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Majdi C, Meffre P, Benfodda Z. Recent advances in the development of bacterial response regulators inhibitors as antibacterial and/or antibiotic adjuvant agent: A new approach to combat bacterial resistance. Bioorg Chem 2024; 150:107606. [PMID: 38968903 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
The number of new antibacterial agents currently being discovered is insufficient to combat bacterial resistance. It is extremely challenging to find new antibiotics and to introduce them to the pharmaceutical market. Therefore, special attention must be given to find new strategies to combat bacterial resistance and prevent bacteria from developing resistance. Two-component system is a transduction system and the most prevalent mechanism employed by bacteria to respond to environmental changes. This signaling system consists of a membrane sensor histidine kinase that perceives environmental stimuli and a response regulator which acts as a transcription factor. The approach consisting of developing response regulators inhibitors with antibacterial activity or antibiotic adjuvant activity is a novel approach that has never been previously reviewed. In this review we report for the first time, the importance of targeting response regulators and summarizing all existing studies carried out from 2008 until now on response regulators inhibitors as antibacterial agents or / and antibiotic adjuvants. Moreover, we describe the antibacterial activity and/or antibiotic adjuvants activity against the studied bacterial strains and the mechanism of different response regulator inhibitors when it's possible.
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2
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Patel RR, Arun PP, Singh SK, Singh M. Mycobacterial biofilms: Understanding the genetic factors playing significant role in pathogenesis, resistance and diagnosis. Life Sci 2024; 351:122778. [PMID: 38879157 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Even though the genus Mycobacterium is a diverse group consisting of a majority of environmental bacteria known as non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), it also contains some of the deadliest pathogens (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) in history associated with chronic disease called tuberculosis (TB). Formation of biofilm is one of the unique strategies employed by mycobacteria to enhance their ability to survive in hostile conditions. Biofilm formation by Mycobacterium species is an emerging area of research with significant implications for understanding its pathogenesis and treatment of related infections, specifically TB. This review provides an overview of the biofilm-forming abilities of different species of Mycobacterium and the genetic factors influencing biofilm formation with a detailed focus on M. tuberculosis. Biofilm-mediated resistance is a significant challenge as it can limit antibiotic penetration and promote the survival of dormant mycobacterial cells. Key genetic factors promoting biofilm formation have been explored such as the mmpL genes involved in lipid transport and cell wall integrity as well as the groEL gene essential for mature biofilm formation. Additionally, biofilm-mediated antibiotic resistance and pathogenesis highlighting the specific niches, sites of infection along with the possible mechanisms of biofilm dissemination have been discussed. Furthermore, drug targets within mycobacterial biofilm and their role as potential biomarkers in the development of rapid diagnostic tools have been highlighted. The review summarises the current understanding of the complex nature of Mycobacterium biofilm and its clinical implications, paving the way for advancements in the field of disease diagnosis, management and treatment against its multi-drug resistant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Raj Patel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Pandey Priya Arun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Meenakshi Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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3
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Parkkinen J, Bhowmik R, Tolvanen M, Carta F, Supuran CT, Parkkila S, Aspatwar A. Mycobacterial β-carbonic anhydrases: Molecular biology, role in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis and inhibition studies. Enzymes 2024; 55:343-381. [PMID: 39222997 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2024.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which causes tuberculosis (TB), is still a major global health problem. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), TB still causes more deaths worldwide than any other infectious agent. Drug-sensitive TB is treatable using first-line drugs; treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB requires second- and third-line drugs. However, due to the long duration of treatment, the noncompliance of patients with different levels of resistance of Mtb to these drugs has worsened the situation. Previously developed anti-TB drugs targeted the replication machinery, protein synthesis, and cell wall biosynthesis pathways of Mtb. Therefore, novel drugs targeting alternate pathways crucial for the survival and pathogenesis of Mtb in the human host are needed. The genome of Mtb encodes three β-carbonic anhydrases (CAs) that are fundamental for pH homeostasis, hypoxia, survival, and pathogenesis. Recently, several studies have shown that the β-CAs of Mtb could be inhibited both in vitro and in vivo using small chemical molecules, suggesting that these enzymes could be novel targets for developing anti-TB compounds that are devoid of resistance by Mtb. In addition, homologs of β-CAs are absent in humans; therefore, drugs developed to target these enzymes might have minimal off-target effects. In this work, we describe the roles of β-CAs in Mtb and discuss bioinformatics and cheminformatics tools used in development and discovery of novel inhibitors of these enzymes. In addition, we summarize the in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrating that the β-CAs of Mtb are indeed druggable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Parkkinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ratul Bhowmik
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Fabrizio Carta
- Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Ltd. and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
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Maddipatla S, Bakchi B, Gadhave RR, Ammara A, Sau S, Rani B, Nanduri S, Kalia NP, Supuran CT, Yaddanapudi VM. Exploring rhodanine linked enamine-carbohydrazide derivatives as mycobacterial carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking studies. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2400064. [PMID: 38498883 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
With the rise of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, the imperative for an alternative and superior treatment regimen, incorporating novel mechanisms of action, has become crucial. In pursuit of this goal, we have developed and synthesized a new series of rhodanine-linked enamine-carbohydrazide derivatives, exploring their potential as inhibitors of mycobacterial carbonic anhydrase. The findings reveal their efficacy, displaying notable selectivity toward the mycobacterial carbonic anhydrase 2 (mtCA 2) enzyme. While exhibiting moderate activity against human carbonic anhydrase isoforms, this series demonstrates promising selectivity, positioning these compounds as potential antitubercular agents. Compound 6d was the best one from the series with a Ki value of 9.5 µM toward mtCA 2. Most of the compounds displayed moderate to good inhibition against the Mtb H37Rv strain; compound 11k showed a minimum inhibitory concentration of 1 µg/mL. Molecular docking studies revealed that compounds 6d and 11k show metal coordination with the zinc ion, like classical CA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvan Maddipatla
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Bulti Bakchi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rutuja Rama Gadhave
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Andrea Ammara
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Shashikanta Sau
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Bandela Rani
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Srinivas Nanduri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Nitin Pal Kalia
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Venkata Madhavi Yaddanapudi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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5
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Habjan E, Lepioshkin A, Charitou V, Egorova A, Kazakova E, Ho VQT, Bitter W, Makarov V, Speer A. Modulating mycobacterial envelope integrity for antibiotic synergy with benzothiazoles. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302509. [PMID: 38744470 PMCID: PMC11094368 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing effective tuberculosis drugs is hindered by mycobacteria's intrinsic antibiotic resistance because of their impermeable cell envelope. Using benzothiazole compounds, we aimed to increase mycobacterial cell envelope permeability and weaken the defenses of Mycobacterium marinum, serving as a model for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Initial hit, BT-08, significantly boosted ethidium bromide uptake, indicating enhanced membrane permeability. It also demonstrated efficacy in the M. marinum-zebrafish embryo infection model and M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages. Notably, BT-08 synergized with established antibiotics, including vancomycin and rifampicin. Subsequent medicinal chemistry optimization led to BT-37, a non-toxic and more potent derivative, also enhancing ethidium bromide uptake and maintaining synergy with rifampicin in infected zebrafish embryos. Mutants of M. marinum resistant to BT-37 revealed that MMAR_0407 (Rv0164) is the molecular target and that this target plays a role in the observed synergy and permeability. This study introduces novel compounds targeting a new mycobacterial vulnerability and highlights their cooperative and synergistic interactions with existing antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Habjan
- https://ror.org/00q6h8f30 Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alexander Lepioshkin
- Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Research Centre of Biotechnology RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | - Vicky Charitou
- https://ror.org/00q6h8f30 Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anna Egorova
- Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Research Centre of Biotechnology RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Kazakova
- Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Research Centre of Biotechnology RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | - Vien QT Ho
- https://ror.org/00q6h8f30 Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Bitter
- https://ror.org/00q6h8f30 Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vadim Makarov
- Federal Research Centre "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Research Centre of Biotechnology RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Speer
- https://ror.org/00q6h8f30 Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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6
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Zheng Y, Du DM. Asymmetric Mannich/Cyclization Reaction of 2-Benzothiazolimines and 2-Isothiocyano-1-indanones to Construct Chiral Spirocyclic Compounds. Molecules 2024; 29:2958. [PMID: 38998910 PMCID: PMC11242980 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29132958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
An efficient and practical organocatalyzed asymmetric Mannich/cyclization tandem reaction strategy of 2-benzothiazolimines and 2-isothiocyanato-1-indanones was developed, and novel spirocyclic compounds containing benzothiazolimine and indanone scaffolds were obtained. This chiral thiourea-catalyzed Mannich/cyclization tandem reaction offers chiral spirocyclic compounds with continuous tertiary and quaternary stereocenters in good to high yields (up to 90%) with excellent diastereoselectivities (up to >20:1 dr) and enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee) at -18 °C. Additionally, the scaled-up synthesis was also performed with retained yield and stereoselectivity, and a reaction mechanism was also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Da-Ming Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China;
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, No. 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
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Dechow SJ, Abramovitch RB. Targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis pH-driven adaptation. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2024; 170:001458. [PMID: 38717801 PMCID: PMC11165653 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) senses and adapts to host environmental cues as part of its pathogenesis. One important cue sensed by Mtb is the acidic pH of its host niche - the macrophage. Acidic pH induces widespread transcriptional and metabolic remodelling in Mtb. These adaptations to acidic pH can lead Mtb to slow its growth and promote pathogenesis and antibiotic tolerance. Mutants defective in pH-dependent adaptations exhibit reduced virulence in macrophages and animal infection models, suggesting that chemically targeting these pH-dependent pathways may have therapeutic potential. In this review, we discuss mechanisms by which Mtb regulates its growth and metabolism at acidic pH. Additionally, we consider the therapeutic potential of disrupting pH-driven adaptations in Mtb and review the growing class of compounds that exhibit pH-dependent activity or target pathways important for adaptation to acidic pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby J. Dechow
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics and Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Robert B. Abramovitch
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics and Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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8
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Dinh Thanh N, Son Hai D, Ngoc Toan V, Thi Kim Van H, Thi Kim Giang N, Minh Tri N. Sulfonyl thioureas with a benzo[d]thiazole ring as dual acetylcholinesterase/butyrylcholinesterase and human monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors: An in vitro and in silico study. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300557. [PMID: 38321839 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
A series of sulfonyl thioureas 6a-q containing a benzo[d]thiazole ring with an ester functional group was synthesized from corresponding substituted 2-aminobenzo[d]thiazoles 3a-q and p-toluenesulfonyl isothiocyanate. They had remarkable inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A, and MAO-B. Among thioureas, several compounds had notable activity in the order of 6k > 6 h > 6c (AChE), 6j > 6g > 6k (BChE), 6k > 6g > 6f (MAO-A), and 6i > 6k > 6h (MAO-B). Compound 6k was an inhibitor of interest due to its potent or good activity against all studied enzymes, with IC50 values of 0.027 ± 0.008 μM (AChE), 0.043 ± 0.004 μM (BChE), 0.353 ± 0.01 μM (MAO-A), and 0.716 ± 0.02 μM (MAO-B). This inhibitory capacity was comparable to that of the reference drugs for each enzyme. Kinetic studies of two compounds with potential activity, 6k (against AChE) and 6j (against BChE), had shown that both 6k and 6j followed competitive-type enzyme inhibition, with Ki constants of 24.49 and 12.16 nM, respectively. Induced fit docking studies for enzymes 4EY7, 7BO4, 2BXR, and 2BYB showed active interactions between sulfonyl thioureas of benzo[d]thiazoles and the residues in the active pocket with ligands 6k, 6i, and 6j, respectively. The stability of the ligand-protein complexes while each ligand entered the active site of each enzyme (4EY7, 7BO4, 2BXR, or 2BYB) was confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Dinh Thanh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science (Vietnam National University, Ha Noi), Ha Noi, Hoan Kiem, Viet Nam
| | - Do Son Hai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science (Vietnam National University, Ha Noi), Ha Noi, Hoan Kiem, Viet Nam
- Institute of Science and Technology, Ministry of Public Security of Vietnam, Ha Noi, Cau Giay, Viet Nam
| | - Vu Ngoc Toan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science (Vietnam National University, Ha Noi), Ha Noi, Hoan Kiem, Viet Nam
- Institute of New Technology, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Ha Noi, Cau Giay, Viet Nam
| | - Hoang Thi Kim Van
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science (Vietnam National University, Ha Noi), Ha Noi, Hoan Kiem, Viet Nam
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Viet Tri University of Industry, Tien Kien, Lam Thao, Phu Tho, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Giang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science (Vietnam National University, Ha Noi), Ha Noi, Hoan Kiem, Viet Nam
- Institute of Science and Technology, Ministry of Public Security of Vietnam, Ha Noi, Cau Giay, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Minh Tri
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science (Vietnam National University, Ha Noi), Ha Noi, Hoan Kiem, Viet Nam
- Institute of New Technology, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Ha Noi, Cau Giay, Viet Nam
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9
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Nicholson KR, Cronin RM, Prest RJ, Menon AR, Yang Y, Jennisch MK, Champion MM, Tobin DM, Champion PA. The antagonistic transcription factors, EspM and EspN, regulate the ESX-1 secretion system in M. marinum. mBio 2024; 15:e0335723. [PMID: 38445877 PMCID: PMC11005418 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03357-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens use protein secretion systems to transport virulence factors and regulate gene expression. Among pathogenic mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium marinum, the ESAT-6 system 1 (ESX-1) secretion is crucial for host interaction. Secretion of protein substrates by the ESX-1 secretion system disrupts phagosomes, allowing mycobacteria cytoplasmic access during macrophage infections. Deletion or mutation of the ESX-1 system attenuates mycobacterial pathogens. Pathogenic mycobacteria respond to the presence or absence of the ESX-1 system in the cytoplasmic membrane by altering transcription. Under laboratory conditions, the EspM repressor and WhiB6 activator control transcription of specific ESX-1-responsive genes, including the ESX-1 substrate genes. However, deleting the espM or whiB6 gene does not phenocopy the deletion of the ESX-1 substrate genes during macrophage infection by M. marinum. In this study, we identified EspN, a critical transcription factor whose activity is masked by the EspM repressor under laboratory conditions. In the absence of EspM, EspN activates transcription of whiB6 and ESX-1 genes during both laboratory growth and macrophage infection. EspN is also independently required for M. marinum growth within and cytolysis of macrophages, similar to the ESX-1 genes, and for disease burden in a zebrafish larval model of infection. These findings suggest that EspN and EspM coordinate to counterbalance the regulation of the ESX-1 system and support mycobacterial pathogenesis.IMPORTANCEPathogenic mycobacteria, which are responsible for tuberculosis and other long-term diseases, use the ESX-1 system to transport proteins that control the host response to infection and promote bacterial survival. In this study, we identify an undescribed transcription factor that controls the expression of ESX-1 genes and is required for both macrophage and animal infection. However, this transcription factor is not the primary regulator of ESX-1 genes under standard laboratory conditions. These findings identify a critical transcription factor that likely controls expression of a major virulence pathway during infection, but whose effect is not detectable with standard laboratory strains and growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R. Nicholson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Rachel M. Cronin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Prest
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Aruna R. Menon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yuwei Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Madeleine K. Jennisch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Matthew M. Champion
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - David M. Tobin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Patricia A. Champion
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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10
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Stupar M, Tan L, Kerr ED, De Voss CJ, Forde BM, Schulz BL, West NP. TcrXY is an acid-sensing two-component transcriptional regulator of Mycobacterium tuberculosis required for persistent infection. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1615. [PMID: 38388565 PMCID: PMC10883919 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45343-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to persist in the host complicates and prolongs tuberculosis (TB) patient chemotherapy. Here we demonstrate that a neglected two-component system (TCS) of Mtb, TcrXY, is an autoregulated acid-sensing TCS that controls a functionally diverse 70-gene regulon required for bacterial persistence. Characterisation of two representatives of this regulon, Rv3706c and Rv3705A, implicate these genes as key determinants for the survival of Mtb in vivo by serving as important effectors to mitigate redox stress at acidic pH. We show that genetic silencing of the response regulator tcrX using CRISPR interference attenuates the persistence of Mtb during chronic mouse infection and improves treatment with the two front-line anti-TB drugs, rifampicin and isoniazid. We propose that targeting TcrXY signal transduction blocks the ability of Mtb to sense and respond to acid stress, resulting in a disordered program of persistence to render the organism vulnerable to existing TB chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miljan Stupar
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lendl Tan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Edward D Kerr
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christopher J De Voss
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brian M Forde
- Faculty of Medicine, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Schulz
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicholas P West
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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11
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Mansour KE, Qi Y, Yan M, Ramström O, Priebe GP, Schaefers MM. Small-molecule activators of a bacterial signaling pathway inhibit virulence. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.02.569726. [PMID: 38076823 PMCID: PMC10705554 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.02.569726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The Burkholderia genus encompasses multiple human pathogens, including potential bioterrorism agents, that are often extensively antibiotic resistant. The FixLJ pathway in Burkholderia is a two-component system that regulates virulence. Previous work showed that fixLJ mutations arising during chronic infection confer increased virulence while decreasing the activity of the FixLJ pathway. We hypothesized that small-molecule activators of the FixLJ pathway could serve as anti-virulence therapies. Here, we developed a high-throughput assay that screened over 28,000 compounds and identified 11 that could specifically active the FixLJ pathway. Eight of these compounds, denoted Burkholderia Fix Activator (BFA) 1-8, inhibited the intracellular survival of Burkholderia in THP-1-dervived macrophages in a fixLJ-dependent manner without significant toxicity. One of the compounds, BFA1, inhibited the intracellular survival in macrophages of multiple Burkholderia species. Predictive modeling of the interaction of BFA1 with Burkholderia FixL suggests that BFA1 binds to the putative ATP/ADP binding pocket in the kinase domain, indicating a potential mechanism for pathway activation. These results indicate that small-molecule FixLJ pathway activators are promising anti-virulence agents for Burkholderia and define a new paradigm for antibacterial therapeutic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. Mansour
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital; Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yunchuan Qi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854
| | - Mingdi Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854
| | - Olof Ramström
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Gregory P. Priebe
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital; Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew M. Schaefers
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital; Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA, USA
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12
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Singh PR, Goar H, Paul P, Mehta K, Bamniya B, Vijjamarri AK, Bansal R, Khan H, Karthikeyan S, Sarkar D. Dual functioning by the PhoR sensor is a key determinant to Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1011070. [PMID: 38100394 PMCID: PMC10723718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PhoP-PhoR, one of the 12 two-component systems (TCSs) that empower M. tuberculosis to sense and adapt to diverse environmental conditions, remains essential for virulence, and therefore, represents a major target to develop novel anti-TB therapies. Although both PhoP and PhoR have been structurally characterized, the signal(s) that this TCS responds to remains unknown. Here, we show that PhoR is a sensor of acidic pH/high salt conditions, which subsequently activate PhoP via phosphorylation. In keeping with this, transcriptomic data uncover that acidic pH- inducible expression of PhoP regulon is significantly inhibited in a PhoR-deleted M. tuberculosis. Strikingly, a set of PhoP regulon genes displayed a low pH-dependent activation even in the absence of PhoR, suggesting the presence of non-canonical mechanism(s) of PhoP activation. Using genome-wide interaction-based screening coupled with phosphorylation assays, we identify a non-canonical mechanism of PhoP phosphorylation by the sensor kinase PrrB. To investigate how level of P~PhoP is regulated, we discovered that in addition to its kinase activity PhoR functions as a phosphatase of P~PhoP. Our subsequent results identify the motif/residues responsible for kinase/phosphatase dual functioning of PhoR. Collectively, these results uncover that contrasting kinase and phosphatase functions of PhoR determine the homeostatic mechanism of regulation of intra-mycobacterial P~PhoP which controls the final output of the PhoP regulon. Together, these results connect PhoR to pH-dependent activation of PhoP with downstream functioning of the regulator. Thus, PhoR plays a central role in mycobacterial adaptation to low pH conditions within the host macrophage phagosome, and a PhoR-deleted M. tuberculosis remains significantly attenuated in macrophages and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harsh Goar
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39 A, Chandigarh, India
| | - Partha Paul
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39 A, Chandigarh, India
| | - Khushboo Mehta
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39 A, Chandigarh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Bhanwar Bamniya
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39 A, Chandigarh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | | | - Roohi Bansal
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39 A, Chandigarh, India
| | - Hina Khan
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39 A, Chandigarh, India
| | - Subramanian Karthikeyan
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39 A, Chandigarh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Dibyendu Sarkar
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39 A, Chandigarh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Yang J, Zhang L, Qiao W, Luo Y. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Pathogenesis and therapeutic targets. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e353. [PMID: 37674971 PMCID: PMC10477518 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health concern in the 21st century, especially due to drug resistance, coinfection with diseases like immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and coronavirus disease 2019, and the lengthy and costly treatment protocols. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis of TB infection, therapeutic targets, and corresponding modulators, including first-line medications, current clinical trial drugs and molecules in preclinical assessment. Understanding the mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and important biological targets can lead to innovative treatments. While most antitubercular agents target pathogen-related processes, host-directed therapy (HDT) modalities addressing immune defense, survival mechanisms, and immunopathology also hold promise. Mtb's adaptation to the human host involves manipulating host cellular mechanisms, and HDT aims to disrupt this manipulation to enhance treatment effectiveness. Our review provides valuable insights for future anti-TB drug development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Yang
- Center of Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Laiying Zhang
- Center of Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Wenliang Qiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
- Lung Cancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Youfu Luo
- Center of Infectious Diseases and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Supuran CT. A simple yet multifaceted 90 years old, evergreen enzyme: Carbonic anhydrase, its inhibition and activation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 93:129411. [PMID: 37507055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) research over the last three decades are presented, with an emphasis on the deciphering of the activation mechanism, the development of isoform-selective inhibitors/ activators by the tail approach and their applications in the management of obesity, hypoxic tumors, neurological conditions, and as antiinfectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, University of Florence, Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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15
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Chilambi GS, Wang YH, Wallace NR, Obiwuma C, Evans KM, Li Y, Shalaby MAW, Flaherty DP, Shields RK, Doi Y, Van Tyne D. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition as a Target for Antibiotic Synergy in Enterococci. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0396322. [PMID: 37260400 PMCID: PMC10434275 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03963-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a hospital-associated opportunistic pathogen that can cause infections with high mortality, such as infective endocarditis. With an increasing occurrence of multidrug-resistant enterococci, there is a need for alternative strategies to treat enterococcal infections. We isolated a gentamicin-hypersusceptible E. faecalis strain from a patient with infective endocarditis that carried a mutation in the alpha-carbonic anhydrase (α-CA) and investigated how disruption of α-CA sensitized E. faecalis to killing with gentamicin. The gentamicin-hypersusceptible α-CA mutant strain showed increased intracellular gentamicin uptake in comparison to an isogenic strain encoding full-length, wild-type α-CA. We hypothesized that increased gentamicin uptake could be due to increased proton motive force (PMF), increased membrane permeability, or both. We observed increased intracellular ATP production in the α-CA mutant strain, suggesting increased PMF-driven gentamicin uptake contributed to the strain's gentamicin susceptibility. We also analyzed the membrane permeability and fatty acid composition of isogenic wild-type and α-CA mutant strains and found that the mutant displayed a membrane composition that was consistent with increased membrane permeability. Finally, we observed that exposure to the FDA-approved α-CA inhibitor acetazolamide lowered the gentamicin MIC of eight genetically diverse E. faecalis strains with intact α-CA but did not change the MIC of the α-CA mutant strain. These results suggest that α-CA mutation or inhibition increases PMF and alters membrane permeability, leading to increased uptake of gentamicin into E. faecalis. This connection could be exploited clinically to provide new combination therapies for patients with enterococcal infections. IMPORTANCE Enterococcal infections can be difficult to treat, and new therapeutic approaches are needed. In studying an E. faecalis clinical strain from an infected patient, we found that the bacteria were rendered hypersusceptible to aminoglycoside antibiotics through a mutation that disrupted the α-CA. Our follow-on work suggested two different ways that α-CA disruption causes increased gentamicin accumulation in E. faecalis: increased proton motive force-powered uptake and increased membrane permeability. We also found that a mammalian CA inhibitor could sensitize a variety of E. faecalis strains to killing with gentamicin. Given that mammalian CA inhibitors are frequently used to treat conditions such as glaucoma, hypertension, and epilepsy, our findings suggest that these "off-the-shelf" inhibitors could also be useful partner antibiotics for the treatment of E. faecalis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Shankar Chilambi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yu-Hao Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nathan R. Wallace
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chetachukwu Obiwuma
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kirsten M. Evans
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yanhong Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Menna-Allah W. Shalaby
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Daniel P. Flaherty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Ryan K. Shields
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yohei Doi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daria Van Tyne
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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16
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Supuran CT. An overview of novel antimicrobial carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:897-910. [PMID: 37747071 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2263914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Four different genetic families of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) are present in bacteria, α-, β-, γ- and ι-CAs. They play relevant functions related to CO2, HCO3-/H+ ions homeostasis, being involved in metabolic biosynthetic pathways, pH regulation, and represent virulence and survival factors for bacteria in various niches. Bacterial CAs started to be considered druggable targets in the last decade, as their inhibition impairs survival, growth, and virulence of these pathogens. AREAS COVERED Significant advances were registered in the last years for designing effective inhibitors of sulfonamide type for Helicobacter pylori α-CA, Neisseria gonorrhoeae α-CA, vacomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) α- and γ-CAs, for which the in vivo validation has also been achieved. MIC-s in the range of 0.25-4.0 µg/mL for wild type and drug resistant N. gonorrhoeae strains, and of 0.007-2.0 µg/mL for VRE were observed for some 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamides, and acetazolamide was effective in gut decolonization from VRE. EXPERT OPINION Targeting bacterial CAs from other pathogens, among which Vibrio cholerae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Brucella suis, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Legionella pneumophila, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus mutans, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Francisella tularensis, Escherichia coli, Mammaliicoccus (Staphylococcus) sciuri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, may lead to novel antibacterials devoid of drug resistance problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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17
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Sreelatha S, Nagarajan U, Natarajan S. Protein targets in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their inhibitors for therapeutic implications: A narrative review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125022. [PMID: 37244342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Advancement in the area of anti-tubercular drug development has been full-fledged, yet, a very less number of drug molecules have reached phase II clinical trials, and therefore "End-TB" is still a global challenge. Inhibitors to specific metabolic pathways of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) gain importance in strategizing anti-tuberculosis drug discovery. The lead compounds that target DNA replication, protein synthesis, cell wall biosynthesis, bacterial virulence and energy metabolism are emerging as potential chemotherapeutic options against Mtb growth and survival within the host. In recent times, the in silico approaches have become most promising tools in the identification of suitable inhibitors for specific protein targets of Mtb. An update in the fundamental understanding of these inhibitors and the mechanism of interaction may bring hope to future perspectives in novel drug development and delivery approaches. This review provides a collective impression of the small molecules with potential antimycobacterial activities and their target pathways in Mtb such as cell wall biosynthesis, DNA replication, transcription and translation, efflux pumps, antivirulence pathways and general metabolism. The mechanism of interaction of specific inhibitor with their respective protein targets has been discussed. The comprehensive knowledge of such an impactful area of research would essentially reflect in the discovery of novel drug molecules and effective delivery approaches. This narrative review encompasses the knowledge of emerging targets and promising n that could potentially translate in to the anti-TB-drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souparnika Sreelatha
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Usharani Nagarajan
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saravanan Natarajan
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, Tamil Nadu, India.
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18
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Pujic P, Carro L, Fournier P, Armengaud J, Miotello G, Dumont N, Bourgeois C, Saupin X, Jame P, Selak GV, Alloisio N, Normand P. Frankia alni Carbonic Anhydrase Regulates Cytoplasmic pH of Nitrogen-Fixing Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119162. [PMID: 37298114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A phyloprofile of Frankia genomes was carried out to identify those genes present in symbiotic strains of clusters 1, 1c, 2 and 3 and absent in non-infective strains of cluster 4. At a threshold of 50% AA identity, 108 genes were retrieved. Among these were known symbiosis-associated genes such as nif (nitrogenase), and genes which are not know as symbiosis-associated genes such as can (carbonic anhydrase, CAN). The role of CAN, which supplies carbonate ions necessary for carboxylases and acidifies the cytoplasm, was thus analyzed by staining cells with pH-responsive dyes; assaying for CO2 levels in N-fixing propionate-fed cells (that require a propionate-CoA carboxylase to yield succinate-CoA), fumarate-fed cells and N-replete propionate-fed cells; conducting proteomics on N-fixing fumarate and propionate-fed cells and direct measurement of organic acids in nodules and in roots. The interiors of both in vitro and nodular vesicles were found to be at a lower pH than that of hyphae. CO2 levels in N2-fixing propionate-fed cultures were lower than in N-replete ones. Proteomics of propionate-fed cells showed carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (CPS) as the most overabundant enzyme relative to fumarate-fed cells. CPS combines carbonate and ammonium in the first step of the citrulline pathway, something which would help manage acidity and NH4+. Nodules were found to have sizeable amounts of pyruvate and acetate in addition to TCA intermediates. This points to CAN reducing the vesicles' pH to prevent the escape of NH3 and to control ammonium assimilation by GS and GOGAT, two enzymes that work in different ways in vesicles and hyphae. Genes with related functions (carboxylases, biotin operon and citrulline-aspartate ligase) appear to have undergone decay in non-symbiotic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Pujic
- Ecologie Microbienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5557, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, INRAE, UMRA1418, Cedex, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lorena Carro
- Ecologie Microbienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5557, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, INRAE, UMRA1418, Cedex, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Facultad de CC Agrarias y Ambientales, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza Doctores de la Reina, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pascale Fournier
- Ecologie Microbienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5557, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, INRAE, UMRA1418, Cedex, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, 30200 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | - Guylaine Miotello
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, 30200 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
| | | | - Caroline Bourgeois
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Xavier Saupin
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Patrick Jame
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gabriela Vuletin Selak
- Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding (CoE CroP-BioDiv), Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nicole Alloisio
- Ecologie Microbienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5557, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, INRAE, UMRA1418, Cedex, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Philippe Normand
- Ecologie Microbienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5557, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, INRAE, UMRA1418, Cedex, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Finin P, Khan RMN, Oh S, Boshoff HIM, Barry CE. Chemical approaches to unraveling the biology of mycobacteria. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:420-435. [PMID: 37207631 PMCID: PMC10201459 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), perhaps more than any other organism, is intrinsically appealing to chemical biologists. Not only does the cell envelope feature one of the most complex heteropolymers found in nature1 but many of the interactions between Mtb and its primary host (we humans) rely on lipid and not protein mediators.2,3 Many of the complex lipids, glycolipids, and carbohydrates biosynthesized by the bacterium still have unknown functions, and the complexity of the pathological processes by which tuberculosis (TB) disease progress offers many opportunities for these molecules to influence the human response. Because of the importance of TB in global public health, chemical biologists have applied a wide-ranging array of techniques to better understand the disease and improve interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Finin
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R M Naseer Khan
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sangmi Oh
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Helena I M Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clifton E Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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The EspN transcription factor is an infection-dependent regulator of the ESX-1 system in M. marinum. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.15.528779. [PMID: 36824794 PMCID: PMC9948972 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.15.528779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens use protein secretion systems to translocate virulence factors into the host and to control bacterial gene expression. The ESX-1 (ESAT-6 system 1) secretion system facilitates disruption of the macrophage phagosome during infection, enabling access to the cytoplasm, and regulates widespread gene expression in the mycobacterial cell. The transcription factors contributing to the ESX-1 transcriptional network during mycobacterial infection are not known. We showed that the EspM and WhiB6 transcription factors regulate the ESX-1 transcriptional network in vitro but are dispensable for macrophage infection by Mycobacterium marinum . In this study, we used our understanding of the ESX-1 system to identify EspN, a critical transcription factor that controls expression of the ESX-1 genes during infection, but whose effect is not detectable under standard laboratory growth conditions. Under laboratory conditions, EspN activity is masked by the EspM repressor. In the absence of EspM, we found that EspN is required for ESX-1 function because it activates expression of the whiB6 transcription factor gene, and specific ESX-1 substrate and secretory component genes. Unlike the other transcription factors that regulate ESX-1, EspN is required for M. marinum growth within and cytolysis of macrophages, and for disease burden in a zebrafish larval model of infection. These findings demonstrate that EspN is an infection-dependent regulator of the ESX-1 transcriptional network, which is essential for mycobacterial pathogenesis. Moreover, our findings suggest that ESX-1 expression is controlled by a genetic switch that responds to host specific signals. Importance Pathogenic mycobacteria cause acute and long-term diseases, including human tuberculosis. The ESX-1 system transports proteins that control the host response to infection and promotes bacterial survival. Although ESX-1 transports proteins, it also controls gene expression in the bacteria. In this study, we identify an undescribed transcription factor that controls the expression of ESX-1 genes, and is required for both macrophage and animal infection. However, this transcription factor is not the primary regulator of ESX-1 genes under standard laboratory conditions. These findings identify a critical transcription factor that controls expression of a major virulence pathway during infection, but whose effect is not detectable with standard laboratory strains and growth conditions.
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ppe51 Variants Enable Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis at Acidic pH by Selectively Promoting Glycerol Uptake. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0021222. [PMID: 36226966 PMCID: PMC9664963 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00212-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In defined media supplemented with single carbon sources, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) exhibits carbon source specific growth restriction. When supplied with glycerol as the sole carbon source at pH 5.7, Mtb establishes a metabolically active state of nonreplicating persistence known as acid growth arrest. We hypothesized that acid growth arrest on glycerol is not a metabolic restriction, but rather an adaptive response. To test this hypothesis, we selected for and identified several Mtb mutants that could grow under these restrictive conditions. All mutations were mapped to the ppe51 gene and resulted in variants with 3 different amino acid substitutions- S211R, E215K, and A228D. Expression of the ppe51 variants in Mtb promoted growth at acidic pH showing that the mutant alleles are sufficient to cause the dominant gain-of-function, Enhanced Acid Growth (EAG) phenotype. Testing growth on other single carbon sources showed the PPE51 variants specifically enhanced growth on glycerol, suggesting PPE51 plays a role in glycerol uptake. Using radiolabeled glycerol, enhanced glycerol uptake was observed in Mtb expressing the PPE51 (S211R) variant, with glycerol overaccumulation in triacylglycerol. Notably, the EAG phenotype is deleterious for growth in macrophages, where the mutants have selectively faster replication and reduced survival in activated macrophages compared to resting macrophages. Recombinant PPE51 protein exhibited differential thermostability in the wild type (WT) or S211R variants in the presence of glycerol, supporting the model that EAG substitutions alter PPE51-glycerol interactions. Together, these findings support that PPE51 variants selectively promote glycerol uptake and that slowed growth at acidic pH is an important adaptive mechanism required for macrophage pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE It is puzzling why Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) cannot grow on glycerol at acidic pH, as it has a carbon source and oxygen, everything it needs to grow. In this study, we found that Mtb limits uptake of glycerol at acidic pH to restrict its growth and that mutations in ppe51 promote uptake of glycerol at acidic pH and enable growth. That is, Mtb can grow well at acidic pH on glycerol, but has adapted instead to stop growth. Notably, ppe51 variants exhibit enhanced replication and reduced survival in activated macrophages, supporting a role for pH-dependent slowed growth during macrophage pathogenesis.
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Parbhoo T, Mouton JM, Sampson SL. Phenotypic adaptation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to host-associated stressors that induce persister formation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:956607. [PMID: 36237425 PMCID: PMC9551238 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.956607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis exhibits a remarkable ability to interfere with the host antimicrobial response. The pathogen exploits elaborate strategies to cope with diverse host-induced stressors by modulating its metabolism and physiological state to prolong survival and promote persistence in host tissues. Elucidating the adaptive strategies that M. tuberculosis employs during infection to enhance persistence is crucial to understanding how varying physiological states may differentially drive disease progression for effective management of these populations. To improve our understanding of the phenotypic adaptation of M. tuberculosis, we review the adaptive strategies employed by M. tuberculosis to sense and coordinate a physiological response following exposure to various host-associated stressors. We further highlight the use of animal models that can be exploited to replicate and investigate different aspects of the human response to infection, to elucidate the impact of the host environment and bacterial adaptive strategies contributing to the recalcitrance of infection.
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Design, synthesis, in vivo and in silico evaluation of novel benzothiazole-hydrazone derivatives as new antiepileptic agents. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02923-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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24
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Secretory proteins of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
and their roles in modulation of host immune responses: focus on therapeutic targets. FEBS J 2022; 289:4146-4171. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Molecular Connectivity between Extracytoplasmic Sigma Factors and PhoP Accounts for Coupled Mycobacterial Stress Response. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0011022. [PMID: 35608366 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00110-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis encounters numerous stress conditions within the host, but how it is able to mount a coupled stress response remains unknown. Growing evidence suggests that under acidic pH, M. tuberculosis modulates redox homeostasis. In an attempt to dissect the mechanistic details of responses to multiple stress conditions, here we studied the significance of connectivity of extracytoplasmic sigma factors with PhoP. We show that PhoP impacts the mycothiol redox state, and the H37Rv ΔphoP deletion mutant strain displays a significantly higher susceptibility to redox stress than the wild-type bacilli. To probe how the two regulators PhoP and redox-active sigma factor SigH contribute to redox homeostasis, we show that SigH controls expression of redox-active thioredoxin genes, a major mycobacterial antioxidant system, and under redox stress, SigH, but not PhoP, is recruited at the target promoters. Consistent with these results, interaction between PhoP and SigH fails to impact redox-dependent gene expression. This is in striking contrast to our previous results showing PhoP-dependent SigE recruitment within acid-inducible mycobacterial promoters to maintain pH homeostasis. Our subsequent results demonstrate reduced PhoP-SigH interaction in the presence of diamide and enhanced PhoP-SigE interaction under low pH. These contrasting results uncover the underlying mechanism of the mycobacterial adaptive program, coupling low pH with maintenance of redox homeostasis. IMPORTANCE M. tuberculosis encounters reductive stress under acidic pH. To investigate the mechanism of coupled stress response, we show that PhoP plays a major role in mycobacterial redox stress response. We observed a strong correlation of phoP-dependent redox-active expression of thioredoxin genes, a major mycobacterial antioxidant system. Further probing of functioning of regulators revealed that while PhoP controls pH homeostasis via its interaction with SigE, direct recruitment of SigH, but not PhoP-SigH interaction, controls expression of thioredoxin genes. These strikingly contrasting results showing enhanced PhoP-SigE interaction under acidic pH and reduced PhoP-SigH interaction under redox conditions uncover the underlying novel mechanism of the mycobacterial adaptive program, coupling low pH with maintenance of redox homeostasis.
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26
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Chung ES, Johnson WC, Aldridge BB. Types and functions of heterogeneity in mycobacteria. Nat Rev Microbiol 2022; 20:529-541. [PMID: 35365812 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00721-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to survive attacks from the host immune response and drug treatment is due to the resilience of a few bacilli rather than a result of survival of the entire population. Maintenance of mycobacterial subpopulations with distinct phenotypic characteristics is key for survival in the face of dynamic and variable stressors encountered during infection. Mycobacterial populations develop a wide range of phenotypes through an innate asymmetric growth pattern and adaptation to fluctuating microenvironments during infection that point to heterogeneity being a vital survival strategy. In this Review, we describe different types of mycobacterial heterogeneity and discuss how heterogeneity is generated and regulated in response to environmental cues. We discuss how this heterogeneity may have a key role in recording memory of their environment at both the single-cell level and the population level to give mycobacterial populations plasticity to withstand complex stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Seon Chung
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William C Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bree B Aldridge
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. .,Tufts University School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA, USA. .,Stuart B. Levy Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford, MA, USA.
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27
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Screening Repurposed Antiviral Small Molecules as Antimycobacterial Compounds by a Lux-Based phoP Promoter-Reporter Platform. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030369. [PMID: 35326832 PMCID: PMC8944841 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains and hyper-virulent strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are big therapeutic challenges for tuberculosis (TB) control. Repurposing bioactive small-molecule compounds has recently become a new therapeutic approach against TB. This study aimed to identify novel anti-TB agents from a library of small-molecule compounds via a rapid screening system. A total of 320 small-molecule compounds were used to screen for their ability to suppress the expression of a key virulence gene, phop, of the M. tuberculosis complex using luminescence (lux)-based promoter-reporter platforms. The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations on drug-resistant M. tuberculosis and cytotoxicity to human macrophages were determined. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was conducted to determine the drug mechanisms of the selected compounds as novel antibiotics or anti-virulent agents against the M. tuberculosis complex. The results showed that six compounds displayed bactericidal activity against M. bovis BCG, of which Ebselen demonstrated the lowest cytotoxicity to macrophages and was considered as a potential antibiotic for TB. Another ten compounds did not inhibit the in vitro growth of the M. tuberculosis complex and six of them downregulated the expression of phoP/R significantly. Of these, ST-193 and ST-193 (hydrochloride) showed low cytotoxicity and were suggested to be potential anti-virulence agents for M. tuberculosis.
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28
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Mi J, Gong W, Wu X. Advances in Key Drug Target Identification and New Drug Development for Tuberculosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5099312. [PMID: 35252448 PMCID: PMC8896939 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5099312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a severe infectious disease worldwide. The increasing emergence of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has markedly hampered TB control. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new anti-TB drugs to treat drug-resistant TB and shorten the standard therapy. The discovery of targets of drug action will lay a theoretical foundation for new drug development. With the development of molecular biology and the success of Mtb genome sequencing, great progress has been made in the discovery of new targets and their relevant inhibitors. In this review, we summarized 45 important drug targets and 15 new drugs that are currently being tested in clinical stages and several prospective molecules that are still at the level of preclinical studies. A comprehensive understanding of the drug targets of Mtb can provide extensive insights into the development of safer and more efficient drugs and may contribute new ideas for TB control and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mi
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Wenping Gong
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Xueqiong Wu
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
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29
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Kevorkian YL, MacGilvary NJ, Giacalone D, Johnson C, Tan S. Rv0500A is a transcription factor that links Mycobacterium tuberculosis environmental response with division and impacts host colonization. Mol Microbiol 2022; 117:1048-1062. [PMID: 35167150 PMCID: PMC9382876 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to successfully infect a host, it must be able to adapt to changes in its microenvironment, including to variations in ionic signals such as pH and chloride (Cl- ), and link these responses to its growth. Transcriptional changes are a key mechanism for Mtb environmental adaptation, and we identify here Rv0500A as a novel transcriptional regulator that links Mtb environmental response and division processes. Global transcriptional profiling revealed that Rv0500A acts as a repressor and influences the expression of genes related to division, with the magnitude of its effect modulated by pH and Cl- . Rv0500A can directly bind the promoters of several of these target genes, and we identify key residues required for its DNA-binding ability and biological effect. Overexpression of rv0500A disrupted Mtb growth morphology, resulting in filamentation that was exacerbated by high environmental Cl- levels and acidic pH. Finally, we show that perturbation of rv0500A leads to attenuation of the ability of Mtb to colonize its host in vivo. Our work highlights the important link between Mtb environmental response and growth characteristics, and uncovers a new transcription factor involved in this critical facet of Mtb biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo L Kevorkian
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathan J MacGilvary
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Giacalone
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Calvin Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shumin Tan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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30
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Roncarati D, Scarlato V, Vannini A. Targeting of Regulators as a Promising Approach in the Search for Novel Antimicrobial Agents. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10010185. [PMID: 35056634 PMCID: PMC8777881 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of penicillin in the first half of the last century, antibiotics have become the pillars of modern medicine for fighting bacterial infections. However, pathogens resistant to antibiotic treatment have increased in recent decades, and efforts to discover new antibiotics have decreased. As a result, it is becoming increasingly difficult to treat bacterial infections successfully, and we look forward to more significant efforts from both governments and the scientific community to research new antibacterial drugs. This perspective article highlights the high potential of bacterial transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulators as targets for developing new drugs. We highlight some recent advances in the search for new compounds that inhibit their biological activity and, as such, appear very promising for treating bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Roncarati
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.R.); (V.S.); (A.V.)
| | - Vincenzo Scarlato
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.R.); (V.S.); (A.V.)
| | - Andrea Vannini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (D.R.); (V.S.); (A.V.)
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31
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Abutaleb NS, Elhassanny AEM, Nocentini A, Hewitt CS, Elkashif A, Cooper BR, Supuran CT, Seleem MN, Flaherty DP. Repurposing FDA-approved sulphonamide carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 37:51-61. [PMID: 34894972 PMCID: PMC8667909 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1991336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a high-priority pathogen of concern due to the growing prevalence of resistance development against approved antibiotics. Herein, we report the anti-gonococcal activity of ethoxzolamide, the FDA-approved human carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Ethoxzolamide displayed an MIC50, against a panel of N. gonorrhoeae isolates, of 0.125 µg/mL, 16-fold more potent than acetazolamide, although both molecules exhibited almost similar potency against the gonococcal carbonic anhydrase enzyme (NgCA) in vitro. Acetazolamide displayed an inhibition constant (Ki) versus NgCA of 74 nM, while Ethoxzolamide’s Ki was estimated to 94 nM. Therefore, the increased anti-gonococcal potency of ethoxzolamide was attributed to its increased permeability in N. gonorrhoeae as compared to that of acetazolamide. Both drugs demonstrated bacteriostatic activity against N. gonorrhoeae, exhibited post-antibiotic effects up to 10 hours, and resistance was not observed against both. Taken together, these results indicate that acetazolamide and ethoxzolamide warrant further investigation for translation into effective anti-N. gonorrhoeae agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader S Abutaleb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VI, USA
| | - Ahmed E M Elhassanny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VI, USA
| | - Alessio Nocentini
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Firenze, Italy
| | - Chad S Hewitt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Ahmed Elkashif
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Bruce R Cooper
- Metabolite Profiling Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Polo Scientifico, Firenze, Italy
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VI, USA.,Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VI, USA
| | - Daniel P Flaherty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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32
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Waturuocha UW, Krishna MS, Malhotra V, Dixit NM, Saini DK. A Low-Prevalence Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism in the Sensor Kinase PhoR in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Suppresses Its Autophosphatase Activity and Reduces Pathogenic Fitness: Implications in Evolutionary Selection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:724482. [PMID: 34512602 PMCID: PMC8424205 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.724482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome sequencing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative organism of tuberculosis, has significantly improved our understanding of the mechanisms that drive the establishment of infection and disease progression. Several clinical strains of M. tuberculosis exhibit single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the implications of which are only beginning to be understood. Here, we examined the impact of a specific polymorphism in PhoR, the sensor kinase of the PhoPR two-component system. Biochemical analysis revealed reduced autophosphatase/ATPase activity, which led to enhanced downstream gene expression. We complemented M. tuberculosis H37Ra with the wild-type and mutant phoPR genes and characterized the strains in a cell line infection model. We provide an explanation for the low prevalence of the SNP in clinical strains (∼1%), as the mutation causes a survival disadvantage in the host cells. The study provides a rare example of selection of a signaling node under competing evolutionary forces, wherein a biochemically superior mutation aids bacterial adaptation within-host but has low fitness for infection and hence is not selected. Our study highlights the importance of accounting for such SNPs to test therapeutic and co-therapeutic methods to combat TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uchenna Watson Waturuocha
- Department of Studies in Zoology, University of Mysore, Mysore, India.,Department of Molecular Reproduction Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - M S Krishna
- Department of Studies in Zoology, University of Mysore, Mysore, India
| | | | - Narendra M Dixit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India.,Center for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Saini
- Department of Molecular Reproduction Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India.,Center for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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33
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Ma P, Phillips-Jones MK. Membrane Sensor Histidine Kinases: Insights from Structural, Ligand and Inhibitor Studies of Full-Length Proteins and Signalling Domains for Antibiotic Discovery. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26165110. [PMID: 34443697 PMCID: PMC8399564 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to find new antibacterial agents to combat bacterial infections, including agents that inhibit novel, hitherto unexploited targets in bacterial cells. Amongst novel targets are two-component signal transduction systems (TCSs) which are the main mechanism by which bacteria sense and respond to environmental changes. TCSs typically comprise a membrane-embedded sensory protein (the sensor histidine kinase, SHK) and a partner response regulator protein. Amongst promising targets within SHKs are those involved in environmental signal detection (useful for targeting specific SHKs) and the common themes of signal transmission across the membrane and propagation to catalytic domains (for targeting multiple SHKs). However, the nature of environmental signals for the vast majority of SHKs is still lacking, and there is a paucity of structural information based on full-length membrane-bound SHKs with and without ligand. Reasons for this lack of knowledge lie in the technical challenges associated with investigations of these relatively hydrophobic membrane proteins and the inherent flexibility of these multidomain proteins that reduces the chances of successful crystallisation for structural determination by X-ray crystallography. However, in recent years there has been an explosion of information published on (a) methodology for producing active forms of full-length detergent-, liposome- and nanodisc-solubilised membrane SHKs and their use in structural studies and identification of signalling ligands and inhibitors; and (b) mechanisms of signal sensing and transduction across the membrane obtained using sensory and transmembrane domains in isolation, which reveal some commonalities as well as unique features. Here we review the most recent advances in these areas and highlight those of potential use in future strategies for antibiotic discovery. This Review is part of a Special Issue entitled “Interactions of Bacterial Molecules with Their Ligands and Other Chemical Agents” edited by Mary K. Phillips-Jones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pikyee Ma
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland;
| | - Mary K. Phillips-Jones
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
- Correspondence:
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34
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Lavin RC, Johnson C, Ahn YM, Kremiller KM, Sherwood M, Patel JS, Pan Y, Russo R, MacGilvary NJ, Giacalone D, Kevorkian YL, Zimmerman MD, Glickman JF, Freundlich JS, Tan S. Targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis response to environmental cues for the development of effective antitubercular drugs. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001355. [PMID: 34319985 PMCID: PMC8351955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing and response to environmental cues, such as pH and chloride (Cl−), is critical in enabling Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) colonization of its host. Utilizing a fluorescent reporter Mtb strain in a chemical screen, we have identified compounds that dysregulate Mtb response to high Cl− levels, with a subset of the hits also inhibiting Mtb growth in host macrophages. Structure–activity relationship studies on the hit compound “C6,” or 2-(4-((2-(ethylthio)pyrimidin-5-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzo[d]oxazole, demonstrated a correlation between compound perturbation of Mtb Cl− response and inhibition of bacterial growth in macrophages. C6 accumulated in both bacterial and host cells, and inhibited Mtb growth in cholesterol media, but not in rich media. Subsequent examination of the Cl− response of Mtb revealed an intriguing link with bacterial growth in cholesterol, with increased transcription of several Cl−-responsive genes in the simultaneous presence of cholesterol and high external Cl− concentration, versus transcript levels observed during exposure to high external Cl− concentration alone. Strikingly, oral administration of C6 was able to inhibit Mtb growth in vivo in a C3HeB/FeJ murine infection model. Our work illustrates how Mtb response to environmental cues can intersect with its metabolism and be exploited in antitubercular drug discovery. Responding to environmental cues such as pH and chloride is critical in enabling Mycobacterium tuberculosis to colonize its host. A chemical screen using an M. tuberculosis strain bearing a fluorescent reporter identifies a compound that perturbs the bacterial response to chloride and inhibits its growth in a murine infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C. Lavin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Calvin Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yong-Mo Ahn
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Kyle M. Kremiller
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Matthew Sherwood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jimmy S. Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Yan Pan
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Riccardo Russo
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine and the Ruy V. Lourenco Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Rutgers University–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Nathan J. MacGilvary
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David Giacalone
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yuzo L. Kevorkian
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Zimmerman
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - J. Fraser Glickman
- High-Throughput and Spectroscopy Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joel S. Freundlich
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine and the Ruy V. Lourenco Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Rutgers University–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Shumin Tan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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35
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Dechow SJ, Coulson GB, Wilson MW, Larsen SD, Abramovitch RB. AC2P20 selectively kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis at acidic pH by depleting free thiols. RSC Adv 2021; 11:20089-20100. [PMID: 34168865 PMCID: PMC8176622 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03181c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) senses and adapts to host immune cues as part of its pathogenesis. One environmental cue sensed by Mtb is the acidic pH of its host niche in the macrophage phagosome. Disrupting the ability of Mtb to sense and adapt to acidic pH has the potential to reduce survival of Mtb in macrophages. Previously, a high throughput screen of a ∼220 000 compound small molecule library was conducted to discover chemical probes that inhibit Mtb growth at acidic pH. The screen discovered chemical probes that kill Mtb at pH 5.7 but are inactive at pH 7.0. In this study, AC2P20 was prioritized for continued study to test the hypothesis that it was targeting Mtb pathways associated with pH-driven adaptation. RNAseq transcriptional profiling studies showed AC2P20 modulates expression of genes associated with redox homeostasis. Gene enrichment analysis revealed that the AC2P20 transcriptional profile had significant overlap with a previously characterized pH-selective inhibitor, AC2P36. Like AC2P36, we show that AC2P20 kills Mtb by selectively depleting free thiols at acidic pH. Mass spectrometry studies show the formation of a disulfide bond between AC2P20 and reduced glutathione, supporting a mechanism where AC2P20 is able to deplete intracellular thiols and dysregulate redox homeostasis. The observation of two independent molecules targeting free thiols to kill Mtb at acidic pH further supports that Mtb has restricted redox homeostasis and sensitivity to thiol-oxidative stress at acidic pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby J Dechow
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA +1 517 353-8957 +1 517 884-5416
| | - Garry B Coulson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA +1 517 353-8957 +1 517 884-5416
| | - Michael W Wilson
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Scott D Larsen
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Robert B Abramovitch
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA +1 517 353-8957 +1 517 884-5416
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36
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Subhash N, Sundaramurthy V. Advances in host-based screening for compounds with intracellular anti-mycobacterial activity. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13337. [PMID: 33813790 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens interact with host systems in intimate ways to sustain a pathogenic lifestyle. Consequently, these interactions can potentially be targets of host-directed interventions against infectious diseases. In case of tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), while effective anti-tubercular compounds are available, the long treatment duration and emerging drug resistance necessitate identification of new class of molecules with anti-TB activity, as well as new treatment strategies. A significant part of the effort in finding new anti-TB drugs is focused on bacterial targets in bacterial systems. However, the host environment plays a major role in pathogenesis mechanisms and must be considered actively in these efforts. On the one hand, the bacterial origin targets must be relevant and accessible in the host, while on the other hand, new host origin targets required for the bacterial survival can be targeted. Such targets are good candidates for host-directed therapeutics, a strategy gaining traction as an adjunct in TB treatment. In this review, we will summarise the screening platforms used to identify compounds with anti-tubercular activities inside different host environments and outline recent technical advances in these platforms. Finally, while the examples given are specific to mycobacteria, the methods and principles outlined are broadly applicable to most intracellular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraja Subhash
- National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India.,SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
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37
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Abutaleb NS, Elhassanny AEM, Flaherty DP, Seleem MN. In vitro and in vivo activities of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, dorzolamide, against vancomycin-resistant enterococci. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11059. [PMID: 33850651 PMCID: PMC8018244 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are a serious public health threat and a leading cause of healthcare-associated infections. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics recommended for the treatment of enterococcal infections complicates the management of these infections. Hence, there is a critical need for the discovery of new anti-VRE agents. We previously reported carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) as new potent VRE inhibitors. In the present study, the activity of the CAI, dorzolamide was evaluated against VRE both in vitro and in vivo. Dorzolamide exhibited potent activity against a panel of clinical VRE isolates, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 1 µg/mL to 8 µg/mL. A killing kinetics experiment determined that dorzolamide exhibited a bacteriostatic effect against VRE, which was similar to the drug of choice (linezolid). Dorzolamide interacted synergistically with gentamicin against four strains of VRE, and exhibited an additive interaction with gentamicin against six VRE strains, reducing gentamicin’s MIC by several folds. Moreover, dorzolamide outperformed linezolid in an in vivo VRE colonization reduction mouse model. Dorzolamide significantly reduced the VRE burden in fecal samples of mice by 2.9-log10 (99.9%) and 3.86-log10 (99.99%) after 3 and 5 days of treatment, respectively. Furthermore, dorzolamide reduced the VRE count in the cecal (1.74-log10 (98.2%) reduction) and ileal contents (1.5-log10 (96.3%)) of mice, which was superior to linezolid. Collectively, these results indicate that dorzolamide represents a promising treatment option that warrants consideration as a supplement to current therapeutics used for VRE infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader S Abutaleb
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America.,Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Ahmed E M Elhassanny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Daniel P Flaherty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America.,Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Mohamed N Seleem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA, United States of America.,Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
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38
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El‐Mekabaty A, Sofan MA, Hasel AM, Said SB. Concise Synthesis of Some New Benzothiazole‐Based Heterocycles as Probable Anticancer and Antioxidant Agents. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El‐Mekabaty
- Chemistry Department Faculty of Science Mansoura University El-Gomhoria Street ET-35516 Mansoura Egypt
| | - Mamdouh A. Sofan
- Chemistry Faculty of Science Damietta University New Damietta (Egypt) Chemistry Department Faculty of Science Damietta University New Damietta Egypt
| | - Ali M. Hasel
- Chemistry Faculty of Science Damietta University New Damietta (Egypt) Chemistry Department Faculty of Science Damietta University New Damietta Egypt
| | - Samy B. Said
- Chemistry Faculty of Science Damietta University New Damietta (Egypt) Chemistry Department Faculty of Science Damietta University New Damietta Egypt
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39
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Drever K, Lim ZL, Zriba S, Chen JM. Protein Synthesis and Degradation Inhibitors Potently Block Mycobacterium tuberculosis type-7 Secretion System ESX-1 Activity. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:273-280. [PMID: 33534536 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) uses its type-7 secretion system ESX-1 to translocate key virulence effector proteins. Taking a chemical genetics approach, we demonstrate for the first time the importance of mycobacterial proteostasis to ESX-1. We show that individual treatment with inhibitors of protein synthesis (chloramphenicol and kanamycin) and protein degradation (lassomycin and bortezomib), at concentrations that only reduce M. tb growth by 50% and less, specifically block ESX-1 secretion activity in the tubercle bacillus. In contrast, the mycobacterial cell-wall synthesis inhibitor isoniazid, even at a concentration that reduces M. tb growth by 90% has no effect on ESX-1 secretion activity. We also show that chloramphenicol but not isoniazid at subinhibitory concentrations specifically attenuates ESX-1-mediated M. tb virulence in macrophages. Taken together, the results of our study identify a novel vulnerability in the ESX-1 system and offer new avenues of anti-TB drug research to neutralize this critical virulence-mediating protein secretion apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylee Drever
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Ze Long Lim
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Slim Zriba
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
- Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M. Chen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
- Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2Z4, Canada
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40
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Aiewsakun P, Prombutara P, Siregar TAP, Laopanupong T, Kanjanasirirat P, Khumpanied T, Borwornpinyo S, Tong-Ngam P, Tubsuwan A, Srilohasin P, Chaiprasert A, Ruangchai W, Palittapongarnpim P, Prammananan T, VanderVen BC, Ponpuak M. Transcriptional response to the host cell environment of a multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clonal outbreak Beijing strain reveals its pathogenic features. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3199. [PMID: 33542438 PMCID: PMC7862621 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82905-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a global public health problem with emergence of multidrug-resistant infections. Previous epidemiological studies of tuberculosis in Thailand have identified a clonal outbreak multidrug-resistant strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Kanchanaburi province, designated “MKR superspreader”, and this particular strain later was found to also spread to other regions. In this study, we elucidated its biology through RNA-Seq analyses and identified a set of genes involved in cholesterol degradation to be up-regulated in the MKR during the macrophage cell infection, but not in the H37Rv reference strain. We also found that the bacterium up-regulated genes associated with the ESX-1 secretion system during its intracellular growth phase, while the H37Rv did not. All results were confirmed by qRT-PCR. Moreover, we showed that compounds previously shown to inhibit the mycobacterial ESX-1 secretion system and cholesterol utilisation, and FDA-approved drugs known to interfere with the host cholesterol transportation were able to decrease the intracellular survival of the MKR when compared to the untreated control, while not that of the H37Rv. Altogether, our findings suggested that such pathways are important for the MKR’s intracellular growth, and potentially could be targets for the discovery of new drugs against this emerging multidrug-resistant strain of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakorn Aiewsakun
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pinidphon Prombutara
- Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Microbiome Research Unit for Probiotics in Food and Cosmetics, Faculty of Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Thanida Laopanupong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Tanawadee Khumpanied
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suparerk Borwornpinyo
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pirut Tong-Ngam
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Alisa Tubsuwan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Prapaporn Srilohasin
- Drug-Resistance Tuberculosis Research Fund, Siriraj Foundation, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Office of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Angkana Chaiprasert
- Drug-Resistance Tuberculosis Research Fund, Siriraj Foundation, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Office of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wuthiwat Ruangchai
- Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prasit Palittapongarnpim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pratumthani, Thailand
| | - Therdsak Prammananan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pratumthani, Thailand
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Marisa Ponpuak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Pornchai Matangkasombut Center for Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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41
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Giacalone D, Huang L, Tan S. Exploiting Fluorescent Proteins to Understand Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biology. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2314:365-383. [PMID: 34235663 PMCID: PMC8381720 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1460-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The utility of fluorescent proteins in bacterial research has long been appreciated, with extensive use in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis field. In more recent years, a new generation of fluorescent tools has been developed for use in M. tuberculosis research. These new fluorescent reporters exploit the immense genetic and transcriptional knowledge now available, and enable the use of the bacteria as direct reporters of the local environment during infection, as well as provide insight into bacterial replication status in situ. Here we describe methods for the construction of such fluorescent reporter M. tuberculosis strains, and their use in combination with confocal microscopy and flow cytometry approaches for single bacterium-level analyses of M. tuberculosis physiology and M. tuberculosis-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Giacalone
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lu Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Shumin Tan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
- Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
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42
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Kumar S, Rulhania S, Jaswal S, Monga V. Recent advances in the medicinal chemistry of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 209:112923. [PMID: 33121862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) is an enzyme and a very omnipresent zinc metalloenzyme which catalyzed the reversible hydration and dehydration of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate; a reaction which plays a crucial role in many physiological and pathological processes. Carbonic anhydrase is present in human (h) with sixteen different isoforms ranging from hCA I-hCA XV. All these isoforms are widely distributed in different tissues/organs and are associated with a range of pivotal physiological activities. Due to their involvement in various physiological roles, inhibitors of different human isoforms of carbonic anhydrase have found clinical applications for the treatment of various diseases including glaucoma, retinopathy, hemolytic anemia, epilepsy, obesity, and cancer. However, clinically used inhibitors of CA (acetazolamide, brinzolamide, dorzolamide, etc.) are not selective causing the undesirable side effects. One of the major hurdles in the design and development of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors is the lack of balanced isoform selectivity which thrived to new chemotypes. In this review, we have compiled the recent strategies of various researchers related to the development of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors belonging to different structural classes like pyrimidine, pyrazoline, selenourea, isatin, indole, etc. This review also summarizes the structure-activity relationships, analysis of isoform selectivity including mechanistic and in silico studies to afford ideas and to provide focused direction for the design and development of novel isoform-selective carbonic anhydrase inhibitors with therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Sandeep Rulhania
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Shalini Jaswal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
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43
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Sharma S, Malakar CC, Singh V. Transition‐Metal‐Free C‐S Bond Forming Strategy towards Synthesis of Highly Diverse Pyrazole Tethered Benzothiazoles: Investigation of their Photophysical Properties. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Sharma
- Shubham Sharma Dr. Virender Singh Department of Chemistry Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar Punjab 144011 India
| | - Chandi C. Malakar
- Dr. Chandi C. Malakar Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Manipur Langol Imphal 795004 India
| | - Virender Singh
- Shubham Sharma Dr. Virender Singh Department of Chemistry Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar Punjab 144011 India
- Dr. Virender Singh Department of Chemistry Central University of Punjab Bathinda Punjab 151001 India
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44
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Miller EM, Walczak MA. Copper-Catalyzed Oxidative Acetalization of Boronic Esters: An Umpolung Strategy for Cyclic Acetal Synthesis. J Org Chem 2020; 85:8230-8239. [PMID: 32370495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A protocol for the acetalization of boronic esters is described. The reaction is catalyzed by copper, and the conditions proved to be mild and were amenable to a variety of functional groups. We expanded the Chan-Lam coupling to include C(sp3) nucleophiles and converted them into corresponding acetals. This method allows for the orthogonal acetalization of substrates with reactive, acid-sensitive functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Maciej A Walczak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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45
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Wu Q, Hossfeld A, Gerberick A, Saljoughian N, Tiwari C, Mehra S, Ganesan LP, Wozniak DJ, Rajaram MVS. Effect of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Enhancement of Macrophage P-Glycoprotein Expression and Activity on Intracellular Survival During Antituberculosis Drug Treatment. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:1989-1998. [PMID: 31412123 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Recent emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis strains seriously threatens tuberculosis control and prevention. However, the role of macrophage multidrug resistance gene MDR1 on intracellular M. tuberculosis survival during antituberculosis drug treatment is not known. METHODS We used the human monocyte-derived macrophages to study the role of M. tuberculosis in regulation of MDR1 and drug resistance. RESULTS We discovered that M. tuberculosis infection increases the expression of macrophage MDR1 to extrude various chemical substances, including tuberculosis drugs, resulting in enhanced survival of intracellular M. tuberculosis. The pathway of regulation involves M. tuberculosis infection of macrophages and suppression of heat shock factor 1, a transcriptional regulator of MDR1 through the up-regulation of miR-431. Notably, nonpathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis did not increase MDR1 expression, indicating active secretion of virulence factors in pathogenic M. tuberculosis contributing to this phenotype. Finally, inhibition of MDR1 improves antibiotic-mediated killing of M. tuberculosis. CONCLUSION We report a novel finding that M. tuberculosis up-regulates MDR1 during infection, which limits the exposure of M. tuberculosis to sublethal concentrations of antimicrobials. This condition promotes M. tuberculosis survival and potentially enhances the emergence of resistant variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Austin Hossfeld
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Abigail Gerberick
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Noushin Saljoughian
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Charu Tiwari
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Latha Prabha Ganesan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Daniel J Wozniak
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Murugesan V S Rajaram
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
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46
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Crosskey TD, Beckham KS, Wilmanns M. The ATPases of the mycobacterial type VII secretion system: Structural and mechanistic insights into secretion. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 152:25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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47
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Host-Directed Therapies and Anti-Virulence Compounds to Address Anti-Microbial Resistant Tuberculosis Infection. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10082688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite global efforts to contain tuberculosis (TB), the disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, further exacerbated by the increased resistance to antibiotics displayed by the tubercle bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In order to treat drug-resistant TB, alternative or complementary approaches to standard anti-TB regimens are being explored. An area of active research is represented by host-directed therapies which aim to modulate the host immune response by mitigating inflammation and by promoting the antimicrobial activity of immune cells. Additionally, compounds that reduce the virulence of M. tuberculosis, for instance by targeting the major virulence factor ESX-1, are being given increased attention by the TB research community. This review article summarizes the current state of the art in the development of these emerging therapies against TB.
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Abstract
Progress against tuberculosis (TB) requires faster-acting drugs. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the leading cause of death by an infectious disease and its treatment is challenging and lengthy. Mtb is remarkably successful, in part, due to its ability to become dormant in response to host immune pressures. The DosRST two-component regulatory system is induced by hypoxia, nitric oxide and carbon monoxide and remodels Mtb physiology to promote nonreplicating persistence (NRP). NRP bacteria are thought to play a role in the long course of TB treatment. Therefore, inhibitors of DosRST-dependent adaptation may function to kill this reservoir of persisters and potentially shorten therapy. This review examines the function of DosRST, newly discovered compounds that inhibit DosRST signaling and considers future development of DosRST inhibitors as adjunct therapies.
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49
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Aspatwar A, Hammaren M, Parikka M, Parkkila S, Carta F, Bozdag M, Vullo D, Supuran CT. In vitro inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis β-carbonic anhydrase 3 with Mono- and dithiocarbamates and evaluation of their toxicity using zebrafish developing embryos. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:65-71. [PMID: 31663386 PMCID: PMC6830242 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1683007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated a panel of 14 compounds belonging to the monothiocarbamate (MTC) and dithiocarbamate (DTC) series against the β-carbonic anhydrase 3 (β-CA3) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). We also evaluated all compounds for toxicity using 1–5-day post fertilisation zebrafish embryos. 11 out of the 14 investigated derivatives showed effective nanomolar or submicromolar in vitro inhibition against the β-CA3 (KIs 2.4–812.0 nM), and among them four DTCs of the series (8–10 and 12) showed very significant inhibition potencies with KIs between 2.4 and 43 nM. Out of 14 compounds screened for toxicity and safety 9 compounds showed no adverse phenotypic effects on the developing zebrafish larvae at five days of exposure. The results of in vitro inhibition and the toxicological evaluation of our study suggest that 5 compounds are suitable for further in vivo preclinical characterisation in zebrafish model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Milka Hammaren
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mataleena Parikka
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Oral and Maxillofacial Unit, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Murat Bozdag
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Daniela Vullo
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
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50
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Aspatwar A, Kairys V, Rala S, Parikka M, Bozdag M, Carta F, Supuran CT, Parkkila S. Mycobacterium tuberculosis β-Carbonic Anhydrases: Novel Targets for Developing Antituberculosis Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205153. [PMID: 31627429 PMCID: PMC6834203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) encodes three β-carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) that are crucial for the life cycle of the bacterium. The Mtbβ-CAs have been cloned and characterized, and the catalytic activities of the enzymes have been studied. The crystal structures of two of the enzymes have been resolved. In vitro inhibition studies have been conducted using different classes of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs). In vivo inhibition studies of pathogenic bacteria containing β-CAs showed that β-CA inhibitors effectively inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria. The in vitro and in vivo studies clearly demonstrated that β-CAs of not only mycobacterial species, but also other pathogenic bacteria, can be targeted for developing novel antimycobacterial agents for treating tuberculosis and other microbial infections that are resistant to existing drugs. In this review, we present the molecular and structural data on three β-CAs of Mtb that will give us better insights into the roles of these enzymes in pathogenic bacterial species. We also present data from both in vitro inhibition studies using different classes of chemical compounds and in vivo inhibition studies focusing on M. marinum, a model organism and close relative of Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Visvaldas Kairys
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Sangeetha Rala
- Tampere University of Applied Sciences, Kuntokatu 3, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Mataleena Parikka
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Murat Bozdag
- Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via U. Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via U. Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via U. Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland.
- Fimlab Ltd. and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
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