1
|
Andrade ARCD, Rezende MDS, Portela FVM, Pereira LMG, Nascimento da Silva B, Lima-Neto RGD, Rocha MFG, Sidrim JJC, Castelo-Branco DSCM, Cordeiro RDA. β-Estradiol and progesterone enhance biofilm development and persister cell formation in monospecies and microcosms biofilms derived from vulvovaginal candidiasis. Biofouling 2023; 39:719-729. [PMID: 37698054 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2023.2256674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to: (1) evaluate the influence of the steroid hormones (SH) on biofilm development; (2) investigate the formation of persister cells (PC) in biofilms; and (3) investigate the influence of SH on PC formation. Biofilms were derived from vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) samples and evaluated by three models: microcosm biofilms grown in Vaginal Fluid Simulator Medium (MiB-VFSM); monospecies biofilms grown in VFSM (MoB-VFSM) and RPMI media (MoB-RPMI). SH altered cell counting and biomass of biofilms grown in VSFM; MoB-RPMI were negatively affected by SH. SH stimulated the formation of PC in MiB-VFSM but not MoB-VFSM; MoB-RPMI showed a lower number of PC in the presence of SH. The results showed that SH altered the dynamics of biofilm formation and development, depending on the study model. The data suggest the influence of hormones on the physiology of Candida biofilms and reinforce the importance of PC in the pathogenesis of VVC.
Collapse
|
2
|
Gow NAR, Johnson C, Berman J, Coste AT, Cuomo CA, Perlin DS, Bicanic T, Harrison TS, Wiederhold N, Bromley M, Chiller T, Edgar K. The importance of antimicrobial resistance in medical mycology. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5352. [PMID: 36097014 PMCID: PMC9466305 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, antibiotic resistance was listed as the major global health care priority. Some analyses, including the O'Neill report, have predicted that deaths due to drug-resistant bacterial infections may eclipse the total number of cancer deaths by 2050. Although fungal infections remain in the shadow of public awareness, total attributable annual deaths are similar to, or exceeds, global mortalities due to malaria, tuberculosis or HIV. The impact of fungal infections has been exacerbated by the steady rise of antifungal drug resistant strains and species which reflects the widespread use of antifungals for prophylaxis and therapy, and in the case of azole resistance in Aspergillus, has been linked to the widespread agricultural use of antifungals. This review, based on a workshop hosted by the Medical Research Council and the University of Exeter, illuminates the problem of antifungal resistance and suggests how this growing threat might be mitigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil A R Gow
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Carolyn Johnson
- Medical Research Council, Polaris House, Swindon, SN2 1FL, UK.
| | - Judith Berman
- Shmunis School of Biomedical and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 418 Britannia Building, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Alix T Coste
- Microbiology Institute, University Hospital Lausanne, rue du Bugnon 48, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christina A Cuomo
- (CAC) Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - David S Perlin
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian health, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA
| | - Tihana Bicanic
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
- Clinical Academic Group in Infection, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW17 0QT, UK
| | - Thomas S Harrison
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
- Clinical Academic Group in Infection, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW17 0QT, UK
| | - Nathan Wiederhold
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Mike Bromley
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Division of Evolution, Infection, and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, CTF Building, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK
| | - Tom Chiller
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention Mycotic Disease Branch 1600 Clifton Rd, MSC-09, Atlanta, 30333, GA, USA
| | - Keegan Edgar
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention Mycotic Disease Branch 1600 Clifton Rd, MSC-09, Atlanta, 30333, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Costa PDS, Prado A, Bagon NP, Negri M, Svidzinski TIE. Mixed Fungal Biofilms: From Mycobiota to Devices, a New Challenge on Clinical Practice. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091721. [PMID: 36144323 PMCID: PMC9506030 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Most current protocols for the diagnosis of fungal infections are based on culture-dependent methods that allow the evaluation of fungal morphology and the identification of the etiologic agent of mycosis. Most current protocols for the diagnosis of fungal infections are based on culture-dependent methods that enable the examination of the fungi for further identification of the etiological agent of the mycosis. The isolation of fungi from pure cultures is typically recommended, as when more than one species is identified, the second agent is considered a contaminant. Fungi mostly survive in highly organized communities that provoke changes in phenotypic profile, increase resistance to antifungals and environmental stresses, and facilitate evasion from the immune system. Mixed fungal biofilms (MFB) harbor more than one fungal species, wherein exchange can occur that potentialize the effects of these virulence factors. However, little is known about MFB and their role in infectious processes, particularly in terms of how each species may synergistically contribute to the pathogenesis. Here, we review fungi present in MFB that are commensals of the human body, forming the mycobiota, and how their participation in MFB affects the maintenance of homeostasis. In addition, we discuss how MFB are formed on both biotic and abiotic surfaces, thus being a significant reservoir of microorganisms that have already been associated in infectious processes of high morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
|
4
|
Gómez-Casanova N, Torres-Cano A, Elias-Rodriguez AX, Lozano T, Ortega P, Gómez R, Pérez-Serrano J, Copa-Patiño JL, Heredero-Bermejo I. Inhibition of Candida glabrata Biofilm by Combined Effect of Dendritic Compounds and Amphotericin. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081604. [PMID: 36015230 PMCID: PMC9416558 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, Candida glabrata has become an important emerging opportunistic pathogen not only because of the increase in nosocomial infections frequency but also because of its ability to form biofilms and its innate resistance to commercial antifungals. These characteristics make this pathogen a major problem in hospital settings, including problems regarding equipment, and in immunosuppressed patients, who are at high risk for candidemia. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of and search for new antifungal drugs. In this study, the efficacy of two dendritic wedges with 4-phenyl butyric acid (PBA) at the focal point and cationic charges on the surface ArCO2G2(SNMe3I)4 (1) and ArCO2G3(SNMe3I)8 (2) was studied against C. glabrata strain to inhibit the formation of biofilms and eliminate established biofilm. For this, MBIC (minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration), MBDC (minimum biofilm damaging concentrations), as well as MFCB (minimum fungicidal concentration in biofilm) and MBEC (minimum biofilm eradicating concentration) were determined. In addition, different combinations of dendrons and amphotericin B were tested to study possible synergistic effects. On the other hand, cytotoxicity studies were performed. C. glabrata cells and biofilm structure were visualized by confocal microscopy. ArCO2G2(SNMe3I)4 (1) and ArCO2G3(SNMe3I)8 (2) dendrons showed both an MBIC of 8 mg/L and a MBDC of 32 mg/L and 64 mg/L, respectively. These dendrons managed to eradicate the entirety of an established biofilm. In combination with the antifungal amphotericin, it was possible to prevent the generation of biofilms and eradicate established biofilms at lower concentrations than those required individually for each compound at these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gómez-Casanova
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (A.T.-C.); (A.X.E.-R.); (J.P.-S.); (J.L.C.-P.)
| | - Alba Torres-Cano
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (A.T.-C.); (A.X.E.-R.); (J.P.-S.); (J.L.C.-P.)
| | - Alba Xiaohe Elias-Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (A.T.-C.); (A.X.E.-R.); (J.P.-S.); (J.L.C.-P.)
| | - Tania Lozano
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute in Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (T.L.); (P.O.); (R.G.)
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain and Institute “Ramón y Cajal” for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Ortega
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute in Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (T.L.); (P.O.); (R.G.)
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain and Institute “Ramón y Cajal” for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute in Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (T.L.); (P.O.); (R.G.)
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain and Institute “Ramón y Cajal” for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Pérez-Serrano
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (A.T.-C.); (A.X.E.-R.); (J.P.-S.); (J.L.C.-P.)
| | - José Luis Copa-Patiño
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (A.T.-C.); (A.X.E.-R.); (J.P.-S.); (J.L.C.-P.)
| | - Irene Heredero-Bermejo
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (N.G.-C.); (A.T.-C.); (A.X.E.-R.); (J.P.-S.); (J.L.C.-P.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Beema Shafreen RM, Seema S, Alagu Lakshmi S, Srivathsan A, Tamilmuhilan K, Shrestha A, Balasubramanian B, Dhandapani R, Paramasivam R, Al Obaid S, Salmen SH, Mohd Amin MF, Muthupandian S. In Vitro and In Vivo Antibiofilm Potential of Eicosane Against Candida albicans. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:4800-4816. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03984-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
6
|
Wang M, Gu K, Ding W, Wan M, Zhao W, Shi H, Li J. Antifungal effect of a new photosensitizer derived from BODIPY on Candida albicans biofilms. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 39:102946. [PMID: 35660011 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been recognized as an alternative treatment of Candida albicans (C. albicans) infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal effect of PDT mediated by a new photosensitizer (PS) derived from BODIPY (BDP-4L) on C. albicans biofilms. METHODS C. albicans biofilms were incubated with BDP-4L of different concentrations and then irradiated at the light doses of 1.8, 3.6, 5.4, 7.2 and 9.0 J/cm2. XTT reduction assay was conducted to determine the PS concentration and PDT parameters. Confocal light scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to visualize and quantify the effect of BDP-4L on C. albicans biofilms after PDT. RESULTS C. albicans biofilms were inactivated in light dose-dependent and PS concentration-dependent manners using BDP-4L as PS. Without irradiation, no inactivation effect was observed when PS concentrations varied from 5 μM to 80 μM. 40 μM PS with 3.6 J/cm2 irradiation resulted in a significant reduction of 83.8% in biofilm metabolic activities. CLSM assay demonstrated that cell viability was obviously inhibited by 82.6%. SEM images revealed ruptured and rough cell surface, indicating increased cell membrane permeability after PDT. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that BDP-4L mediated PDT exhibited a favorable antifungal effect on C. albicans biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengran Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No.826, Rd. Zhangheng, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Kedan Gu
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Science, No.150, Rd. Fucheng, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Wenxin Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No.826, Rd. Zhangheng, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Miyang Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No.826, Rd. Zhangheng, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Weili Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No.826, Rd. Zhangheng, Shanghai, 200000, China.
| | - Hang Shi
- Department of Stomatology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, No.108, Rd. Luxiang, Huashan Hospital North, Shanghai, 200000, China.
| | - Jiyang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, No.826, Rd. Zhangheng, Shanghai, 200000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
It is well known that the opportunistic pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans, can form polymicrobial biofilms with a variety of bacteria, both in vitro and in vivo, and that these polymicrobial biofilms can impact the course and management of disease. Although specific interactions are often described as either synergistic or antagonistic, this may be an oversimplification. Polymicrobial biofilms are complex two-way interacting communities, regulated by inter-domain (inter-kingdom) signaling and various molecular mechanisms. This review article will highlight advances over the last six years (2016-2021) regarding the unique biology of polymicrobial biofilms formed by C. albicans and bacteria, including regulation of their formation. In addition, some of the consequences of these interactions, such as the influence of co-existence on antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence, will be discussed. Since the aim of this knowledge is to inform possible alternative treatment options, recent studies on the discovery of novel anti-biofilm compounds will also be included. Throughout, an attempt will be made to identify ongoing challenges in this area.
Collapse
|
8
|
Mokhtar M, Rismayuddin NAR, Mat Yassim AS, Ahmad H, Abdul Wahab R, Dashper S, Arzmi MH. Streptococcus salivarius K12 inhibits Candida albicans aggregation, biofilm formation and dimorphism. Biofouling 2021; 37:767-776. [PMID: 34425729 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1967334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans causes candidiasis, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Streptococcus salivarius K12 (K12) is a probiotic isolated from a healthy oral cavity. The study aimed to determine the effect of K12 on C. albicans aggregation, biofilm formation and dimorphism. C. albicans ATCC MYA-4901, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) isolate (ALC2), and oral cancer isolate (ALC3) and K12 were used in the study. All C. albicans strains and K12 were grown in yeast peptone dextrose agar and brain heart infusion agar, respectively, prior to aggregation, biofilm and dimorphism assays. Auto-aggregation of C. albicans MYA-4901 and ALC2 was categorised as high, while the co-aggregation of the strains was low in the presence of K12. C. albicans total cell count decreased significantly when co-cultured with K12 compared with monocultured C. albicans biofilm (p < 0.05). Inhibition of yeast-to-hyphae transition was also observed when co-cultured with K12. In conclusion, K12 inhibits C. albicans aggregation, biofilm formation and dimorphism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munirah Mokhtar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Cluster of Cancer Research Initiative IIUM (COCRII), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Alia Risma Rismayuddin
- Cluster of Cancer Research Initiative IIUM (COCRII), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Aini Syahida Mat Yassim
- Cluster of Cancer Research Initiative IIUM (COCRII), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Department of Fundamental Dental and Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Hasna Ahmad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Cluster of Cancer Research Initiative IIUM (COCRII), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Ridhwan Abdul Wahab
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Stuart Dashper
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Arzmi
- Cluster of Cancer Research Initiative IIUM (COCRII), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Department of Fundamental Dental and Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ponde NO, Lortal L, Ramage G, Naglik JR, Richardson JP. Candida albicans biofilms and polymicrobial interactions. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:91-111. [PMID: 33482069 PMCID: PMC7903066 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1843400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a common fungus of the human microbiota. While generally a harmless commensal in healthy individuals, several factors can lead to its overgrowth and cause a range of complications within the host, from localized superficial infections to systemic life-threatening disseminated candidiasis. A major virulence factor of C. albicans is its ability to form biofilms, a closely packed community of cells that can grow on both abiotic and biotic substrates, including implanted medical devices and mucosal surfaces. These biofilms are extremely hard to eradicate, are resistant to conventional antifungal treatment and are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, making biofilm-associated infections a major clinical challenge. Here, we review the current knowledge of the processes involved in C. albicans biofilm formation and development, including the central processes of adhesion, extracellular matrix production and the transcriptional network that regulates biofilm development. We also consider the advantages of the biofilm lifestyle and explore polymicrobial interactions within multispecies biofilms that are formed by C. albicans and selected microbial species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole O. Ponde
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Léa Lortal
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Ramage
- School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, Glasgow Dental School and Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, G2 3JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Julian R. Naglik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P. Richardson
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kowalski CH, Morelli KA, Schultz D, Nadell CD, Cramer RA. Fungal biofilm architecture produces hypoxic microenvironments that drive antifungal resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:22473-83. [PMID: 32848055 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003700117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human fungal infections may fail to respond to contemporary antifungal therapies in vivo despite in vitro fungal isolate drug susceptibility. Such a discrepancy between in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility and in vivo treatment outcomes is partially explained by microbes adopting a drug-resistant biofilm mode of growth during infection. The filamentous fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus forms biofilms in vivo, and during biofilm growth it has reduced susceptibility to all three classes of contemporary antifungal drugs. Specific features of filamentous fungal biofilms that drive antifungal drug resistance remain largely unknown. In this study, we applied a fluorescence microscopy approach coupled with transcriptional bioreporters to define spatial and temporal oxygen gradients and single-cell metabolic activity within A. fumigatus biofilms. Oxygen gradients inevitably arise during A. fumigatus biofilm maturation and are both critical for, and the result of, A. fumigatus late-stage biofilm architecture. We observe that these self-induced hypoxic microenvironments not only contribute to filamentous fungal biofilm maturation but also drive resistance to antifungal treatment. Decreasing oxygen levels toward the base of A. fumigatus biofilms increases antifungal drug resistance. Our results define a previously unknown mechanistic link between filamentous fungal biofilm physiology and contemporary antifungal drug resistance. Moreover, we demonstrate that drug resistance mediated by dynamic oxygen gradients, found in many bacterial biofilms, also extends to the fungal kingdom. The conservation of hypoxic drug-resistant niches in bacterial and fungal biofilms is thus a promising target for improving antimicrobial therapy efficacy.
Collapse
|
11
|
Rossoni RD, de Barros PP, Mendonça IDC, Medina RP, Silva DHS, Fuchs BB, Junqueira JC, Mylonakis E. The Postbiotic Activity of Lactobacillus paracasei 28.4 Against Candida auris. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:397. [PMID: 32850495 PMCID: PMC7417517 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris has emerged as a medically important pathogen with considerable resistance to antifungal agents. The ability to produce biofilms is an important pathogenicity feature of this species that aids escape of host immune responses and antimicrobial agents. The objective of this study was to verify antifungal action using in vitro and in vivo models of the Lactobacillus paracasei 28.4 probiotic cells and postbiotic activity of crude extract (LPCE) and fraction 1 (LPF1), derived from L. paracasei 28.4 supernatant. Both live cells and cells free supernatant of L. paracasei 28.4 inhibited C. auris suggesting probiotic and postbiotic effects. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for LPCE was 15 mg/mL and ranges from 3.75 to 7.5 mg/mL for LPF1. Killing kinetics determined that after 24 h treatment with LPCE or LPF1 there was a complete reduction of viable C. auris cells compared to fluconazole, which decreased the initial inoculum by 1-logCFU during the same time period. LPCE and LPF1 significantly reduced the biomass (p = 0.0001) and the metabolic activity (p = 0.0001) of C. auris biofilm. There was also a total reduction (~108 CFU/mL) in viability of persister C. auris cells after treatment with postbiotic elements (p < 0.0001). In an in vivo study, injection of LPCE and LPF1 into G. mellonella larvae infected with C. auris prolonged survival of these insects compared to a control group (p < 0.05) and elicited immune responses by increasing the number of circulating hemocytes and gene expression of antimicrobial peptide galiomicin. We concluded that the L. paracasei 28.4 cells and postbiotic elements (LPCE and LPF1) have antifungal activity against planktonic cells, biofilms, and persister cells of C. auris. Postbiotic supplementation derived from L. paracasei 28.4 protected G. mellonella infected with C. auris and enhanced its immune status indicating a dual function in modulating a host immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodnei Dennis Rossoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, São José dos Campos, Brazil.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Patrícia Pimentel de Barros
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, São José dos Campos, Brazil.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Iatã do Carmo Mendonça
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Center for Bioassays, Biosynthesis and Ecophysiology of Natural Products, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Previate Medina
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Center for Bioassays, Biosynthesis and Ecophysiology of Natural Products, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Dulce Helena Siqueira Silva
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Center for Bioassays, Biosynthesis and Ecophysiology of Natural Products, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Beth Burgwyn Fuchs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
O'Kane CJ, Weild R, M Hyland E. Chromatin Structure and Drug Resistance in Candida spp. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E121. [PMID: 32751495 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-microbial resistance (AMR) is currently one of the most serious threats to global human health and, appropriately, research to tackle AMR garnishes significant investment and extensive attention from the scientific community. However, most of this effort focuses on antibiotics, and research into anti-fungal resistance (AFR) is vastly under-represented in comparison. Given the growing number of vulnerable, immunocompromised individuals, as well as the positive impact global warming has on fungal growth, there is an immediate urgency to tackle fungal disease, and the disturbing rise in AFR. Chromatin structure and gene expression regulation play pivotal roles in the adaptation of fungal species to anti-fungal stress, suggesting a potential therapeutic avenue to tackle AFR. In this review we discuss both the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms by which chromatin structure can dictate AFR mechanisms and will present evidence of how pathogenic yeast, specifically from the Candida genus, modify chromatin structure to promote survival in the presence of anti-fungal drugs. We also discuss the mechanisms by which anti-chromatin therapy, specifically lysine deacetylase inhibitors, influence the acquisition and phenotypic expression of AFR in Candida spp. and their potential as effective adjuvants to mitigate against AFR.
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Systemic fungal infections pose a serious clinical problem. Treatment options are limited, and antifungal drug resistance is increasing. In addition, a substantial proportion of patients do not respond to therapy despite being infected with fungi that are susceptible to the drug. The discordance between overall treatment outcome and low levels of clinical resistance may be attributable to antifungal drug tolerance. In this Review, we define and distinguish resistance and tolerance and discuss the current understanding of the molecular, genetic and physiological mechanisms that contribute to those phenomena. Distinguishing tolerance from resistance might provide important insights into the reasons for treatment failure in some settings.
Collapse
|
14
|
da Silva MA, Baronetti JL, Páez PL, Paraje MG. Oxidative Imbalance in Candida tropicalis Biofilms and Its Relation With Persister Cells. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:598834. [PMID: 33603717 PMCID: PMC7884318 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.598834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persister cells (PCs) make up a small fraction of microbial population, can survive lethal concentrations of antimicrobial agents. In recent years, Candida tropicalis has emerged as being a frequent fungal agent of medical devices subject to biofilm infections. However, PCs are still poorly understood. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the relation of PCs on the redox status in C. tropicalis biofilms exposed to high doses of Amphotericin B (AmB), and alterations in surface topography and the architecture of biofilms. METHODS We used an experimental model of two different C. tropicalis biofilms exposed to AmB at supra minimum inhibitory concentration (SMIC80), and the intra- and extracellular reactive oxygen species (iROS and eROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and oxidative stress response were studied. Light microscopy (LM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were also used in conjunction with the image analysis software COMSTAT. RESULTS We demonstrated that biofilms derived from the PC fraction (B2) showed a higher capacity to respond to the stress generated upon AmB treatment, compared with biofilms obtained from planktonic cells. In B2, a lower ROS and RNS accumulation was observed in concordance with higher activation of the antioxidant systems, resulting in an oxidative imbalance of a smaller magnitude compared to B1. LM analysis revealed that the AmB treatment provoked a marked decrease of biomass, showing a loss of cellular aggrupation, with the presence of mostly yeast cells. Moreover, significant structural changes in the biofilm architecture were noted between both biofilms by CLSM-COMSTAT analysis. For B1, the quantitative parameters bio-volume, average micro-colony volume, surface to bio-volume ratio and surface coverage showed reductions upon AmB treatment, whereas increases were observed in roughness coefficient and average diffusion distance. In addition, untreated B2 was substantially smaller than B1, with less biomass and thickness values. The analysis of the above-mentioned parameters also showed changes in B2 upon AmB exposure. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first study that has attempted to correlate PCs of Candida biofilms with alterations in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance and the architecture of the biofilms. The finding of regular and PCs with different cellular stress status may help to solve the puzzle of biofilm resistance, with redox imbalance possibly being an important factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María A. da Silva
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - José L. Baronetti
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Paulina L. Páez
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María G. Paraje
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- *Correspondence: María G. Paraje, ;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
|