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Niu H, Zhou M, Ji A, Zogona D, Wu T, Xu X. Molecular Mechanism of Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila in Alleviating Type 2 Diabetes Symptoms. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38829529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) significantly diminishes people's quality of life and imposes a substantial economic burden. This pathological progression is intimately linked with specific gut microbiota, such as Akkermansia muciniphila. Pasteurized A. muciniphila (P-AKK) has been defined as a novel food by the European Food Safety Authority and exhibited significant hypoglycemic activity. However, current research on the hypoglycemic activity of P-AKK is limited to the metabolic level, neglecting systematic exploration at the pathological level. Consequently, its material basis and mechanism of action for hypoglycemia remain unclear. Drawing upon this foundation, we utilized high-temperature killed A. muciniphila (H-K-AKK) with insignificant hypoglycemic activity as the control research object. Assessments were conducted at pathological levels to evaluate the hypoglycemic functions of both P-AKK and H-K-AKK separately. Our study unveiled for the first time that P-AKK ameliorated symptoms of T2DM by enhancing the generation of glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1), with pasteurized A. muciniphila total proteins (PP) being a pivotal component responsible for this activity. Utilizing SDS-PAGE, proteomics, and molecular docking techniques, we deeply analyzed the material foundation of PP. We scientifically screened and identified a protein weighing 77.85 kDa, designated as P5. P5 enhanced GLP-1 synthesis and secretion by activating the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathway, with free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR-2) being identified as the pivotal target protein for P5's physiological activity. These findings further promote the widespread application of P-AKK in the food industry, laying a solid theoretical foundation for its utilization as a beneficial food ingredient or functional component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Niu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Fruit Vegetable Processing Quality Control (Huazhong Agricultural University), School of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Minfeng Zhou
- Union Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, PR China
| | - Anying Ji
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Fruit Vegetable Processing Quality Control (Huazhong Agricultural University), School of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Daniel Zogona
- Department of Food & Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Fruit Vegetable Processing Quality Control (Huazhong Agricultural University), School of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Fruit Vegetable Processing Quality Control (Huazhong Agricultural University), School of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
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Beneduce L, Piergiacomo F, Limoni PP, Zuffianò LE, Polemio M. Microbial, chemical, and isotopic monitoring integrated approach to assess potential leachate contamination of groundwater in a karstic aquifer (Apulia, Italy). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:312. [PMID: 38413499 PMCID: PMC10899417 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12477-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Landfill sites are subjected to long-term risks of accidental spill of leachate through the soil and consequential contamination of the groundwater. Wide areas surrounding the landfill can seriously be threatened with possible consequences to human health and the environment. Given the potential impact of different coexisting anthropic pollution sources (i.e., agriculture and cattle farming) on the same site, the perturbation of the groundwater quality may be due to multiple factors. Therefore, it is a challenging issue to correctly establish the pollution source of an aquifer where the landfill is not isolated from other anthropic land uses, especially in the case of a karstic coastal aquifer. The present study is aimed at setting in place an integrated environmental monitoring system that included microbiological, chemical, and isotope methods to evaluate potential groundwater pollution in a landfill district in the south of Italy located in Murgia karstic aquifer. Conventional (microbial plate count and physical-chemical analyses) and advanced methods (PCR-ARISA, isotope analysis of δ18O, δ2H, 3H, δ 13C, δ 15N-NO3-, and δ 18O-NO3-) were included in the study. Through data integration, it was possible to reconstruct a scenario in which agriculture and other human activities along with seawater intrusion in the karst aquifer were the main drivers of groundwater pollution at the monitored site. The microbiological, chemical, and isotope results confirmed the absence of leachate effects on groundwater quality, showing the decisive role of fertilizers as potential nitrate sources. The next goal will be to extend long-term integrated monitoring to other landfill districts, with different geological and hydrogeological characteristics and including different sources of pollution, to support the ecological restoration of landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Beneduce
- Department of the Science of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 25 -71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - F Piergiacomo
- Present address: Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Piazza Università 1, 39100, Bolzano-Bozen, Italy
| | - P P Limoni
- CNR-IRPI, National Research Council, Research Institute for Hydrogeological Protection, Via Amendola 122/I, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - L E Zuffianò
- CNR-IRPI, National Research Council, Research Institute for Hydrogeological Protection, Via Amendola 122/I, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - M Polemio
- CNR-IRPI, National Research Council, Research Institute for Hydrogeological Protection, Via Amendola 122/I, 70126, Bari, Italy
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Papaioannou C, Geladakis G, Kommata V, Batargias C, Lagoumintzis G. Insights in Pharmaceutical Pollution: The Prospective Role of eDNA Metabarcoding. TOXICS 2023; 11:903. [PMID: 37999555 PMCID: PMC10675236 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11110903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution is a growing threat to natural ecosystems and one of the world's most pressing concerns. The increasing worldwide use of pharmaceuticals has elevated their status as significant emerging contaminants. Pharmaceuticals enter aquatic environments through multiple pathways related to anthropogenic activity. Their high consumption, insufficient waste treatment, and the incapacity of organisms to completely metabolize them contribute to their accumulation in aquatic environments, posing a threat to all life forms. Various analytical methods have been used to quantify pharmaceuticals. Biotechnology advancements based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques, like eDNA metabarcoding, have enabled the development of new methods for assessing and monitoring the ecotoxicological effects of pharmaceuticals. eDNA metabarcoding is a valuable biomonitoring tool for pharmaceutical pollution because it (a) provides an efficient method to assess and predict pollution status, (b) identifies pollution sources, (c) tracks changes in pharmaceutical pollution levels over time, (d) assesses the ecological impact of pharmaceutical pollution, (e) helps prioritize cleanup and mitigation efforts, and (f) offers insights into the diversity and composition of microbial and other bioindicator communities. This review highlights the issue of aquatic pharmaceutical pollution while emphasizing the importance of using modern NGS-based biomonitoring actions to assess its environmental effects more consistently and effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charikleia Papaioannou
- Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (C.P.); (G.G.); (V.K.)
| | - George Geladakis
- Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (C.P.); (G.G.); (V.K.)
| | - Vasiliki Kommata
- Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (C.P.); (G.G.); (V.K.)
| | - Costas Batargias
- Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (C.P.); (G.G.); (V.K.)
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Zhang Z, Qi J, Yu Q, Wang S, Wang H. Fecal-related anthropogenic sources are key determinants of lake microbiomes through microbial source tracking. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122507. [PMID: 37673318 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Lake microbiomes are essential indicators of lake health and are strongly influenced by allochthonous microbial communities from various sources within the watershed. However, quantifying the contributions of multiple inputs to lake microbiomes is challenging because of the complex nature of river‒lake systems and the presence of many untraceable sources. Here, Jianhu Lake‒‒a geographically simple and closed plateau lake in southwestern China, was surveyed to disentangle the contributions of five distinct sources (three input rivers that receive town sewage, stormwater runoff, and creek spring water, as well as two nonpoint sources, duck ponds and dry farmland) to the overall lake microbiomes. We found that feces-loading sources, namely town sewage and duck aquaculture, accounted for 48.7% of the total variations in lake microbiomes. In contrast, the combined contribution of the remaining three sources amounted to 13.21%, despite these less-influential sources (e.g., stormwater runoff) may introduce an even larger volume of allochthonous materials into the lake. In addition, approximately 38.1% of the variations in the lake microbiomes were attributed to unknown sources. Sewage effluents also caused a significant loss of lake microbial diversity, and there was a tendency for large-scale microbial homogeneity in lake sediments that resembled those from duck ponds. We then used a targeted approach to track host-specific fecal pollution, and found that human feces were the primary source, followed by ruminant and chicken/duck feces, all of which can be successfully traced back to the feces-loading sources. In our further modelling of sediment transport from three rivers into the whole lake, we observed a significant relationship between sediment accumulation and adsorbed microorganisms only for the sewage-receiving river. Together, lines of evidence indicate that both point and nonpoint fecal-related anthropogenic sources possess discriminatory power for shaping microbial geographic patterns of the lake, posing threats to the survival of local indigenous lake microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfu Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Wetland Conservation, Restoration and Ecological Services, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory for Integrative Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Qi
- Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingguo Yu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Wetland Conservation, Restoration and Ecological Services, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenglong Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Wetland Conservation, Restoration and Ecological Services, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Wetland Conservation, Restoration and Ecological Services, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China.
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Grabner E, Stare E, Fanedl L, Zorec M, Jones DS, Johnston CD, Avguštin G, Accetto T. Expanding the rumen Prevotella collection: The description of Prevotella communis, sp. nov. of ovine origin. Syst Appl Microbiol 2023; 46:126437. [PMID: 37295348 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2023.126437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
27 strains representing eight new Prevotella species were isolated from rumen of a single sheep in eight weeks interval. One of the putative species encompassing the highest number of isolated strains which also exhibited some genetic variability in preliminary data, was then selected for description of a novel species. We examined six strains in genomic and phenotypic detail, two of which may actually be the same strain isolated nearly three weeks apart. Other strains formed clearly diverged intraspecies lineages as evidenced by core genome phylogeny and phenotypic differences. Strains of the proposed new Prevotella species are strictly saccharolytic as is usual for rumen Prevotella, and use plant cell-wall xylans and pectins for growth. However, the range of cell-wall polysaccharides utilised for growth is rather limited compared to rumen generalists such as Prevotella bryantii or Prevotella ruminicola and this extends also to the inability to utilise starch, which is unexpected for the members of the genus Prevotella. Based on the data obtained, we propose Prevotella communis sp. nov. to accommodate strain E1-9T as well as other strains with the similar properties. The proposed species is widespread: two other strains were previously isolated from sheep in Japan and is also common in metagenomic data of cattle and sheep rumen samples from Scotland and New Zealand. It was also found in a collection of metagenome-assembled genomes originating from cattle in Scotland. Thus, it is a ubiquitous bacterium of domesticated ruminants specialising in degradation of a somewhat restricted set of plant cell wall components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Grabner
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Microbiology, Groblje 3, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Eva Stare
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Microbiology, Groblje 3, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Lijana Fanedl
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Microbiology, Groblje 3, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Maša Zorec
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Microbiology, Groblje 3, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Dakota S Jones
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Office E4-159, Eastlake building, 1100 Fairview Ave N., Seattle, WA 98109-4433, USA
| | - Christopher D Johnston
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Office E4-159, Eastlake building, 1100 Fairview Ave N., Seattle, WA 98109-4433, USA
| | - Gorazd Avguštin
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Microbiology, Groblje 3, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Accetto
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Microbiology, Groblje 3, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia.
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Bridgemohan RSH, Deitch MJ, Gebremicael T, Whiles MR, Wilson PC, Bachoon D, Tharpe I. Environmental risk assessment for fecal contamination sources in urban and peri-urban estuaries, in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties, FL, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:867. [PMID: 37341799 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11478-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Fecal pollution of estuaries and adjacent creeks and streams is of significant concern along the Gulf of Mexico. The prospective threat to human life and water quality impairment via fecal pollution is a substantial danger to the strength and resistance of coastline areas. Pensacola, FL, has a prosperous coastal tourism industry that is utilized for numerous other uses, such as recreational watersports and boating, seafood, and shellfish harvesting. However, the frequency and severity of fecal contamination present possible socio-economic issues, specifically financial hardships. Therefore, understanding the source, abundance, and fate of fecal microbial pollutants in aquatic systems signifies an imperative initial stage for detecting the host sources and techniques to lessen their transport from the landscape. This research aimed to quantify the fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), Escherichia coli, and perform microbiological fecal source tracking to verify if the fecal inputs are of either animal or human host origin. Surface water samples were taken from urban and peri-urban creeks for two sampling periods (February 2021 and January 2022), and IDEXX Colilert-18 (USEPA Standard Method 9223) was used for E. coli enumeration. DNA extractions were obtained from each sample, and quantitative PCR was utilized for fecal microbial source tracking (MST) to detect human, dog, ruminant, and bird host-specific Bacteroides DNA. The result indicates elevated quantities of FIB, E. coli, that surpass the threshold considered safe regarding human health. E. coli at six sites over the two sampling periods exceeded the impairment threshold, reaching as high as 866.4 MPN/100 ml. Fecal source tracking identified human host fecal contamination at four of nine sites, dogs at three of nine, and birds at one site. However, those sites with sources identified via MST all had E. coli levels below impairment thresholds. No sites were determined to be positive for ruminant as a source or for the pathogen Helicobacter pylori. No canine host fecal inputs were found in January 2022, and only one site with human sewage. Our results highlight the utility of MST in assessing bacterial inputs to water bodies and the challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronell S H Bridgemohan
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, IFAS/West Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 5988 Hwy 90, Building 4900, Milton, FL, 32583, USA.
- , Pensacola, USA.
| | - Matthew J Deitch
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, IFAS/West Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 5988 Hwy 90, Building 4900, Milton, FL, 32583, USA
| | - Tesfay Gebremicael
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, IFAS/West Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 5988 Hwy 90, Building 4900, Milton, FL, 32583, USA
| | - Matthew R Whiles
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, 2181 McCarty Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - P Christopher Wilson
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, 2181 McCarty Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Dave Bachoon
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Georgia College and State University, Campus Box 81, Milledgeville, GA, 31061-0490, USA
| | - Israel Tharpe
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Georgia College and State University, Campus Box 81, Milledgeville, GA, 31061-0490, USA
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Andrianjakarivony FH, Bettarel Y, Desnues C. Searching for a Reliable Viral Indicator of Faecal Pollution in Aquatic Environments. J Microbiol 2023:10.1007/s12275-023-00052-6. [PMID: 37261715 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The disposal of sewage in significant quantities poses a health hazard to aquatic ecosystems. These effluents can contain a wide range of pathogens, making faecal contamination a leading source of waterborne diseases around the world. Yet monitoring bacteria or viruses in aquatic environments is time consuming and expensive. The standard indicators of faecal pollution all have limitations, including difficulty in determining the source due to lack of host specificity, poor connection with the presence of non-bacterial pathogens, or low environmental persistence. Innovative monitoring techniques are sorely needed to provide more accurate and targeted solutions. Viruses are a promising alternative to faecal indicator bacteria for monitoring, as they are more persistent in ambient water, more abundant in faeces, and are extremely host-specific. Given the range of viruses found in diverse contexts, it is not easy to find one "ideal" viral indicator of faecal pollution; however, several are of interest. In parallel, the ongoing development of molecular techniques coupled with metagenomics and bioinformatics should enable improved ways to detect faecal contamination using viruses. This review examines the evolution of faecal contamination monitoring with the following aims (i) to identify the characteristics of the main viral indicators of faecal contamination, including human enteric viruses, bacteriophages, CRESS and plant viruses, (ii) to assess how these have been used to monitor water pollution in recent years, (iii) to evaluate the reliability of recent detection methods of such viruses, and (iv) to tentatively determine which viruses may be most effective as markers of faecal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felana Harilanto Andrianjakarivony
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny, and Infection (MEФI), IHU - Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France
- Microbiologie Environnementale Biotechnologie (MEB), Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Yvan Bettarel
- MARBEC, Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, 34090, Montpellier, France.
| | - Christelle Desnues
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny, and Infection (MEФI), IHU - Méditerranée Infection, 13005, Marseille, France
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Brandão J, Valério E, Weiskerger C, Veríssimo C, Sarioglou K, Novak Babič M, Solo-Gabriele HM, Sabino R, Rebelo MT. Strategies for Monitoring Microbial Life in Beach Sand for Protection of Public Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20095710. [PMID: 37174228 PMCID: PMC10178049 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20095710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The 2021 revised guidelines of the World Health Organization recommend monitoring the quality of sand in addition to water at recreational beaches. This review provides background information about the types of beaches, the characteristics of sand, and the microbiological parameters that should be measured. Analytical approaches are described for quantifying fungi and fecal indicator bacteria from beach sand. The review addresses strategies to assess beach sand quality, monitoring approaches, sand remediation, and the proposed way forward for beach sand monitoring programs. In the proposed way forward, recommendations are provided for acceptable levels of fungi given their distribution in the environment. Additional recommendations include evaluating FIB distributions at beaches globally to assess acceptable ranges of FIB levels, similar to those proposed for fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Brandão
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Valério
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Chelsea Weiskerger
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, 1449 Engineering Research Ct. Room A127, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Cristina Veríssimo
- Department of Transmittable Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Konstantina Sarioglou
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Monika Novak Babič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Raquel Sabino
- Department of Transmittable Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Rebelo
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Campos CJA, Kelly LT, Banks JC. Using a weight of evidence approach to identify sources of microbiological contamination in a shellfish-growing area with "Restricted" classification. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:529. [PMID: 37000235 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Shellfish-growing areas in rural catchments are occasionally affected by elevated faecal contamination from diffuse sources and may be subject to frequent harvest closures/classification downgrades. We combined traditional risk management methods based on sanitary surveys and monitoring of Escherichia coli in seawater and shellfish with faecal source tracking, bacterial source apportionment, and hydrometeorological modelling to determine the causes of elevated E. coli concentrations contributing to harvest closures in Papanui Inlet (Aotearoa New Zealand). These multiple lines of evidence were used to inform a weight of evidence assessment of bacterial contamination in the inlet. Ruminant livestock was estimated to contribute 80% of the faecal coliform loading. Concentrations of E. coli in seawater were low (≤ 87 MPN 100 ml-1) whilst concentrations in tuaki/cockles/little neck clams (Austrovenus stutchburyi) occasionally exceeded the "Approved" classification limit (230 MPN 100 g-1). The most frequent positive genetic markers in seawater were the seagull (Catellicoccus marimammalium) (54% of seawater samples), and in shellfish, the bovine and seagull markers (both 12.5% of shellfish samples). Solar radiation was negatively correlated with E. coli in tuaki. We found that the growing area is affected by faecal inputs from animal and, to a lesser extent, human (septic tank discharges) sources which elevate contamination to levels detectable in tuaki but not in seawater, particularly in the summer months. The innovative approach can enhance the management of shellfish-growing areas affected by intermittent contamination and enables more targeted action to reduce pollution to improve shellfish water quality.
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Lyons KJ, Ikonen J, Hokajärvi AM, Räsänen T, Pitkänen T, Kauppinen A, Kujala K, Rossi PM, Miettinen IT. Monitoring groundwater quality with real-time data, stable water isotopes, and microbial community analysis: A comparison with conventional methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 864:161199. [PMID: 36581300 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater provides much of the world's potable water. Nevertheless, groundwater quality monitoring programmes often rely on a sporadic, slow, and narrowly focused combination of periodic manual sampling and laboratory analyses, such that some water quality deficiencies go undetected, or are detected too late to prevent adverse consequences. In an effort to address this shortcoming, we conducted enhanced monitoring of untreated groundwater quality over 12 months (February 2019-February 2020) in four shallow wells supplying potable water in Finland. We supplemented periodic manual sampling and laboratory analyses with (i) real-time online monitoring of physicochemical and hydrological parameters, (ii) analysis of stable water isotopes from groundwater and nearby surface waters, and (iii) microbial community analysis of groundwater via amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and 16S rRNA. We also developed an early warning system (EWS) for detecting water quality anomalies by automating real-time online monitoring data collection, transfer, and analysis - using electrical conductivity (EC) and turbidity as indirect water quality indicators. Real-time online monitoring measurements were largely in fair agreement with periodic manual measurements, demonstrating their usefulness for monitoring water quality; and the findings of conventional monitoring, stable water isotopes, and microbial community analysis revealed indications of surface water intrusion and faecal contamination at some of the studied sites. With further advances in technology and affordability expected into the future, the supplementary methods used here could be more widely implemented to enhance groundwater quality monitoring - by contributing new insights and/or corroborating the findings of conventional analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Lyons
- Water, Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Jenni Ikonen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Maria Hokajärvi
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu Räsänen
- Preventos Informatics Oy, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Environmental Technology, Savonia University of Applied Sciences, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Kauppinen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland; Animal Health Diagnostic Unit, Laboratory and Research Division, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katharina Kujala
- Water, Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pekka M Rossi
- Water, Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ilkka T Miettinen
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
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11
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Aguiar DK, Wiegner TN, Colbert SL, Burns J, Abaya L, Beets J, Couch C, Stewart J, Panelo J, Remple K, Nelson C. Detection and impact of sewage pollution on South Kohala's coral reefs, Hawai'i. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 188:114662. [PMID: 36739712 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sewage pollution from on-site sewage disposal systems and injection wells is impacting coral reefs worldwide. Our study documented the presence and impact of sewage on South Kohala's coral reefs, on Hawai'i Island, through benthic water quality and macroalgal sampling (fecal indicator bacteria, nutrients, δ15N macroalgal tissue), NO3- stable isotope mixing models, water motion measurements, and coral reef surveys. Sewage pollution was moderate on the offshore reef from benthic seeps, and water motion mixed and diluted it across the benthos. These conditions likely contribute to the dominance of turf algae cover, and the severity and prevalence of growth anomalies and algal overgrowth on corals. Use of multiple indicators and studying water motion was necessary to assess sewage pollution and identify environmental drivers associated with impaired coral health conditions. Methods used in this study can be utilized by natural resource managers to identify and reduce anthropogenic stressors to coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon K Aguiar
- Tropical Conservation Biology and Environmental Science Graduate Program, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St., Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
| | - Tracy N Wiegner
- Marine Science Department, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St., Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
| | - Steven L Colbert
- Marine Science Department, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St., Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
| | - John Burns
- Marine Science Department, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St., Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
| | - Leilani Abaya
- Marine Science Department, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St., Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
| | - James Beets
- Marine Science Department, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St., Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
| | - Courtney Couch
- NOAA/Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Ecosystem Sciences Division, NOAA Inouye Regional Center, 1845 Wasp Blvd, Bldg. # 176, Honolulu, HI 96818, USA.
| | - Julia Stewart
- Marine Science Department, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St., Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
| | - Jazmine Panelo
- Tropical Conservation Biology and Environmental Science Graduate Program, University of Hawai'i at Hilo, 200 W. Kawili St., Hilo, HI 96720, USA.
| | - Kristina Remple
- Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography Research and Education, Department of Oceanography and Sea Grant College Program, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 1950 East West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Craig Nelson
- Daniel K. Inouye Center for Microbial Oceanography Research and Education, Department of Oceanography and Sea Grant College Program, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 1950 East West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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12
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The Antimicrobial Effect of Various Single-Strain and Multi-Strain Probiotics, Dietary Supplements or Other Beneficial Microbes against Common Clinical Wound Pathogens. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122518. [PMID: 36557771 PMCID: PMC9781324 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ in the human body and is colonized by a diverse microbiota that works in harmony to protect the skin. However, when skin damage occurs, the skin microbiota is also disrupted, and pathogens can invade the wound and cause infection. Probiotics or other beneficial microbes and their metabolites are one possible alternative treatment for combating skin pathogens via their antimicrobial effectiveness. The objective of our study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of seven multi-strain dietary supplements and eleven single-strain microbes that contain probiotics against 15 clinical wound pathogens using the agar spot assay, co-culturing assay, and agar well diffusion assay. We also conducted genera-specific and species-specific molecular methods to detect the DNA in the dietary supplements and single-strain beneficial microbes. We found that the multi-strain dietary supplements exhibited a statistically significant higher antagonistic effect against the challenge wound pathogens than the single-strain microbes and that lactobacilli-containing dietary supplements and single-strain microbes were significantly more efficient than the selected propionibacteria and bacilli. Differences in results between methods were also observed, possibly due to different mechanisms of action. Individual pathogens were susceptible to different dietary supplements or single-strain microbes. Perhaps an individual approach such as a 'probiogram' could be a possibility in the future as a method to find the most efficient targeted probiotic strains, cell-free supernatants, or neutralized cell-free supernatants that have the highest antagonistic effect against individual clinical wound pathogens.
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13
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Oluwasola IE, Ahmad AL, Shoparwe NF, Ismail S. Gadolinium based contrast agents (GBCAs): Uniqueness, aquatic toxicity concerns, and prospective remediation. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2022; 250:104057. [PMID: 36130428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2022.104057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The current toxicity concerns of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) have birthed the need to regulate and, sometimes restrict its clinical administration. However, tolerable concentration levels of Gd in the water sector have not been set. Therefore, the detection and speedy increase of the anthropogenic Gd-GBCAs in the various water bodies, including those serving as the primary source of drinking water for adults and children, is perturbing. Nevertheless, the strongly canvassed risk-benefit considerations and superior uniqueness of GBCAs compared to the other ferromagnetic metals guarantees its continuous administration for Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) investigations regardless of the toxicity concerns. Unfortunately, findings have shown that both the advanced and conventional wastewater treatment processes do not satisfactorily remove GBCAs but rather risk transforming the chelated GBCAs to their free ionic metal (Gd 3+) through inadvertent degradation processes. This unintentional water processing-induced GBCA dechelation leads to the intricate pathway for unintentional human intake of Gd ion. Hence exposure to its probable ecotoxicity and several reported inimical effects on human health such as; digestive symptoms, twitching or weakness, cognitive flu, persistent skin diseases, body pains, acute renal and non-renal adverse reactions, chronic skin, and eyes changes. This work proposed an economical and manageable remediation technique for the potential remediation of Gd-GBCAs in wastewater, while a precautionary limit for Gd in public water and commercial drinks is advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idowu Ebenezer Oluwasola
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; School of Science and Computer Studies, Food Technology Department, The Federal Polytechnic, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State 360231, Nigeria.
| | - Abdul Latif Ahmad
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - Noor Fazliani Shoparwe
- Gold, Rare Earth, and Material Technopreneurship Centre (GREAT), Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Suzylawati Ismail
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
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14
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Li X, Ahmed W, Wu Z, Xia Y. Developing a novel Bifidobacterium phage quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based assay for tracking untreated wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155815. [PMID: 35550888 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microbial source tracking (MST) tools provide insights on fecal pollution levels in aquatic environments using predominantly quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays that target host-associated molecular marker genes. Existing wastewater-associated marker genes have shown limited or significant cross-reactions with non-human fecal samples. In this study, we mined the current Gut Phage Database (GPD) and designed a novel untreated wastewater-specific Bifidobacterium phage qPCR assay (i.e., Bifi assay). The sensitivity and specificity of the Bifi marker genes were assessed by collectively analyzing untreated (n = 33) and treated (n = 15) wastewater and non-human fecal samples (i.e., Rabbit, mouse, cow, horse, pig, chicken, sheep, dog, deer, kangaroos; n = 113) in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China and Brisbane, Australia. Bifi assay revealed 100% host-specificity against non-human fecal samples collected from Shenzhen and Brisbane. Furthermore, this marker gene was also detected in all untreated and treated wastewater samples, whose concentrations ranged from 5.54 to 6.83 log10 GC/L. In Shenzhen, the concentrations of Bifi marker gene were approximately two orders of magnitude lower than Bacteroides (HF183/BacR287 assay) and CrAssphage (CPQ_56 assay). The concentration of Bifi marker gene in untreated wastewater from Brisbane was 1.35 log10 greater than those in Shenzhen. Our results suggest that Bifi marker gene has the potential to detect and quantify the levels of human fecal pollution in Shenzhen and Brisbane. If additional detection sensitivity is required for environmental studies, Bifi marker gene should be paired with either CrAssphage or HF183/BacR287 marker genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Ziqi Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yu Xia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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15
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Sherchan S, Shahin S, Alarcon J, Brosky H, Potter C, Dada AC. Microbial source tracking of fecal contamination in stormwater runoff. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2022; 20:1271-1283. [PMID: 36170186 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2022.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Concerns over fecal contamination in stormwater canals have promoted the need for pollution control strategies, including the use of microbial source tracking, to identify fecal contamination in the Greater New Orleans Area. Surface water samples were collected over a 12-month period at five canal locations within Jefferson Parish, Louisiana. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and the IDEXX method were used to assess the concentrations of coliforms, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and human fecal 183 bacteroides (HF183) in stormwater samples. A 100% positive detection rate of total coliforms and E. coli was observed across all tested sites. Despite the closeness of the five sites, when averaged across all sampling time points, Kruskal-Wallis tests indicated that E. coli was present at significantly different concentrations in these locations (χ2(5) = 19.8, p = 0.0005). HF183 was detected in 62% of the water samples collected during the stormwater sampling. Without further testing for HF183 markers, the conclusion from this study would have been that fecal contamination from an unknown source was always present at varying levels during the study period. Analysis of HF183 markers therefore adds another layer of conclusions to the results deductible from E. coli concentrations. A 100% E. coli detection rate, high E. coli concentrations coupled with low rates of HF183 detection particularly at the Esplanade, Poplar Street, and Bonnabel Boat Launch sites, the sites closest to the lake outlet, throughout the study period, indicate that fecal contamination at these stormwater canal sites comes primarily from non-human sources. However, the Metairie Road and Napoleon Avenue sites, which have the highest HF183 detection rates, on top of chronic pollution by other non-human sources, are also influenced by human fecal pollution, possibly because of human development and faulty infrastructure. This study highlights the advantages of the use of microbial source-tracking methods to complement traditional indicator bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samendra Sherchan
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA E-mail: ; Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA
| | - Shalina Shahin
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA E-mail:
| | - Joshua Alarcon
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA E-mail:
| | - Hanna Brosky
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA E-mail:
| | - Collin Potter
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA E-mail:
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16
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Li D, Van De Werfhorst LC, Holden PA. Genetic Sequence Data Evidence that Human Fecal‐associated
HF183
sequences Are on Human Skin and in Urine. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:232-240. [PMID: 35429105 PMCID: PMC9544380 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Aims The DNA marker HF183 is a partial 16S rRNA gene sequence highly specific to human‐associated Bacteroides including Bacteroides dorei. While HF183 is used to assess human faecal contamination in aquatic environments worldwide, little is known about the existence of HF183 and B. dorei in human microbiomes outside of the human gastrointestinal tract and faeces. Methods and Results Previously published human skin and urine microbiome data sets from five independent human body skin studies, the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) and three independent human urine studies were analysed. The HF183 gene sequence was detected in all skin data sets, with the ratios of positive samples ranging from 0.5% to 36.3%. Popliteal fossa (knee), volar forearm and inguinal (groin) creases were identified as hot spots. HF183 was detected in two of three urine data sets, with ratios of positive samples ranging from 0% to 37.5%. All HF183‐containing sequences from these data sets were classified as associated with B. dorei. Conclusions HF183 is widespread on human skin and present in urine. Significance and Impact of Study Skin and urine microbiomes could be sources of HF183 to environmental waters. Such non‐faecal sources of HF183 might explain low concentrations of HF183 in recreational waters when swimmers are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management University of California Santa Barbara
| | | | - Patricia A. Holden
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management University of California Santa Barbara
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17
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Hachad M, Lanoue M, Vo Duy S, Villlemur R, Sauvé S, Prévost M, Dorner S. Locating illicit discharges in storm sewers in urban areas using multi-parameter source tracking: Field validation of a toolbox composite index to prioritize high risk areas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:152060. [PMID: 34861306 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In urban areas served by separate sewerage systems, illicit connections to the storm drain system from residences or commercial establishments are frequent whether these misconnections were made accidentally or deliberately. As a result, untreated and contaminated wastewater enters into storm sewers leading to pollution of receiving waters and non-compliance with water quality standards. Typical procedures for detecting illicit connections to the storm sewer system are time consuming and expensive, especially in a highly urbanised area. In this study, we investigated the use of human wastewater micropollutants WWMPs (caffeine, theophylline, and carbamazepine) and advanced DNA molecular markers (human specific Bacteroides HF183 and mitochondrial DNA) as anthropogenic tracers in order to assist identifying potential cross connections. Water samples from storm outfalls and storm sewer pipes in three urban subcatchments were collected in dry weather from 2013 to 2018. All samples contained various concentrations of these markers especially HF183, caffeine and theophylline, suggesting that the storm pipe system studied is widely contaminated by sanitary sewers. None of the traditional indicators or markers tested is sufficient alone to determine the origin of fecal pollution. In a highly urbanised area, the combination of at least three specific human markers was needed in order to locate the residential section with likely misconnections. The human specific Bacteroides HF183, and theophylline appeared to be the most effective markers (along with E. coli) of crossconnections, whereas carbamazepine can provide an indication of contamination through sanitary sewer exfiltration. A composite sewer cross-connection index was developed, and eight misconnected houses were identified and corrected. The index approach enables the reduction of false positives that could lead to expensive interventions to identify cross-connected households. The results show the multiparameter source tracking toolbox as an effective method to identify sewer cross connections for sustainable storm water management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Hachad
- Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Polytechnique de Montréal, CP 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada.
| | - Martine Lanoue
- City of Laval, soutien technique eau et salubrité, service de l'environnement et de l'écocitoyenneté, 480, Boulevard Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC H7V 3Z4, Canada
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, succ, Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Richard Villlemur
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, succ, Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Michèle Prévost
- Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Polytechnique de Montréal, CP 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada; NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Polytechnique de Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah Dorner
- Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Polytechnique de Montréal, CP 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada; Canada Research Chair in Microbial Contaminant Dynamics in Source Waters, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Polytechnique de Montréal, QC, Canada
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18
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Brandão J, Weiskerger C, Valério E, Pitkänen T, Meriläinen P, Avolio L, Heaney CD, Sadowsky MJ. Climate Change Impacts on Microbiota in Beach Sand and Water: Looking Ahead. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:1444. [PMID: 35162479 PMCID: PMC8834802 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Beach sand and water have both shown relevance for human health and their microbiology have been the subjects of study for decades. Recently, the World Health Organization recommended that recreational beach sands be added to the matrices monitored for enterococci and Fungi. Global climate change is affecting beach microbial contamination, via changes to conditions like water temperature, sea level, precipitation, and waves. In addition, the world is changing, and humans travel and relocate, often carrying endemic allochthonous microbiota. Coastal areas are amongst the most frequent relocation choices, especially in regions where desertification is taking place. A warmer future will likely require looking beyond the use of traditional water quality indicators to protect human health, in order to guarantee that waterways are safe to use for bathing and recreation. Finally, since sand is a complex matrix, an alternative set of microbial standards is necessary to guarantee that the health of beach users is protected from both sand and water contaminants. We need to plan for the future safer use of beaches by adapting regulations to a climate-changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Brandão
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Chelsea Weiskerger
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Elisabete Valério
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Department of Health Security, The Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (T.P.); (P.M.)
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Meriläinen
- Department of Health Security, The Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (T.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Lindsay Avolio
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (L.A.); (C.D.H.)
| | - Christopher D. Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (L.A.); (C.D.H.)
| | - Michael J. Sadowsky
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
- Department of Soil, Water & Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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19
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Massarelli C, Losacco D, Tumolo M, Campanale C, Uricchio VF. Protection of Water Resources from Agriculture Pollution: An Integrated Methodological Approach for the Nitrates Directive 91-676-EEC Implementation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413323. [PMID: 34948931 PMCID: PMC8704299 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen is a vital nutrient helpful to plants and crop growth. However, among the leading causes of water resources pollution is the excess nitrogen from agricultural sources. In European Union countries, the Nitrates Directive has been approved to reduce this problem monitoring of water bodies with regard to nitrate concentrations, designation of Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs), and establishing codes of good agricultural practices and measures to prevent and reduce water pollution from nitrates. In light of this, we propose an integrated methodological approach to better manage a environmental issue as the perimeter of NVZs with the prospective that our approach could be used in the future by other member states representing a Best Practice in that direction. The methodology is based on data integration applied in a GIS environment. Different available data representing the knowledge of the territory were harmonised, systematised and georeferenced, in order to increase the environmental framework, preserve the contamination of the water resource and give indications on the measures to be implemented to apply in the best way possible the Nitrates Directive. Finally, it was also possible to overcome the infringement procedure in progress for Italy and the Puglia region and proceed to new designation of NVZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Massarelli
- Water Research Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR-IRSA), Via F. De Blasio 5, Zona Industriale, 70132 Bari, Italy; (D.L.); (M.T.); (C.C.); (V.F.U.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniela Losacco
- Water Research Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR-IRSA), Via F. De Blasio 5, Zona Industriale, 70132 Bari, Italy; (D.L.); (M.T.); (C.C.); (V.F.U.)
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Marina Tumolo
- Water Research Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR-IRSA), Via F. De Blasio 5, Zona Industriale, 70132 Bari, Italy; (D.L.); (M.T.); (C.C.); (V.F.U.)
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Campanale
- Water Research Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR-IRSA), Via F. De Blasio 5, Zona Industriale, 70132 Bari, Italy; (D.L.); (M.T.); (C.C.); (V.F.U.)
| | - Vito Felice Uricchio
- Water Research Institute, Italian National Research Council (CNR-IRSA), Via F. De Blasio 5, Zona Industriale, 70132 Bari, Italy; (D.L.); (M.T.); (C.C.); (V.F.U.)
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20
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Biological Indicators for Fecal Pollution Detection and Source Tracking: A Review. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9112058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fecal pollution, commonly detected in untreated or less treated sewage, is associated with health risks (e.g., waterborne diseases and antibiotic resistance dissemination), ecological issues (e.g., release of harmful gases in fecal sludge composting, proliferative bacterial/algal growth due to high nutrient loads) and economy losses (e.g., reduced aqua farm harvesting). Therefore, the discharge of untreated domestic sewage to the environment and its agricultural reuse are growing concerns. The goals of fecal pollution detection include fecal waste source tracking and identifying the presence of pathogens, therefore assessing potential health risks. This review summarizes available biological fecal indicators focusing on host specificity, degree of association with fecal pollution, environmental persistence, and quantification methods in fecal pollution assessment. The development of practical tools is a crucial requirement for the implementation of mitigation strategies that may help confine the types of host-specific pathogens and determine the source control point, such as sourcing fecal wastes from point sources and nonpoint sources. Emerging multidisciplinary bacterial enumeration platforms are also discussed, including individual working mechanisms, applications, advantages, and limitations.
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21
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Yasar SA, Mills TJT, Uluturk ZI, Ruszczyk JMS, LeBard RJ, Neilan BA. Quantitative detection of human- and canine-associated Bacteroides genetic markers from an urban coastal lagoon. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 84:1732-1744. [PMID: 34662309 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of water catchments by nonpoint source faecal pollution is a major issue affecting the microbial quality of receiving waters and is associated with the occurrence of a range of enteric illnesses in humans. The potential sources of faecal pollution in surface waters are diverse, including urban sewage leaks, surface runoff and wildlife contamination originating from a range of hosts. The major contributing hosts require identification to allow targeted management of this public health concern. In this study, two high-performing Microbial Source Tracking (MST) assays, HF183/Bac242 and BacCan-UCDmodif, were used for their ability to detect host-specific Bacteroides 16Sr RNA markers for faecal pollution in a 12-month study on an urban coastal lagoon in Sydney, Australia. The lagoon was found to contain year-round high numbers of human and canine faecal markers, as well as faecal indicator bacteria counts, suggesting considerable human and animal faecal pollution. The high sensitivity and specificity of the HF183/Bac242 and BacCan-UCDmodif assays, together with the manageable levels of PCR inhibition and high level DNA extraction efficiency obtained from lagoon water samples make these markers candidates for inclusion in an MST 'toolbox' for investigating host origins of faecal pollution in urban surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhat A Yasar
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Toby J T Mills
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia E-mail:
| | - Zehra I Uluturk
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Rebecca J LeBard
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Brett A Neilan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia E-mail:
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22
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Toubiana M, Salles C, Tournoud MG, Licznar-Fajardo P, Zorgniotti I, Trémélo ML, Jumas-Bilak E, Robert S, Monfort P. Monitoring Urban Beach Quality on a Summer Day: Determination of the Origin of Fecal Indicator Bacteria and Antimicrobial Resistance at Prophète Beach, Marseille (France). Front Microbiol 2021; 12:710346. [PMID: 34512587 PMCID: PMC8424182 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.710346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A highly frequented beach in Marseille, France, was monitored on an hourly basis during a summer day in July 2018, to determine possible water and sand fecal pollution, in parallel with influx of beach users from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. Fecal indicator bacteria were enumerated, together with four host-associated fecal molecular markers selected to discriminate human, dog, horse, or gull/seagull origins of the contamination. The antimicrobial resistance of bacteria in water and sand was evaluated by quantifying (i) the class 1, 2, and 3 integron integrase genes intI, and (ii) blaTEM, blaCTX–M, and blaSHV genes encoding endemic beta-lactamase enzymes. The number of beach users entering and leaving per hour during the observation period was manually counted. Photographs of the beach and the bathing area were taken every hour and used to count the number of persons in the water and on the sand, using a photo-interpretation method. The number of beach users increased from early morning to a peak by mid-afternoon, totaling more than 1,800, a very large number of users for such a small beach (less than 1 ha). An increase in fecal contamination in the water corresponded to the increase in beach attendance and number of bathers, with maximum numbers observed in the mid-afternoon. The human-specific fecal molecular marker HF183 indicated the contamination was of human origin. In the water, the load of Intl2 and 3 genes was lower than Intl1 but these genes were detected only during peak attendance and highest fecal contamination. The dynamics of the genes encoding B-lactamases involved in B-lactams resistance notably was linked to beach attendance and human fecal contamination. Fecal indicator bacteria, integron integrase genes intI, and genes encoding B-lactamases were detected in the sand. This study shows that bathers and beach users can be significant contributors to contamination of seawater and beach sand with bacteria of fecal origin and with bacteria carrying integron-integrase genes and beta lactamase encoding genes. High influx of users to beaches is a significant factor to be considered in order to reduce contamination and manage public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Toubiana
- HydroSciences Montpellier, UMR 5151 Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Christian Salles
- HydroSciences Montpellier, UMR 5151 Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-George Tournoud
- HydroSciences Montpellier, UMR 5151 Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Patricia Licznar-Fajardo
- HydroSciences Montpellier, UMR 5151 Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France.,Département d'Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Zorgniotti
- HydroSciences Montpellier, UMR 5151 Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Laure Trémélo
- ESPACE, UMR 7300 Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Estelle Jumas-Bilak
- HydroSciences Montpellier, UMR 5151 Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France.,Département d'Hygiène Hospitalière, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Samuel Robert
- ESPACE, UMR 7300 Aix Marseille Université, Avignon Université, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Patrick Monfort
- HydroSciences Montpellier, UMR 5151 Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
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23
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Boukerb AM, Noël C, Quenot E, Cadiou B, Chevé J, Quintric L, Cormier A, Dantan L, Gourmelon M. Comparative Analysis of Fecal Microbiomes From Wild Waterbirds to Poultry, Cattle, Pigs, and Wastewater Treatment Plants for a Microbial Source Tracking Approach. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:697553. [PMID: 34335529 PMCID: PMC8317174 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.697553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fecal pollution in coastal areas is of a high concern since it affects bathing and shellfish harvesting activities. Wild waterbirds are non-negligible in the overall signal of the detectable pollution. Yet, studies on wild waterbirds’ gut microbiota focus on migratory trajectories and feeding impact on their shape, rare studies address their comparison to other sources and develop quantitative PCR (qPCR)-based Microbial Source Tracking (MST) markers to detect such pollution. Thus, by using 16S rRNA amplicon high-throughput sequencing, the aims of this study were (i) to explore and compare fecal bacterial communities from wild waterbirds (i.e., six families and 15 species, n = 275 samples) to that of poultry, cattle, pigs, and influent/effluent of wastewater treatment plants (n = 150 samples) and (ii) to develop new MST markers for waterbirds. Significant differences were observed between wild waterbirds and the four other groups. We identified 7,349 Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) from the hypervariable V3–V4 region. Firmicutes and Proteobacteria and, in a lesser extent, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes were ubiquitous while Fusobacteria and Epsilonbacteraeota were mainly present in wild waterbirds. The clustering of samples in non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination indicated a by-group clustering shape, with a high diversity within wild waterbirds. In addition, the structure of the bacterial communities was distinct according to bird and/or animal species and families (Adonis R2 = 0.13, p = 10–4, Adonis R2 = 0.11, p = 10–4, respectively). The Analysis of Composition of Microbiomes (ANCOM) showed that the wild waterbird group differed from the others by the significant presence of sequences from Fusobacteriaceae (W = 566) and Enterococcaceae (W = 565) families, corresponding to the Cetobacterium (W = 1427) and Catellicoccus (W = 1427) genera, respectively. Altogether, our results suggest that some waterbird members present distinct fecal microbiomes allowing the design of qPCR MST markers. For instance, a swan- and an oystercatcher-associated markers (named Swan_2 and Oyscab, respectively) have been developed. Moreover, bacterial genera harboring potential human pathogens associated to bird droppings were detected in our dataset, including enteric pathogens, i.e., Arcobacter, Clostridium, Helicobacter, and Campylobacter, and environmental pathogens, i.e., Burkholderia and Pseudomonas. Future studies involving other wildlife hosts may improve gut microbiome studies and MST marker development, helping mitigation of yet unknown fecal pollution sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine M Boukerb
- IFREMER, RBE-SGMM-LSEM, Laboratoire Santé Environnement Microbiologie, Plouzané, France
| | - Cyril Noël
- IFREMER - PDG-IRSI-SEBIMER, Plouzané, France
| | - Emmanuelle Quenot
- IFREMER, RBE-SGMM-LSEM, Laboratoire Santé Environnement Microbiologie, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Julien Chevé
- IFREMER, ODE-UL-LERBN, Laboratoire Environnement Ressource Bretagne Nord, Dinard, France
| | | | | | - Luc Dantan
- IFREMER, RBE-SGMM-LSEM, Laboratoire Santé Environnement Microbiologie, Plouzané, France
| | - Michèle Gourmelon
- IFREMER, RBE-SGMM-LSEM, Laboratoire Santé Environnement Microbiologie, Plouzané, France
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Differentiating Sources of Fecal Contamination to Wilderness Waters Using Droplet Digital PCR and Fecal Indicator Bacteria Methods. Wilderness Environ Med 2021; 32:332-339. [PMID: 34172374 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human activity in wilderness areas has the potential to affect aquatic ecosystems, including through the introduction of microorganisms associated with fecal contamination. We examined fecal microorganism contamination in water sources (lake outlets, snowmelt streams) in the popular Absaroka Beartooth Wilderness in the United States. Although the region is remote, increasing human visitation has the potential to negatively affect water quality, with particular concern about human-derived microorganism fecal contaminants. METHODS We used standard fecal indicator bacterial assays that quantified total coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli concentrations, together with more specific polymerase chain reaction-based microbial assays that identified possible human sources of fecal microorganisms in these waters. RESULTS Total coliforms were detected at all lake outlets (21 of 21 sites), and E coli was detected at 11 of 21 sites. Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction assays revealed the presence of human feces-derived microorganisms, albeit at abundances below the limit of detection (<10 gene copies per milliliter of water) at all but 1 of the sampling sites. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest low prevalence of water-borne pathogens (specifically E coli and human-derived Bacteroides) in this popular wilderness area. However, widespread detection of total coliforms, Bacteroides, and E coli highlight the importance of purifying water sources in wilderness areas before consumption. Specific sources of total coliforms and E coli in these waters remain unknown but could derive from wild or domesticated animals that inhabit or visit the Absaroka Beartooth Wilderness. Hence, although contamination by human fecal microorganisms appears minimal, human visitation could indirectly influence fecal contamination through domesticated animals.
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25
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Borchardt MA, Stokdyk JP, Kieke BA, Muldoon MA, Spencer SK, Firnstahl AD, Bonness DE, Hunt RJ, Burch TR. Sources and Risk Factors for Nitrate and Microbial Contamination of Private Household Wells in the Fractured Dolomite Aquifer of Northeastern Wisconsin. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:67004. [PMID: 34160249 PMCID: PMC8221036 DOI: 10.1289/ehp7813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Groundwater quality in the Silurian dolomite aquifer in northeastern Wisconsin, USA, has become contentious as dairy farms and exurban development expand. OBJECTIVES We investigated private household wells in the region, determining the extent, sources, and risk factors of nitrate and microbial contamination. METHODS Total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and nitrate were evaluated by synoptic sampling during groundwater recharge and no-recharge periods. Additional seasonal sampling measured genetic markers of human and bovine fecal-associated microbes and enteric zoonotic pathogens. We constructed multivariable regression models of detection probability (log-binomial) and concentration (gamma) for each contaminant to identify risk factors related to land use, precipitation, hydrogeology, and well construction. RESULTS Total coliforms and nitrate were strongly associated with depth-to-bedrock at well sites and nearby agricultural land use, but not septic systems. Both human wastewater and cattle manure contributed to well contamination. Rotavirus group A, Cryptosporidium, and Salmonella were the most frequently detected pathogens. Wells positive for human fecal markers were associated with depth-to-groundwater and number of septic system drainfield within 229m. Manure-contaminated wells were associated with groundwater recharge and the area size of nearby agricultural land. Wells positive for any fecal-associated microbe, regardless of source, were associated with septic system density and manure storage proximity modified by bedrock depth. Well construction was generally not related to contamination, indicating land use, groundwater recharge, and bedrock depth were the most important risk factors. DISCUSSION These findings may inform policies to minimize contamination of the Silurian dolomite aquifer, a major water supply for the U.S. and Canadian Great Lakes region. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7813.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Borchardt
- Environmentally Integrated Dairy Management Research Unit, U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joel P. Stokdyk
- Upper Midwest Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Burney A. Kieke
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Maureen A. Muldoon
- Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Susan K. Spencer
- Environmentally Integrated Dairy Management Research Unit, U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Aaron D. Firnstahl
- Upper Midwest Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Davina E. Bonness
- Kewaunee County Department of Land and Water Conservation, Luxemburg, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Randall J. Hunt
- Upper Midwest Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Middleton, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tucker R. Burch
- Environmentally Integrated Dairy Management Research Unit, U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
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26
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Ekhlas D, Kurisu F, Kasuga I, Cernava T, Berg G, Liu M, Furumai H. Identification of new eligible indicator organisms for combined sewer overflow via 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing in Kanda River, Tokyo. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 284:112059. [PMID: 33556826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) are commonly used to evaluate the pollution impact of combined sewer overflows (CSOs) in urban rivers. Although water quality assessment with FIB has a long tradition, recent studies demonstrated that FIB have a low correlation with pathogens and therefore are not accurate enough for the assessment of potential human hazards in water. Consequently, new eligible and more specific indicators have to be identified, which was done in this study via sequencing of genetic markers from total community DNA. To identify potential microbiome-based indicators, microbial communities in samples from an urban river in Tokyo under different climatic conditions (dry and rainy) were compared with the influent and effluent of three domestic wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) by analyzing 16 S rRNA gene amplicon libraries. In the first part of this study, physicochemical parameters and FIB quantification with selective culture techniques facilitated the identification of samples contaminated with CSO, sewage, or both. This allowed the grouping of samples into CSO-contaminated and non-contaminated samples, an essential step prior to the microbiome comparison between samples. Increased turbidity, ammonia concentrations, and E. coli [up to (9.37 ± 0.95) × 102 CFU/mL after 11.5 mm of rainfall] were observed in CSO-contaminated river samples. Comparison of dry weather (including WWTP samples) and rainy weather samples showed a reduction in microbial diversity in CSO-contaminated samples. Furthermore, the results of this study suggest Bacteroides spp. as a novel indicator of sewage pollution in surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ekhlas
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria; Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Futoshi Kurisu
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Ikuro Kasuga
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tomislav Cernava
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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27
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Microbial source tracking using metagenomics and other new technologies. J Microbiol 2021; 59:259-269. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-0668-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Prakash S, Panigrahi SK, Dorner RP, Wagner M, Schmidt W, Mishra AK. Understanding the photophysics of stercobilin-Zn(II) and urobilin-Zn(II) complexes towards faecal pigment analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129189. [PMID: 33307503 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A detailed photophysical study of two faecal pigments (FPs), Urobilin (UB) and Stercobilin (SB), and their zinc complexes [FP-Zn(II)] was carried out. The enhancement of UB and SB fluorescence resulting from the formation of their Zn(II) complexes was attributed to the complexation-induced rigidity of the chromophoric units, and the corresponding decrease of nonradiative decay rate constants of the excited singlet states (knr). The effect of various physicochemical environments was also studied in detail in order to understand the fluorescence behaviour of the Zn(II) complexes. FP-Zn(II) complexes have a lower solubility in water that results in the formation of molecular aggregates. The aggregation-induced loss of fluorescence of FP-Zn(II) complexes could be overcome by using the appropriate mixture of ethanol and water (70:30). Molecular orbital calculations on the FP-Zn(II) complexes provided a good idea of the geometry of the complexes and helped rationalise the enhancement of fluorescence after complexation. This study could pave the way towards developing a convenient non-extraction aqueous phase analytical procedure for detection of FPs using Zn(II) complexation method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wido Schmidt
- Technologiezentrum Wasser (TZW), Dresden, Germany
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29
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D'Aoust PM, Mercier E, Montpetit D, Jia JJ, Alexandrov I, Neault N, Baig AT, Mayne J, Zhang X, Alain T, Langlois MA, Servos MR, MacKenzie M, Figeys D, MacKenzie AE, Graber TE, Delatolla R. Quantitative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from wastewater solids in communities with low COVID-19 incidence and prevalence. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116560. [PMID: 33137526 PMCID: PMC7583624 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of an effective vaccine to prevent COVID-19 it is important to be able to track community infections to inform public health interventions aimed at reducing the spread and therefore reduce pressures on health-care, improve health outcomes and reduce economic uncertainty. Wastewater surveillance has rapidly emerged as a potential tool to effectively monitor community infections through measuring trends of RNA signal in wastewater systems. In this study SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA N1 and N2 gene regions are quantified in solids collected from influent post grit solids (PGS) and primary clarified sludge (PCS) in two water resource recovery facilities (WRRF) serving Canada's national capital region, i.e., the City of Ottawa, ON (pop. ≈ 1.1M) and the City of Gatineau, QC (pop. ≈ 280K). PCS samples show signal inhibition using RT-ddPCR compared to RT-qPCR, with PGS samples showing similar quantifiable concentrations of RNA using both assays. RT-qPCR shows higher frequency of detection of N1 and N2 gene regions in PCS (92.7, 90.6%, n = 6) as compared to PGS samples (79.2, 82.3%, n = 5). Sampling of PCS may therefore be an effective approach for SARS-CoV-2 viral quantification, especially during periods of declining and low COVID-19 incidence in the community. The pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) is determined to have a less variable RNA signal in PCS over a three month period for two WRRFs, regardless of environmental conditions, compared to Bacteroides 16S rRNA or human 18S rRNA, making PMMoV a potentially useful biomarker for normalization of SARS-CoV-2 signal. PMMoV-normalized PCS RNA signal from WRRFs of two cities correlated with the regional public health epidemiological metrics, identifying PCS normalized to a fecal indicator (PMMoV) as a potentially effective tool for monitoring trends during decreasing and low-incidence of infection of SARS-Cov-2 in communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M D'Aoust
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Mercier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Danika Montpetit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jian-Jun Jia
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ilya Alexandrov
- ActivSignal LLC., 27 Strathmore Rd Natick, MA 01760, United States
| | - Nafisa Neault
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Aiman Tariq Baig
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Janice Mayne
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Tommy Alain
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa K1H 8L1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Marc-André Langlois
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mark R Servos
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | | - Daniel Figeys
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Alex E MacKenzie
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Tyson E Graber
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Robert Delatolla
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada.
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30
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D'Aoust PM, Mercier E, Montpetit D, Jia JJ, Alexandrov I, Neault N, Baig AT, Mayne J, Zhang X, Alain T, Langlois MA, Servos MR, MacKenzie M, Figeys D, MacKenzie AE, Graber TE, Delatolla R. Quantitative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from wastewater solids in communities with low COVID-19 incidence and prevalence. WATER RESEARCH 2021. [PMID: 33137526 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.11.20173062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of an effective vaccine to prevent COVID-19 it is important to be able to track community infections to inform public health interventions aimed at reducing the spread and therefore reduce pressures on health-care, improve health outcomes and reduce economic uncertainty. Wastewater surveillance has rapidly emerged as a potential tool to effectively monitor community infections through measuring trends of RNA signal in wastewater systems. In this study SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA N1 and N2 gene regions are quantified in solids collected from influent post grit solids (PGS) and primary clarified sludge (PCS) in two water resource recovery facilities (WRRF) serving Canada's national capital region, i.e., the City of Ottawa, ON (pop. ≈ 1.1M) and the City of Gatineau, QC (pop. ≈ 280K). PCS samples show signal inhibition using RT-ddPCR compared to RT-qPCR, with PGS samples showing similar quantifiable concentrations of RNA using both assays. RT-qPCR shows higher frequency of detection of N1 and N2 gene regions in PCS (92.7, 90.6%, n = 6) as compared to PGS samples (79.2, 82.3%, n = 5). Sampling of PCS may therefore be an effective approach for SARS-CoV-2 viral quantification, especially during periods of declining and low COVID-19 incidence in the community. The pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) is determined to have a less variable RNA signal in PCS over a three month period for two WRRFs, regardless of environmental conditions, compared to Bacteroides 16S rRNA or human 18S rRNA, making PMMoV a potentially useful biomarker for normalization of SARS-CoV-2 signal. PMMoV-normalized PCS RNA signal from WRRFs of two cities correlated with the regional public health epidemiological metrics, identifying PCS normalized to a fecal indicator (PMMoV) as a potentially effective tool for monitoring trends during decreasing and low-incidence of infection of SARS-Cov-2 in communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M D'Aoust
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Mercier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Danika Montpetit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jian-Jun Jia
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ilya Alexandrov
- ActivSignal LLC., 27 Strathmore Rd Natick, MA 01760, United States
| | - Nafisa Neault
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Aiman Tariq Baig
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Janice Mayne
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Tommy Alain
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa K1H 8L1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Marc-André Langlois
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mark R Servos
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | | - Daniel Figeys
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Alex E MacKenzie
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Tyson E Graber
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Robert Delatolla
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1N 6N5, Canada.
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Linke RB, Kebede G, Mushi D, Lakew A, Hayes DS, Graf W, Farnleitner AH. Assessing the faecal source sensitivity and specificity of ruminant and human genetic microbial source tracking markers in the central Ethiopian highlands. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 72:458-466. [PMID: 33300161 PMCID: PMC7986238 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study tested genetic microbial source tracking (MST) methods for identifying ruminant‐ (BacR) and human‐associated (HF183/BacR287, BacHum) bacterial faecal contaminants in Ethiopia in a newly created regional faecal sample bank (n = 173). BacR performed well, and its marker abundance was high (100% sensitivity (Sens), 95% specificity (Spec), median log10 8·1 marker equivalents (ME) g−1 ruminant faeces). Human‐associated markers tested were less abundant in individual human samples (median: log10 5·4 and 4·2 (ME + 1) g−1) and were not continuously detected (81% Sens, 91% Spec for BacHum; 77% Sens, 91% Spec for HF183/BacR287). Furthermore, the pig‐associated Pig2Bac assay was included and performed excellent (100% Sens, 100% Spec). To evaluate the presence of MST targets in the soil microbiome, representative soil samples were tested during a whole seasonal cycle (n = 60). Only BacR could be detected, but was limited to the dry season and to sites of higher anthropogenic influence (log10 3·0 to 4·9 (ME + 1) g−1 soil). In conclusion, the large differences in marker abundances between target and non‐target faecal samples (median distances between distributions ≥log10 3 to ≥log10 7) and their absence in pristine soil indicate that all tested assays are suitable candidates for diverse MST applications in the Ethiopian area.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Linke
- Research Group of Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics, Institute for Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Technical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - G Kebede
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia.,Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management (IHG), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - D Mushi
- Department of Biosciences, Solomon Mahlangu College of Science and Education, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - A Lakew
- National Fishery and Aquatic Life Research Centre, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - D S Hayes
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management (IHG), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - W Graf
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management (IHG), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - A H Farnleitner
- Research Group of Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics, Institute for Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Technical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Research Division Water Quality and Health, Karl Landsteiner University for Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
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Teixeira P, Dias D, Costa S, Brown B, Silva S, Valério E. Bacteroides spp. and traditional fecal indicator bacteria in water quality assessment - An integrated approach for hydric resources management in urban centers. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 271:110989. [PMID: 32579514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As part of a sustainable water resources management, the Lisbon municipality identified groundwater and treated wastewater use increase as two opportunities for better and sustainable water use, with natural safeguard for public health as a priority. In this context, the aim of our research was to assess the suitability of the human-associated marker gene Bacteroides HF183 and the cattle feces-associated CowM2, in routine water quality monitoring as indicators for water use and reuse, providing a tool to more accurately assess public health risks. To this intent, Real-Time quantitative PCR was used for detection of human-associated marker gene Bacteroides HF183 and the bovine-associated CowM2, in a total of 67 samples - groundwater and wastewater at three different treatment stages of a Waste Water Treatment Plant, in Lisbon. HF183 marker gene was detected in treated and untreated wastewater samples, with significant concentration reductions from untreated (6,07 E+07 copies/mL) to secondary treated effluent (1,86 E+05 copies/mL) and a further decrease in tertiary treatment (5,74 E+04 copies/mL). In groundwater samples, this marker was also detected in concentrations ranging from 2,63 E+02 copies/mL to 2,24 E+03 copies/mL. CowM2 marker gene on the other hand was only detected in wastewater samples, with concentrations ranging from 2,47 E+02 copies/mL to 1,17 E+04 copies/mL. Our research indicates that the use of Bacteroides spp. in association with traditional fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) is advantageous for water managing entities in urban settings, such as Lisbon, were drainage system failures may occur. An integrated approach thus provides crucial and more adequate information towards mitigation and correction measures when fecal contamination is detected in environmental waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Teixeira
- Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Direcção Municipal Do Ambiente, Estrutura Verde, Clima e Energia, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Águas, Avenida Cidade Do Porto S/N, 1700-111, Lisboa, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Centro de Estudos Do Ambiente e Do Mar (CESAM Lisboa), Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Deodália Dias
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Centro de Estudos Do Ambiente e Do Mar (CESAM Lisboa), Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Costa
- Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Direcção Municipal Do Ambiente, Estrutura Verde, Clima e Energia, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Águas, Avenida Cidade Do Porto S/N, 1700-111, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Brown
- Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Direcção Municipal Do Ambiente, Estrutura Verde, Clima e Energia, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Águas, Avenida Cidade Do Porto S/N, 1700-111, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Susana Silva
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Valério
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisboa, Portugal
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Gray J, Masters N, Wiegand A, Katouli M. Field assessment of horse-associated genetic markers HoF597 and mtCytb for detecting the source of contamination in surface waters. Can J Microbiol 2020; 66:623-630. [PMID: 32692953 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2019-0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the specificity and sensitivity of two horse-associated markers, HoF597 and Horse mtCytb, and 12 mitochondrial and bacterial markers of six animal species (human, cow, pig, bird, dog, chicken) in the faecal samples of 50 individual horses. Both horse markers were detected in 48 (96%) faecal samples. Cross-reactivity with dog (BacCan545) and pig (P23-2) occurred in 88% and 72% of horse faecal samples, respectively. Several other bacterial and mitochondrial markers of non-target hosts were also detected; however, their specificities were >80%. Analyses of samples from surface waters (n = 11) on or adjacent to properties from which horse faecal samples had been collected showed only the presence of HoF597 but not horse mitochondrial marker. Our data suggest that while bacterial and (or) mitochondrial markers of other animal species may be present in horse faeces, dog and pig markers may predominantly be present in horse faecal samples, which points to their nonspecificity as markers for microbial source tracking. Although HoF597 and Horse mtCytb are highly sensitive and specific for the detection of horse faecal pollution, because of their low numbers, mitochondrial (mtDNA) markers may not be robust for screening surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gray
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC 4558, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicole Masters
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC 4558, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aaron Wiegand
- School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC 4558, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mohammad Katouli
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC 4558, Queensland, Australia
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Escherichia coli Antimicrobial Resistance Variability in Water Runoff and Soil from a Remnant Native Prairie, an Improved Pasture, and a Cultivated Agricultural Watershed. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12051251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although many previous studies have examined patterns of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multidrug resistance (MDR) from domestic animals and farm environments, comparatively little is known about the environmental sources and natural reservoirs of AMR and MDR. In this study, we collected stormwater runoff and soil samples from three watersheds in Texas. Escherichia coli (E. coli) were enumerated, isolated, and analyzed for resistance patterns. E. coli from all sites, irrespective of land use, displayed the presence of AMR/MDR. Higher levels of AMR/MDR were observed in water compared to soil. More isolates were resistant to cephalothin than other antibiotics. For water isolates, 94% was resistant to cephalothin, 27% to tetracycline, and 15% to ampicillin. Across all sites, a large percentage of water isolates demonstrated MDR with 34% resistant to ≥2 antibiotics and 11% to ≥3 antibiotics. All AMR soil isolates were resistant to cephalothin (87% of the total soil isolates), but only 8.9% were MDR. High cephalothin resistance observed in both soil and water suggests the presence of native, cephalothin-resistant E. coli. Higher MDR observed within water compared to the soil populations suggests that resistance sources other than soil, such as more recent fecal depositions as opposed to residual AMR in soil, could have contributed to higher antibiotic-resistant E. coli in runoff.
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35
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Bridgemohan RSH, Bachoon DS, Wang Y, Bridgemohan P, Mutiti C, Ramsubhag A. Identifying the primary sources of fecal contamination along the beaches and rivers of Trinidad. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2020; 18:229-238. [PMID: 32300095 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2020.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the main sources of fecal pollution at popular beaches and rivers in the island of Trinidad. Escherichia coli enumeration and microbial source tracking (MST) were used to identify the primary sources of fecal bacteria contamination at the sites. Nineteen sites exceeded USEPA water quality standards for safe recreational use. Highest levels of fecal contamination were recorded on the central and west coasts of the island and included Brickfield River (4,839 MPN 100 ml-1), Orange Valley Bay (2,406.6 MPN 100 ml-1) and Chaguaramas Bay (1,921.2 MPN 100 ml-1). MST detected human (HF183) fecal pollution at ∼63%, birds at ∼67%, chicken at ∼36% and cattle (BacCow) at ∼34% of the sites. MST is a useful and rapid method for identifying major sources of fecal pollution in rivers and beaches. In Trinidad water bodies, the main sources of fecal pollution were humans and birds. The large number of sites with elevated levels of fecal pollution detected is particularly alarming and represents a serious public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronell S H Bridgemohan
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Georgia College and State University, Milledgeville, GA 31061, USA E-mail:
| | - Dave S Bachoon
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Georgia College and State University, Milledgeville, GA 31061, USA E-mail:
| | - Yingfan Wang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Georgia College and State University, Milledgeville, GA 31061, USA E-mail:
| | - Puran Bridgemohan
- Waterloo Research Campus, The University of Trinidad and Tobago, Waterloo Estates, Carapichaima, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Christine Mutiti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Georgia College and State University, Milledgeville, GA 31061, USA E-mail:
| | - Adesh Ramsubhag
- Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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36
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Ecological and Technical Mechanisms for Cross-Reaction of Human Fecal Indicators with Animal Hosts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02319-19. [PMID: 31862726 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02319-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays for human/sewage marker genes have demonstrated sporadic positive results in animal feces despite their high specificities to sewage and human feces. It is unclear whether these positive reactions are caused by true occurrences of microorganisms containing the marker gene (i.e., indicator organisms) or nonspecific amplification (false positive). The distribution patterns of human/sewage indicator organisms in animals have not been explored in depth, which is crucial for evaluating a marker gene's true- or false-positive reactions. Here, we analyzed V6 region 16S rRNA gene sequences from 257 animal fecal samples and tested a subset of 184 using qPCR for human/sewage marker genes. Overall, specificities of human/sewage marker genes within sequencing data were 99.6% (BacV6-21), 96.9% (Lachno3), and 96.1% (HF183, indexed by its inferred V6 sequence). Occurrence of some true cross-reactions was associated with atypical compositions of organisms within the genera Blautia or Bacteroides For human/sewage marker qPCR assays, specificities were 96.7% (HF183/Bac287R), 96.2% (BacV6-21), 95.6% (human Bacteroides [HB]), and 94.0% (Lachno3). Select assays duplexed with either Escherichia coli or Enterococcus spp. were also validated. Most of the positive qPCR results in animals were low level and, on average, 2 orders of magnitude lower than the copy numbers of E. coli and Enterococcus spp. The lower specificity in qPCR assays compared to sequencing data was mainly caused by amplification of sequences highly similar to the marker gene and not the occurrence of the exact marker sequence in animal fecal samples.IMPORTANCE Identifying human sources of fecal pollution is critical to remediate sanitation concerns. Large financial investments are required to address these concerns; therefore, a high level of confidence in testing results is needed. Human fecal marker genes validated in this study showed high specificity in both sequencing data and qPCR results. Human marker sequences were rarely found in individual animals, and in most cases, the animals had atypical microbial communities. Sequencing also revealed the presence of closely related organisms that could account for nonspecific amplification in certain assays. Both the true cross-reactions and the nonspecific amplification had low signals well below E. coli or Enterococcus levels and likely would not impact the assay's ability to reliably detect human fecal pollution. No animal source had multiple human/sewage marker genes present; therefore, using a combination of marker genes would increase the confidence of human fecal pollution detection.
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Wu B, Wang C, Zhang C, Sadowsky MJ, Dzakpasu M, Wang XC. Source-Associated Gastroenteritis Risk from Swimming Exposure to Aging Fecal Pathogens. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:921-929. [PMID: 31800232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human contact with fecally contaminated waters often raises public health concern. The infection potential closely relates to the fecal source type and the aging persistence of waterborne pathogens. In this study, the health risk of contracting gastroenteritis from exposure to aging fecal contamination was predicted using source-associated markers. Microbial decay characteristics in typical summer seawater were incorporated into a pathogen dose estimation model for a constant fecal input. Results show that the median illness probability commensurate with the health benchmark of 36/1000 corresponded to the marker concentrations of ∼7.8, ∼6.6, ∼3.7, and ∼3.5 log10 gene copies/100 mL for seagulls, cattle, raw sewage, and treated effluent, respectively. The error in risk estimates due to neglecting microbial decay was linearly correlated to the decay differences between markers and pathogens. Specifically, the health risk associated with nonhuman sources, which was primarily contributed by bacterial and parasitic pathogens, can be substantially overestimated, while that for virus-dominated human sources was insignificantly affected by the differential decay. Additionally, seagulls dominated the Enterococcus concentration in waters with a mixture of the above-mentioned sources, although they posed limited health risk. This study provides an approach to understanding the influence of fecal aging on health risk estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolei Wu
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering; and School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering , Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology , Number 13, Yanta Road , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710055 , P. R. China
| | - Chunwei Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering; and School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering , Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology , Number 13, Yanta Road , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710055 , P. R. China
| | - Chongmiao Zhang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering; and School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering , Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology , Number 13, Yanta Road , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710055 , P. R. China
| | - Michael J Sadowsky
- BioTechnology Institute, Department of Soil, Water, & Climate and Department of Plant & Microbial Biology , University of Minnesota , 1479 Gortner Avenue , Saint Paul , Minnesota 55108 , United States
| | - Mawuli Dzakpasu
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering; and School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering , Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology , Number 13, Yanta Road , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710055 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development; Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering; and School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering , Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology , Number 13, Yanta Road , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710055 , P. R. China
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38
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Sánchez-Alfonso AC, Venegas C, Díez H, Méndez J, Blanch AR, Jofre J, Campos C. Microbial indicators and molecular markers used to differentiate the source of faecal pollution in the Bogotá River (Colombia). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 225:113450. [PMID: 31962274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal pathogenic microorganisms are introduced into the water by means of faecal contamination, thus creating a threat to public health and to the environment. Detecting these contaminants has been difficult due to such an analysis being costly and time-intensive; as an alternative, microbiological indicators have been used for this purpose, although they cannot differentiate between human or animal sources of contamination because these indicators are part of the digestive tracts of both. To identify the sources of faecal pollution, the use of chemical, microbiological and molecular markers has been proposed. Currently available markers present some geographical specificity. The aim of this study was to select microbial and molecular markers that could be used to differentiate the sources of faecal pollution in the Bogotá River and to use them as tools for the evaluation and identification of the origin of discharges and for quality control of the water. In addition to existing microbial source markers, a phage host strain (PZ8) that differentiates porcine contamination was isolated from porcine intestinal content. The strain was identified biochemically and genotypically as Bacteroides. The use of this strain as a microbial source tracking indicator was evaluated in bovine and porcine slaughterhouse wastewaters, raw municipal wastewaters and the Bogotá River. The results obtained indicate that the selected microbial and molecular markers enable the determination of the source of faecal contamination in the Bogotá River by using different algorithms to develop prediction models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Sánchez-Alfonso
- Department of Microbiology, Pontifical Xavierian University, Carrera 7 No. 43 - 82, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Camilo Venegas
- Department of Microbiology, Pontifical Xavierian University, Carrera 7 No. 43 - 82, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hugo Díez
- Department of Microbiology, Pontifical Xavierian University, Carrera 7 No. 43 - 82, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Javier Méndez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Anicet R Blanch
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Jofre
- Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Campos
- Department of Microbiology, Pontifical Xavierian University, Carrera 7 No. 43 - 82, Bogotá, Colombia
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Moura IB, Normington C, Ewin D, Clark E, Wilcox MH, Buckley AM, Chilton CH. Method comparison for the direct enumeration of bacterial species using a chemostat model of the human colon. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:2. [PMID: 31898476 PMCID: PMC6941270 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1669-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) has a high recurrent infection rate. Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been used successfully to treat recurrent CDI, but much remains unknown about the human gut microbiota response to replacement therapies. In this study, antibiotic-mediated dysbiosis of gut microbiota and bacterial growth dynamics were investigated by two quantitative methods: real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and direct culture enumeration, in triple-stage chemostat models of the human colon. Three in vitro models were exposed to clindamycin to induce simulated CDI. All models were treated with vancomycin, and two received an FMT. Populations of total bacteria, Bacteroides spp., Lactobacillus spp., Enterococcus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., C. difficile, and Enterobacteriaceae were monitored using both methods. Total clostridia were monitored by selective culture. Using qPCR analysis, we additionally monitored populations of Prevotella spp., Clostridium coccoides group, and Clostridium leptum group. RESULTS Both methods showed an exacerbation of disruption of the colonic microbiota following vancomycin (and earlier clindamycin) exposure, and a quicker recovery (within 4 days) of the bacterial populations in the models that received the FMT. C. difficile proliferation, consistent with CDI, was also observed by both qPCR and culture. Pearson correlation coefficient showed an association between results varying from 98% for Bacteroides spp., to 62% for Enterobacteriaceae. CONCLUSIONS Generally, a good correlation was observed between qPCR and bacterial culture. Overall, the molecular assays offer results in real-time, important for treatment efficacy, and allow the monitoring of additional microbiota groups. However, individual quantification of some genera (e.g. clostridia) might not be possible without selective culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines B Moura
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Charmaine Normington
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Duncan Ewin
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Emma Clark
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Mark H Wilcox
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Department of Microbiology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Anthony M Buckley
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Caroline H Chilton
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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40
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Badgley BD, Steele MK, Cappellin C, Burger J, Jian J, Neher TP, Orentas M, Wagner R. Fecal indicator dynamics at the watershed scale: Variable relationships with land use, season, and water chemistry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 697:134113. [PMID: 32380608 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tracking fecal contamination in surface waters is critical to remediating water quality; however, general and source-specific fecal indicators often provide conflicting results. To understand the spatial and temporal dynamics of multiple fecal indicators and the sources they represent, we measured weekly concentrations of two general fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), a genetic indicator of human-associated Bacteroides (HF183), and surface water chemistry in nine mixed land-use watersheds in southwest Virginia, USA. At the watershed scale, general and source-specific indicators were decoupled, with distinct spatial, temporal, and chemical patterns. Random Forest analysis of individual sample variability identified temperature, watershed, nutrients, and cations as top predictors of indicator concentrations. However, these patterns - and the specific nutrients and cations identified - varied by indicator type. Among watersheds, FIB increased with developed land cover and during the summer months, while HF183 increased during the winter and only in urban watersheds. Nutrients generally related poorly to FIB and HF183, except E. coli, which correlated with total nitrogen. In contrast, all fecal indicators showed strong correlations with cations. FIB were more strongly related to calcium, magnesium, and potassium concentrations, while HF183 was related to sodium. These results suggest that, even at the watershed scale, 1) HF183 detects mainly human fecal contamination, while FIB detect broader ecosystem fecal inputs, and 2) poor correlation between specific and generalist fecal indicators is caused by unique spatial, temporal, and transport dynamics of different fecal sources in watersheds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Badgley
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, United States of America.
| | - Meredith K Steele
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, United States of America
| | - Catherine Cappellin
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, United States of America
| | - Julie Burger
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, United States of America
| | - Jinshi Jian
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, United States of America
| | - Timothy P Neher
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, United States of America
| | - Megan Orentas
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, United States of America
| | - Regan Wagner
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, United States of America
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41
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Curtis K, Gonzalez RA. Integrating Bayesian Analysis and Cumulative Probability Generates High Confidence Using a Single Microbial Source Tracking Marker. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:13929-13937. [PMID: 31682415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microbial source tracking can identify waterbodies at risk of contamination using host-associated molecular markers. No assay used for microbial source tracking is both 100% host-specific and sensitive for human or animal fecal contamination. Using literature sensitivity and specificity values, Bayes' Theorem for conditional probability was applied to the human fecal-associated HF183 marker in a microbial source tracking context. Type I and Type II error rates were examined across a range of priors. Conditional probabilities were investigated using two human-associated markers, HF183 and HumM2, concurrently. Cumulative probability analysis was used to explore the likelihood of true contaminant detection using multiple samples. Probability of human fecal contamination was calculated for all combinations of positive and negative marker results given three samples. Results demonstrate the respective influence that specificity and sensitivity values exert on the likelihood of true positive and true negative. Using practical priors, high levels of confidence (99%) in results were observed when HF183 and HumM2 were used concurrently. Cumulative probability analyses showed that multiple samples from a single location can provide a >95% level of confidence in positive and negative results, suggesting that when multiple samples are necessary to account for in situ variability, a single marker can yield sufficiently reliable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Curtis
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District , 1434 Air Rail Blvd , Virginia Beach , Virginia 23455 , United States
| | - Raul A Gonzalez
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District , 1434 Air Rail Blvd , Virginia Beach , Virginia 23455 , United States
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Hu H, Zhang S, Liu F, Zhang P, Muhammad Z, Pan S. Role of the Gut Microbiota and Their Metabolites in Modulating the Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of Citrus Pectin Oligosaccharides in C57BL/6 Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11922-11930. [PMID: 31576748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the regulatory effects of citrus pectin oligosaccharides (POS) from an innovative, chemically controllable degradation process on cholesterol metabolism and the gut microbial composition. The modulatory role of the intestinal flora was explored. Four-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed either a standard diet; a high-fat (HF) diet; or a HF diet with 0.15, 0.45, and 0.9 g/kg body weight POS for 30 days. POS reduced serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) in a dose-dependent manner. The relative abundances of specific bacterial groups in the feces and the concentrations of their metabolites were higher in the POS groups. There were significant correlations among Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides and short-chain fatty acids, as well as among serum TC, LDL-C, fecal bile acids, and liver cholesterol 7-α-hydroxylase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. These findings indicate that the prepared POS exhibited hypocholesterolemic effects and that the potential regulatory mechanisms of citrus POS on cholesterol metabolism are modulated by specific bacterial groups together with their metabolites.
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Occurrence of Bacterial Markers and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Sub-Saharan Rivers Receiving Animal Farm Wastewaters. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14847. [PMID: 31619758 PMCID: PMC6795877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51421-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes which confer resistance to antibiotics from human/animal sources are currently considered a serious environmental and a public health concern. This problem is still little investigated in aquatic environment of developing countries according to the different climatic conditions. In this research, the total bacterial load, the abundance of relevant bacteria (Escherichia coli (E. coli), Enterococcus (Ent), and Pseudomonas), and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs: blaOXA-48, blaCTX-M, sul1, sul2, sul3, and tet(B)) were quantified using Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) in sediments from two rivers receiving animal farming wastewaters under tropical conditions in Kinshasa, capital city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Human and pig host-specific markers were exploited to examine the sources of contamination. The total bacterial load correlated with relevant bacteria and genes blaOXA-48, sul3, and tet(B) (P value < 0.01). E. coli strongly correlated with 16s rDNA, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas spp., blaOXA-48, sul3, and tet(B) (P value < 0.01) and with blaCTX-M, sul1, and sul2 at a lower magnitude (P value < 0.05). The most abundant and most commonly detected ARGs were sul1, and sul2. Our findings confirmed at least two sources of contamination originating from pigs and anthropogenic activities and that animal farm wastewaters didn’t exclusively contribute to antibiotic resistance profile. Moreover, our analysis sheds the light on developing countries where less than adequate infrastructure or lack of it adds to the complexity of antibiotic resistance proliferation with potential risks to the human exposure and aquatic living organisms. This research presents useful tools for the evaluation of emerging microbial contaminants in aquatic ecosystems which can be applied in the similar environment.
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Xue J, Feng Y. Comparison of microbial source tracking efficacy for detection of cattle fecal contamination by quantitative PCR. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:1104-1112. [PMID: 31412506 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Identification of fecal contamination sources in surface water has become heavily dependent on quantitative PCR (qPCR) because this technique allows for the rapid enumeration of fecal indicator bacteria as well as the detection and quantification of fecal source-associated genetic markers in the environment. Identification of contamination sources in impaired waters is a prerequisite for developing best management practices to reduce future pollution. Proper management decisions rely on the quality and interpretation of qPCR data. In this study, we developed a method to determine analytical and process lower limits of detection (LLOD) and quantification (LLOQ) using two cattle-associated genetic markers targeting Bacteroidales. Analytical LLOD (ALLOD) for both CowM2 and CowM3 genetic markers in the qPCR assay were five gene copies per reaction. Using composite fecal DNA, the analytical LLOQ (ALLOQ) determined for CowM2 and CowM3 were 78 and 195 gene copies/reaction, respectively. When plasmid DNA was used, the ALLOQ for CowM2 and CowM3 were 46 and 20 gene copies/reaction, respectively. The process LLOD (PLLOD) for CowM2 and CowM3 were 0.4 and 0.02 mg feces/filter (wet weight), respectively. Using the standard deviation value of 0.25 as a cut-off point for LLOQ in regression analysis, the process LLOQ (PLLOQ) for CowM2 and CowM3 were 3.2 and 0.3 mg feces/filter, respectively. These results indicate that CowM3 exhibited superior performance characteristics compared with CowM2 for fecal samples collected from our geographical region. Moreover, the method for calculating LLOD and LLOQ developed here can be applied to other microbial source tracking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xue
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Yucheng Feng
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA.
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Motlagh AM, Yang Z. Detection and occurrence of indicator organisms and pathogens. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2019; 91:1402-1408. [PMID: 31505073 PMCID: PMC7169830 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review paper focuses on detection and quantification techniques of indicator organisms that can be used for water quality assessment. The environmental pathogens that are critical to understand and better evaluate water quality are also discussed in this paper. Several recent studies using culture-independent methods such as microbial source tracking, pulsed field gel electrophoresis, mitochondrial DNA, and next generation sequencing to assess various environmental samples and water bodies have been reviewed. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Various waterborne pathogens and cases of outbreak occurances due to presence of pathogens are studied in this review paper. Recent studies for detecting major indicator organisms to evaluate the presence of pathogens in water bodies are reviewed. Culture-independent techniques as robust tools to detect and quantify waterborne pathogens are discussed in this review paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir M. Motlagh
- Department of Civil EngineeringCalifornia State UniversitySacramentoCalifornia
| | - Zhengjian Yang
- Department of Civil EngineeringCalifornia State UniversitySacramentoCalifornia
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Ballesté E, Pascual-Benito M, Martín-Díaz J, Blanch AR, Lucena F, Muniesa M, Jofre J, García-Aljaro C. Dynamics of crAssphage as a human source tracking marker in potentially faecally polluted environments. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 155:233-244. [PMID: 30851594 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that crAssphage is abundant in human faecal samples worldwide. It has thus been postulated as a potential microbial source tracking (MST) marker to detect human faecal pollution in water. However, an effective implementation of crAssphage in water management strategies will depend on an understanding of its environmental dynamics. In this work, the abundance and temporal distribution of crAssphage was analysed in the effluent of wastewater treatment plants using different sewage treatments, and in two rivers (water and sediments) that differ in pollution impact and flow regime. Additionally, the influence of environmental conditions (temperature and rainfall) on the removal of the marker was studied along a river section, and natural inactivation was assessed by a mesocosms approach. Molecular and culture-based tools were used to compare crAssphage abundance and dynamics with those of bacteria and bacteriophages currently applied as global indicators (E. coli, somatic coliphages, Bacteroides GA17 bacteriophages, and the human-associated MST markers HF183 and HMBif). CrAssphage concentrations in sewage effluent and river samples were similar to those of HF183 and HMBif and higher than other general and/or culture-based indicators (by 2-3 orders of magnitude). Measurement of crAssphage abundance revealed no temporal variability in the effluent, although rainfall events affected the dynamics, possibly through the mobilisation of sediments, where the marker was detected in high concentrations, and an increase in diffuse and point pollution. Another factor affecting crAssphage inactivation was temperature. Its persistence was longer compared with other bacterial markers analysed by qPCR but lower than culturable markers. The results of this study support the use of crAssphage as a human source tracking marker of faecal pollution in water, since it has similar abundances to other molecular human MST markers, yet with a longer persistence in the environment. Nevertheless, its use in combination with infectious bacteriophages is probably advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ballesté
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Microbiology Section, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M Pascual-Benito
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Microbiology Section, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Martín-Díaz
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Microbiology Section, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A R Blanch
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Microbiology Section, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Lucena
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Microbiology Section, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Muniesa
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Microbiology Section, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Jofre
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Microbiology Section, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C García-Aljaro
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Microbiology Section, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
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Highly Specific Sewage-Derived Bacteroides Quantitative PCR Assays Target Sewage-Polluted Waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.02696-18. [PMID: 30635376 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02696-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of sewage contamination in water has primarily relied on the detection of human-associated Bacteroides using markers within the V2 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Despite the establishment of multiple assays that target the HF183 cluster (i.e., Bacteroides dorei) and other Bacteroides organisms (e.g., Bacteroides thetaiota omicron), the potential for more human-associated markers in this genus has not been explored in depth. We examined the Bacteroides population structure in sewage and animal hosts across the V4V5 and V6 hypervariable regions. Using near-full-length cloned sequences, we identified the sequences in the V4V5 and V6 hypervariable regions that are linked to the HF183 marker in the V2 region and found these sequences were present in multiple animals. In addition, the V4V5 and V6 regions contained human fecal marker sequences for organisms that were independent of the HF183 cluster. The most abundant Bacteroides in untreated sewage was not human associated but pipe derived. Two TaqMan quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays targeting the V4V5 and V6 regions of this organism were developed. Validation studies using fecal samples from seven animal hosts (n = 76) and uncontaminated water samples (n = 30) demonstrated the high specificity of the assays for sewage. Freshwater Bacteroides were also identified in uncontaminated water samples, demonstrating that measures of total Bacteroides do not reflect fecal pollution. A comparison of two previously described human Bacteroides assays (HB and HF183/BacR287) in municipal wastewater influent and sewage-contaminated urban water samples revealed identical results, illustrating the assays target the same organism. The detection of sewage-derived Bacteroides provided an independent measure of sewage-impacted waters.IMPORTANCE Bacteroides are major members of the gut microbiota, and host-specific organisms within this genus have been used extensively to gain information on pollution sources. This study provides a broad view of the population structure of Bacteroides within sewage to contextualize the well-studied HF183 marker for a human-associated Bacteroides The study also delineates host-specific sequence patterns across multiple hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene to improve our ability to use sequence data to assess water quality. Here, we demonstrate that regions downstream of the HF183 marker are nonspecific but other potential human-associated markers are present. Furthermore, we show the most abundant Bacteroides in sewage is free living, rather than host associated, and specifically found in sewage. Quantitative PCR assays that target organisms specific to sewer pipes offer measures that are independent of the human microbiome for identifying sewage pollution in water.
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Shin SB, Lee JH, Lim CW, Son KT, Jeong SH. Fecal source tracking based on fecal coliform concentration and bacterial community structure in the Bong stream, Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:5601-5612. [PMID: 30612367 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3995-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fecal source tracking of the Bong stream, a representative inland pollutant around the drainage basin of Gangjin Bay (an area where shellfish are grown for export), was performed three times in four confluence areas with 13 sampling sites by analyzing fecal coliform concentrations and two types of bacterial community structures. Identification of the origin of major fecal pollution in the area that inflowed simultaneously via several branch streams was difficult using fecal source tracking based on fecal coliform concentration. Bacterial community analyses using high-throughput sequencing showed that the dominant groups in the entire bacterial community at the class level were Beta-, Gamma-, and Alpha-proteobacteria; Flavobacteriia; and Bacteroidia, and the most abundant groups in the Bacteroidales-specific community at the genus level were Prevotella and Bacteroides. Hierarchical clustering and Bray-Curtis dissimilarity analysis for fecal source tracking indicated that the Bacteroidales-specific community was superior in water environments compared with analysis of the entire bacterial community. Conversely, when the degree of fecal pollution in the sample was low, fecal source tracking based on the entire bacterial community was more reliable. These results suggest that fecal source tracking based on bacterial communities is a useful tool for identifying the origin of fecal pollution in a large stream and implementing systematic guidelines for the establishment of an effective management plan to reduce fecal pollution sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Bum Shin
- South Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 22, Sepodangmeori-gil, Hwayang-myeon, Yeosu, 59780, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hee Lee
- South Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 22, Sepodangmeori-gil, Hwayang-myeon, Yeosu, 59780, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Won Lim
- South Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 22, Sepodangmeori-gil, Hwayang-myeon, Yeosu, 59780, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Tae Son
- Food Safety and Processing Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 216, Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyeon Jeong
- South Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 22, Sepodangmeori-gil, Hwayang-myeon, Yeosu, 59780, Republic of Korea.
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Identification of Human and Animal Fecal Contamination in Drinking Water Sources in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, Using Host-Associated Bacteroidales Quantitative PCR Assays. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w10121796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study identified the sources of fecal contamination in the groundwater of different land covers. A total of 300 groundwater samples were collected in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, in the dry (n = 152) and wet (n = 148) seasons of 2016. Fecal indicator bacteria were initially enumerated, and then fecal contamination sources were identified using human (BacHum), ruminant (BacR), and pig-associated (Pig2Bac) Bacteroidales quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. Sixty-six percent (197/300) of the tested groundwater samples had Escherichia coli concentrations higher than the World Health Organization threshold for drinking (<1 most probable number/100 mL). The fecal contamination of the groundwater was of human (22%, 55/250), ruminant (11%, 28/250), and pig (3%, 8/250) origin. Deep tube wells were less likely to be positive for E. coli and fecal markers compared to shallow dug wells. The human fecal marker was more likely to be detected in sources from built-up as compared to agricultural areas (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.60, p = 0.002). Likewise, the ruminant fecal marker was more likely to be detected in sources from agricultural as compared to built-up areas (AOR = 2.90, p = 0.018). These findings suggest the preparation of mitigation strategies for controlling fecal pollution based on land cover and well types.
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Dila DK, Corsi SR, Lenaker PL, Baldwin AK, Bootsma MJ, McLellan SL. Patterns of Host-Associated Fecal Indicators Driven by Hydrology, Precipitation, and Land Use Attributes in Great Lakes Watersheds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11500-11509. [PMID: 30192524 PMCID: PMC6437017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fecal contamination from sewage and agricultural runoff is a pervasive problem in Great Lakes watersheds. Most work examining fecal pollution loads relies on discrete samples of fecal indicators and modeling land use. In this study, we made empirical measurements of human and ruminant-associated fecal indicator bacteria and combined these with hydrological measurements in eight watersheds ranging from predominantly forested to highly urbanized. Flow composited river samples were collected over low-flow ( n = 89) and rainfall or snowmelt runoff events ( n = 130). Approximately 90% of samples had evidence of human fecal pollution, with highest loads from urban watersheds. Ruminant indicators were found in ∼60-100% of runoff-event samples in agricultural watersheds, with concentrations and loads related to cattle density. Rain depth, season, agricultural tile drainage, and human or cattle density explained variability in daily flux of human or ruminant indicators. Mapping host-associated indicator loads to watershed discharge points sheds light on the type, level, and possible health risk from fecal pollution entering the Great Lakes and can inform total maximum daily load implementation and other management practices to target specific fecal pollution sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah K. Dila
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA
| | - Steven R. Corsi
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center, Middleton, WI 53562, USA
| | - Peter L. Lenaker
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center, Middleton, WI 53562, USA
| | - Austin K. Baldwin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Idaho Water Science Center, Boise, ID 83702, USA
| | - Melinda J. Bootsma
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA
| | - Sandra L. McLellan
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA
- Corresponding Author:
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