1
|
Bera A, Mukherjee S, Patra N. Exploring transmembrane allostery in the MexB: DB08385 variant as a promising inhibitor-like candidate against Pseudomonas aeruginosa antibiotic resistance: a computational study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:17011-17027. [PMID: 38835320 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01620c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a formidable pathogen renowned for its antimicrobial resistance, poses a significant threat to immunocompromised individuals. In this regard, the MexAB-OprM efflux pump acts as a pivotal line of defense by extruding antimicrobials from bacterial cells. The inner membrane homotrimeric protein MexB captures antibiotics and translocates them into the outer membrane OprM channel protein connected through the MexA adaptor protein. Despite extensive efforts, competitive inhibitors targeting the tight (T) protomer of the MexB protein have not received FDA approval for medical use. Over the past few years, allosteric inhibitors have become popular as alternatives to the classical competitive inhibitor-based approach because of their higher specificity, lower dosage, and reduced toxicological effects. Hence, in this study, we unveiled the existence of a transmembrane allosteric binding pocket of MexB inspired by the recent discovery of an important allosteric inhibitor, BDM88855, for the homolog AcrB protein. While repurposing BDM88855 proved ineffective in controlling the MexB loose (L) protomer, our investigation identified a promising alternative: a chlorine-containing variant of DB08385 (2-Cl DB08385 or Variant 1). Molecular dynamics simulations, including binding free energy estimation coupled with heterogeneous dielectric implicit membrane model (implicit-membrane MM/PBSA), interaction entropy (IE) analysis and potential of mean force (PMF) calculation, demonstrated Variant 1's superior binding affinity to the transmembrane pocket, displaying the highest energy barrier in the ligand unbinding process. To elucidate the allosteric crosstalk between the transmembrane and porter domain of MexB, we employed the 'eigenvector centrality' measure in the linear mutual information obtained from the protein correlation network. Notably, this study confirmed the presence of an allosteric transmembrane site in the MexB L protomer. In addition to this, Variant 1 emerged as a potent regulator of allosteric crosstalk, inducing an 'O-L intermediate state' in the MexB L protomer. This induced state might hold the potential to diminish substrate intake into the access pocket, leading to the ineffective efflux of antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bera
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, Dhanbad-826004, India.
| | - Shreya Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, Dhanbad-826004, India.
| | - Niladri Patra
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, Dhanbad-826004, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wilhelm J, Pos KM. Molecular insights into the determinants of substrate specificity and efflux inhibition of the RND efflux pumps AcrB and AdeB. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2024; 170:001438. [PMID: 38358391 PMCID: PMC10924465 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacterial members of the Resistance Nodulation and cell Division (RND) superfamily form tripartite efflux pump systems that span the cell envelope. One of the intriguing features of the multiple drug efflux members of this superfamily is their ability to recognize different classes of antibiotics, dyes, solvents, bile salts, and detergents. This review provides an overview of the molecular mechanisms of multiple drug efflux catalysed by the tripartite RND efflux system AcrAB-TolC from Eschericha coli. The determinants for sequential or simultaneous multiple substrate binding and efflux pump inhibitor binding are discussed. A comparison is made with the determinants for substrate binding of AdeB from Acinetobacter baumannii, which acts within the AdeABC multidrug efflux system. There is an apparent general similarity between the structures of AcrB and AdeB and their substrate specificity. However, the presence of distinct conformational states and different drug efflux capacities as revealed by single-particle cryo-EM and mutational analysis suggest that the drug binding and transport features exhibited by AcrB may not be directly extrapolated to the homolog AdeB efflux pump.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wilhelm
- Institute of Biochemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Klaas Martinus Pos
- Institute of Biochemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Santos AL, Liu D, van Venrooy A, Beckham JL, Oliver A, Tegos GP, Tour JM. Nonlethal Molecular Nanomachines Potentiate Antibiotic Activity Against Gram-Negative Bacteria by Increasing Cell Permeability and Attenuating Efflux. ACS NANO 2024; 18:3023-3042. [PMID: 38241477 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a pressing public health threat. Despite rising resistance, antibiotic development, especially for Gram-negative bacteria, has stagnated. As the traditional antibiotic research and development pipeline struggles to address this growing concern, alternative solutions become imperative. Synthetic molecular nanomachines (MNMs) are molecular structures that rotate unidirectionally in a controlled manner in response to a stimulus, such as light, resulting in a mechanical action that can propel molecules to drill into cell membranes, causing rapid cell death. Due to their broad destructive capabilities, clinical translation of MNMs remains challenging. Hence, here, we explore the ability of nonlethal visible-light-activated MNMs to potentiate conventional antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria. Nonlethal MNMs enhanced the antibacterial activity of various classes of conventional antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria, including those typically effective only against Gram-positive strains, reducing the antibiotic concentration required for bactericidal action. Our study also revealed that MNMs bind to the negatively charged phospholipids of the bacterial inner membrane, leading to permeabilization of the cell envelope and impairment of efflux pump activity following light activation of MNMs. The combined effects of MNMs on membrane permeability and efflux pumps resulted in increased antibiotic accumulation inside the cell, reversing antibiotic resistance and attenuating its development. These results identify nonlethal MNMs as pleiotropic antibiotic enhancers or adjuvants. The combination of MNMs with traditional antibiotics is a promising strategy against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections. This approach can reduce the amount of antibiotics needed and slow down antibiotic resistance development, thereby preserving the effectiveness of our current antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- IdISBA - Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares, 07120 Palma, Spain
| | - Dongdong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Alexis van Venrooy
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jacob L Beckham
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Antonio Oliver
- IdISBA - Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares, 07120 Palma, Spain
- Servicio de Microbiologia, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, 07120 Palma, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Av. Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - George P Tegos
- Office of Research, Faxton St. Luke's Healthcare, Mohawk Valley Health System, 1676 Sunset Avenue, Utica, New York 13502, United States
| | - James M Tour
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- NanoCarbon Center and Rice Advanced Materials Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chauhan SS, Gupta A, Srivastava A, Parthasarathi R. Discovering targeted inhibitors for Escherichia coli efflux pump fusion proteins using computational and structure-guided approaches. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:13-24. [PMID: 37656428 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance pathogens causing infections and illness remain largely untreated clinically. Efflux pumps are one of the primary processes through which bacteria develop resistance by transferring antibiotics from the interior of their cells to the outside environment. Inhibiting these pumps by developing efficient derivatives appears to be a promising strategy for restoring antibiotic potency. This investigation explores literature-reported inhibitors of E. coli efflux pump fusion proteins AcrB-AcrA and identify potential chemical derivatives of these inhibitors to overcome the limitations. Using computational and structure-guided approaches, a study was conducted with the selected inhibitors (AcrA:25-AcrB:59) obtained by data mining and their derivatives (AcrA:857-AcrB:3891) to identify their inhibitory effect on efflux pump using virtual screening, molecular docking and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The finding indicates that Compound 2 (ZINC000072136376) has shown better binding and a significant inhibitory effect on AcrA, while Compound 3 (ZINC000072266819) has shown stronger binding and substantial inhibition effect on both non-mutant and mutated AcrB subunits. The identified derivatives could exhibit a better inhibitor and provide a potential approach for restoring the actions of resistant antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Singh Chauhan
- Computational Toxicology Facility, Toxicoinformatics & Industrial Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Anshika Gupta
- Computational Toxicology Facility, Toxicoinformatics & Industrial Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Aashna Srivastava
- Computational Toxicology Facility, Toxicoinformatics & Industrial Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Ramakrishnan Parthasarathi
- Computational Toxicology Facility, Toxicoinformatics & Industrial Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pai L, Patil S, Liu S, Wen F. A growing battlefield in the war against biofilm-induced antimicrobial resistance: insights from reviews on antibiotic resistance. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1327069. [PMID: 38188636 PMCID: PMC10770264 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1327069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are a common survival strategy employed by bacteria in healthcare settings, which enhances their resistance to antimicrobial and biocidal agents making infections difficult to treat. Mechanisms of biofilm-induced antimicrobial resistance involve reduced penetration of antimicrobial agents, increased expression of efflux pumps, altered microbial physiology, and genetic changes in the bacterial population. Factors contributing to the formation of biofilms include nutrient availability, temperature, pH, surface properties, and microbial interactions. Biofilm-associated infections can have serious consequences for patient outcomes, and standard antimicrobial therapies are often ineffective against biofilm-associated bacteria, making diagnosis and treatment challenging. Novel strategies, including antibiotics combination therapies (such as daptomycin and vancomycin, colistin and azithromycin), biofilm-targeted agents (such as small molecules (LP3134, LP3145, LP4010, LP1062) target c-di-GMP), and immunomodulatory therapies (such as the anti-PcrV IgY antibodies which target Type IIIsecretion system), are being developed to combat biofilm-induced antimicrobial resistance. A multifaceted approach to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention is necessary to address this emerging problem in healthcare settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Pai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Pediatric Research Institute, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sandip Patil
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Pediatric Research Institute, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sixi Liu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feiqiu Wen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Pediatric Research Institute, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pisoni LA, Semple SJ, Liu S, Sykes MJ, Venter H. Combined Structure- and Ligand-Based Approach for the Identification of Inhibitors of AcrAB-TolC in Escherichia coli. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:2504-2522. [PMID: 37888944 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The inhibition of efflux pumps is a promising approach to combating multidrug-resistant bacteria. We have developed a combined structure- and ligand-based model, using OpenEye software, for the identification of inhibitors of AcrB, the inner membrane protein component of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump in Escherichia coli. From a database of 1391 FDA-approved drugs, 23 compounds were selected to test for efflux inhibition in E. coli. Seven compounds, including ivacaftor (25), butenafine (19), naftifine (27), pimozide (30), thioridazine (35), trifluoperazine (37), and meloxicam (26), enhanced the activity of at least one antimicrobial substrate and inhibited the efflux pump-mediated removal of the substrate Nile Red from cells. Ivacaftor (25) inhibited efflux dose dependently, had no effect on an E. coli strain with genomic deletion of the gene encoding AcrB, and did not damage the bacterial outer membrane. In the presence of a sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the outer membrane permeabilizer colistin, ivacaftor at 1 μg/mL reduced the MICs of erythromycin and minocycline by 4- to 8-fold. The identification of seven potential AcrB inhibitors shows the merits of a combined structure- and ligand-based approach to virtual screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lily A Pisoni
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines and Pharmacy Research Centre, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Susan J Semple
- Quality Use of Medicines and Pharmacy Research Centre, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Sida Liu
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sykes
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Henrietta Venter
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
MacGowan AP, Attwood MLG, Noel AR, Barber R, Aron Z, Opperman TJ, Grimsey E, Stone J, Ricci V, Piddock LJV. Exposure of Escherichia coli to antibiotic-efflux pump inhibitor combinations in a pharmacokinetic model: impact on bacterial clearance and drug resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 2023; 78:2869-2877. [PMID: 37837411 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) offer an attractive therapeutic option when combined with existing classes. However, their optimal dosing strategies are unknown. METHODS MICs of ciprofloxacin (CIP)+/-chlorpromazine, phenylalanine-arginine β naphthylamide (PAβN) and a developmental molecule MBX-4191 were determined and the pharmacodynamics (PD) was studied in an in vitro model employing Escherichia coli MG1655 and its isogenic MarR mutant (I1147). Exposure ranging experiments were performed initially then fractionation. Changes in bacterial load and population profiles were assessed. Strains recovered after EPI simulations were studied by WGS. RESULTS The CIPMICs for E. coli MG1655 and I1147 were 0.08 and 0.03 mg/L. Chlorpromazine at a concentration of 60 mg/L, PAβN concentrations of 30 mg/L and MBX-4191 concentrations of 0.5-1.0 mg/L reduced CIP MICs for I1147 and enhanced bacterial killing. Using CIP at an AUC of 1.2 mg·h/L, chlorpromazine AUC was best related to reduction in bacterial load at 24 h, however, when the time drug concentration was greater than 25 mg/L (T > 25 mg/L) chlorpromazine was also strongly related to the effect. For PaβN with CIP AUC, 0.6 mg·h/L PaβN AUC was best related to a reduction in bacterial load. MBX-4191T > 0.5-0.75 mg·h/L was best related to reduction in bacterial load. Changes in population profiles were not seen in experiments of ciprofloxacin + EPIs. WGS of recovered strains from simulations with all three EPIs showed mutations in gyrA, gyrB or marR. CONCLUSIONS AUC was the pharmacodynamic driver for chlorpromazine and PAβN while T > threshold was the driver for MBX-4191 and important in the activity of chlorpromazine and PAβN. Changes in population profiles did not occur with combinations of ciprofloxacin + EPIs, however, mutations in gyrA, gyrB and marR were detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair P MacGowan
- Bristol Centre for Antimicrobial Research & Evaluation (BCARE), Infection Sciences, Southmead Hospital, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - M L G Attwood
- Bristol Centre for Antimicrobial Research & Evaluation (BCARE), Infection Sciences, Southmead Hospital, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Alan R Noel
- Bristol Centre for Antimicrobial Research & Evaluation (BCARE), Infection Sciences, Southmead Hospital, Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - R Barber
- Microbiotix Inc, 1 Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Zachary Aron
- Microbiotix Inc, 1 Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Grimsey
- Antimicrobials Research Group, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jack Stone
- Antimicrobials Research Group, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Vito Ricci
- Antimicrobials Research Group, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - L J V Piddock
- Antimicrobials Research Group, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jiménez-Castellanos JC, Pradel E, Compagne N, Vieira Da Cruz A, Flipo M, Hartkoorn RC. Characterization of pyridylpiperazine-based efflux pump inhibitors for Acinetobacter baumannii. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2023; 5:dlad112. [PMID: 37881353 PMCID: PMC10594211 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlad112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives In Acinetobacter baumannii, multidrug efflux pumps belonging to the resistance-nodulation-division (RND) superfamily result in decreased antibiotic susceptibility. Improving the activity of current antibiotics via efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) represents an attractive alternative approach to control this bacterium. Pyridylpiperazines (PyrPips) are a new class of EPIs that can effectively inhibit the Escherichia coli RND efflux pump AcrAB-TolC and boost the activity of several antibiotics. Here we have evaluated and characterized whether the PyrPip chemical family is also able to boost antibiotic activity through inhibition of the RND efflux pumps in A. baumannii. Methods Comparative structural modelling and docking, structure-activity relationship studies alongside molecular genetic approaches were deployed to improve, characterize and validate PyrPips' target. Results We showed that two enhanced PyrPip EPIs are capable of rescuing the activity of different classes of antibiotics in A. baumannii. By expressing A. baumannii main efflux pumps (AdeB, AdeG and AdeJ) individually in E. coli recombinant strains, we could gain further insights about the EPIs' capacity to act upon each pump. Finally, we showed that PyrPip EPIs are mostly acting through AdeJ inhibition via interactions with two key charged residues, namely E959 and E963. Conclusions Our work demonstrates that PyrPip EPIs are capable of inhibiting RND efflux pumps of A. baumannii, and thus may present a promising chemical scaffold for further development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Carlos Jiménez-Castellanos
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019, UMR 9017, CIIL, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Elizabeth Pradel
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019, UMR 9017, CIIL, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nina Compagne
- Université de Lille, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177, Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Anais Vieira Da Cruz
- Université de Lille, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177, Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marion Flipo
- Université de Lille, INSERM, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177, Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ruben C Hartkoorn
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019, UMR 9017, CIIL, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang S, Wang J, Ahn J. Advances in the Discovery of Efflux Pump Inhibitors as Novel Potentiators to Control Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1417. [PMID: 37760714 PMCID: PMC10525980 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The excessive use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens in clinical settings and food-producing animals, posing significant challenges to clinical management and food control. Over the past few decades, the discovery of antimicrobials has slowed down, leading to a lack of treatment options for clinical infectious diseases and foodborne illnesses. Given the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance and the limited availability of effective antibiotics, the discovery of novel antibiotic potentiators may prove useful for the treatment of bacterial infections. The application of antibiotics combined with antibiotic potentiators has demonstrated successful outcomes in bench-scale experiments and clinical settings. For instance, the use of efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) in combination with antibiotics showed effective inhibition of MDR pathogens. Thus, this review aims to enable the possibility of using novel EPIs as potential adjuvants to effectively control MDR pathogens. Specifically, it provides a comprehensive summary of the advances in novel EPI discovery and the underlying mechanisms that restore antimicrobial activity. In addition, we also characterize plant-derived EPIs as novel potentiators. This review provides insights into current challenges and potential strategies for future advancements in fighting antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Juhee Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea;
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gervasoni S, Mehla J, Bergen CR, Leus IV, Margiotta E, Malloci G, Bosin A, Vargiu AV, Lomovskaya O, Rybenkov VV, Ruggerone P, Zgurskaya HI. Molecular determinants of avoidance and inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa MexB efflux pump. mBio 2023; 14:e0140323. [PMID: 37493633 PMCID: PMC10470492 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01403-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transporters of the resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) superfamily of proteins are the dominant multidrug efflux power of Gram-negative bacteria. The major RND efflux pump of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is MexAB-OprM, in which the inner membrane transporter MexB is responsible for the recognition and binding of compounds. The high importance of this pump in clinical antibiotic resistance made it a subject of intense investigations and a promising target for the discovery of efflux pump inhibitors. This study is focused on a series of peptidomimetic compounds developed as effective inhibitors of MexAB-OprM. We performed multi-copy molecular dynamics simulations, machine-learning (ML) analyses, and site-directed mutagenesis of MexB to investigate interactions of MexB with representatives of efflux avoiders, substrates, and inhibitors. The analysis of both direct and water-mediated protein-ligand interactions revealed characteristic patterns for each class, highlighting significant differences between them. We found that efflux avoiders poorly interact with the access binding site of MexB, and inhibition engages amino acid residues that are not directly involved in binding and transport of substrates. In agreement, machine-learning models selected different residues predictive of MexB substrates and inhibitors. The differences in interactions were further validated by site-directed mutagenesis. We conclude that the substrate translocation and inhibition pathways of MexB split at the interface (between the main putative binding sites) and at the deep binding pocket and that interactions outside of the hydrophobic patch contribute to the inhibition of MexB. This molecular-level information could help in the rational design of new inhibitors and antibiotics less susceptible to the efflux mechanism. IMPORTANCE Multidrug transporters recognize and expel from cells a broad range of ligands including their own inhibitors. The difference between the substrate translocation and inhibition routes remains unclear. In this study, machine learning and computational and experimental approaches were used to understand dynamics of MexB interactions with its ligands. Our results show that some ligands engage a certain combination of polar and charged residues in MexB binding sites to be effectively expelled into the exit funnel, whereas others engage aromatic and hydrophobic residues that slow down or hinder the next step in the transporter cycle. These findings suggest that all MexB ligands fit into this substrate-inhibitor spectrum depending on their physico-chemical structures and properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gervasoni
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Jitender Mehla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Charles R. Bergen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Inga V. Leus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Enrico Margiotta
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Giuliano Malloci
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Andrea Bosin
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | | | | | - Valentin V. Rybenkov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Paolo Ruggerone
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Helen I. Zgurskaya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Avakh A, Grant GD, Cheesman MJ, Kalkundri T, Hall S. The Art of War with Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Targeting Mex Efflux Pumps Directly to Strategically Enhance Antipseudomonal Drug Efficacy. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1304. [PMID: 37627724 PMCID: PMC10451789 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) poses a grave clinical challenge due to its multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype, leading to severe and life-threatening infections. This bacterium exhibits both intrinsic resistance to various antipseudomonal agents and acquired resistance against nearly all available antibiotics, contributing to its MDR phenotype. Multiple mechanisms, including enzyme production, loss of outer membrane proteins, target mutations, and multidrug efflux systems, contribute to its antimicrobial resistance. The clinical importance of addressing MDR in P. aeruginosa is paramount, and one pivotal determinant is the resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family of drug/proton antiporters, notably the Mex efflux pumps. These pumps function as crucial defenders, reinforcing the emergence of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and pandrug-resistant (PDR) strains, which underscores the urgency of the situation. Overcoming this challenge necessitates the exploration and development of potent efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) to restore the efficacy of existing antipseudomonal drugs. By effectively countering or bypassing efflux activities, EPIs hold tremendous potential for restoring the antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa and other Gram-negative pathogens. This review focuses on concurrent MDR, highlighting the clinical significance of efflux pumps, particularly the Mex efflux pumps, in driving MDR. It explores promising EPIs and delves into the structural characteristics of the MexB subunit and its substrate binding sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Susan Hall
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia; (A.A.); (G.D.G.); (M.J.C.); (T.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Trampari E, Prischi F, Vargiu AV, Abi-Assaf J, Bavro VN, Webber MA. Functionally distinct mutations within AcrB underpin antibiotic resistance in different lifestyles. NPJ ANTIMICROBIALS AND RESISTANCE 2023; 1:2. [PMID: 38686215 PMCID: PMC11057200 DOI: 10.1038/s44259-023-00001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a pressing healthcare challenge and is mediated by various mechanisms, including the active export of drugs via multidrug efflux systems, which prevent drug accumulation within the cell. Here, we studied how Salmonella evolved resistance to two key antibiotics, cefotaxime and azithromycin, when grown planktonically or as a biofilm. Resistance to both drugs emerged in both conditions and was associated with different substitutions within the efflux-associated transporter, AcrB. Azithromycin exposure selected for an R717L substitution, while cefotaxime for Q176K. Additional mutations in ramR or envZ accumulated concurrently with the R717L or Q176K substitutions respectively, resulting in clinical resistance to the selective antibiotics and cross-resistance to other drugs. Structural, genetic, and phenotypic analysis showed the two AcrB substitutions confer their benefits in profoundly different ways. R717L reduces steric barriers associated with transit through the substrate channel 2 of AcrB. Q176K increases binding energy for cefotaxime, improving recognition in the distal binding pocket, resulting in increased efflux efficiency. Finally, we show the R717 substitution is present in isolates recovered around the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Trampari
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ UK
| | - Filippo Prischi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ UK
| | - Attilio V. Vargiu
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, S. P. 8, km. 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Justin Abi-Assaf
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ UK
| | - Vassiliy N. Bavro
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ UK
| | - Mark A. Webber
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ UK
- Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UA UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pun M, Khazanov N, Galsurker O, Kerem Z, Senderowitz H, Yedidia I. Inhibition of AcrAB-TolC enhances antimicrobial activity of phytochemicals in Pectobacterium brasiliense. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1161702. [PMID: 37229130 PMCID: PMC10203483 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1161702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The eons-long co-evolvement of plants and bacteria led to a plethora of interactions between the two kingdoms, in which bacterial pathogenicity is counteracted by plant-derived antimicrobial defense molecules. In return, efflux pumps (EP) form part of the resistance mechanism employed by bacteria to permit their survival in this hostile chemical environment. In this work we study the effect of combinations of efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) and plant-derived phytochemicals on bacterial activity using Pectobacteriun brasiliense 1692 (Pb1692) as a model system. Methods We measured the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of two phytochemicals, phloretin (Pht) and naringenin (Nar), and of one common antibiotic ciprofloxacin (Cip), either alone or in combinations with two known inhibitors of the AcrB EP of Escherichia coli, a close homolog of the AcrAB-TolC EP of Pb1692. In addition, we also measured the expression of genes encoding for the EP, under similar conditions. Results Using the FICI equation, we observed synergism between the EPIs and the phytochemicals, but not between the EPIs and the antibiotic, suggesting that EP inhibition potentiated the antimicrobial activity of the plant derived compounds, but not of Cip. Docking simulations were successfully used to rationalize these experimental results. Discussion Our findings suggest that AcrAB-TolC plays an important role in survival and fitness of Pb1692 in the plant environment and that its inhibition is a viable strategy for controlling bacterial pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Pun
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon Lezion, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Netaly Khazanov
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ortal Galsurker
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Zohar Kerem
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Iris Yedidia
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon Lezion, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Moore-Machacek A, Gloe A, O'Leary N, Reen FJ. Efflux, Signaling and Warfare in a Polymicrobial World. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040731. [PMID: 37107093 PMCID: PMC10135244 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery void of antimicrobial development has occurred at a time when the world has seen a rapid emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance, the 'perfect storm' as it has often been described. While the discovery and development of new antibiotics has continued in the research sphere, the pipeline to clinic has largely been fed by derivatives of existing classes of antibiotics, each prone to pre-existing resistance mechanisms. A novel approach to infection management has come from the ecological perspective whereby microbial networks and evolved communities already possess small molecular capabilities for pathogen control. The spatiotemporal nature of microbial interactions is such that mutualism and parasitism are often two ends of the same stick. Small molecule efflux inhibitors can directly target antibiotic efflux, a primary resistance mechanism adopted by many species of bacteria and fungi. However, a much broader anti-infective capability resides within the action of these inhibitors, borne from the role of efflux in key physiological and virulence processes, including biofilm formation, toxin efflux, and stress management. Understanding how these behaviors manifest within complex polymicrobial communities is key to unlocking the full potential of the advanced repertoires of efflux inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antje Gloe
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Niall O'Leary
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| | - F Jerry Reen
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
- Synthesis and Solid-State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Athar M, Gervasoni S, Catte A, Basciu A, Malloci G, Ruggerone P, Vargiu AV. Tripartite efflux pumps of the RND superfamily: what did we learn from computational studies? MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169. [PMID: 36972322 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has been long recognized as a priority to address for human health. Among all micro-organisms, the so-called multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria, which are resistant to most, if not all drugs in our current arsenal, are particularly worrisome. The World Health Organization has prioritized the ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter species) pathogens, which include four Gram-negative bacterial species. In these bacteria, active extrusion of antimicrobial compounds out of the cell by means of 'molecular guns' known as efflux pumps is a main determinant of MDR phenotypes. The resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) superfamily of efflux pumps connecting the inner and outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria is crucial to the onset of MDR and virulence, as well as biofilm formation. Thus, understanding the molecular basis of the interaction of antibiotics and inhibitors with these pumps is key to the design of more effective therapeutics. With the aim to contribute to this challenge, and complement and inspire experimental research, in silico studies on RND efflux pumps have flourished in recent decades. Here, we review a selection of such investigations addressing the main determinants behind the polyspecificity of these pumps, the mechanisms of substrate recognition, transport and inhibition, as well as the relevance of their assembly for proper functioning, and the role of protein-lipid interactions. The journey will end with a perspective on the role of computer simulations in addressing the challenges posed by these beautifully complex machineries and in supporting the fight against the spread of MDR bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Athar
- Physics Department, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SP 8 km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Silvia Gervasoni
- Physics Department, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SP 8 km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Andrea Catte
- Physics Department, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SP 8 km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Andrea Basciu
- Physics Department, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SP 8 km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Giuliano Malloci
- Physics Department, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SP 8 km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Paolo Ruggerone
- Physics Department, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SP 8 km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Attilio Vittorio Vargiu
- Physics Department, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SP 8 km 0.700, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Oyedara OO, Fadare OA, Franco-Frías E, Heredia N, García S. Computational assessment of phytochemicals of medicinal plants from Mexico as potential inhibitors of Salmonella enterica efflux pump AcrB protein. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:1776-1789. [PMID: 34996337 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.2024261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The AcrAB-TolC efflux pump (EP) confers multidrug resistance to Salmonella enterica, a major etiological agent of foodborne infections. Phytochemicals that inhibit the functions of AcrAB-TolC EP present ideal candidates for reversal of antibiotic resistance. Progressive technological advancements, have facilitated the development of computational methods that offer a rapid low-cost approach to screen and identify phytochemicals with inhibitory potential against EP. In this study, 71 phytochemicals derived from plants used for medicinal purposes in Mexico were screened for their potential as inhibitors of Salmonella AcrB protein using in silico approaches including molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Consequently, naringenin, 5-methoxypsoralen, and licarin A were identified as candidate inhibitors of AcrB protein. The three phytochemicals bound distal/deep pocket (DP) and hydrophobic trap (HPT) residues of AcrB protein critical for interactions with inhibitors, with estimated binding free energies of -95.5 kJ/mol, -97.4 kJ/mol, and -143.8 kJ/mol for naringenin, 5-methoxypsoralen, and licarin A, respectively. Data from the 50 ns MD simulation study revealed stability of the protein-ligand complex and alterations in the AcrB protein DP conformation upon binding of phytochemicals to the DP and HPT regions. Based on the estimated binding free energy and interactions with three out of five residues lining the hydrophobic trap, licarin A demonstrated the highest inhibitory potential, supporting its further application as a candidate for overcoming drug resistance in pathogens. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omotayo O Oyedara
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | | | - Eduardo Franco-Frías
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Norma Heredia
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Santos García
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chetri S. The culmination of multidrug-resistant efflux pumps vs. meager antibiotic arsenal era: Urgent need for an improved new generation of EPIs. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1149418. [PMID: 37138605 PMCID: PMC10149990 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1149418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Efflux pumps function as an advanced defense system against antimicrobials by reducing the concentration of drugs inside the bacteria and extruding the substances outside. Various extraneous substances, including antimicrobials, toxic heavy metals, dyes, and detergents, have been removed by this protective barrier composed of diverse transporter proteins found in between the cell membrane and the periplasm within the bacterial cell. In this review, multiple efflux pump families have been analytically and widely outlined, and their potential applications have been discussed in detail. Additionally, this review also discusses a variety of biological functions of efflux pumps, including their role in the formation of biofilms, quorum sensing, their survivability, and the virulence in bacteria, and the genes/proteins associated with efflux pumps have also been explored for their potential relevance to antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic residue detection. A final discussion centers around efflux pump inhibitors, particularly those derived from plants.
Collapse
|
18
|
Sodium Malonate Inhibits the AcrAB-TolC Multidrug Efflux Pump of Escherichia coli and Increases Antibiotic Efficacy. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121409. [PMID: 36558743 PMCID: PMC9781404 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to find novel treatments for combating multidrug-resistant bacteria. Multidrug efflux pumps that expel antibiotics out of cells are major contributors to this problem. Therefore, using efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) is a promising strategy to increase antibiotic efficacy. However, there are no EPIs currently approved for clinical use especially because of their toxicity. This study investigates sodium malonate, a natural, non-hazardous, small molecule, for its use as a novel EPI of AcrAB-TolC, the main multidrug efflux pump of the Enterobacteriaceae family. Using ethidium bromide accumulation experiments, we found that 25 mM sodium malonate inhibited efflux by the AcrAB-TolC and other MDR pumps of Escherichia coli to a similar degree than 50 μΜ phenylalanine-arginine-β-naphthylamide, a well-known EPI. Using minimum inhibitory concentration assays and molecular docking to study AcrB-ligand interactions, we found that sodium malonate increased the efficacy of ethidium bromide and the antibiotics minocycline, chloramphenicol, and ciprofloxacin, possibly via binding to multiple AcrB locations, including the AcrB proximal binding pocket. In conclusion, sodium malonate is a newly discovered EPI that increases antibiotic efficacy. Our findings support the development of malonic acid/sodium malonate and its derivatives as promising EPIs for augmenting antibiotic efficacy when treating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.
Collapse
|
19
|
Catte A, K. Ramaswamy V, Vargiu AV, Malloci G, Bosin A, Ruggerone P. Common recognition topology of mex transporters of Pseudomonas aeruginosa revealed by molecular modelling. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1021916. [PMID: 36438787 PMCID: PMC9691783 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1021916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The secondary transporters of the resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) superfamily mediate multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Among these RND transporters, MexB, MexF, and MexY, with partly overlapping specificities, have been implicated in pathogenicity. Only the structure of the former has been resolved experimentally, which together with the lack of data about the functional dynamics of the full set of transporters, limited a systematic investigation of the molecular determinants defining their peculiar and shared features. In a previous work (Ramaswamy et al., Front. Microbiol., 2018, 9, 1144), we compared at an atomistic level the two main putative recognition sites (named access and deep binding pockets) of MexB and MexY. In this work, we expand the comparison by performing extended molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of these transporters and the pathologically relevant transporter MexF. We employed a more realistic model of the inner phospholipid membrane of P. aeruginosa and more accurate force-fields. To elucidate structure/dynamics-activity relationships we performed physico-chemical analyses and mapped the binding propensities of several organic probes on all transporters. Our data revealed the presence, also in MexF, of a few multifunctional sites at locations equivalent to the access and deep binding pockets detected in MexB. Furthermore, we report for the first time about the multidrug binding abilities of two out of five gates of the channels deputed to peripheral (early) recognition of substrates. Overall, our findings help to define a common “recognition topology” characterizing Mex transporters, which can be exploited to optimize transport and inhibition propensities of antimicrobial compounds.
Collapse
|
20
|
Seukep AJ, Mbuntcha HG, Kuete V, Chu Y, Fan E, Guo MQ. What Approaches to Thwart Bacterial Efflux Pumps-Mediated Resistance? Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11101287. [PMID: 36289945 PMCID: PMC9598416 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective response that combines prevention and treatment is still the most anticipated solution to the increasing incidence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). As the phenomenon continues to evolve, AMR is driving an escalation of hard-to-treat infections and mortality rates. Over the years, bacteria have devised a variety of survival tactics to outwit the antibiotic’s effects, yet given their great adaptability, unexpected mechanisms are still to be discovered. Over-expression of efflux pumps (EPs) constitutes the leading strategy of bacterial resistance, and it is also a primary driver in the establishment of multidrug resistance (MDR). Extensive efforts are being made to develop antibiotic resistance breakers (ARBs) with the ultimate goal of re-sensitizing bacteria to medications to which they have become unresponsive. EP inhibitors (EPIs) appear to be the principal group of ARBs used to impair the efflux system machinery. Due to the high toxicity of synthetic EPIs, there is a growing interest in natural, safe, and innocuous ones, whereby plant extracts emerge to be excellent candidates. Besides EPIs, further alternatives are being explored including the development of nanoparticle carriers, biologics, and phage therapy, among others. What roles do EPs play in the occurrence of MDR? What weapons do we have to thwart EP-mediated resistance? What are the obstacles to their development? These are some of the core questions addressed in the present review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armel Jackson Seukep
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 437004, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 437004, China
- Innovation Academy for Drug Discovery and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Helene Gueaba Mbuntcha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 67, Cameroon
| | - Victor Kuete
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 67, Cameroon
| | - Yindi Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Enguo Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, China
- Correspondence: (E.F.); (M.-Q.G.)
| | - Ming-Quan Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 437004, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 437004, China
- Innovation Academy for Drug Discovery and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Correspondence: (E.F.); (M.-Q.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Drug Efflux Pump Inhibitors: A Promising Approach to Counter Multidrug Resistance in Gram-Negative Pathogens by Targeting AcrB Protein from AcrAB-TolC Multidrug Efflux Pump from Escherichia coli. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091328. [PMID: 36138807 PMCID: PMC9495857 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, especially that caused by Gram-negative bacteria, have posed serious health issues worldwide. Bacteria have different mechanisms that can confer multidrug resistance to bacteria, among these mechanisms are drug efflux pumps that play the main role in conferring multidrug resistance by recognizing then expelling a wide range of compounds, especially antibiotics, and reducing their concentration to sub-toxic levels. Small molecule inhibitors that target drug efflux pumps especially the AcrAB-TolC multidrug efflux pump, from E. coli, appear as a new promising and attractive approach that could increase the required accumulation of antimicrobials to eliminate bacteria as well as leading to reverse antibiotic resistance and prevent the development of resistance in clinically relevant bacterial pathogens and enhances the activity of antibiotics or prolong their effectiveness. Abstract Infections caused by multidrug resistance (MDR) of Gram-negative bacteria have become one of the most severe public health problems worldwide. The main mechanism that confers MDR to bacteria is drug efflux pumps, as they expel a wide range of compounds, especially antibiotics. Among the different types of drug efflux pumps, the resistance nodulation division (RND) superfamily confers MDR to various Gram-negative bacteria species. The AcrAB-TolC multidrug efflux pump, from E. coli, a member of RND, is the best-characterized example and an excellent model for understanding MDR because of an abundance of functional and structural data. Small molecule inhibitors that target the AcrAB-TolC drug efflux pump represent a new solution to reversing MDR in Gram-negative bacteria and restoring the efficacy of various used drugs that are clinically relevant to these pathogens, especially in the high shortage of drugs for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. This review will investigate solutions of MDR in Gram-negative bacteria by studying the inhibition of the AcrAB-TolC multidrug efflux pump.
Collapse
|
22
|
Cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of compounds isolated from the fruits and stem-bark of Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. & Thonn.) Taub. (Fabaceae). Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02956-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
23
|
Monteiro KLC, Silva ON, Dos Santos Nascimento IJ, Mendonça Júnior FJB, Aquino PGV, da Silva-Júnior EF, de Aquino TM. Medicinal Chemistry of Inhibitors Targeting Resistant Bacteria. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:1983-2028. [PMID: 35319372 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220321124452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of antibiotics was a revolutionary feat that provided countless health benefits. The identification of penicillin by Alexander Fleming initiated the era of antibiotics, represented by constant discoveries that enabled effective treatments for the different classes of diseases caused by bacteria. However, the indiscriminate use of these drugs allowed the emergence of resistance mechanisms of these microorganisms against the available drugs. In addition, the constant discoveries in the 20th century generated a shortage of new molecules, worrying health agencies and professionals about the appearance of multidrug-resistant strains against available drugs. In this context, the advances of recent years in molecular biology and microbiology have allowed new perspectives in drug design and development, using the findings related to the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to generate new drugs that are not affected by such mechanisms and supply new molecules to be used to treat resistant bacterial infections. Besides, a promising strategy against bacterial resistance is the combination of drugs through adjuvants, providing new expectations in designing new antibiotics and new antimicrobial therapies. Thus, this manuscript will address the main mechanisms of bacterial resistance under the understanding of medicinal chemistry, showing the main active compounds against efflux mechanisms, and also the application of the use of drug delivery systems, and finally, the main potential natural products as adjuvants or with promising activity against resistant strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kadja Luana Chagas Monteiro
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Osmar Nascimento Silva
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University Center of Anápolis, Unievangélica, 75083-515, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Igor José Dos Santos Nascimento
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Edeildo Ferreira da Silva-Júnior
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mendonça de Aquino
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dawan J, Ahn J. Bacterial Stress Responses as Potential Targets in Overcoming Antibiotic Resistance. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071385. [PMID: 35889104 PMCID: PMC9322497 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria can be adapted to adverse and detrimental conditions that induce general and specific responses to DNA damage as well as acid, heat, cold, starvation, oxidative, envelope, and osmotic stresses. The stress-triggered regulatory systems are involved in bacterial survival processes, such as adaptation, physiological changes, virulence potential, and antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic susceptibility to several antibiotics is reduced due to the activation of stress responses in cellular physiology by the stimulation of resistance mechanisms, the promotion of a resistant lifestyle (biofilm or persistence), and/or the induction of resistance mutations. Hence, the activation of bacterial stress responses poses a serious threat to the efficacy and clinical success of antibiotic therapy. Bacterial stress responses can be potential targets for therapeutic alternatives to antibiotics. An understanding of the regulation of stress response in association with antibiotic resistance provides useful information for the discovery of novel antimicrobial adjuvants and the development of effective therapeutic strategies to control antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Therefore, this review discusses bacterial stress responses linked to antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria and also provides information on novel therapies targeting bacterial stress responses that have been identified as potential candidates for the effective control of Gram-negative antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jirapat Dawan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Korea;
| | - Juhee Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Korea;
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-250-6564
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Blair JMA, Zeth K, Bavro VN, Sancho-Vaello E. The role of bacterial transport systems in the removal of host antimicrobial peptides in Gram-negative bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2022; 46:6617596. [PMID: 35749576 PMCID: PMC9629497 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global issue that threatens our progress in healthcare and life expectancy. In recent years, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been considered as promising alternatives to the classic antibiotics. AMPs are potentially superior due to their lower rate of resistance development, since they primarily target the bacterial membrane ('Achilles' heel' of the bacteria). However, bacteria have developed mechanisms of AMP resistance, including the removal of AMPs to the extracellular space by efflux pumps such as the MtrCDE or AcrAB-TolC systems, and the internalization of AMPs to the cytoplasm by the Sap transporter, followed by proteolytic digestion. In this review, we focus on AMP transport as a resistance mechanism compiling all the experimental evidence for the involvement of efflux in AMP resistance in Gram-negative bacteria and combine this information with the analysis of the structures of the efflux systems involved. Finally, we expose some open questions with the aim of arousing the interest of the scientific community towards the AMPs-efflux pumps interactions. All the collected information broadens our understanding of AMP removal by efflux pumps and gives some clues to assist the rational design of AMP-derivatives as inhibitors of the efflux pumps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M A Blair
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Kornelius Zeth
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Vassiliy N Bavro
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Enea Sancho-Vaello
- Corresponding author. College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Targeting the Holy Triangle of Quorum Sensing, Biofilm Formation, and Antibiotic Resistance in Pathogenic Bacteria. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061239. [PMID: 35744757 PMCID: PMC9228545 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic and recurrent bacterial infections are frequently associated with the formation of biofilms on biotic or abiotic materials that are composed of mono- or multi-species cultures of bacteria/fungi embedded in an extracellular matrix produced by the microorganisms. Biofilm formation is, among others, regulated by quorum sensing (QS) which is an interbacterial communication system usually composed of two-component systems (TCSs) of secreted autoinducer compounds that activate signal transduction pathways through interaction with their respective receptors. Embedded in the biofilms, the bacteria are protected from environmental stress stimuli, and they often show reduced responses to antibiotics, making it difficult to eradicate the bacterial infection. Besides reduced penetration of antibiotics through the intricate structure of the biofilms, the sessile biofilm-embedded bacteria show reduced metabolic activity making them intrinsically less sensitive to antibiotics. Moreover, they frequently express elevated levels of efflux pumps that extrude antibiotics, thereby reducing their intracellular levels. Some efflux pumps are involved in the secretion of QS compounds and biofilm-related materials, besides being important for removing toxic substances from the bacteria. Some efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) have been shown to both prevent biofilm formation and sensitize the bacteria to antibiotics, suggesting a relationship between these processes. Additionally, QS inhibitors or quenchers may affect antibiotic susceptibility. Thus, targeting elements that regulate QS and biofilm formation might be a promising approach to combat antibiotic-resistant biofilm-related bacterial infections.
Collapse
|
27
|
Tambat R, Mahey N, Chandal N, Verma DK, Jangra M, Thakur KG, Nandanwar H. A Microbe-Derived Efflux Pump Inhibitor of the Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division Protein Restores Antibiotic Susceptibility in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:255-270. [PMID: 35045260 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) as potentiators along with the traditional antibiotics assists in the warfare against antibiotic-resistant superbugs. Efflux pumps of the resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) family play crucial roles in multidrug resistance in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Despite several efforts, clinically useful inhibitors are not available at present. This study describes ethyl 4-bromopyrrole-2-carboxylate (RP1) isolation, an inhibitor of RND transporters from the library of 4000 microbial exudates. RP1 acts synergistically with antibiotics by reducing their minimum inhibitory concentration in strains overexpressing archetype RND transporters (AcrAB-TolC and MexAB-OprM). It also improves the accumulation of Hoechst 33342 and inhibits its efflux (a hallmark of EPI functionality). The antibiotic-RP1 combinations prolong the postantibiotic effects and reduce the mutation prevention concentration of antibiotics. Additionally, from Biolayer Interferometry spectra, it appears that RP1 is bound to AcrB. RP1 displays low mammalian cytotoxicity, no Ca2+ channel inhibitory effects, and reduces the intracellular invasion of E. coli and P. aeruginosa in macrophages. Furthermore, the RP1-levofloxacin combination is nontoxic, well-tolerated, and notably effective in a murine lung infection model. In sum, RP1 is a potent EPI and worthy of further consideration as a potentiator to improve the effectiveness of existing antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rushikesh Tambat
- Clinical Microbiology & Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, CSIR−Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Nisha Mahey
- Clinical Microbiology & Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, CSIR−Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160036, India
- AcSIR−Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Nishtha Chandal
- Clinical Microbiology & Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, CSIR−Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160036, India
- AcSIR−Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Dipesh Kumar Verma
- Structural Biology Laboratory, CSIR−Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Manoj Jangra
- Clinical Microbiology & Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, CSIR−Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Krishan Gopal Thakur
- Structural Biology Laboratory, CSIR−Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Hemraj Nandanwar
- Clinical Microbiology & Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, CSIR−Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160036, India
- AcSIR−Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nadar S, Khan T, Patching SG, Omri A. Development of Antibiofilm Therapeutics Strategies to Overcome Antimicrobial Drug Resistance. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020303. [PMID: 35208758 PMCID: PMC8879831 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A biofilm is a community of stable microorganisms encapsulated in an extracellular matrix produced by themselves. Many types of microorganisms that are found on living hosts or in the environment can form biofilms. These include pathogenic bacteria that can serve as a reservoir for persistent infections, and are culpable for leading to a broad spectrum of chronic illnesses and emergence of antibiotic resistance making them difficult to be treated. The absence of biofilm-targeting antibiotics in the drug discovery pipeline indicates an unmet opportunity for designing new biofilm inhibitors as antimicrobial agents using various strategies and targeting distinct stages of biofilm formation. The strategies available to control biofilm formation include targeting the enzymes and proteins specific to the microorganism and those involved in the adhesion pathways leading to formation of resistant biofilms. This review primarily focuses on the recent strategies and advances responsible for identifying a myriad of antibiofilm agents and their mechanism of biofilm inhibition, including extracellular polymeric substance synthesis inhibitors, adhesion inhibitors, quorum sensing inhibitors, efflux pump inhibitors, and cyclic diguanylate inhibitors. Furthermore, we present the structure–activity relationships (SAR) of these agents, including recently discovered biofilm inhibitors, nature-derived bioactive scaffolds, synthetic small molecules, antimicrobial peptides, bioactive compounds isolated from fungi, non-proteinogenic amino acids and antibiotics. We hope to fuel interest and focus research efforts on the development of agents targeting the uniquely complex, physical and chemical heterogeneous biofilms through a multipronged approach and combinatorial therapeutics for a more effective control and management of biofilms across diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahaya Nadar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Mumbai 400056, India;
| | - Tabassum Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Quality Assurance, SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400056, India;
| | - Simon G. Patching
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Correspondence: or (S.G.P.); (A.O.)
| | - Abdelwahab Omri
- The Novel Drug & Vaccine Delivery Systems Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
- Correspondence: or (S.G.P.); (A.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pyridylpiperazine-based allosteric inhibitors of RND-type multidrug efflux pumps. Nat Commun 2022; 13:115. [PMID: 35013254 PMCID: PMC8749003 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27726-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Efflux transporters of the RND family confer resistance to multiple antibiotics in Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we identify and chemically optimize pyridylpiperazine-based compounds that potentiate antibiotic activity in E. coli through inhibition of its primary RND transporter, AcrAB-TolC. Characterisation of resistant E. coli mutants and structural biology analyses indicate that the compounds bind to a unique site on the transmembrane domain of the AcrB L protomer, lined by key catalytic residues involved in proton relay. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the inhibitors access this binding pocket from the cytoplasm via a channel exclusively present in the AcrB L protomer. Thus, our work unveils a class of allosteric efflux-pump inhibitors that likely act by preventing the functional catalytic cycle of the RND pump. Efflux transporters of the RND family confer resistance to multiple antibiotics in Gram-negative bacteria. Here, the authors identify pyridylpiperazine-based compounds that potentiate antibiotic activity in E. coli through allosteric inhibition of its primary RND transporter.
Collapse
|
30
|
Microbial Efflux Pump Inhibitors: A Journey around Quinoline and Indole Derivatives. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226996. [PMID: 34834098 PMCID: PMC8618814 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a complex threat to human health and, to date, it represents a hot topic in drug discovery. The use of non-antibiotic molecules to block resistance mechanisms is a powerful alternative to the identification of new antibiotics. Bacterial efflux pumps exert the early step of AMR development, allowing the bacteria to grow in presence of sub-inhibitory drug concentration and develop more specific resistance mechanisms. Thus, efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) offer a great opportunity to fight AMR, potentially restoring antibiotic activity. Based on our experience in designing and synthesizing novel EPIs, herein, we retrieved information around quinoline and indole derivatives reported in literature on this topic. Thus, our aim was to collect all data around these promising classes of EPIs in order to delineate a comprehensive structure–activity relationship (SAR) around each core for different microbes. With this review article, we aim to help future research in the field in the discovery of new microbial EPIs with improved activity and a better safety profile.
Collapse
|
31
|
Sharma S, Rao R, Reeve SM, Phelps GA, Bharatham N, Katagihallimath N, Ramachandran V, Raveendran S, Sarma M, Nath A, Thomas T, Manickam D, Nagaraj S, Balasubramanian V, Lee RE, Hameed P S, Datta S. Azaindole Based Potentiator of Antibiotics against Gram-Negative Bacteria. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:3009-3024. [PMID: 34699190 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We discovered azaindole-based compounds with weak innate activity that exhibit substantial potentiation of antibacterial activities of different antibiotics, viz., rifampicin, erythromycin, solithromycin, and novobiocin in Gram-negative bacteria. In the presence of the azaindole derivatives, these antibiotics exhibited submicromolar minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. The fold improvements in MIC of these antibiotics that were otherwise weak or inactive on their own against these bacteria were also observed against drug-resistant clinical isolates. Our studies indicate that this selective potentiation is probably through destabilization of the outer membrane's integrity, known to be regulated by the lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Thus, the azaindole based compounds described here open opportunities for those antibiotics that are otherwise ineffective due to LPS mediated entry barriers in Gram-negative bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreevalli Sharma
- BUGWORKS Research India Pvt. Ltd., Centre for Cellular & Molecular Platforms, GKVK, Bellary Rd, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
- The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, Karnataka-560064, India
| | - Ranga Rao
- BUGWORKS Research India Pvt. Ltd., Centre for Cellular & Molecular Platforms, GKVK, Bellary Rd, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
- The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, Karnataka-560064, India
| | - Stephanie M. Reeve
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Gregory A. Phelps
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Nagakumar Bharatham
- BUGWORKS Research India Pvt. Ltd., Centre for Cellular & Molecular Platforms, GKVK, Bellary Rd, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
- The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, Karnataka-560064, India
| | - Nainesh Katagihallimath
- BUGWORKS Research India Pvt. Ltd., Centre for Cellular & Molecular Platforms, GKVK, Bellary Rd, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
- The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, Karnataka-560064, India
| | - Vasanthi Ramachandran
- BUGWORKS Research India Pvt. Ltd., Centre for Cellular & Molecular Platforms, GKVK, Bellary Rd, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
- The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, Karnataka-560064, India
| | - Savitha Raveendran
- BUGWORKS Research India Pvt. Ltd., Centre for Cellular & Molecular Platforms, GKVK, Bellary Rd, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Maitrayee Sarma
- BUGWORKS Research India Pvt. Ltd., Centre for Cellular & Molecular Platforms, GKVK, Bellary Rd, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Anubha Nath
- St. John’s Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka-560034, India
| | - Teby Thomas
- St. John’s Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka-560034, India
| | - Dhanasekaran Manickam
- Syngene International Ltd., Plot 2 & 3, Bommasandra Industrial Estate - Phase-IV, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560099, India
| | - Savitha Nagaraj
- St. John’s Medical Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka-560034, India
| | - V. Balasubramanian
- BUGWORKS Research India Pvt. Ltd., Centre for Cellular & Molecular Platforms, GKVK, Bellary Rd, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Richard E. Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Shahul Hameed P
- BUGWORKS Research India Pvt. Ltd., Centre for Cellular & Molecular Platforms, GKVK, Bellary Rd, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
- The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, Karnataka-560064, India
| | - Santanu Datta
- BUGWORKS Research India Pvt. Ltd., Centre for Cellular & Molecular Platforms, GKVK, Bellary Rd, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bharatham N, Bhowmik P, Aoki M, Okada U, Sharma S, Yamashita E, Shanbhag AP, Rajagopal S, Thomas T, Sarma M, Narjari R, Nagaraj S, Ramachandran V, Katagihallimath N, Datta S, Murakami S. Structure and function relationship of OqxB efflux pump from Klebsiella pneumoniae. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5400. [PMID: 34518546 PMCID: PMC8437966 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25679-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OqxB is an RND (Resistance-Nodulation-Division) efflux pump that has emerged as a factor contributing to the antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae. OqxB underwent horizontal gene transfer and is now seen in other Gram-negative bacterial pathogens including Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae and Salmonella spp., further disseminating multi-drug resistance. In this study, we describe crystal structure of OqxB with n-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside (DDM) molecules bound in its substrate-binding pocket, at 1.85 Å resolution. We utilize this structure in computational studies to predict the key amino acids contributing to the efflux of fluoroquinolones by OqxB, distinct from analogous residues in related transporters AcrB and MexB. Finally, our complementation assays with mutated OqxB and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) experiments with clinical isolates of E. coli provide further evidence that the predicted structural features are indeed involved in ciprofloxacin efflux.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagakumar Bharatham
- grid.413008.e0000 0004 1765 8271Bugworks Research India Pvt. Ltd., Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, GKVK, Bellary Rd, Bengaluru, Karnataka India ,grid.502290.cThe University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - Purnendu Bhowmik
- grid.413008.e0000 0004 1765 8271Bugworks Research India Pvt. Ltd., Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, GKVK, Bellary Rd, Bengaluru, Karnataka India ,grid.502290.cThe University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - Maho Aoki
- grid.32197.3e0000 0001 2179 2105Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ui Okada
- grid.32197.3e0000 0001 2179 2105Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sreevalli Sharma
- grid.413008.e0000 0004 1765 8271Bugworks Research India Pvt. Ltd., Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, GKVK, Bellary Rd, Bengaluru, Karnataka India ,grid.502290.cThe University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - Eiki Yamashita
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Anirudh P. Shanbhag
- grid.413008.e0000 0004 1765 8271Bugworks Research India Pvt. Ltd., Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, GKVK, Bellary Rd, Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - Sreenath Rajagopal
- grid.413008.e0000 0004 1765 8271Bugworks Research India Pvt. Ltd., Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, GKVK, Bellary Rd, Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - Teby Thomas
- grid.418280.70000 0004 1794 3160St. John’s Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - Maitrayee Sarma
- grid.413008.e0000 0004 1765 8271Bugworks Research India Pvt. Ltd., Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, GKVK, Bellary Rd, Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - Riya Narjari
- grid.413008.e0000 0004 1765 8271Bugworks Research India Pvt. Ltd., Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, GKVK, Bellary Rd, Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | | | - Vasanthi Ramachandran
- grid.413008.e0000 0004 1765 8271Bugworks Research India Pvt. Ltd., Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, GKVK, Bellary Rd, Bengaluru, Karnataka India ,grid.502290.cThe University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - Nainesh Katagihallimath
- grid.413008.e0000 0004 1765 8271Bugworks Research India Pvt. Ltd., Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, GKVK, Bellary Rd, Bengaluru, Karnataka India ,grid.502290.cThe University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - Santanu Datta
- grid.413008.e0000 0004 1765 8271Bugworks Research India Pvt. Ltd., Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms, GKVK, Bellary Rd, Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - Satoshi Murakami
- grid.32197.3e0000 0001 2179 2105Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Alav I, Kobylka J, Kuth MS, Pos KM, Picard M, Blair JMA, Bavro VN. Structure, Assembly, and Function of Tripartite Efflux and Type 1 Secretion Systems in Gram-Negative Bacteria. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5479-5596. [PMID: 33909410 PMCID: PMC8277102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tripartite efflux pumps and the related type 1 secretion systems (T1SSs) in Gram-negative organisms are diverse in function, energization, and structural organization. They form continuous conduits spanning both the inner and the outer membrane and are composed of three principal components-the energized inner membrane transporters (belonging to ABC, RND, and MFS families), the outer membrane factor channel-like proteins, and linking the two, the periplasmic adaptor proteins (PAPs), also known as the membrane fusion proteins (MFPs). In this review we summarize the recent advances in understanding of structural biology, function, and regulation of these systems, highlighting the previously undescribed role of PAPs in providing a common architectural scaffold across diverse families of transporters. Despite being built from a limited number of basic structural domains, these complexes present a staggering variety of architectures. While key insights have been derived from the RND transporter systems, a closer inspection of the operation and structural organization of different tripartite systems reveals unexpected analogies between them, including those formed around MFS- and ATP-driven transporters, suggesting that they operate around basic common principles. Based on that we are proposing a new integrated model of PAP-mediated communication within the conformational cycling of tripartite systems, which could be expanded to other types of assemblies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilyas Alav
- Institute
of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Kobylka
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe Universität
Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Miriam S. Kuth
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe Universität
Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klaas M. Pos
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe Universität
Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin Picard
- Laboratoire
de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, CNRS
UMR 7099, Université de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
- Fondation
Edmond de Rothschild pour le développement de la recherche
Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jessica M. A. Blair
- Institute
of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Vassiliy N. Bavro
- School
of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
A comprehensive review on pharmacology of efflux pumps and their inhibitors in antibiotic resistance. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 903:174151. [PMID: 33964293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The potential for the build-up of resistance to a particular antibiotic endangers its therapeutic application over time. In recent decades, antibiotic resistance has become one of the most severe threats to public health. It can be attributed to the relentless and unchecked use of antibiotics in healthcare sectors, cell culture, animal husbandry, and agriculture. Some classic examples of resistance mechanisms employed by bacteria include developing antibiotic degrading enzymes, modifying target sites previously targeted by antibiotics, and developing efflux mechanisms. Studies have shown that while some efflux pumps selectively extrude certain antibiotics, others extrude a structurally diverse class of antibiotics. Such extrusion of a structurally diverse class of antibiotics gives rise to multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. These mechanisms are observed in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria alike. Therefore, efflux pumps find their place in the list of high-priority targets for the treatment of antibiotic-resistance in bacteria mediated by efflux. Studies showed a significant escalation in bacteria's susceptibility to a particular antibiotic drug when tested with an efflux pump inhibitor (EPI) compared to when it was tested with the antibiotic drug alone. This review discusses the pharmacology, current status, and the future of EPIs in antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
|
35
|
Physicochemical and Structural Parameters Contributing to the Antibacterial Activity and Efflux Susceptibility of Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.01925-20. [PMID: 33468483 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01925-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovering new Gram-negative antibiotics has been a challenge for decades. This has been largely attributed to a limited understanding of the molecular descriptors governing Gram-negative permeation and efflux evasion. Herein, we address the contribution of efflux using a novel approach that applies multivariate analysis, machine learning, and structure-based clustering to some 4,500 molecules (actives) from a small-molecule screen in efflux-compromised Escherichia coli We employed principal-component analysis and trained two decision tree-based machine learning models to investigate descriptors contributing to the antibacterial activity and efflux susceptibility of these actives. This approach revealed that the Gram-negative activity of hydrophobic and planar small molecules with low molecular stability is limited to efflux-compromised E. coli Furthermore, molecules with reduced branching and compactness showed increased susceptibility to efflux. Given these distinct properties that govern efflux, we developed the first efflux susceptibility machine learning model, called Susceptibility to Efflux Random Forest (SERF), as a tool to analyze the molecular descriptors of small molecules and predict those that could be susceptible to efflux pumps in silico Here, SERF demonstrated high accuracy in identifying such molecules. Furthermore, we clustered all 4,500 actives based on their core structures and identified distinct clusters highlighting side-chain moieties that cause marked changes in efflux susceptibility. In all, our work reveals a role for physicochemical and structural parameters in governing efflux, presents a machine learning tool for rapid in silico analysis of efflux susceptibility, and provides a proof of principle for the potential of exploiting side-chain modification to design novel antimicrobials evading efflux pumps.
Collapse
|
36
|
Design and synthesis of novel 4-substituted quinazoline-2-carboxamide derivatives targeting AcrB to reverse the bacterial multidrug resistance. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
37
|
Serçinoğlu O, Senturk D, Altinisik Kaya FE, Avci FG, Frlan R, Tomašič T, Ozbek P, Orelle C, Jault JM, Sariyar Akbulut B. Identification of novel inhibitors of the ABC transporter BmrA. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104452. [PMID: 33212311 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The resistance of microbes to commonly used antibiotics has become a worldwide health problem. A major underlying mechanism of microbial antibiotic resistance is the export of drugs from bacterial cells. Drug efflux is mediated through the action of multidrug resistance efflux pumps located in the bacterial cell membranes. The critical role of bacterial efflux pumps in antibiotic resistance has directed research efforts to the identification of novel efflux pump inhibitors that can be used alongside antibiotics in clinical settings. Here, we aimed to find potential inhibitors of the archetypical ATP-binding cassette (ABC) efflux pump BmrA of Bacillus subtilis via virtual screening of the Mu.Ta.Lig. Chemotheca small molecule library. Molecular docking calculations targeting the nucleotide-binding domain of BmrA were performed using AutoDock Vina. Following a further drug-likeness filtering step based on Lipinski's Rule of Five, top 25 scorers were identified. These ligands were then clustered into separate groups based on their contact patterns with the BmrA nucleotide-binding domain. Six ligands with distinct contact patterns were used for further in vitro inhibition assays based on intracellular ethidium bromide accumulation. Using this methodology, we identified two novel inhibitors of BmrA from the Chemotheca small molecule library.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Onur Serçinoğlu
- Department of Bioengineering, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Fener 53100, Rize, Turkey
| | - Duygu Senturk
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Kadikoy 34722, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Fatma Gizem Avci
- Department of Bioengineering, Uskudar University, Uskudar 34662, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rok Frlan
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tihomir Tomašič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Pemra Ozbek
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, Kadikoy 34722, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cédric Orelle
- University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR5086 "Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry", 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 7, France
| | - Jean-Michel Jault
- University of Lyon, CNRS, UMR5086 "Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry", 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 7, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Perturbed structural dynamics underlie inhibition and altered efflux of the multidrug resistance pump AcrB. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5565. [PMID: 33149158 PMCID: PMC7642415 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance–nodulation–division efflux pumps play a key role in inherent and evolved multidrug resistance in bacteria. AcrB, a prototypical member of this protein family, extrudes a wide range of antimicrobial agents out of bacteria. Although high-resolution structures exist for AcrB, its conformational fluctuations and their putative role in function are largely unknown. Here, we determine these structural dynamics in the presence of substrates using hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, complemented by molecular dynamics simulations, and bacterial susceptibility studies. We show that an efflux pump inhibitor potentiates antibiotic activity by restraining drug-binding pocket dynamics, rather than preventing antibiotic binding. We also reveal that a drug-binding pocket substitution discovered within a multidrug resistant clinical isolate modifies the plasticity of the transport pathway, which could explain its altered substrate efflux. Our results provide insight into the molecular mechanism of drug export and inhibition of a major multidrug efflux pump and the directive role of its dynamics. AcrB is a prototypical resistance–nodulation–division (RND) bacterial transporter, conferring resistance to a variety of antibiotics. HDX-MS and other, complementary approaches offer insight into AcrB structural dynamics and suggest the molecular mechanisms underlying drug export and inhibition of this multidrug-resistance conferring pump.
Collapse
|
39
|
Jewboonchu J, Saetang J, Saeloh D, Siriyong T, Rungrotmongkol T, Voravuthikunchai SP, Tipmanee V. Atomistic insight and modeled elucidation of conessine towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa efflux pump. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:1480-1489. [PMID: 33025857 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1828169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa efflux pump extrudes antibiotics from cells for survival. Efflux pump inhibitor (EPI) thus becomes an interesting alternative to handle the drug-resistant bacteria. Conessine, a natural steroidal alkaloid from Holarrhena antidysenterica, previously exhibited efflux pump inhibitory potential. Our molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) studies provided atomistic information as well as the interaction of conessine with bacterial MexB efflux pump in phospholipid bilayer membrane to further the previous experimental report. Herein, the binding site and proposed mode of action of conessine were identified compared to known/commercial EPIs such as PAβN or designed-synthetic P9D. Our results explained conessine binding mode of action as an effective agent against the MexB efflux pump. The MD simulation also suggested that conessine was able to affect glycine loop (G-loop) flexibility, and the reduced G-loop flexibility due to conessine could hinder an antibiotics extrusion. In addition, our study suggested the conessine core structure buried in a hydrophobic region in the efflux pump similar to other known EPIs. Our finding could cope as a key for the design and development of the conessine derivative as novel EPI against P. aeruginosa.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juntamanee Jewboonchu
- EZ-Mol-Design Laboratory and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Jirakrit Saetang
- EZ-Mol-Design Laboratory and Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Dennapa Saeloh
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Thanyaluck Siriyong
- Faculty of Thai Traditional Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Biocatalyst and Environmental Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, and Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supayang Piyawan Voravuthikunchai
- Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, and Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Varomyalin Tipmanee
- EZ-Mol-Design Laboratory and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Efflux pumps as interventions to control infection caused by drug-resistance bacteria. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:2307-2316. [PMID: 33011344 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has become a global concern for healthcare workers and physicians. Efflux pumps are one of the major mechanisms of resistance. Hence, we describe examples of natural efflux pump inhibitors used to combat antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
|
41
|
Jawad B, Poudel L, Podgornik R, Ching WY. Thermodynamic Dissection of the Intercalation Binding Process of Doxorubicin to dsDNA with Implications of Ionic and Solvent Effects. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:7803-7818. [PMID: 32786213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c05840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a cancer drug that binds to dsDNA through intercalation. A comprehensive microsecond timescale molecular dynamics study is performed for DOX with 16 tetradecamer dsDNA sequences in explicit aqueous solvent, in order to investigate the intercalation process at both binding stages (conformational change and insertion binding stages). The molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA) method is adapted to quantify and break down the binding free energy (BFE) into its thermodynamic components, for a variety of different solution conditions as well as different DNA sequences. Our results show that the van der Waals interaction provides the largest contribution to the BFE at each stage of binding. The sequence selectivity depends mainly on the base pairs located downstream from the DOX intercalation site, with a preference for (AT)2 or (TA)2 driven by the favorable electrostatic and/or van der Waals interactions. Invoking the quartet sequence model proved to be most successful to predict the sequence selectivity. Our findings also indicate that the aqueous bathing solution (i.e., water and ions) opposes the formation of the DOX-DNA complex at every binding stage, thus implying that the complexation process preferably occurs at low ionic strength and is crucially dependent on solvent effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahaa Jawad
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City 64110, Missouri, United States.,Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
| | - Lokendra Poudel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Rudolf Podgornik
- School of Physical Sciences and Kavli Institute of Theoretical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100090, China.,Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Wai-Yim Ching
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City 64110, Missouri, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Vaitkienė S, Kuliešienė N, Sakalauskaitė S, Bekere L, Krasnova L, Vigante B, Duburs G, Daugelavičius R. Antifungal activity of styrylpyridinium compounds against Candida albicans. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 97:253-265. [PMID: 32772494 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized a set of 13 new and earlier described styrylpyridinium compounds (N-alkyl styrylpyridinium salts with bromide or tosylate anions) in order to evaluate antifungal activity against C. albicans cells, to assay the possible synergism with fluconazole, and to estimate cytotoxicity to mammalian cells. All compounds were synthesized according to a well-known two-step procedure involving alkylation of γ-picoline with appropriate alkyl bromide and further condensation with substituted benzaldehyde. Compounds with long N-alkyl chains (C18 H37 -C20 H41 ) had no antifungal activity against the cells of all tested C. albicans strains. Other styrylpyridinium compounds were able to inhibit yeast growth at the concentrations of 0.06-16 μg/ml. At fungicidal concentrations, the compound with the CN- group was least toxic to mammalian cells, showed the most effective synergism with fluconazole, and only slightly inhibited the respiration of C. albicans. The compound with the 4'-diethylamino group exhibited the strongest fungicidal properties and effectively blocked the respiration of C. albicans cells. However, toxicity to mammalian cells was also high. Summarizing, the results of our study indicate that styrylpyridinium compounds are promising candidates in the development of new antifungal drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Vaitkienė
- Department of Biochemistry, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Neringa Kuliešienė
- Department of Biochemistry, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Laura Bekere
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | | | | | - Gunars Duburs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Laws M, Shaaban A, Rahman KM. Antibiotic resistance breakers: current approaches and future directions. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 43:490-516. [PMID: 31150547 PMCID: PMC6736374 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections of antibiotic-resistant pathogens pose an ever-increasing threat to mankind. The investigation of novel approaches for tackling the antimicrobial resistance crisis must be part of any global response to this problem if an untimely reversion to the pre-penicillin era of medicine is to be avoided. One such promising avenue of research involves so-called antibiotic resistance breakers (ARBs), capable of re-sensitising resistant bacteria to antibiotics. Although some ARBs have previously been employed in the clinical setting, such as the β-lactam inhibitors, we posit that the broader field of ARB research can yet yield a greater diversity of more effective therapeutic agents than have been previously achieved. This review introduces the area of ARB research, summarises the current state of ARB development with emphasis on the various major classes of ARBs currently being investigated and their modes of action, and offers a perspective on the future direction of the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Laws
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH
| | - Ali Shaaban
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Johnson RM, Fais C, Parmar M, Cheruvara H, Marshall RL, Hesketh SJ, Feasey MC, Ruggerone P, Vargiu AV, Postis VLG, Muench SP, Bavro VN. Cryo-EM Structure and Molecular Dynamics Analysis of the Fluoroquinolone Resistant Mutant of the AcrB Transporter from Salmonella. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E943. [PMID: 32585951 PMCID: PMC7355581 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is an important genus of Gram-negative pathogens, treatment of which has become problematic due to increases in antimicrobial resistance. This is partly attributable to the overexpression of tripartite efflux pumps, particularly the constitutively expressed AcrAB-TolC. Despite its clinical importance, the structure of the Salmonella AcrB transporter remained unknown to-date, with much of our structural understanding coming from the Escherichia coli orthologue. Here, by taking advantage of the styrene maleic acid (SMA) technology to isolate membrane proteins with closely associated lipids, we report the very first experimental structure of Salmonella AcrB transporter. Furthermore, this novel structure provides additional insight into mechanisms of drug efflux as it bears the mutation (G288D), originating from a clinical isolate of Salmonella Typhimurium presenting an increased resistance to fluoroquinolones. Experimental data are complemented by state-of-the-art molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on both the wild type and G288D variant of Salmonella AcrB. Together, these reveal several important differences with respect to the E. coli protein, providing insights into the role of the G288D mutation in increasing drug efflux and extending our understanding of the mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Johnson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences & Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (R.M.J.); (S.J.H.); (M.C.F.)
| | - Chiara Fais
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, s.p. 8, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (C.F.); (P.R.); (A.V.V.)
| | - Mayuriben Parmar
- Biomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS1 3HE, UK; (M.P.); (V.L.G.P.)
| | - Harish Cheruvara
- Diamond Light Source, Membrane Protein Laboratory (MPL), Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Ave, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK;
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Robert L. Marshall
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Sophie J. Hesketh
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences & Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (R.M.J.); (S.J.H.); (M.C.F.)
| | - Matthew C. Feasey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences & Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (R.M.J.); (S.J.H.); (M.C.F.)
| | - Paolo Ruggerone
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, s.p. 8, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (C.F.); (P.R.); (A.V.V.)
| | - Attilio V. Vargiu
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, s.p. 8, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (C.F.); (P.R.); (A.V.V.)
| | - Vincent L. G. Postis
- Biomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS1 3HE, UK; (M.P.); (V.L.G.P.)
| | - Stephen P. Muench
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences & Astbury Centre for Structural and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (R.M.J.); (S.J.H.); (M.C.F.)
| | - Vassiliy N. Bavro
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Efflux is an important mechanism in Gram-negative bacteria conferring multidrug resistance. Inhibition of efflux is an encouraging strategy to restore the antibacterial activity of antibiotics. Chlorpromazine and amitriptyline have been shown to behave as efflux inhibitors. However, their mode of action is poorly understood. Exposure of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli to chlorpromazine selected for mutations within genes encoding RamR and MarR, regulators of the multidrug tripartite efflux pump AcrAB-TolC. Further experiments with S. Typhimurium containing AcrB D408A (a nonfunctional efflux pump) and chlorpromazine or amitriptyline resulted in the reversion of the mutant acrB allele to the wild type. Together, this suggests these drugs are AcrB efflux substrates. Subsequent docking studies with AcrB from S. Typhimurium and E. coli, followed by molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations showed that chlorpromazine and amitriptyline bind at the hydrophobic trap, a preferred binding site for substrates and inhibitors within the distal binding pocket of AcrB. Based on these simulations, we suggest that chlorpromazine and amitriptyline inhibit AcrB-mediated efflux by interfering with substrate binding. Our findings provide evidence that these drugs are substrates and inhibitors of AcrB, yielding molecular details of their mechanism of action and informing drug discovery of new efflux inhibitors.IMPORTANCE Efflux pumps of the resistance nodulation-cell division (RND) superfamily are major contributors to multidrug resistance for most of the Gram-negative ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) pathogens. The development of inhibitors of these pumps would be highly desirable; however, several issues have thus far hindered all efforts at designing new efflux inhibitory compounds devoid of adverse effects. An alternative route to de novo design relies on the use of marketed drugs, for which side effects on human health have been already assessed. In this work, we provide experimental evidence that the antipsychotic drugs chlorpromazine and amitriptyline are inhibitors of the AcrB transporter, the engine of the major RND efflux pumps in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Furthermore, in silico calculations have provided a molecular-level picture of the inhibition mechanism, allowing rationalization of experimental data and paving the way for similar studies with other classes of marketed compounds.
Collapse
|
46
|
Green AT, Moniruzzaman M, Cooper CJ, Walker JK, Smith JC, Parks JM, Zgurskaya HI. Discovery of multidrug efflux pump inhibitors with a novel chemical scaffold. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129546. [PMID: 32032658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug efflux is a major contributor to antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Inhibition of multidrug efflux pumps is a promising approach for reviving the efficacy of existing antibiotics. Previously, inhibitors targeting both the efflux transporter AcrB and the membrane fusion protein AcrA in the Escherichia coli AcrAB-TolC efflux pump were identified. Here we use existing physicochemical property guidelines to generate a filtered library of compounds for computational docking. We then experimentally test the top candidate coumpounds using in vitro binding assays and in vivo potentiation assays in bacterial strains with controllable permeability barriers. We thus identify a new class of inhibitors of E. coli AcrAB-TolC. Six molecules with a shared scaffold were found to potentiate the antimicrobial activity of erythromycin and novobiocin in hyperporinated E. coli cells. Importantly, these six molecules were also active in wild-type strains of both Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae, potentiating the activity of erythromycin and novobiocin up to 8-fold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Green
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Mohammad Moniruzzaman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Connor J Cooper
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - John K Walker
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine and the Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Jeremy C Smith
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Jerry M Parks
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| | - Helen I Zgurskaya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Atzori A, Malloci G, Cardamone F, Bosin A, Vargiu AV, Ruggerone P. Molecular Interactions of Carbapenem Antibiotics with the Multidrug Efflux Transporter AcrB of Escherichia coli. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E860. [PMID: 32013182 PMCID: PMC7037162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The drug/proton antiporter AcrB, engine of the major efflux pump AcrAB(Z)-TolC of Escherichia coli and other bacteria, is characterized by its impressive ability to transport chemically diverse compounds, conferring a multi-drug resistance (MDR) phenotype. Although hundreds of small molecules are known to be AcrB substrates, only a few co-crystal structures are available to date. Computational methods have been therefore intensively employed to provide structural and dynamical fingerprints related to transport and inhibition of AcrB. In this work, we performed a systematic computational investigation to study the interaction between representative carbapenem antibiotics and AcrB. We focused on the interaction of carbapenems with the so-called distal pocket, a region known for its importance in binding inhibitors and substrates of AcrB. Our findings reveal how the different physico-chemical nature of these antibiotics is reflected on their binding preference for AcrB. The molecular-level information provided here could help design new antibiotics less susceptible to the efflux mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuliano Malloci
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy; (A.A.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (P.R.)
| | | | | | - Attilio Vittorio Vargiu
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy; (A.A.); (F.C.); (A.B.); (P.R.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Propargylglycine-based antimicrobial compounds are targets of TolC-dependent efflux systems in Escherichia coli. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126875. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
49
|
Sharma A, Gupta VK, Pathania R. Efflux pump inhibitors for bacterial pathogens: From bench to bedside. Indian J Med Res 2019; 149:129-145. [PMID: 31219077 PMCID: PMC6563736 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2079_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of antibiotics, bacterial infections were supposed to be a thing of past. However, this instead led to the selection and evolution of bacteria with mechanisms to counter the action of antibiotics. Antibiotic efflux is one of the major mechanisms, whereby bacteria pump out the antibiotics from their cellular interior to the external environment using special transporter proteins called efflux pumps. Inhibiting these pumps seems to be an attractive strategy at a time when novel antibiotic supplies are dwindling. Molecules capable of inhibiting these pumps, known as efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), have been viewed as potential therapeutic agents that can rejuvenate the activity of antibiotics that are no longer effective against bacterial pathogens. EPIs follow some general mechanisms of efflux inhibition and are derived from various natural as well as synthetic sources. This review focuses on EPIs and identifies the challenges that have kept these futuristic therapeutics away from the commercial realm so far.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atin Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Ranjana Pathania
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Measuring Small Molecule Binding to Escherichia coli AcrB by Surface Plasmon Resonance. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31773650 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0163-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is rapidly becoming one of the great healthcare challenges. A common mechanism employed by pathogenic bacteria to avoid the action of certain antibiotics is to overexpress efflux pumps that can extrude these drugs from the cell rendering them ineffective. Small molecule inhibitors that target bacterial efflux pumps provide a route toward reversing AMR. Here, we describe the application of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology to characterize protein:small molecule interactions between the inner membrane protein AcrB subunit of the Escherichia coli AcrA-AcrB-TolC efflux pump and its substrates and novel inhibitors. The SPR assay provides quantitative data about the kinetics of binding that can help guide the development of new chemotherapies to combat AMR.
Collapse
|