential protective effect of the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) in MS. ABA, which is abundant in fruits such as figs, apricots and bilberries, is known to cross the blood-brain barrier and has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in conditions like depression and Alzheimer's disease. Methods In this study, we investigated whether ABA supplementation enhances remyelination in both ex vivo and in vivo mouse models. Results Our results indicated that ABA enhanced remyelination and that this enhanced remyelination is associated with increased lipid droplet load, reduced levels of degraded myelin, and a higher abundance of F4/80+ cells in the demyelinated brain of mice treated with ABA. In in vitro models, we further demonstrated that ABA treatment elevates lipid droplet formation by enhancing the phagocytic capacity of macrophages. Additionally, in a mouse model of microglial activation, we showed that ABA-treated mice maintain a less inflammatory microglial phenotype. Conclusion Our findings highlight a crucial role for macrophages and microglia in enabling ABA to enhance the remyelination process. Furthermore, ABA's ability to improve remyelination together with its ability to reduce microglial activation, make ABA a promising candidate for modulating macrophage phenotype and reducing neuroinflammation in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Van Gaever
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fleur Mingneau
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- University MS Center Hasselt, Pelt, Belgium
| | - Sam Vanherle
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- University MS Center Hasselt, Pelt, Belgium
| | - Yasmine Driege
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mira Haegman
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elien Van Wonterghem
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Junhua Xie
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E. Vandenbroucke
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jerome J. A. Hendriks
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- University MS Center Hasselt, Pelt, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jens Staal
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Shi L, Ghezzi L, Fenoglio C, Pietroboni AM, Galimberti D, Pace F, Hardy TA, Piccio L, Don AS. CSF sphingolipids are correlated with neuroinflammatory cytokines and differentiate neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder from multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2024; 96:54-67. [PMID: 38844340 PMCID: PMC11672031 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2024-333774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for biomarkers of disease progression and therapeutic response in multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to identify cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lipids that differentiate MS from other neuroinflammatory conditions and correlate with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores, gadolinium-enhancing lesions or inflammatory mediators. METHODS Lipids and inflammatory cytokines/chemokines were quantified with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and multiplex ELISA, respectively, in CSF from people with untreated MS, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), other inflammatory neurological diseases and non-inflammatory neurological diseases (NIND). Analytes were compared between groups using analysis of variance, and correlations were assessed with Pearson's analysis. RESULTS Twenty-five sphingolipids and four lysophosphatidylcholines were significantly higher in NMOSD compared with MS and NIND cases, whereas no lipids differed significantly between MS and NIND. A combination of three sphingolipids differentiated NMOSD from MS with the area under the curve of 0.92 in random forest models. Ninety-four lipids, including those that differentiated NMOSD from MS, were positively correlated with macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and 37 lipids were positively correlated with CSF protein in two independent MS cohorts. EDSS was inversely correlated with cholesterol ester CE(16:0) in both MS cohorts. In contrast, MIF and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 were positively associated with EDSS. CONCLUSIONS CSF sphingolipids are positively correlated with markers of neuroinflammation and differentiate NMOSD from MS. The inverse correlation between EDSS and CE(16:0) levels may reflect poor clearance of cholesterol released during myelin break-down and warrants further investigation as a biomarker of therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Shi
- School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laura Ghezzi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- La Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Fenoglio
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- La Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- La Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Pace
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Clinical-Surgical Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Todd A Hardy
- Concord Hospital, Department of Neurology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laura Piccio
- School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Anthony S Don
- School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, and Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Prakash P, Manchanda P, Paouri E, Bisht K, Sharma K, Rajpoot J, Wendt V, Hossain A, Wijewardhane PR, Randolph CE, Chen Y, Stanko S, Gasmi N, Gjojdeshi A, Card S, Fine J, Jethava KP, Clark MG, Dong B, Ma S, Crockett A, Thayer EA, Nicolas M, Davis R, Hardikar D, Allende D, Prayson RA, Zhang C, Davalos D, Chopra G. Amyloid β Induces Lipid Droplet-Mediated Microglial Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.06.04.543525. [PMID: 37333071 PMCID: PMC10274698 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.04.543525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Several microglia-expressed genes have emerged as top risk variants for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Impaired microglial phagocytosis is one of the main proposed outcomes by which these AD-risk genes may contribute to neurodegeneration, but the mechanisms translating genetic association to cellular dysfunction remain unknown. Here we show that microglia form lipid droplets (LDs) upon exposure to amyloid-beta (Aβ), and that their LD load increases with proximity to amyloid plaques in brains from human patients and the AD mouse model 5xFAD. LD formation is dependent on age and disease progression and is prominent in the hippocampus in mice and humans. Despite differences in microglial LD load between brain regions and sexes in mice, LD-laden microglia exhibited a deficit in Aβ phagocytosis. Unbiased lipidomic analysis identified a decrease in free fatty acids (FFAs) and a parallel increase in triacylglycerols (TGs) as the key metabolic transition underlying LD formation. DGAT2, a key enzyme for converting FFAs to TGs, promotes microglial LD formation and is increased in 5xFAD and human AD brains. Inhibition or degradation of DGAT2 improved microglial uptake of Aβ and drastically reduced plaque load in 5xFAD mice, respectively. These findings identify a new lipid-mediated mechanism underlying microglial dysfunction that could become a novel therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Palak Manchanda
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Evi Paouri
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kanchan Bisht
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kaushik Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jitika Rajpoot
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Victoria Wendt
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ahad Hossain
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | | | - Yihao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sarah Stanko
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nadia Gasmi
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Anxhela Gjojdeshi
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sophie Card
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jonathan Fine
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Krupal P. Jethava
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Matthew G. Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Bin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Seohee Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Alexis Crockett
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | - Marlo Nicolas
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ryann Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Dhruv Hardikar
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Daniela Allende
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Richard A. Prayson
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Dimitrios Davalos
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Gaurav Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Zhu H, Hu E, Guo X, Yuan Z, Jiang H, Zhang W, Tang T, Wang Y, Li T. Promoting remyelination in central nervous system diseases: Potentials and prospects of natural products and herbal medicine. Pharmacol Res 2024; 210:107533. [PMID: 39617281 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2024] [Revised: 11/22/2024] [Accepted: 11/28/2024] [Indexed: 12/20/2024]
Abstract
Myelin damage is frequently associated with central nervous system (CNS) diseases and is a critical factor influencing neurological function and disease prognosis. Nevertheless, the majority of current treatments for the CNS concentrate on gray matter injury and repair strategies, while clinical interventions specifically targeting myelin repair remain unavailable. In recent years, natural products and herbal medicine have achieved considerable progress in the domain of myelin repair, given their remarkable curative effect and low toxic side effects, demonstrating significant therapeutic potential. In this review, we present a rather comprehensive account of the mechanisms underlying myelin formation, injury, and repair, with a particular emphasis on the interactions between oligodendrocytes and other glial cells. Furthermore, we summarize the natural products and herbal medicine currently employed in remyelination along with their mechanisms of action, highlighting the potential and challenges of certain natural compounds to enhance myelin repair. This review aims to facilitate the expedited development of innovative therapeutics derived from natural products and herbal medicine and furnish novel insights into myelin repair in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Zhu
- Institute of Integrative Chinese Medicine, Department of Integrated Chinese Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China
| | - En Hu
- Institute of Integrative Chinese Medicine, Department of Integrated Chinese Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Department of Neurology of Integrated Chinese Medicine, Xiangya Jiangxi Hospital, Central South University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Xin Guo
- Institute of Integrative Chinese Medicine, Department of Integrated Chinese Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Yuan
- Institute of Integrative Chinese Medicine, Department of Integrated Chinese Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Department of Neurology of Integrated Chinese Medicine, Xiangya Jiangxi Hospital, Central South University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Haoying Jiang
- Institute of Integrative Chinese Medicine, Department of Integrated Chinese Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, PR China
| | - Tao Tang
- Institute of Integrative Chinese Medicine, Department of Integrated Chinese Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Department of Neurology of Integrated Chinese Medicine, Xiangya Jiangxi Hospital, Central South University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Integrative Chinese Medicine, Department of Integrated Chinese Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Department of Neurology of Integrated Chinese Medicine, Xiangya Jiangxi Hospital, Central South University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Teng Li
- Institute of Integrative Chinese Medicine, Department of Integrated Chinese Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of TCM Gan, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Department of Neurology of Integrated Chinese Medicine, Xiangya Jiangxi Hospital, Central South University, Nanchang 330006, PR China.
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Zhou Y, Xu T, Zhou Y, Han W, Wu Z, Yang C, Chen X. A review focuses on a neglected and controversial component of SCI: myelin debris. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1436031. [PMID: 39650659 PMCID: PMC11621000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1436031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 10/22/2024] [Indexed: 12/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Myelin sheath, as the multilayer dense structure enclosing axons in humans and other higher organisms, may rupture due to various injury factors after spinal cord injury, thus producing myelin debris. The myelin debris contains a variety of myelin-associated inhibitors (MAIs) and lipid, all inhibiting the repair after spinal cord injury. Through summary and analysis, the present authors found that the inhibition of myelin debris can be mainly divided into two categories: firstly, the direct inhibition mediated by MAIs; secondly, the indirect inhibition mediated by lipid such as cholesterol. It is worth noting that phagocytes are required in the latter indirect inhibition, such as professional phagocytes (macrophages et al.) and non-professional phagocytes (astrocytes et al.). Moreover, complement and the immune system also participate in the phagocytosis of myelin debris, working together with phagocytes to aggravate spinal cord injury. In conclusion, this paper focuses on the direct and indirect effects of myelin debris on spinal cord injury, aiming to provide new inspiration and reflection for the basic research of spinal cord injury and the conception of related treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Zhou
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Yancheng Dafeng People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Yiyan Zhou
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wei Han
- Institute of Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhengchao Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Changwei Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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43
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Goeva A, Dolan MJ, Luu J, Garcia E, Boiarsky R, Gupta RM, Macosko E. HiDDEN: a machine learning method for detection of disease-relevant populations in case-control single-cell transcriptomics data. Nat Commun 2024; 15:9468. [PMID: 39487129 PMCID: PMC11530671 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-53666-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 10/15/2024] [Indexed: 11/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In case-control single-cell RNA-seq studies, sample-level labels are transferred onto individual cells, labeling all case cells as affected, when in reality only a small fraction of them may actually be perturbed. Here, using simulations, we demonstrate that the standard approach to single cell analysis fails to isolate the subset of affected case cells and their markers when either the affected subset is small, or when the strength of the perturbation is mild. To address this fundamental limitation, we introduce HiDDEN, a computational method that refines the case-control labels to accurately reflect the perturbation status of each cell. We show HiDDEN's superior ability to recover biological signals missed by the standard analysis workflow in simulated ground truth datasets of cell type mixtures. When applied to a dataset of human multiple myeloma precursor conditions, HiDDEN recapitulates the expert manual annotation and discovers malignancy in early stage samples missed in the original analysis. When applied to a mouse model of demyelination, HiDDEN identifies an endothelial subpopulation playing a role in early stage blood-brain barrier dysfunction. We anticipate that HiDDEN should find wide usage in contexts that require the detection of subtle transcriptional changes in cell types across conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandrina Goeva
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Michael-John Dolan
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Judy Luu
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eric Garcia
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca Boiarsky
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- CSAIL and IMES, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rajat M Gupta
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Evan Macosko
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA.
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44
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Ye Z, Pan Y, McCoy RG, Bi C, Mo C, Feng L, Yu J, Lu T, Liu S, Carson Smith J, Duan M, Gao S, Ma Y, Chen C, Mitchell BD, Thompson PM, Elliot Hong L, Kochunov P, Ma T, Chen S. Contrasting association pattern of plasma low-density lipoprotein with white matter integrity in APOE4 carriers versus non-carriers. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 143:41-52. [PMID: 39213809 PMCID: PMC11514318 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2024.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4) is a strong genetic risk factor of Alzheimer's disease and metabolic dysfunction. However, whether APOE4 and markers of metabolic dysfunction synergistically impact the deterioration of white matter (WM) integrity in older adults remains unknown. In the UK Biobank data, we conducted a multivariate analysis to investigate the interactions between APOE4 and 249 plasma metabolites (measured using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) with whole-brain WM integrity (measured by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging) in a cohort of 1917 older adults (aged 65.0-81.0 years; 52.4 % female). Although no main association was observed between either APOE4 or metabolites with WM integrity (adjusted P > 0.05), significant interactions between APOE4 and metabolites with WM integrity were identified. Among the examined metabolites, higher concentrations of low-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein were associated with a lower level of WM integrity (b=-0.12, CI=-0.14,-0.10) among APOE4 carriers. Conversely, among non-carriers, they were associated with a higher level of WM integrity (b=0.05, CI=0.04,0.07), demonstrating a significant moderation role of APOE4 (b =-0.18, CI=-0.20,-0.15, P<0.00001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyao Ye
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Yezhi Pan
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Rozalina G McCoy
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; University of Maryland Institute for Health Computing, Bethesda, MD 20852, United States
| | - Chuan Bi
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Chen Mo
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Li Feng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Jiaao Yu
- Department of Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Tong Lu
- Department of Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Song Liu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250353, China
| | - J Carson Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Minxi Duan
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Si Gao
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Yizhou Ma
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Chixiang Chen
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; University of Maryland Institute for Health Computing, Bethesda, MD 20852, United States
| | - Braxton D Mitchell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA 90033, United States
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Tianzhou Ma
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States.
| | - Shuo Chen
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States; University of Maryland Institute for Health Computing, Bethesda, MD 20852, United States.
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Gonzales GA, Huang S, Wilkinson L, Nguyen JA, Sikdar S, Piot C, Naumenko V, Rajwani J, Wood CM, Dinh I, Moore M, Cedeño E, McKenna N, Polyak MJ, Amidian S, Ebacher V, Rosin NL, Carneiro MB, Surewaard B, Peters NC, Mody CH, Biernaskie J, Yates RM, Mahoney DJ, Canton J. The pore-forming apolipoprotein APOL7C drives phagosomal rupture and antigen cross-presentation by dendritic cells. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadn2168. [PMID: 39485861 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adn2168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 10/07/2024] [Indexed: 11/03/2024]
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) generate protective cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against extracellular pathogens and tumors. This is achieved through a process known as cross-presentation (XP), and, despite its biological importance, the mechanism(s) driving XP remains unclear. Here, we show that a cDC-specific pore-forming protein called apolipoprotein L 7C (APOL7C) is up-regulated in response to innate immune stimuli and is recruited to phagosomes. Association of APOL7C with phagosomes led to phagosomal rupture and escape of engulfed antigens to the cytosol, where they could be processed via the endogenous MHC class I antigen processing pathway. Accordingly, mice deficient in APOL7C did not efficiently prime CD8+ T cells in response to immunization with bead-bound and cell-associated antigens. Together, our data indicate the presence of dedicated apolipoproteins that mediate the delivery of phagocytosed proteins to the cytosol of activated cDCs to facilitate XP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerone A Gonzales
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Song Huang
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Liam Wilkinson
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jenny A Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Saif Sikdar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cécile Piot
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Victor Naumenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Riddell Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jahanara Rajwani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Cassandra M Wood
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Irene Dinh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Melanie Moore
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eymi Cedeño
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Neil McKenna
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maria J Polyak
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sara Amidian
- Cell Imaging Core, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Nicole L Rosin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matheus B Carneiro
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bas Surewaard
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nathan C Peters
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher H Mody
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robin M Yates
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Douglas J Mahoney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Riddell Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Johnathan Canton
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Riddell Centre for Cancer Immunotherapy, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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46
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Gao R, Song SJ, Tian MY, Wang LB, Zhang Y, Li X. Myelin debris phagocytosis in demyelinating disease. Glia 2024; 72:1934-1954. [PMID: 39073200 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Demyelinating diseases are often caused by a variety of triggers, including immune responses, viral infections, malnutrition, hypoxia, or genetic factors, all of which result in the loss of myelin in the nervous system. The accumulation of myelin debris at the lesion site leads to neuroinflammation and inhibits remyelination; therefore, it is crucial to promptly remove the myelin debris. Initially, Fc and complement receptors on cellular surfaces were the primary clearance receptors responsible for removing myelin debris. However, subsequent studies have unveiled the involvement of additional receptors, including Mac-2, TAM receptors, and the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, in facilitating the removal process. In addition to microglia and macrophages, which serve as the primary effector cells in the disease phase, a variety of other cell types such as astrocytes, Schwann cells, and vascular endothelial cells have been demonstrated to engage in the phagocytosis of myelin debris. Furthermore, we have concluded that oligodendrocyte precursor cells, as myelination precursor cells, also exhibit this phagocytic capability. Moreover, our research group has innovatively identified the low-density lipoprotein receptor as a potential phagocytic receptor for myelin debris. In this article, we discuss the functional processes of various phagocytes in demyelinating diseases. We also highlight the alterations in signaling pathways triggered by phagocytosis, and provide a comprehensive overview of the various phagocytic receptors involved. Such insights are invaluable for pinpointing potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of demyelinating diseases by targeting phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sheng-Jiao Song
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Tian
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li-Bin Wang
- Neurosurgery Department, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital/Shenzhen Nanshan Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xing Li
- The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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47
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Huang G, Li Z, Liu X, Guan M, Zhou S, Zhong X, Zheng T, Xin D, Gu X, Mu D, Guo Y, Zhang L, Zhang L, Lu QR, He X. DOR activation in mature oligodendrocytes regulates α-ketoglutarate metabolism leading to enhanced remyelination in aged mice. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:2073-2085. [PMID: 39266660 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01754-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
The decreased ability of mature oligodendrocytes to produce myelin negatively affects remyelination in demyelinating diseases and aging, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. In the present study, we identify a mature oligodendrocyte-enriched transcriptional coregulator diabetes- and obesity-related gene (DOR)/tumor protein p53-inducible nuclear protein 2 (TP53INP2), downregulated in demyelinated lesions of donors with multiple sclerosis and in aged oligodendrocyte-lineage cells. Dor ablation in mice of both sexes results in defective myelinogenesis and remyelination. Genomic occupancy in oligodendrocytes and transcriptome profiling of the optic nerves of wild-type and Dor conditional knockout mice reveal that DOR and SOX10 co-occupy enhancers of critical myelinogenesis-associated genes including Prr18, encoding an oligodendrocyte-enriched, proline-rich factor. We show that DOR targets regulatory elements of genes responsible for α-ketoglutarate biosynthesis in mature oligodendrocytes and is essential for α-ketoglutarate production and lipid biosynthesis. Supplementation with α-ketoglutarate restores oligodendrocyte-maturation defects in Dor-deficient adult mice and improves remyelination after lysolecithin-induced demyelination and cognitive function in 17-month-old wild-type mice. Our data suggest that activation of α-ketoglutarate metabolism in mature oligodendrocytes can promote myelin production during demyelination and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojiao Huang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhidan Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuezhao Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Menglong Guan
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Songlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tao Zheng
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dazhuan Xin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingkun Guo
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Q Richard Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xuelian He
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Disease of Women and Children of MOE, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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48
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Podlesny-Drabiniok A, Romero-Molina C, Patel T, See WY, Liu Y, Marcora E, Goate AM. Cytokine-induced reprogramming of human macrophages toward Alzheimer's disease-relevant molecular and cellular phenotypes in vitro. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.10.24.619910. [PMID: 39554174 PMCID: PMC11565805 DOI: 10.1101/2024.10.24.619910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2024]
Abstract
Myeloid cells including brain-resident (microglia) and peripheral macrophages play a crucial role in various pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD). They respond to disruption of tissue homeostasis associated with disease conditions by acquiring various transcriptional and functional states. Experimental investigation of these states is hampered by the lack of tools that enable accessible and robust reprogramming of human macrophages toward Alzheimer's disease-relevant molecular and cellular phenotypes in vitro. In this study, we investigated the ability of a cytokine mix, including interleukin-4 (IL4), colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1/MCSF), interleukin 34 (IL34) and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), to induce reprogramming of cultured human THP-1 macrophages. Our results indicate this treatment led to significant transcriptomic changes, driving THP-1 macrophages towards a transcriptional state reminiscent of disease-associated microglia (DAM) and lipid-associated macrophages (LAM) collectively referred to as DLAM. Transcriptome profiling revealed gene expression changes related to oxidative phosphorylation, lysosome function, and lipid metabolism. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed an increased proportion of DLAM clusters in cytokine mix-treated THP-1 macrophages. Functional assays demonstrated alterations in cell motility, phagocytosis, lysosomal activity, and metabolic and energetic profiles. Our findings provide insights into the cytokine-mediated reprogramming of macrophages towards disease-relevant states, highlighting their role in neurodegenerative diseases and potential for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Podlesny-Drabiniok
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Carmen Romero-Molina
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Tulsi Patel
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Wen Yi See
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yiyuan Liu
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Edoardo Marcora
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Alison M. Goate
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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49
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Langlois J, Lange S, Ebeling M, Macnair W, Schmucki R, Li C, DeGeer J, Sudharshan TJJ, Yong VW, Shen YA, Harp C, Collin L, Keaney J. Fenebrutinib, a Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor, blocks distinct human microglial signaling pathways. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:276. [PMID: 39465429 PMCID: PMC11514909 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03267-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 10/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is an intracellular signaling enzyme that regulates B-lymphocyte and myeloid cell functions. Due to its involvement in both innate and adaptive immune compartments, BTK inhibitors have emerged as a therapeutic option in autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Brain-penetrant, small-molecule BTK inhibitors may also address compartmentalized neuroinflammation, which is proposed to underlie MS disease progression. BTK is expressed by microglia, which are the resident innate immune cells of the brain; however, the precise roles of microglial BTK and impact of BTK inhibitors on microglial functions are still being elucidated. Research on the effects of BTK inhibitors has been limited to rodent disease models. This is the first study reporting effects in human microglia. METHODS Here we characterize the pharmacological and functional properties of fenebrutinib, a potent, highly selective, noncovalent, reversible, brain-penetrant BTK inhibitor, in human microglia and complex human brain cell systems, including brain organoids. RESULTS We find that fenebrutinib blocks the deleterious effects of microglial Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) activation, including cytokine and chemokine release, microglial clustering and neurite damage in diverse human brain cell systems. Gene expression analyses identified pathways linked to inflammation, matrix metalloproteinase production and cholesterol metabolism that were modulated by fenebrutinib treatment. In contrast, fenebrutinib had no significant impact on human microglial pathways linked to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) signaling or myelin phagocytosis. CONCLUSIONS Our study enhances the understanding of BTK functions in human microglial signaling that are relevant to MS pathogenesis and suggests that fenebrutinib could attenuate detrimental microglial activity associated with FcγR activation in people with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Langlois
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simona Lange
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Ebeling
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Will Macnair
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland Schmucki
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cenxiao Li
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jonathan DeGeer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tania J J Sudharshan
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yun-An Shen
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Ludovic Collin
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - James Keaney
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
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Damiza-Detmer A, Pawełczyk M, Głąbiński A. Protective Role of High-Density Lipoprotein in Multiple Sclerosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:1276. [PMID: 39594418 PMCID: PMC11591269 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13111276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2024] [Revised: 10/18/2024] [Accepted: 10/21/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressive demyelinating disease with a most likely autoimmune background and a neurodegenerative component. Besides the demyelinating process caused by autoreactive antibodies, an increased permeability in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) also plays a key role. Recently, there has been growing interest in assessing lipid profile alterations in patients with MS. As a result of myelin destruction, there is an increase in the level of cholesterol released from cells, which in turn causes disruptions in lipid metabolism homeostasis both in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues. Currently, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting a protective role of HDL in MS through its effect on the BBB by decreasing its permeability. This follows from the impact of HDL on the endothelium and its anti-inflammatory effect, mostly by interacting with adhesion molecules like vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and E-selectin. HDL, through its action via sphingosine-1-phosphate, exerts an inhibitory effect on leukocyte migration, and its antioxidant properties contribute to the improvement of the BBB function. In this review, we want to summarize these studies and focus on HDL as a mediator of the anti-inflammatory response in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Damiza-Detmer
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland (A.G.)
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