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Ren J, Ren Y, Mu Y, Zhang L, Chen B, Li S, Fang Q, Zhang Z, Zhang K, Li S, Liu W, Cui Y, Li X. Microbial imbalance in Chinese children with diarrhea or constipation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13516. [PMID: 38866797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60683-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea and constipation are common health concerns in children. Numerous studies have identified strong association between gut microbiota and digestive-related diseases. But little is known about the gut microbiota that simultaneously affects both diarrhea and constipation or their potential regulatory mechanisms. Stool samples from 618 children (66 diarrhea, 138 constipation, 414 healthy controls) aged 0-3 years were collected to investigate gut microbiota changes using 16S rRNA sequencing. Compared with healthy, children with diarrhea exhibited a significant decrease in microbial diversity, while those with constipation showed a marked increase (p < 0.05). Significantly, our results firstly Ruminococcus increased in constipation (p = 0.03) and decreased in diarrhea (p < 0.01) compared to healthy controls. Pathway analysis revealed that Ruminococcus highly involved in the regulation of five common pathways (membrane transport, nervous system, energy metabolism, signal transduction and endocrine system pathways) between diarrhea and constipation, suggesting a potential shared regulatory mechanism. Our finding firstly reveals one core microorganisms that may affect the steady balance of the gut in children with diarrhea or constipation, providing an important reference for potential diagnosis and treatment of constipation and diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ren
- Coyote Bioscience (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yi Ren
- Coyote Bioscience (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yu Mu
- Dr. Cuiyutao Healthcare Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Lanying Zhang
- Coyote Diagnostics Lab (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Binghan Chen
- Coyote Bioscience (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Sisi Li
- Coyote Bioscience (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Qinyi Fang
- Coyote Bioscience (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- Coyote Bioscience (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Kejian Zhang
- Coyote Bioscience (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Sabrina Li
- Coyote Bioscience (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.
| | - Yutao Cui
- Dr. Cuiyutao Healthcare Co., Ltd., Beijing, China.
| | - Xu Li
- Coyote Bioscience (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing, China.
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Nelson A, McMullen N, Gebremeskel S, De Antueno R, Mackenzie D, Duncan R, Johnston B. Fusogenic vesicular stomatitis virus combined with natural killer T cell immunotherapy controls metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2024; 26:78. [PMID: 38750591 PMCID: PMC11094881 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-024-01818-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in woman. Current treatment options are often associated with adverse side effects and poor outcomes, demonstrating the need for effective new treatments. Immunotherapies can provide durable outcomes in many cancers; however, limited success has been achieved in metastatic triple negative breast cancer. We tested whether combining different immunotherapies can target metastatic triple negative breast cancer in pre-clinical models. METHODS Using primary and metastatic 4T1 triple negative mammary carcinoma models, we examined the therapeutic effects of oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSVΔM51) engineered to express reovirus-derived fusion associated small transmembrane proteins p14 (VSV-p14) or p15 (VSV-p15). These viruses were delivered alone or in combination with natural killer T (NKT) cell activation therapy mediated by adoptive transfer of α-galactosylceramide-loaded dendritic cells. RESULTS Treatment of primary 4T1 tumors with VSV-p14 or VSV-p15 alone increased immunogenic tumor cell death, attenuated tumor growth, and enhanced immune cell infiltration and activation compared to control oncolytic virus (VSV-GFP) treatments and untreated mice. When combined with NKT cell activation therapy, oncolytic VSV-p14 and VSV-p15 reduced metastatic lung burden to undetectable levels in all mice and generated immune memory as evidenced by enhanced in vitro recall responses (tumor killing and cytokine production) and impaired tumor growth upon rechallenge. CONCLUSION Combining NKT cell immunotherapy with enhanced oncolytic virotherapy increased anti-tumor immune targeting of lung metastasis and presents a promising treatment strategy for metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Nichole McMullen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Simon Gebremeskel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Roberto De Antueno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Duncan Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Roy Duncan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Brent Johnston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada.
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada.
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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Engevik KA, Scribano FJ, Gebert JT, Hyser JM. Purinergic Signaling Drives Multiple Aspects of Rotavirus Pathophysiology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.07.592953. [PMID: 38765995 PMCID: PMC11100750 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.07.592953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Rotavirus causes life-threatening diarrhea in children, resulting in ∼200,000 deaths/year. The current treatment during infection is Oral Rehydration Solution which successfully replenishes fluids but does not alleviate diarrhea volume or severity. As a result, there is an urgent need to better understand rotavirus pathophysiology and develop more effective pediatric therapeutics. Rotavirus primarily infects the tips of small intestinal villi, yet has far-reaching effects on cell types distant from infected cells. We recently identified that rotavirus infected cells release the purinergic signaling molecule ADP, which activates P2Y1 receptors on nearby uninfected cells in vitro . To elucidate the role of purinergic signaling via P2Y1 receptors during rotavirus infection in vivo , we used the mouse-like rotavirus strain D6/2 which generates a severe infection in mice. C57BL/6J mouse pups were given an oral gavage of D6/2 rotavirus and assessed over the course of 5-7 days. Beginning at day 1 post infection, infected pups were treated daily by oral gavage with saline or 4 mg/kg MRS2500, a selective P2Y1 antagonist. Mice were monitored for diarrhea severity, diarrhea incidence, and viral shedding. Neonatal mice were euthanized at days 3 and 5 post-infection and small intestine was collected to observe infection. MRS2500 treatment decreased the severity, prevalence, and incidence of rotavirus diarrhea. Viral stool shedding, assessed by qPCR for rotavirus gene levels, revealed that MRS2500 treated pups had significantly lower viral shedding starting at day 4 post infection compared to saline treated pups, which suggests P2Y1 signaling may enhance rotavirus replication. Finally, we found that inhibition of P2Y1 with MRS2500 limited transmitted rotavirus diarrhea to uninfected pups within a litter. Together, these results suggest that P2Y1 signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of a homologous murine rotavirus strain, making P2Y1 receptors a promising anti-diarrheal, anti-viral therapeutic target to reduce rotavirus disease burden.
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Gebert JT, Scribano FJ, Engevik KA, Philip AA, Kawagishi T, Greenberg HB, Patton JT, Hyser JM. Viroporin activity from rotavirus nonstructural protein 4 induces intercellular calcium waves that contribute to pathogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.07.592929. [PMID: 38765992 PMCID: PMC11100692 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.07.592929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis remains the second leading cause of death among children under the age of 5 worldwide. While enteric viruses are the most common etiology, the drivers of their virulence remain incompletely understood. We recently found that cells infected with rotavirus, the most prevalent enteric virus in infants and young children, initiate hundreds of intercellular calcium waves that enhance both fluid secretion and viral spread. Understanding how rotavirus triggers intercellular calcium waves may allow us to design safer, more effective vaccines and therapeutics, but we still lack a mechanistic understanding of this process. In this study, we used existing virulent and attenuated rotavirus strains, as well as reverse engineered recombinants, to investigate the role of rotavirus nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4) in intercellular calcium wave induction using in vitro , organoid, and in vivo model systems. We found that the capacity to induce purinergic intercellular calcium waves (ICWs) segregated with NSP4 in both simian and murine-like rotavirus backgrounds, and NSP4 expression alone was sufficient to induce ICWs. NSP4's ability to function as a viroporin, which conducts calcium out of the endoplasmic reticulum, was necessary for ICW induction. Furthermore, viroporin activity and the resulting ICWs drove transcriptional changes indicative of innate immune activation, which were lost upon attenuation of viroporin function. Multiple aspects of RV disease severity in vivo correlated with the generation of ICWs, identifying a critical link between viroporin function, intercellular calcium waves, and enteric viral virulence.
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Yang H, Fan X, Mao X, Yu B, He J, Yan H, Wang J. The protective role of prebiotics and probiotics on diarrhea and gut damage in the rotavirus-infected piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:61. [PMID: 38698473 PMCID: PMC11067158 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is one of the pathogenic causes that induce diarrhea in young animals, especially piglets, worldwide. However, nowadays, there is no specific drug available to treat the disease, and the related vaccines have no obvious efficiency in some countries. Via analyzing the pathogenesis of rotavirus, it inducing diarrhea is mainly due to disturb enteric nervous system, destroy gut mucosal integrity, induce intracellular electrolyte imbalance, and impair gut microbiota and immunity. Many studies have already proved that prebiotics and probiotics can mitigate the damage and diarrhea induced by rotavirus infection in hosts. Based on these, the current review summarizes and discusses the effects and mechanisms of prebiotics and probiotics on rotavirus-induced diarrhea in piglets. This information will highlight the basis for the swine production utilization of prebiotics and probiotics in the prevention or treatment of rotavirus infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Yang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangqi Fan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, People's Republic of China
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da Silva GB, de Carvalho Braga G, Simões JLB, Kempka AP, Bagatini MD. Cytokine storm in human monkeypox: A possible involvement of purinergic signaling. Cytokine 2024; 177:156560. [PMID: 38447385 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Some evidence has indicated that monkeypox can induce a cytokine storm. Purinergic signaling is a cell pathway related to the cytokine storm. However, the precise mechanisms that lead to cytokine storms in monkeypox infections and the possible involvement of purinergic signaling in the immune response to this virus remain unknown. In this review article, we aimed to highlight a body of scientific evidence that consolidates the role of the cytokine storm in monkeypox infection and proposes a new hypothesis regarding the roles of purinergic signaling in this immune-mediated mechanism. We further suggested some purinergic signaling modulators to mitigate the deleterious and aggravating effects of immune dysregulation in human monkeypox virus infection by inhibiting P2X3, P2X7, P2Y2, and P2Y12, reducing inflammation, and activating A1 and A2A receptors to promote an anti-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilnei Bruno da Silva
- Multicentric Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, SC, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Aniela Pinto Kempka
- Multicentric Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, SC, Brazil
| | - Margarete Dulce Bagatini
- Multicentric Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, SC, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, Brazil.
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7
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Hayashi T, Kobayashi S, Hirano J, Murakami K. Human norovirus cultivation systems and their use in antiviral research. J Virol 2024; 98:e0166323. [PMID: 38470106 PMCID: PMC11019851 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01663-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis and foodborne diseases, affecting all age groups. Despite its clinical needs, no approved antiviral therapies are available. Since the discovery of HuNoV in 1972, studies on anti-norovirals, mechanism of HuNoV infection, viral inactivation, etc., have been hampered by the lack of a robust laboratory-based cultivation system for HuNoV. A recent breakthrough in the development of HuNoV cultivation systems has opened opportunities for researchers to investigate HuNoV biology in the context of de novo HuNoV infections. A tissue stem cell-derived human intestinal organoid/enteroid (HIO) culture system is one of those that supports HuNoV replication reproducibly and, to our knowledge, is most widely distributed to laboratories worldwide to study HuNoV and develop therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes recently developed HuNoV cultivation systems, including HIO, and their use in antiviral studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Hayashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakura Kobayashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junki Hirano
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Murakami
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Smith J, Lopez-Avila BG, Engel T, Mateos EMJ, Alves M. Differently expression of the metabotropic P2Y receptor family after hypoxia-induced seizures in neonates and seizure suppression via P2Y 1 receptor agonism. Purinergic Signal 2024; 20:157-162. [PMID: 36792817 PMCID: PMC10997557 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09923-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon Smith
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
- FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Beatriz Gil Lopez-Avila
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Tobias Engel
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
- FutureNeuro, SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Eva M Jimenez Mateos
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin, D02 R590, Ireland
| | - Mariana Alves
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, RCSI, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, D02 YN77, Ireland.
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Hensley C, Roier S, Zhou P, Schnur S, Nyblade C, Parreno V, Frazier A, Frazier M, Kiley K, O’Brien S, Liang Y, Mayer BT, Wu R, Mahoney C, McNeal MM, Petsch B, Rauch S, Yuan L. mRNA-Based Vaccines Are Highly Immunogenic and Confer Protection in the Gnotobiotic Pig Model of Human Rotavirus Diarrhea. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:260. [PMID: 38543894 PMCID: PMC10974625 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12030260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) is still a leading cause of severe dehydrating gastroenteritis globally, particularly in infants and children. Previously, we demonstrated the immunogenicity of mRNA-based HRV vaccine candidates expressing the viral spike protein VP8* in rodent models. In the present study, we assessed the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of two mRNA-based HRV trivalent vaccine candidates, encoding VP8* of the genotypes P[8], P[6], or P[4], in the gnotobiotic (Gn) pig model of Wa (G1P[8]) HRV infection and diarrhea. Vaccines either encoded VP8* alone fused to the universal T-cell epitope P2 (P2-VP8*) or expressed P2-VP8* as a fusion protein with lumazine synthase (LS-P2-VP8*) to allow the formation and secretion of protein particles that present VP8* on their surface. Gn pigs were randomly assigned into groups and immunized three times with either P2-VP8* (30 µg) or LS-P2-VP8* (30 µg or 12 µg). A trivalent alum-adjuvanted P2-VP8* protein vaccine or an LNP-formulated irrelevant mRNA vaccine served as the positive and negative control, respectively. Upon challenge with virulent Wa HRV, a significantly shortened duration and decreased severity of diarrhea and significant protection from virus shedding was induced by both mRNA vaccine candidates compared to the negative control. Both LS-P2-VP8* doses induced significantly higher VP8*-specific IgG antibody titers in the serum after immunizations than the negative as well as the protein control. The P[8] VP8*-specific IgG antibody-secreting cells in the ileum, spleen, and blood seven days post-challenge, as well as VP8*-specific IFN-γ-producing T-cell numbers increased in all three mRNA-vaccinated pig groups compared to the negative control. Overall, there was a clear tendency towards improved responses in LS-P2-VP8* compared to the P2-VP8*mRNA vaccine. The demonstrated strong humoral immune responses, priming for effector T cells, and the significant reduction of viral shedding and duration of diarrhea in Gn pigs provide a promising proof of concept and may provide guidance for the further development of mRNA-based rotavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Hensley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Sandro Roier
- CureVac SE, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.R.); (B.P.); (S.R.)
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Sofia Schnur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Charlotte Nyblade
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Viviana Parreno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Annie Frazier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Maggie Frazier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Kelsey Kiley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Samantha O’Brien
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yu Liang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
| | - Bryan T. Mayer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (B.T.M.); (R.W.); (C.M.)
| | - Ruizhe Wu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (B.T.M.); (R.W.); (C.M.)
| | - Celia Mahoney
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (B.T.M.); (R.W.); (C.M.)
| | - Monica M. McNeal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | | | - Susanne Rauch
- CureVac SE, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.R.); (B.P.); (S.R.)
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (C.H.); (P.Z.); (S.S.); (C.N.); (V.P.); (A.F.); (M.F.); (K.K.); (S.O.); (Y.L.)
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Engevik KA, Scribano FJ, Gebert JT, Perry JL, Crawford SE, Hyser JM. Distribution of P2Y and P2X purinergic receptor expression within the intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G107-G119. [PMID: 37987757 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00108.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotides are potent extracellular signaling molecules during homeostasis, infection, and injury due to their ability to activate purinergic receptors. The nucleotide ATP activates P2X receptors (P2RXs), whereas the nucleotides ADP, ATP, UTP, and UDP-glucose selectively activate different P2Y receptors (P2RYs). Several studies have established crucial roles for P2 receptors during intestinal inflammatory and infectious diseases, yet the most extensive characterization of purinergic signaling has focused on immune cells and the central and enteric nervous systems. As epithelial cells serve as the first barrier against irritants and infection, we hypothesized that the gut epithelium may express multiple purinergic receptors that respond to extracellular nucleotide signals. Using the Human Protein Atlas and Gut Cell Survey, we queried single-cell RNA sequencing (RNAseq) data for the P2 purinergic receptors in the small and large intestines. In silico analysis reveals robust mRNA expression of P2RY1, P2RY2, P2RY11, and P2RX4 throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Human intestinal organoids exhibited a similar expression pattern with a prominent expression of P2RY1, P2RY2, and P2RX4, but this purinergic receptor repertoire was not conserved in T84, Caco2, and HT29 intestinal epithelial cell lines. Finally, P2YR1 and P2YR2 agonists elicited robust calcium responses in human intestinal organoids, but calcium responses were weaker or absent in the cell lines. These findings suggest that the gastrointestinal epithelia respond to extracellular purinergic signaling via P2RY1, P2RY2, P2RY11, and P2RX4 receptors and highlight the benefit of using intestinal organoids as a model of intestinal purinergic signaling.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Several studies have revealed crucial roles for P2 receptors during inflammatory and infectious diseases, however, these have largely been demonstrated in immune cells and the enteric nervous system. Although epithelial cells serve as the first barrier against infection and inflammation, the role of purinergic signaling within the gastrointestinal tract remains largely unknown. This work expands our knowledge of purinergic receptor distribution and relative expression along the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A Engevik
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Francesca J Scribano
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - J Thomas Gebert
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Jacob L Perry
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Sue E Crawford
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Joseph M Hyser
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
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11
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Song MS, Lee DK, Lee CY, Park SC, Yang J. Host Subcellular Organelles: Targets of Viral Manipulation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1638. [PMID: 38338917 PMCID: PMC10855258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to manipulate host cell processes and utilize intracellular organelles to facilitate their replication. These complex interactions between viruses and cellular organelles allow them to hijack the cellular machinery and impair homeostasis. Moreover, viral infection alters the cell membrane's structure and composition and induces vesicle formation to facilitate intracellular trafficking of viral components. However, the research focus has predominantly been on the immune response elicited by viruses, often overlooking the significant alterations that viruses induce in cellular organelles. Gaining a deeper understanding of these virus-induced cellular changes is crucial for elucidating the full life cycle of viruses and developing potent antiviral therapies. Exploring virus-induced cellular changes could substantially improve our understanding of viral infection mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seok Song
- Department of Physiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kun Lee
- Department of Physiology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Cheol Park
- Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Laboratory, Myongji Hospital, Goyang 10475, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsung Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
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12
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Gebert JT, Scribano FJ, Engevik KA, Hyser JM. Live Calcium Imaging of Virus-Infected Human Intestinal Organoid Monolayers Using Genetically Encoded Calcium Indicators. J Vis Exp 2024:10.3791/66132. [PMID: 38314824 PMCID: PMC11157669 DOI: 10.3791/66132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcium signaling is an integral regulator of nearly every tissue. Within the intestinal epithelium, calcium is involved in the regulation of secretory activity, actin dynamics, inflammatory responses, stem cell proliferation, and many other uncharacterized cellular functions. As such, mapping calcium signaling dynamics within the intestinal epithelium can provide insight into homeostatic cellular processes and unveil unique responses to various stimuli. Human intestinal organoids (HIOs) are a high-throughput, human-derived model to study the intestinal epithelium and thus represent a useful system to investigate calcium dynamics. This paper describes a protocol to stably transduce HIOs with genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs), perform live fluorescence microscopy, and analyze imaging data to meaningfully characterize calcium signals. As a representative example, 3-dimensional HIOs were transduced with lentivirus to stably express GCaMP6s, a green fluorescent protein-based cytosolic GECI. The engineered HIOs were then dispersed into a single-cell suspension and seeded as monolayers. After differentiation, the HIO monolayers were infected with rotavirus and/or treated with drugs known to stimulate a calcium response. An epifluorescence microscope fitted with a temperature-controlled, humidified live-imaging chamber allowed for long-term imaging of infected or drug-treated monolayers. Following imaging, acquired images were analyzed using the freely available analysis software, ImageJ. Overall, this work establishes an adaptable pipeline for characterizing cellular signaling in HIOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thomas Gebert
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Francesca J Scribano
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Kristen A Engevik
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Joseph M Hyser
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine;
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Perry JL, Scribano FJ, Gebert JT, Engevik KA, Ellis JM, Hyser JM. Host IP 3R channels are dispensable for rotavirus Ca 2+ signaling but critical for intercellular Ca 2+ waves that prime uninfected cells for rapid virus spread. mBio 2024; 15:e0214523. [PMID: 38112482 PMCID: PMC10790754 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02145-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Many viruses exploit host Ca2+ signaling to facilitate their replication; however, little is known about how Ca2+ signals from different host and viral channels contribute to the overall dysregulation of Ca2+ signaling or promote virus replication. Using cells lacking IP3R, a host ER Ca2+ channel, we delineated intracellular Ca2+ signals within virus-infected cells and intercellular Ca2+ waves (ICWs), which increased Ca2+ signaling in neighboring, uninfected cells. In infected cells, IP3R was dispensable for rotavirus-induced Ca2+ signaling and replication, suggesting the rotavirus NSP4 viroporin supplies these signals. However, IP3R-mediated ICWs increase rotavirus replication kinetics and spread, indicating that the Ca2+ signals from the ICWs may prime nearby uninfected cells to better support virus replication upon eventual infection. This "pre-emptive priming" of uninfected cells by exploiting host intercellular pathways in the vicinity of virus-infected cells represents a novel mechanism for viral reprogramming of the host to gain a replication advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L. Perry
- Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Francesca J. Scribano
- Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John T. Gebert
- Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kristen A. Engevik
- Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jenna M. Ellis
- Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joseph M. Hyser
- Alkek Center for Metagenomic and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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14
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Scribano FJ, Engevik KA, Gebert JT, Hyser JM. Live-Cell Fluorescence Imaging for Virus-Host Interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2751:33-46. [PMID: 38265708 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3617-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Recent technological advances in microscopy have facilitated novel approaches to investigate host-pathogen interactions. In particular, improvements in both microscope hardware and engineered biosensors have helped to overcome barriers to live-cell imaging with fluorescence microscopy. Live fluorescent microscopy allows for the detection of discrete signaling events and protein localization, improving our ability to assess the effects of pharmacologic agents, microbes, or infection with high temporal resolution. Here we describe a protocol for long-term live-cell fluorescence imaging of virus infected cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca J Scribano
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kristen A Engevik
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J Thomas Gebert
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph M Hyser
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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15
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Bernard-Raichon L, Cadwell K. Immunomodulation by Enteric Viruses. Annu Rev Virol 2023; 10:477-502. [PMID: 37380186 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-112317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses display intricate adaptations to the host mucosal immune system to successfully reproduce in the gastrointestinal tract and cause maladies ranging from gastroenteritis to life-threatening disease upon extraintestinal dissemination. However, many viral infections are asymptomatic, and their presence in the gut is associated with an altered immune landscape that can be beneficial or adverse in certain contexts. Genetic variation in the host and environmental factors including the bacterial microbiota influence how the immune system responds to infections in a remarkably viral strain-specific manner. This immune response, in turn, determines whether a given virus establishes acute versus chronic infection, which may have long-lasting consequences such as susceptibility to inflammatory disease. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in the interaction between enteric viruses and the immune system that underlie the impact of these ubiquitous infectious agents on our health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bernard-Raichon
- Cell Biology Department, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
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16
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Huang H, Liao D, Zhou G, He B, Pu R, Cui Y. MicroRNA-194-3p impacts autophagy and represses rotavirus replication via targeting silent information regulator 1. Virol J 2023; 20:210. [PMID: 37697309 PMCID: PMC10496334 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus (RV) is the main cause of serious diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. Numerous studies have demonstrated that RV use host cell mechanisms to motivate their own stabilization and multiplication by degrading, enhancing, or hijacking microRNAs (miRNAs). Therefore, exploring the molecular mechanisms by which miRNAs motivate or restrain RV replication by controlling different biological processes, including autophagy, will help to better understand the pathogenesis of RV development. This study mainly explored the effect of miR-194-3p on autophagy after RV infection and its underlying mechanism of the regulation of RV replication. METHODS Caco-2 cells were infected with RV and used to measure the expression levels of miR-194-3p and silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1). After transfection with plasmids and RV infection, viral structural proteins, RV titer, cell viability, and autophagy-linked proteins were tested. The degree of acetylation of p53 was further investigated. A RV-infected neonatal mouse model was constructed in vivo and was evaluated for diarrhea symptoms and lipid droplet formation. RESULTS The results showed that miR-194-3p was reduced but SIRT1 was elevated after RV infection. Elevation of miR-194-3p or repression of SIRT1 inhibited RV replication through the regulation of autophagy. The overexpression of SIRT1 reversed the effects of miR-194-3p on RV replication. The upregulation of miR-194-3p or the downregulation of SIRT1 repressed RV replication in vivo. MiR-194-3p targeted SIRT1 to decrease p53 acetylation. CONCLUSION These results were used to determine the mechanism of miR-194-3p in RV replication, and identified a novel therapeutic small RNA molecule that can be used against RV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohai Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, SSL Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China.
- Medical and Pharmacy Research Laboratory, SSL Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, No.1, Huangzhou Xianglong Road of Shilong Town, 523326, Dongguan, Guangdong, China.
| | - Dan Liao
- Department of Gynaecology, SSL Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Guanghui Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation medicine, SSL Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin He
- Medical and Pharmacy Research Laboratory, SSL Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, No.1, Huangzhou Xianglong Road of Shilong Town, 523326, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong Pu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, SSL Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yejia Cui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, SSL Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
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17
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Perry JL, Scribano FJ, Gebert JT, Engevik KA, Ellis JM, Hyser JM. The Inositol Trisphosphate Receptor (IP 3 R) is Dispensable for Rotavirus-induced Ca 2+ Signaling and Replication but Critical for Paracrine Ca 2+ Signals that Prime Uninfected Cells for Rapid Virus Spread. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.09.552719. [PMID: 37609335 PMCID: PMC10441394 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.09.552719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus is a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis. A hallmark of rotavirus infection is an increase in cytosolic Ca 2+ caused by the nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4). NSP4 is a viral ion channel that releases Ca 2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the increase in Ca 2+ signaling is critical for rotavirus replication. In addition to NSP4 itself, host inositol 1,4,5- trisphosphate receptor (IP 3 R) ER Ca 2+ channels may contribute to rotavirus-induced Ca 2+ signaling and by extension, virus replication. Thus, we set out to determine the role of IP 3 R Ca 2+ signaling during rotavirus infection using IP 3 R-knockout MA104-GCaMP6s cells (MA104- GCaMP6s-IP 3 R-KO), generated by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Live Ca 2+ imaging showed that IP 3 R-KO did not reduce Ca 2+ signaling in infected cells but eliminated rotavirus-induced intercellular Ca 2+ waves (ICWs) and therefore the increased Ca 2+ signaling in surrounding, uninfected cells. Further, MA104-GCaMP6s-IP 3 R-TKO cells showed similar rotavirus susceptibility, single-cycle replication, and viral protein expression as parental MA104- GCaMP6s cells. However, MA104-GCaMP6s-IP 3 R-TKO cells exhibited significantly smaller rotavirus plaques, decreased multi-round replication kinetics, and delayed virus spread, suggesting that rotavirus-induced ICW Ca 2+ signaling stimulates virus replication and spread. Inhibition of ICWs by blocking the P2Y1 receptor also resulted in decreased rotavirus plaque size. Conversely, exogenous expression of P2Y1 in LLC-MK2-GCaMP6s cells, which natively lack P2Y1 and rotavirus ICWs, rescued the generation of rotavirus-induced ICWs and enabled plaque formation. In conclusion, this study shows that NSP4 Ca 2+ signals fully support rotavirus replication in individual cells; however, IP 3 R is critical for rotavirus-induced ICWs and virus spread by priming Ca 2+ -dependent pathways in surrounding cells. Importance Many viruses exploit host Ca 2+ signaling to facilitate their replication; however, little is known about how distinct types of Ca 2+ signals contribute to the overall dysregulation of Ca 2+ signaling or promote virus replication. Using cells lacking IP 3 R, a host ER Ca 2+ channel, we could differentiate between intracellular Ca 2+ signals within virus-infected cells and intercellular Ca 2+ waves (ICWs), which increase Ca 2+ signaling in neighboring, uninfected cells. In infected cells, IP 3 R was dispensable for rotavirus-induced Ca 2+ signaling and replication, suggesting the rotavirus NSP4 viroporin supplies these signals. However, IP 3 R-mediated ICWs increase rotavirus replication kinetics and spread, indicating that the Ca 2+ signals from the ICWs may prime nearby uninfected cells to better support virus replication upon eventual infection. This "pre-emptive priming" of uninfected cells by exploiting host intercellular pathways in the vicinity of virus-infected cells represents a novel mechanism for viral reprogramming of the host to gain a replication advantage.
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18
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Perniss A, Boonen B, Tonack S, Thiel M, Poharkar K, Alnouri MW, Keshavarz M, Papadakis T, Wiegand S, Pfeil U, Richter K, Althaus M, Oberwinkler J, Schütz B, Boehm U, Offermanns S, Leinders-Zufall T, Zufall F, Kummer W. A succinate/SUCNR1-brush cell defense program in the tracheal epithelium. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg8842. [PMID: 37531421 PMCID: PMC10396310 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg8842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Host-derived succinate accumulates in the airways during bacterial infection. Here, we show that luminal succinate activates murine tracheal brush (tuft) cells through a signaling cascade involving the succinate receptor 1 (SUCNR1), phospholipase Cβ2, and the cation channel transient receptor potential channel subfamily M member 5 (TRPM5). Stimulated brush cells then trigger a long-range Ca2+ wave spreading radially over the tracheal epithelium through a sequential signaling process. First, brush cells release acetylcholine, which excites nearby cells via muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. From there, the Ca2+ wave propagates through gap junction signaling, reaching also distant ciliated and secretory cells. These effector cells translate activation into enhanced ciliary activity and Cl- secretion, which are synergistic in boosting mucociliary clearance, the major innate defense mechanism of the airways. Our data establish tracheal brush cells as a central hub in triggering a global epithelial defense program in response to a danger-associated metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Perniss
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen; Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Brett Boonen
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, VIB Center for Brain and Disease, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Tonack
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Moritz Thiel
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen; Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Krupali Poharkar
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen; Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mohamad Wessam Alnouri
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Maryam Keshavarz
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen; Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tamara Papadakis
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen; Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Silke Wiegand
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen; Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Uwe Pfeil
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen; Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Katrin Richter
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mike Althaus
- Physiology Group, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Johannes Oberwinkler
- Institut für Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Schütz
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Boehm
- Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Excellence Cluster The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Trese Leinders-Zufall
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Zufall
- Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kummer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, German Center for Lung Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen; Giessen, Germany
- Excellence Cluster The Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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19
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Sarker R, Lin R, Singh V, Donowitz M, Tse CM. SLC26A3 (DRA) is stimulated in a synergistic, intracellular Ca 2+-dependent manner by cAMP and ATP in intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C1263-C1273. [PMID: 37154494 PMCID: PMC10243534 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00523.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In polarized intestinal epithelial cells, downregulated in adenoma (DRA) is an apical Cl-/[Formula: see text] exchanger that is part of neutral NaCl absorption under baseline conditions, but in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-driven diarrheas, it is stimulated and contributes to increased anion secretion. To further understand the regulation of DRA in conditions mimicking some diarrheal diseases, Caco-2/BBE cells were exposed to forskolin (FSK) and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). FSK and ATP stimulated DRA in a concentration-dependent manner, with ATP acting via P2Y1 receptors. FSK at 1 µM and ATP at 0.25 µM had minimal to no effect on DRA given individually; however, together, they stimulated DRA to levels seen with maximum concentrations of FSK and ATP alone. In Caco-2/BBE cells expressing the Ca2+ indicator GCaMP6s, ATP increased intracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+i) in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas FSK (1 µM), which by itself did not significantly alter Ca2+i, followed by 0.25 µM ATP produced a large increase in Ca2+ that was approximately equal to the elevation caused by 1 µM ATP. 1,2-Bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetrakis(acetoxymethyl ester) (BAPTA-AM) pretreatment prevented the ATP and FSK/ATP synergistically increased the DRA activity and the increase in Ca2+i caused by FSK/ATP. FSK/ATP synergistic stimulation of DRA was similarly observed in human colonoids. In Caco-2/BBE cells, subthreshold concentrations of FSK (cAMP) and ATP (Ca2+) synergistically increased Ca2+i and stimulated DRA activity with both being blocked by BAPTA-AM pretreatment. Diarrheal diseases, such as bile acid diarrhea, in which both cAMP and Ca2+ are elevated, are likely to be associated with stimulated DRA activity contributing to increased anion secretion, whereas separation of DRA from Na+/H+ exchanger isoform-3 (NHE3) contributes to reduced NaCl absorption.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The BB Cl-/[Formula: see text] exchanger DRA takes part in both neutral NaCl absorption and stimulated anion secretion. Using intestinal cell line, Caco-2/BBE high concentrations of cAMP and Ca2+ individually stimulated DRA activity, whereas low concentrations, which had no/minimal effect, synergistically stimulated DRA activity that required a synergistic increase in intracellular Ca2+. This study increases understanding of diarrheal diseases, such as bile salt diarrhea, in which both cAMP and elevated Ca2+ are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiquel Sarker
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Ruxian Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Varsha Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Chung-Ming Tse
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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20
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Jiang L, Tang A, Song L, Tong Y, Fan H. Advances in the development of antivirals for rotavirus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1041149. [PMID: 37006293 PMCID: PMC10063883 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1041149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) causes 200,000 deaths per year and imposes a serious burden to public health and livestock farming worldwide. Currently, rehydration (oral and intravenous) remains the main strategy for the treatment of rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE), and no specific drugs are available. This review discusses the viral replication cycle in detail and outlines possible therapeutic approaches including immunotherapy, probiotic-assisted therapy, anti-enteric secretory drugs, Chinese medicine, and natural compounds. We present the latest advances in the field of rotavirus antivirals and highlights the potential use of Chinese medicine and natural compounds as therapeutic agents. This review provides an important reference for rotavirus prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lihua Song
- *Correspondence: Huahao Fan, ; Yigang Tong, ; Lihua Song,
| | - Yigang Tong
- *Correspondence: Huahao Fan, ; Yigang Tong, ; Lihua Song,
| | - Huahao Fan
- *Correspondence: Huahao Fan, ; Yigang Tong, ; Lihua Song,
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21
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Desselberger U. 14th International dsRNA Virus Symposium, Banff, Alberta, Canada, 10-14 October 2022. Virus Res 2023; 324:199032. [PMID: 36584760 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.199032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This triennial International dsRNA Virus Symposium covered original data which have accrued during the most recent five years. In detail, the genomic diversity of these viruses continued to be explored; various structure-function studies were carried out using reverse genetics and biophysical techniques; intestinal organoids proved to be very suitable for special pathogenesis studies; and the potential of next generation rotavirus vaccines including use of rotavirus recombinants as vectored vaccine candidates was explored. 'Non-lytic release of enteric viruses in cloaked vesicles' was the topic of the keynote lecture by Nihal Altan-Bonnet, NIH, Bethesda, USA. The Jean Cohen lecturer of this meeting was Polly Roy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, who spoke on aspects of the replication cycle of bluetongue viruses, and how some of the data are similar to details of rotavirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Desselberger
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, U.K..
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22
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Van Thillo T, Van Deuren V, Dedecker P. Smart genetically-encoded biosensors for the chemical monitoring of living systems. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:520-534. [PMID: 36519509 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05363b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetically-encoded biosensors provide the all-optical and non-invasive visualization of dynamic biochemical events within living systems, which has allowed the discovery of profound new insights. Twenty-five years of biosensor development has steadily improved their performance and has provided us with an ever increasing biosensor repertoire. In this feature article, we present recent advances made in biosensor development and provide a perspective on the future direction of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toon Van Thillo
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200G, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Vincent Van Deuren
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200G, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Peter Dedecker
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200G, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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23
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Gebert JT, Scribano F, Engevik KA, Perry JL, Hyser JM. Gastrointestinal organoids in the study of viral infections. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 324:G51-G59. [PMID: 36414538 PMCID: PMC9799139 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00152.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are among the most prevalent enteric pathogens. Although virologists historically relied on cell lines and animal models, human intestinal organoids (HIOs) continue to grow in popularity. HIOs are nontransformed, stem cell-derived, ex vivo cell cultures that maintain the cell type diversity of the intestinal epithelium. They offer higher throughput than standard animal models while more accurately mimicking the native tissue of infection than transformed cell lines. Here, we review recent literature that highlights virological advances facilitated by HIOs. We discuss the variations and limitations of HIOs, how HIOs have allowed for the cultivation of previously uncultivatable viruses, and how they have offered insight into tropism, entry, replication kinetics, and host-pathogen interactions. In each case, we discuss exemplary viruses and archetypal studies. We discuss how the speed and flexibility of HIO-based studies contributed to our knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 and antiviral therapeutics. Finally, we discuss the current limitations of HIOs and future directions to overcome these.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thomas Gebert
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Francesca Scribano
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Kristen A Engevik
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jacob L Perry
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Joseph M Hyser
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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24
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Gandhar JS, De UK, Kala A, Malik YS, Yadav S, Paul BR, Dixit SK, Sircar S, Chaudhary P, Patra MK, Gaur GK. Efficacy of Microencapsulated Probiotic as Adjunct Therapy on Resolution of Diarrhea, Copper-Zinc Homeostasis, Immunoglobulins, and Inflammatory Markers in Serum of Spontaneous Rotavirus-Infected Diarrhoetic Calves. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2022; 14:1054-1066. [PMID: 34676503 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09862-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of a microencapsulated probiotic as an adjunct therapy in rotavirus-positive diarrhea of neonatal calves that received supportive treatment or supportive along with microencapsulated probiotic treatment, for 5 days. We examined whether microencapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDC15 probiotic treatment in rotavirus-infected diarrhoetic calves led to faster resolution of diarrhea, amelioration of zinc-copper imbalance, improved the immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G, and decreased the inflammatory markers in serum. Calves with rotavirus-positive diarrhea < 4-week age and fecal scores ≥ 2 were randomly assigned into two groups. The supportive along with microencapsulated probiotic treatment significantly (p < 0.05) increased zinc and immunoglobulin A concentrations and decreased copper, tumor necrosis factor-α, and nitric oxide level in serum on days 3 and 5 from pretreatment values; the immunoglobulin G concentration was elevated (p < 0.05) on day 5. The mean resolution time of abnormal fecal score was 5.3 and 3.3 days in supportive treatment and supportive along with microencapsulated probiotic groups, respectively, in log-rank Mantel-Cox test. The calves in the supportive along with microencapsulated probiotic treatment group had faster resolution of diarrhea than supportive treatment group in Dunn's multiple comparisons test. This study demonstrates that supportive treatment along with microencapsulated probiotic administered to naturally rotavirus-infected diarrhoetic calves at onset of diarrhea led to faster resolution of diarrhea, improved zinc and immunoglobulin levels, and decreased the inflammatory parameters in serum of rotavirus-infected diarrhoetic calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Singh Gandhar
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
| | - Ujjwal Kumar De
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India.
| | - Anju Kala
- Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
| | - Supriya Yadav
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
| | - Babul Rudra Paul
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
| | - Shivendra Kumar Dixit
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
| | - Shubhankar Sircar
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
| | - Pallab Chaudhary
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
| | - Manas Kumar Patra
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
| | - Gyanendra Kumar Gaur
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122 (UP), India
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25
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Rotavirus Downregulates Tyrosine Hydroxylase in the Noradrenergic Sympathetic Nervous System in Ileum, Early in Infection and Simultaneously with Increased Intestinal Transit and Altered Brain Activities. mBio 2022; 13:e0138722. [PMID: 36094089 PMCID: PMC9600178 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01387-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While rotavirus diarrhea has been considered to occur only due to intrinsic intestinal effects within the enteric nervous system, we provide evidence for central nervous system control underlying the clinical symptomology. Our data visualize infection by large-scale three-dimensional (3D) volumetric tissue imaging of a mouse model and demonstrate that rotavirus infection disrupts the homeostasis of the autonomous system by downregulating tyrosine hydroxylase in the noradrenergic sympathetic nervous system in ileum, concomitant with increased intestinal transit. Interestingly, the nervous response was found to occur before the onset of clinical symptoms. In adult infected animals, we found increased pS6 immunoreactivity in the area postrema of the brain stem and decreased phosphorylated STAT5-immunoreactive neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, which has been associated with autonomic control, including stress response. Our observations contribute to knowledge of how rotavirus infection induces gut-nerve-brain interaction early in the disease.
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26
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Keely SJ, Barrett KE. Intestinal secretory mechanisms and diarrhea. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 322:G405-G420. [PMID: 35170355 PMCID: PMC8917926 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00316.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
One of the primary functions of the intestinal epithelium is to transport fluid and electrolytes to and from the luminal contents. Under normal circumstances, absorptive and secretory processes are tightly regulated such that absorption predominates, thereby enabling conservation of the large volumes of water that pass through the intestine each day. However, in conditions of secretory diarrhea, this balance becomes dysregulated, so that fluid secretion, driven primarily by Cl- secretion, overwhelms absorptive capacity, leading to increased loss of water in the stool. Secretory diarrheas are common and include those induced by pathogenic bacteria and viruses, allergens, and disruptions to bile acid homeostasis, or as a side effect of many drugs. Here, we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which Cl- and fluid secretion in the intestine are regulated, how these mechanisms become dysregulated in conditions of secretory diarrhea, currently available and emerging therapeutic approaches, and how new strategies to exploit intestinal secretory mechanisms are successfully being used in the treatment of constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Keely
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kim E Barrett
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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27
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Lin SC, Haga K, Zeng XL, Estes MK. Generation of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genetic knockout human intestinal tissue-derived enteroid lines by lentivirus transduction and single-cell cloning. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:1004-1027. [PMID: 35197604 PMCID: PMC9059808 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00669-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human intestinal tissue-derived enteroids (HIEs; also called organoids) are a powerful ex vivo model for gastrointestinal research. Genetic modification of these nontransformed cultures allows new insights into gene function and biological processes involved in intestinal diseases as well as gastrointestinal and donor segment-specific function. Here we provide a detailed technical pipeline and protocol for using the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing system to knock out a gene of interest specifically in HIEs by lentiviral transduction and single-cell cloning. This protocol differs from a previously published alternative using electroporation of human colonoids to deliver piggyback transposons or CRISPR-Cas9 constructs, as this protocol uses a modified, fused LentiCRISPRv2-small-guiding RNA to express Cas9 and small-guiding RNA in a lentivirus. The protocol also includes the steps of gene delivery and subsequent single-cell cloning of the knockout cells as well as verification of clones and sequence identification of the mutation sites to establish knockout clones. An overview flowchart, step-by-step guidelines and troubleshooting suggestions are provided to aid the researcher in obtaining the genetic knockout HIE line within 2-3 months. In this protocol, we further describe how to use HIEs as an ex vivo model to assess host restriction factors for viral replication (using human norovirus replication as an example) by knocking out host attachment factors or innate immunity genes. Other applications are discussed to broaden the utility of this system, for example, to generate knockin or conditional knockout HIE lines to investigate the function of essential genes in many biological processes including other types of organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ching Lin
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kei Haga
- Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xi-Lei Zeng
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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28
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Amimo JO, Raev SA, Chepngeno J, Mainga AO, Guo Y, Saif L, Vlasova AN. Rotavirus Interactions With Host Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 12:793841. [PMID: 35003114 PMCID: PMC8727603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.793841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is the foremost enteric pathogen associated with severe diarrheal illness in young children (<5years) and animals worldwide. RV primarily infects mature enterocytes in the intestinal epithelium causing villus atrophy, enhanced epithelial cell turnover and apoptosis. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) being the first physical barrier against RV infection employs a range of innate immune strategies to counteract RVs invasion, including mucus production, toll-like receptor signaling and cytokine/chemokine production. Conversely, RVs have evolved numerous mechanisms to escape/subvert host immunity, seizing translation machinery of the host for effective replication and transmission. RV cell entry process involve penetration through the outer mucus layer, interaction with cell surface molecules and intestinal microbiota before reaching the IECs. For successful cell attachment and entry, RVs use sialic acid, histo-blood group antigens, heat shock cognate protein 70 and cell-surface integrins as attachment factors and/or (co)-receptors. In this review, a comprehensive summary of the existing knowledge of mechanisms underlying RV-IECs interactions, including the role of gut microbiota, during RV infection is presented. Understanding these mechanisms is imperative for developing efficacious strategies to control RV infections, including development of antiviral therapies and vaccines that target specific immune system antagonists within IECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Oluoch Amimo
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sergei Alekseevich Raev
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Juliet Chepngeno
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Alfred Omwando Mainga
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Yusheng Guo
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Linda Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
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29
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Lian S, Liu J, Wu Y, Xia P, Zhu G. Bacterial and Viral Co-Infection in the Intestine: Competition Scenario and Their Effect on Host Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042311. [PMID: 35216425 PMCID: PMC8877981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria and viruses are both important pathogens causing intestinal infections, and studies on their pathogenic mechanisms tend to focus on one pathogen alone. However, bacterial and viral co-infections occur frequently in clinical settings, and infection by one pathogen can affect the severity of infection by another pathogen, either directly or indirectly. The presence of synergistic or antagonistic effects of two pathogens in co-infection can affect disease progression to varying degrees. The triad of bacterial–viral–gut interactions involves multiple aspects of inflammatory and immune signaling, neuroimmunity, nutritional immunity, and the gut microbiome. In this review, we discussed the different scenarios triggered by different orders of bacterial and viral infections in the gut and summarized the possible mechanisms of synergy or antagonism involved in their co-infection. We also explored the regulatory mechanisms of bacterial–viral co-infection at the host intestinal immune interface from multiple perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Lian
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.L.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (G.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.L.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (G.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yunping Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.L.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (G.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Pengpeng Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.L.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (G.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.L.); (J.L.); (Y.W.); (G.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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30
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Caddy S, Papa G, Borodavka A, Desselberger U. Rotavirus research: 2014-2020. Virus Res 2021; 304:198499. [PMID: 34224769 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are major causes of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide and also cause disease in the young of many other mammalian and of avian species. During the recent 5-6 years rotavirus research has benefitted in a major way from the establishment of plasmid only-based reverse genetics systems, the creation of human and other mammalian intestinal enteroids, and from the wide application of structural biology (cryo-electron microscopy, cryo-EM tomography) and complementary biophysical approaches. All of these have permitted to gain new insights into structure-function relationships of rotaviruses and their interactions with the host. This review follows different stages of the viral replication cycle and summarizes highlights of structure-function studies of rotavirus-encoded proteins (both structural and non-structural), molecular mechanisms of viral replication including involvement of cellular proteins and lipids, the spectrum of viral genomic and antigenic diversity, progress in understanding of innate and acquired immune responses, and further developments of prevention of rotavirus-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Caddy
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease Jeffery Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.
| | - Guido Papa
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Alexander Borodavka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK.
| | - Ulrich Desselberger
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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31
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Abstract
Infectious diseases affect individual health and have widespread societal impacts. New ex vivo models are critical to understand pathogenesis, host response, and features necessary to develop preventive and therapeutic treatments. Pluripotent and tissue stem cell-derived organoids provide new tools for the study of human infections. Organoid models recapitulate many characteristics of in vivo disease and are providing new insights into human respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neuronal host-microbe interactions. Increasing culture complexity by adding the stroma, interorgan communication, and the microbiome will improve the use of organoids as models for infection. Organoid cultures provide a platform with the capability to improve human health related to infectious diseases. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Medicine, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; .,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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32
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Kobayashi T, Patton JT, Desselberger U. Species A rotavirus reverse genetics: Achievements and prospects. Virus Res 2021; 306:198583. [PMID: 34600933 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - John T Patton
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA.
| | - Ulrich Desselberger
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital,Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
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33
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Saurav S, Tanwar J, Ahuja K, Motiani RK. Dysregulation of host cell calcium signaling during viral infections: Emerging paradigm with high clinical relevance. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 81:101004. [PMID: 34304899 PMCID: PMC8299155 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are one of the leading causes of human illness. Viruses take over host cell signaling cascades for their replication and infection. Calcium (Ca2+) is a versatile and ubiquitous second messenger that modulates plethora of cellular functions. In last two decades, a critical role of host cell Ca2+ signaling in modulating viral infections has emerged. Furthermore, recent literature clearly implicates a vital role for the organellar Ca2+ dynamics (influx and efflux across organelles) in regulating virus entry, replication and severity of the infection. Therefore, it is not surprising that a number of viral infections including current SARS-CoV-2 driven COVID-19 pandemic are associated with dysregulated Ca2+ homeostasis. The focus of this review is to first discuss the role of host cell Ca2+ signaling in viral entry, replication and egress. We further deliberate on emerging literature demonstrating hijacking of the host cell Ca2+ dynamics by viruses. In particular, a variety of viruses including SARS-CoV-2 modulate lysosomal and cytosolic Ca2+ signaling for host cell entry and replication. Moreover, we delve into the recent studies, which have demonstrated the potential of several FDA-approved drugs targeting Ca2+ handling machinery in inhibiting viral infections. Importantly, we discuss the prospective of targeting intracellular Ca2+ signaling for better management and treatment of viral pathogenesis including COVID-19. Finally, we highlight the key outstanding questions in the field that demand critical and timely attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Saurav
- Laboratory of Calciomics and Systemic Pathophysiology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad-121001, Delhi-NCR, India
| | - Jyoti Tanwar
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi-110025, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Kriti Ahuja
- Laboratory of Calciomics and Systemic Pathophysiology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad-121001, Delhi-NCR, India
| | - Rajender K Motiani
- Laboratory of Calciomics and Systemic Pathophysiology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad-121001, Delhi-NCR, India.
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O'Connor JT, Stevens AC, Shannon EK, Akbar FB, LaFever KS, Narayanan NP, Gailey CD, Hutson MS, Page-McCaw A. Proteolytic activation of Growth-blocking peptides triggers calcium responses through the GPCR Mthl10 during epithelial wound detection. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2160-2175.e5. [PMID: 34273275 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a wound triggers surrounding cells to initiate repair mechanisms, but it is not clear how cells initially detect wounds. In epithelial cells, the earliest known wound response, occurring within seconds, is a dramatic increase in cytosolic calcium. Here, we show that wounds in the Drosophila notum trigger cytoplasmic calcium increase by activating extracellular cytokines, Growth-blocking peptides (Gbps), which initiate signaling in surrounding epithelial cells through the G-protein-coupled receptor Methuselah-like 10 (Mthl10). Latent Gbps are present in unwounded tissue and are activated by proteolytic cleavage. Using wing discs, we show that multiple protease families can activate Gbps, suggesting that they act as a generalized protease-detector system. We present experimental and computational evidence that proteases released during wound-induced cell damage and lysis serve as the instructive signal: these proteases liberate Gbp ligands, which bind to Mthl10 receptors on surrounding epithelial cells, and activate downstream release of calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T O'Connor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Aaron C Stevens
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Erica K Shannon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Fabiha Bushra Akbar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kimberly S LaFever
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Neil P Narayanan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Casey D Gailey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M Shane Hutson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Andrea Page-McCaw
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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35
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Noel G, In JG, Lemme-Dumit JM, DeVine LR, Cole RN, Guerrerio AL, Campbell JD, Kovbasnjuk O, Pasetti MF. Human Breast Milk Enhances Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Function and Innate Immunity in a Healthy Pediatric Human Enteroid Model. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:685171. [PMID: 34327199 PMCID: PMC8313895 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.685171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding has been associated with long lasting health benefits. Nutrients and bioactive components of human breast milk promote cell growth, immune development, and shield the infant gut from insults and microbial threats. The molecular and cellular events involved in these processes are ill defined. We have established human pediatric enteroids and interrogated maternal milk's impact on epithelial cell maturation and function in comparison with commercial infant formula. Colostrum applied apically to pediatric enteroid monolayers reduced ion permeability, stimulated epithelial cell differentiation, and enhanced tight junction function by upregulating occludin. Breast milk heightened the production of antimicrobial peptide α-defensin 5 by goblet and Paneth cells, and modulated cytokine production, which abolished apical release of pro-inflammatory GM-CSF. These attributes were not found in commercial infant formula. Epithelial cells exposed to breast milk elevated apical and intracellular pIgR and enabled maternal IgA translocation. Proteomic data revealed a breast milk-induced molecular pattern associated with tissue remodeling and homeostasis. Using a novel ex vivo pediatric enteroid model, we have identified distinct cellular and molecular events involved in human milk-mediated improvement of human intestinal physiology and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle Noel
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Julie G. In
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jose M. Lemme-Dumit
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lauren R. DeVine
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Robert N. Cole
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Anthony L. Guerrerio
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - James D. Campbell
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Olga Kovbasnjuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marcela F. Pasetti
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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36
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Puschhof J, Pleguezuelos-Manzano C, Clevers H. Organoids and organs-on-chips: Insights into human gut-microbe interactions. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:867-878. [PMID: 34111395 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The important and diverse roles of the gut microbiota in human health and disease are increasingly recognized. The difficulty of inferring causation from metagenomic microbiome sequencing studies and from mouse-human interspecies differences has prompted the development of sophisticated in vitro models of human gut-microbe interactions. Here, we review recent advances in the co-culture of microbes with intestinal and colonic epithelia, comparing the rapidly developing fields of organoids and organs-on-chips with other standard models. We describe how specific individual processes by which microbes and epithelia interact can be recapitulated in vitro. Using examples of bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections, we highlight the advantages of each culture model and discuss current trends and future possibilities to build more complex co-cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Puschhof
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cayetano Pleguezuelos-Manzano
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; The Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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37
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Crawford SE, Ramani S, Blutt SE, Estes MK. Organoids to Dissect Gastrointestinal Virus-Host Interactions: What Have We Learned? Viruses 2021; 13:999. [PMID: 34071878 PMCID: PMC8230193 DOI: 10.3390/v13060999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, knowledge of human host-enteric pathogen interactions has been elucidated from studies using cancer cells, animal models, clinical data, and occasionally, controlled human infection models. Although much has been learned from these studies, an understanding of the complex interactions between human viruses and the human intestinal epithelium was initially limited by the lack of nontransformed culture systems, which recapitulate the relevant heterogenous cell types that comprise the intestinal villus epithelium. New investigations using multicellular, physiologically active, organotypic cultures produced from intestinal stem cells isolated from biopsies or surgical specimens provide an exciting new avenue for understanding human specific pathogens and revealing previously unknown host-microbe interactions that affect replication and outcomes of human infections. Here, we summarize recent biologic discoveries using human intestinal organoids and human enteric viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue E. Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.E.C.); (S.R.); (S.E.B.)
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.E.C.); (S.R.); (S.E.B.)
| | - Sarah E. Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.E.C.); (S.R.); (S.E.B.)
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.E.C.); (S.R.); (S.E.B.)
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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38
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Bacterial detection by NAIP/NLRC4 elicits prompt contractions of intestinal epithelial cell layers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2013963118. [PMID: 33846244 PMCID: PMC8072224 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013963118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut epithelium serves to maximize the surface for nutrient and fluid uptake, but at the same time must provide a tight barrier to pathogens and remove damaged intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) without jeopardizing barrier integrity. How the epithelium coordinates these tasks remains a question of significant interest. We used imaging and an optical flow analysis pipeline to study the dynamicity of untransformed murine and human intestinal epithelia, cultured atop flexible hydrogel supports. Infection with the pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium (STm) within minutes elicited focal contractions with inward movements of up to ∼1,000 IECs. Genetics approaches and chimeric epithelial monolayers revealed contractions to be triggered by the NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome, which sensed type-III secretion system and flagellar ligands upon bacterial invasion, converting the local tissue into a contraction epicenter. Execution of the response required swift sublytic Gasdermin D pore formation, ion fluxes, and the propagation of a myosin contraction pulse across the tissue. Importantly, focal contractions preceded, and could be uncoupled from, the death and expulsion of infected IECs. In both two-dimensional monolayers and three-dimensional enteroids, multiple infection-elicited contractions coalesced to produce shrinkage of the epithelium as a whole. Monolayers deficient for Caspase-1(-11) or Gasdermin D failed to elicit focal contractions but were still capable of infected IEC death and expulsion. Strikingly, these monolayers lost their integrity to a markedly higher extent than wild-type counterparts. We propose that prompt NAIP/NLRC4/Caspase-1/Gasdermin D/myosin-dependent contractions allow the epithelium to densify its cell packing in infected regions, thereby preventing tissue disintegration due to the subsequent IEC death and expulsion process.
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Diercks BP, Jensen HH, Chalmers SB, Coode E, Vaughan MB, Tadayon R, Sáez PJ, Davis FM, Brohus M. The first junior European Calcium Society meeting: calcium research across scales, Kingdoms and countries. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:118999. [PMID: 33711364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.118999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The first junior European Calcium Society online meeting, held October 20-21, 2020, aimed to promote junior researchers in the Ca2+ community. The meeting included four scientific sessions, covering Ca2+ research from molecular detail to whole organisms. Each session featured one invited speaker and three speakers selected based on submitted abstracts, with the overall aim of actively involving early-career researchers. Consequently, the meeting underlined the diversity of Ca2+ physiology, by showcasing research across scales and Kingdoms, as presented by a correspondingly diverse speaker panel across career stages and countries. In this meeting report, we introduce the visions of the junior European Calcium Society board and summarize the meeting content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn-Philipp Diercks
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg - Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Helene H Jensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Silke B Chalmers
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emily Coode
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Michael B Vaughan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Roya Tadayon
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pablo J Sáez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg - Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felicity M Davis
- EMBL Australia Node for Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Malene Brohus
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
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40
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York A. Making waves. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19:74-75. [PMID: 33299173 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-00496-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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A novel mechanism of rotavirus infection involving purinergic signaling. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:169-171. [PMID: 33604766 PMCID: PMC7891116 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09773-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Stanifer
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Steeve Boulant
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany.
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