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Teiba II, El-Bilawy EH, Abouelsaad IA, Shehata AI, Alhoshy M, Habib YJ, Abu-Elala NM, El-Khateeb N, Belal EB, Hussain WAM. The role of marine bacteria in modulating the environmental impact of heavy metals, microplastics, and pesticides: a comprehensive review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:64419-64452. [PMID: 39547992 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-35520-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 11/02/2024] [Indexed: 11/17/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria assume a pivotal role in mitigating environmental issues associated with heavy metals, microplastics, and pesticides. Within the domain of heavy metals, bacteria exhibit a wide range of processes for bioremediation, encompassing biosorption, bioaccumulation, and biotransformation. Toxigenic metal ions can be effectively sequestered, transformed, and immobilized, hence reducing their adverse environmental effects. Furthermore, bacteria are increasingly recognized as significant contributors to the process of biodegradation of microplastics, which are becoming increasingly prevalent as contaminants in marine environments. These microbial communities play a crucial role in the colonization, depolymerization, and assimilation processes of microplastic polymers, hence contributing to their eventual mineralization. In the realm of pesticides, bacteria play a significant role in the advancement of environmentally sustainable biopesticides and the biodegradation of synthetic pesticides, thereby mitigating their environmentally persistent nature and associated detrimental effects. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of the intricate dynamics between bacteria and anthropogenic contaminants is of paramount importance in the pursuit of technologically advanced and environmentally sustainable management approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam I Teiba
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt.
| | - Emad H El-Bilawy
- King Salman International University, South Sinai City, 46618, Egypt
| | | | - Akram Ismael Shehata
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
| | - Mayada Alhoshy
- College of Marine Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yusuf Jibril Habib
- Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Applied Science, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Nermeen M Abu-Elala
- King Salman International University, South Sinai City, 46618, Egypt
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nagwa El-Khateeb
- Agricultural Botany Department, (Agricultural Microbiology), Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Elsayed B Belal
- Agricultural Botany Department, (Agricultural Microbiology), Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Warda A M Hussain
- Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
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2
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Mo Y, Bier R, Li X, Daniels M, Smith A, Yu L, Kan J. Agricultural practices influence soil microbiome assembly and interactions at different depths identified by machine learning. Commun Biol 2024; 7:1349. [PMID: 39424928 PMCID: PMC11489707 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-07059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 10/11/2024] [Indexed: 10/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Agricultural practices affect soil microbes which are critical to soil health and sustainable agriculture. To understand prokaryotic and fungal assembly under agricultural practices, we use machine learning-based methods. We show that fertility source is the most pronounced factor for microbial assembly especially for fungi, and its effect decreases with soil depths. Fertility source also shapes microbial co-occurrence patterns revealed by machine learning, leading to fungi-dominated modules sensitive to fertility down to 30 cm depth. Tillage affects soil microbiomes at 0-20 cm depth, enhancing dispersal and stochastic processes but potentially jeopardizing microbial interactions. Cover crop effects are less pronounced and lack depth-dependent patterns. Machine learning reveals that the impact of agricultural practices on microbial communities is multifaceted and highlights the role of fertility source over the soil depth. Machine learning overcomes the linear limitations of traditional methods and offers enhanced insights into the mechanisms underlying microbial assembly and distributions in agriculture soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Mo
- Sino-French Engineer School, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Raven Bier
- Stroud Water Research Center, Avondale, PA, USA
- Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, USA
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Zibo Vocational Institute, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | | | | | - Lei Yu
- Sino-French Engineer School, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jinjun Kan
- Stroud Water Research Center, Avondale, PA, USA.
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3
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Demars M, McDowell T, Renaud JB, Scott A, Fruci M, Topp E. Persistence and evidence for accelerated biodegradation of streptomycin in agricultural soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172502. [PMID: 38636872 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Some antibiotics are used for the treatment of various bacterial crop diseases, and there is a concern that this practice may represent a selection pressure that increases the reservoir of antibiotic resistance carried by bacteria in crop production systems. Since the 1950s the aminoglycoside antibiotic streptomycin has been widely used for the treatment of some bacterial crop diseases such as fire blight in apples and pears. Following application, the time that bacteria will be exposed to the antibiotic, and therefore the pressure for selection of resistance, will vary according to the environmental persistence of the antibiotic. In the present study, the dissipation of streptomycin was examined in soils supplemented with 5 mg streptomycin/kg soil and incubated for 21 days under laboratory conditions. The impact of two key rate-controlling variables, soil texture (sandy loam, loam, clay loam) and temperature (4, 20, 30 °C) on streptomycin persistence were explored. -Robust methods for streptomycin extraction and analysis by LC-MS/MS were developed. Streptomycin dissipation followed first order kinetics, with the time to dissipate 50 % of the parent compound (DT50) in soils of varying texture incubated at 20 °C ranging from about seven to 15 days. In contrast, the DT50 of streptomycin in autoclaved loam soil incubated at 20 °C was about 111 days. At 4 °C the DT50 ranged from 49 to 137 days. Under no incubation conditions were any extractable transformation products obtained. Streptomycin was dissipated significantly more rapidly in field soil that had a prior history of exposure to the antibiotic than in soil that did not. Taken together, these results indicate that streptomycin is amenable to biodegradation in agricultural soils with DT50s of several days when temperature is permissive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Demars
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Tim McDowell
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Justin B Renaud
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Scott
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Fruci
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Edward Topp
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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Lago A, Silva B, Tavares T. Sustainable permeable biobarriers for atrazine removal in packed bed biofilm reactors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:123033. [PMID: 38030114 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The synergy between two supported bacterial biofilms of S. equisimilis and P. putida and a sustainable biocarrier (raw pine) was studied, working both as biobarriers for the treatment of water contaminated with atrazine. Firstly, the effects of ATZ exposure on bacterial growth were evaluated, with Gram-positive S. equisimilis being a more tolerant bacterium to higher amounts of the herbicide. The bioremoval of ATZ by S. equisimilis concentrated biomass was then assessed, reaching around 83.5% after 15 days due to the potential degradation by the biomass and biosorption by the solids, with overlapping of both mechanisms. The optimization of bacterial biofilm attachment onto raw pine prior to bioremoval assays in lab-scale packed bed biofilm reactors was performed by varying initial biomass concentration, inocula growth time and hydrodynamic conditions. Lastly, the optimized biosystems were tested as sustainable remediation designs to treat water contaminated with the selected herbicide. Results reveal an added beneficial effect towards the bioremoval of atrazine using supported biofilms onto raw pine, reaching 90.42% and 79.71% by S. equisimilis and P. putida biofilms, respectively, over 58.31% increase when compared to sorption on fixed bed of pine. The coupling of biosorption/biodegradation favors the bioremoval process significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lago
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - B Silva
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
| | - T Tavares
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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Aldas-Vargas A, Poursat BAJ, Sutton NB. Potential and limitations for monitoring of pesticide biodegradation at trace concentrations in water and soil. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:240. [PMID: 36261779 PMCID: PMC9581840 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pesticides application on agricultural fields results in pesticides being released into the environment, reaching soil, surface water and groundwater. Pesticides fate and transformation in the environment depend on environmental conditions as well as physical, chemical and biological degradation processes. Monitoring pesticides biodegradation in the environment is challenging, considering that traditional indicators, such as changes in pesticides concentration or identification of pesticide metabolites, are not suitable for many pesticides in anaerobic environments. Furthermore, those indicators cannot distinguish between biotic and abiotic pesticide degradation processes. For that reason, the use of molecular tools is important to monitor pesticide biodegradation-related genes or microorganisms in the environment. The development of targeted molecular (e.g., qPCR) tools, although laborious, allowed biodegradation monitoring by targeting the presence and expression of known catabolic genes of popular pesticides. Explorative molecular tools (i.e., metagenomics & metatranscriptomics), while requiring extensive data analysis, proved to have potential for screening the biodegradation potential and activity of more than one compound at the time. The application of molecular tools developed in laboratory and validated under controlled environments, face challenges when applied in the field due to the heterogeneity in pesticides distribution as well as natural environmental differences. However, for monitoring pesticides biodegradation in the field, the use of molecular tools combined with metadata is an important tool for understanding fate and transformation of the different pesticides present in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Aldas-Vargas
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 EV, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Baptiste A J Poursat
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 EV, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nora B Sutton
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 EV, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Zhou J, Wang D, Ju F, Hu W, Liang J, Bai Y, Liu H, Qu J. Profiling microbial removal of micropollutants in sand filters: Biotransformation pathways and associated bacteria. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127167. [PMID: 34536843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although there is growing evidence that micropollutants can be microbially converted in rapid sand filters of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), little is known about the biotransformation pathways and associated microbial strains in this process. Here, we constructed sand filter columns filled with manganese or quartz sand obtained from full-scale DWTPs to explore the biotransformation of eight micropollutants. Under seven different empty bed contact times (EBCTs), the column experiments showed that caffeine and atenolol were easily removed (up to 92.1% and 97.6%, respectively) with adsorption and microbial biotransformation of the filters. In contrast, the removal of other six micropollutants (i.e., naproxen, carbamazepine, atrazine, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfadiazine) in the filters were less than 27.1% at shorter EBCTs, but significantly increased at EBCT = 4 h, indicating the dominant role of microbial biotransformation in these micropollutants removal. Integrated analysis of metagenomic reads and transformation products of micropollutants showed a shift in caffeine oxidation and demethylation pathways at different EBCTs, simultaneous occurrence of atrazine hydrolysis and oxidation pathways, and sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole oxidation in the filters. Furthermore, using genome-centric analysis, we observed previously unidentified degrading strains, e.g., Piscinibacter, Hydrogenophaga, and Rubrivivax for caffeine transformation, and Methylophilus and Methyloversatilis for atenolol transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Donglin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feng Ju
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, China; Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Wanchao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jinsong Liang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yaohui Bai
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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7
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Esquirol L, Peat TS, Sugrue E, Balotra S, Rottet S, Warden AC, Wilding M, Hartley CJ, Jackson CJ, Newman J, Scott C. Bacterial catabolism of s-triazine herbicides: biochemistry, evolution and application. Adv Microb Physiol 2020; 76:129-186. [PMID: 32408946 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic s-triazines are abundant, nitrogen-rich, heteroaromatic compounds used in a multitude of applications including, herbicides, plastics and polymers, and explosives. Their presence in the environment has led to the evolution of bacterial catabolic pathways in bacteria that allow use of these anthropogenic chemicals as a nitrogen source that supports growth. Herbicidal s-triazines have been used since the mid-twentieth century and are among the most heavily used herbicides in the world, despite being withdrawn from use in some areas due to concern about their safety and environmental impact. Bacterial catabolism of the herbicidal s-triazines has been studied extensively. Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP, which was isolated more than thirty years after the introduction of the s-triazine herbicides, has been the model system for most of these studies; however, several alternative catabolic pathways have also been identified. Over the last five years, considerable detail about the molecular mode of action of the s-triazine catabolic enzymes has been uncovered through acquisition of their atomic structures. These structural studies have also revealed insights into the evolutionary origins of this newly acquired metabolic capability. In addition, s-triazine-catabolizing bacteria and enzymes have been used in a range of applications, including bioremediation of herbicides and cyanuric acid, introducing metabolic resistance to plants, and as a novel selectable marker in fermentation organisms. In this review, we cover the discovery and characterization of bacterial strains, metabolic pathways and enzymes that catabolize the s-triazines. We also consider the evolution of these new enzymes and pathways and discuss the practical applications that have been considered for these bacteria and enzymes. One Sentence Summary: A detailed understanding of bacterial herbicide catabolic enzymes and pathways offer new evolutionary insights and novel applied tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lygie Esquirol
- Biocatalysis & Synthetic Biology Team, CSIRO Land & Water, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Thomas S Peat
- CSIRO Biomedical Manufacturing, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Elena Sugrue
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sahil Balotra
- Biocatalysis & Synthetic Biology Team, CSIRO Land & Water, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sarah Rottet
- Biocatalysis & Synthetic Biology Team, CSIRO Land & Water, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, CSIRO Land & Water, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Andrew C Warden
- Biocatalysis & Synthetic Biology Team, CSIRO Land & Water, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Matthew Wilding
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; CSIRO Biomedical Manufacturing, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, CSIRO Land & Water, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Carol J Hartley
- Biocatalysis & Synthetic Biology Team, CSIRO Land & Water, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Colin J Jackson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Janet Newman
- CSIRO Biomedical Manufacturing, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Colin Scott
- Biocatalysis & Synthetic Biology Team, CSIRO Land & Water, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, CSIRO Land & Water, Black Mountain Science and Innovation Park, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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8
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Jiang Z, Chen J, Li J, Cao B, Chen Y, Liu D, Wang X, Zhang Y. Exogenous Zn 2+ enhance the biodegradation of atrazine by regulating the chlorohydrolase gene trzN transcription and membrane permeability of the degrader Arthrobacter sp. DNS10. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124594. [PMID: 31445334 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the biodegradation efficiency of atrazine, a kind of commonly applied herbicide, has been attracted much more concern. Here, Zn2+ which has long been considered essential in adjusting cell physiological status was selected to investigate its role on the biodegradation of atrazine by Arthrobacter sp. DNS10 as well as the transmembrane transport of atrazine during the biodegradation period. The results of gas chromatography showed that the atrazine removal percentages (initial concentration was 100 mg L-1) in 0.05 mM Zn2+ and 1.0 mM Zn2+ treatments were 94.42% and 86.02% respectively at 48 h, while there was also 66.43% of atrazine left in the treatment without exogenous Zn2+ existence. The expression of atrazine chlorohydrolase gene trzN in the strain DNS10 cultured with 0.05 mM and 1.0 mM Zn2+ was 7.30- and 4.67- times respectively compared with that of the non-zinc treatment. In addition, the flow cytometry test suggests that 0.05 mM of Zn2+ could better adjust the membrane permeability of strain DNS10, meanwhile, the amount of atrazine accumulation in the strain DNS10 co-cultured with this level Zn2+ was 2.21 times of that of the strain without Zn2+. This study may facilitate a better understanding of the mechanisms that exogenous Zn2+ enhances the biodegradation of atrazine by Arthrobacter sp. DNS10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Jiang
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jianing Chen
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jiaojiao Li
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Bo Cao
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yukun Chen
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Di Liu
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Gu X, Sun J, Cui Y, Wang X, Sang Y. Biological degradation of aflatoxin M 1 by Bacillus pumilus E-1-1-1. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00663. [PMID: 30171670 PMCID: PMC6436424 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1 ) is a potent mycotoxin which causes serious health concerns in developing countries, where it is mainly found in milk, meat, and other foods. Biological detoxification is a promising method for eliminating AFM1 . The aim of this work was to search for AFM1 -degrading bacterial strains from animal waste, soil, and activated sludge. High-performance liquid chromatography and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to analyze the AFM1 degradation products. A strain designated E-1-1-1 was obtained from African elephants feces, with the degradation ratio of AFM1 reaching 89.55% in 12 hr. Based on morphology, physiological and biochemical tests, and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain E-1-1-1 was identified as Bacillus pumilus. The culture supernatant of B. pumilus E-1-1-1 degraded AFM1 effectively, whereas the cells and cell extracts of B. pumilus E-1-1-1 were far less effective. Carbon and nitrogen sources had highly significant effects on the degradation of AFM1 by B. pumilus E-1-1-1. The AFM1 -degrading strain, B. pumilus E1-1-1, could have great potential in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxi Gu
- College of Food Science and TechnologyHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Jilu Sun
- College of Food Science and TechnologyHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Yuqi Cui
- College of Food Science and TechnologyHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Xianghong Wang
- College of Food Science and TechnologyHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Yaxin Sang
- College of Food Science and TechnologyHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
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Carretta L, Cardinali A, Zanin G, Masin R. Effect of sewage amendment on the dissipation of terbuthylazine, its degradation compound desethyl-terbuthylazine, and S-metolachlor in a field study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2019; 54:187-195. [PMID: 30601689 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2018.1541384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the effect of sewage amendment (SA) on the dissipation of terbuthylazine, its degradation compound desethyl-terbuthylazine, and S-metolachlor in the soil. The experiment was conducted at Padua Experimental Farm (Italy). Herbicides dissipation was evaluated in soils differently fertilized for three years: with inorganic fertilizer, with sewage sludge, and with a combination of them. Terbuthylazine and S-metolachlor were applied on sorghum as a formulated product at a dose of 2.8 L ha-1, and their dissipation was followed for 2.5 months. The concentrations of herbicides and one metabolite in soil were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The dissipation of terbuthylazine and S-metolachlor followed a pseudo first order kinetics; they dissipated faster in soil amended only with inorganic fertilizer than in soils amended with sewage or sewage + inorganic fertilizer. The reduction in mineralization of the herbicides after sewage addition can be attributed to the reduced herbicide availability to microorganisms. The degradation of terbuthylazine led to the formation of desethyl-terbuthylazine. SA slowed down the formation and the degradation of desethyl-terbuthylazine, leading to a higher amount measured at the end of the incubation. These findings have practical implications for the assessment of the environmental fate of terbuthylazine and S-metolachlor in agricultural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carretta
- a Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, DAFNAE , University of Padua , Legnaro , Italy
| | - Alessandra Cardinali
- a Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, DAFNAE , University of Padua , Legnaro , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zanin
- a Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, DAFNAE , University of Padua , Legnaro , Italy
| | - Roberta Masin
- a Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment, DAFNAE , University of Padua , Legnaro , Italy
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11
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Zhan J, Liang Y, Liu D, Ma X, Li P, Liu C, Liu X, Wang P, Zhou Z. Antibiotics may increase triazine herbicide exposure risk via disturbing gut microbiota. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:224. [PMID: 30545405 PMCID: PMC6291969 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotics are commonly used worldwide, and pesticide is a kind of xenobiotic to which humans are frequently exposed. The interactive impact of antibiotics on pesticides has rarely been studied. We aim to investigate the effects of antibiotics on the pesticide exposure risk and whether gut microbiota altered by antibiotics has an influence on pesticide bioavailability. Furthermore, we explored the mechanisms of gut microbiota affecting the fate of pesticides in the host. RESULTS The oral bioavailability of triazine herbicides significantly increased in the rats treated with ampicillin or antibiotic cocktails. The antibiotic-altered gut microbiota directly influenced the increased pesticide bioavailability through downregulating hepatic metabolic enzyme gene expression and upregulating intestinal absorption-related proteins. CONCLUSIONS Antibiotics could increase the pesticide bioavailability and thereby may increase the pesticide exposure risk. The antibiotic-altered gut microbiota that could alter the hepatic metabolic enzyme gene expression and intestinal absorption-related proteome was a critical cause of the increased bioavailability. This study revealed an undiscovered potential health impact of antibiotics and reminded people to consider the co-exposed xenobiotics when taking antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiran Liang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghui Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoran Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Peize Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueke Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Science, China Agricultural University, No. 2, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Catabolism of the groundwater micropollutant 2,6-dichlorobenzamide beyond 2,6-dichlorobenzoate is plasmid encoded in Aminobacter sp. MSH1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:7963-7979. [PMID: 29984394 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aminobacter sp. MSH1 uses the groundwater micropollutant 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM) as sole source of carbon and energy. In the first step, MSH1 converts BAM to 2,6-dichlorobenzoic acid (2,6-DCBA) by means of the BbdA amidase encoded on the IncP-1β plasmid pBAM1. Information about the genes and degradation steps involved in 2,6-DCBA metabolism in MSH1 or any other organism is currently lacking. Here, we show that the genes for 2,6-DCBA degradation in strain MSH1 reside on a second catabolic plasmid in MSH1, designated as pBAM2. The complete sequence of pBAM2 was determined revealing that it is a 53.9 kb repABC family plasmid. The 2,6-DCBA catabolic genes on pBAM2 are organized in two main clusters bordered by IS elements and integrase genes and encode putative functions like Rieske mono-/dioxygenase, meta-cleavage dioxygenase, and reductive dehalogenases. The putative mono-oxygenase encoded by the bbdD gene was shown to convert 2,6-DCBA to 3-hydroxy-2,6-dichlorobenzoate (3-OH-2,6-DCBA). 3-OH-DCBA was degraded by wild-type MSH1 and not by a pBAM2-free MSH1 variant indicating that it is a likely intermediate in the pBAM2-encoded DCBA catabolic pathway. Based on the activity of BbdD and the putative functions of the other catabolic genes on pBAM2, a metabolic pathway for BAM/2,6-DCBA in strain MSH1 was suggested.
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Yang X, Wei H, Zhu C, Geng B. Biodegradation of atrazine by the novel Citricoccus sp. strain TT3. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 147:144-150. [PMID: 28841530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A previously undescribed atrazine-degrading bacterial strain TT3 capable of growing with atrazine as its sole nitrogen source was isolated from soil at the wastewater outfall of a pesticide factory in China. Phenotypic characterization and 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that the isolate belonged to the genus Citricoccus. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis revealed that TT3 contained the atrazine-degrading genes trzN, atzB, and atzC. The range for growth and atrazine degradation of TT3 was found to be pH 6.0-11.0, with a preference for alkaline conditions. At 30°C and pH 7.0, the strain removed 50mg/L atrazine in 66h with 1% inoculum. These results demonstrate that Citricoccus sp. TT3 has great potential for bioremediation of atrazine-contaminated sites, particularly in alkaline environments. To the best of our knowledge, there are no previous reports of Citricoccus strains that degrade atrazine, and therefore this work provides a novel candidate for atrazine bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanyu Wei
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Changxiong Zhu
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Geng
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China.
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Huang X, He J, Yan X, Hong Q, Chen K, He Q, Zhang L, Liu X, Chuang S, Li S, Jiang J. Microbial catabolism of chemical herbicides: Microbial resources, metabolic pathways and catabolic genes. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 143:272-297. [PMID: 29183604 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemical herbicides are widely used to control weeds and are frequently detected as contaminants in the environment. Due to their toxicity, the environmental fate of herbicides is of great concern. Microbial catabolism is considered the major pathway for the dissipation of herbicides in the environment. In recent decades, there have been an increasing number of reports on the catabolism of various herbicides by microorganisms. This review presents an overview of the recent advances in the microbial catabolism of various herbicides, including phenoxyacetic acid, chlorinated benzoic acid, diphenyl ether, tetra-substituted benzene, sulfonamide, imidazolinone, aryloxyphenoxypropionate, phenylurea, dinitroaniline, s-triazine, chloroacetanilide, organophosphorus, thiocarbamate, trazinone, triketone, pyrimidinylthiobenzoate, benzonitrile, isoxazole and bipyridinium herbicides. This review highlights the microbial resources that are capable of catabolizing these herbicides and the mechanisms involved in the catabolism. Furthermore, the application of herbicide-degrading strains to clean up herbicide-contaminated sites and the construction of genetically modified herbicide-resistant crops are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian He
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yan
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Hong
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin He
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaochuang Chuang
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunpeng Li
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Key Lab of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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Zhou Q, Chen L, Wang Z, Wang J, Ni S, Qiu J, Liu X, Zhang X, Chen X. Fast atrazine degradation by the mixed cultures enriched from activated sludge and analysis of their microbial community succession. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:22152-22157. [PMID: 28455570 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9052-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, fast atrazine degradation by the mixed bacterial cultures from sewage sludge was investigated. The acquired activated cultures showed great capability in atrazine degradation. The biodegradation process was well fitted into a pseudo-first reaction kinetic model. Atrazine could inhibit the propagation of ammonium oxidation bacteria and nitrite oxidation bacteria, decreasing the ammonium removal rate and the accumulation of nitrite. Only 162-172 reads of Nitrosomonadaceae and no Nitrospirales were detected after atrazine was exposed to the mixed cultures. The bacterial community structures in the cultures under different inoculation conditions (with or without atrazine) were investigated to explore the mechanism of atrazine degradation. Our results show that the genera Thiobacillus and Ferruginibacter were the most possible candidates responsible for the degradation of atrazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Zhou
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Processing Technology of Agricultural Product, 202# Gongye North Road, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Leilei Chen
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Processing Technology of Agricultural Product, 202# Gongye North Road, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhua Wang
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Processing Technology of Agricultural Product, 202# Gongye North Road, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouqing Ni
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiying Qiu
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Processing Technology of Agricultural Product, 202# Gongye North Road, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Processing Technology of Agricultural Product, 202# Gongye North Road, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Processing Technology of Agricultural Product, 202# Gongye North Road, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyan Chen
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Deep Processing Technology of Agricultural Product, 202# Gongye North Road, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China.
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Háhn J, Szoboszlay S, Tóth G, Kriszt B. Assessment of bacterial biodetoxification of herbicide atrazine using Aliivibrio fischeri cytotoxicity assay with prolonged contact time. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 26:648-657. [PMID: 28466204 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-017-1797-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In our study, we determined and compared the atrazine-biodetoxification ability of 41 bacterial strains and 21 consortia created of those with over 50% degradation rate in pure cultures. Biodegradation capacity was measured with GC-MS. Detoxification was assessed based on the cytotoxic effect of end-products to Aliivibrio fischeri in chronic bioluminescence inhibition assay with 25 h contact time. Chronic A. fischeri assay adapted to a microplate, which is suitable for examine numerous residues simultaneously, also appeared to be significantly more sensitive to atrazine compared to the standard acute (30 min) test. Due to its sensitivity, the chronic assay could be a valuable tool to provide a more comprehensive view of the ecological risks of atrazine and other chemicals. Thirteen strains were able to degrade more than 50% of 50 ppm atrazine. Four of these belong to Rhodococcus aetherivorans, R. qingshengii, Serratia fonticola and Olivibacter oleidegradans which species' atrazine degrading ability has never been reported before. Four consortia degrading ability was more effective than that of the creating individual strains; moreover, their residues did not show cytotoxic effects to A. fischeri. However, in several cases, the degradation products of sole strains and consortia resulted in significant bioluminescence inhibition. Thus high biodegradation (>90%) does not certainly mean the reduction or cessation of toxicity highlighting the importance of the evaluation of biological effects of degradation residues to improve the efficiency and abate the ecological risks of bioremediation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Háhn
- Szent István University, Regional University Center of Excellence, 1 Páter Károly Street, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - Sándor Szoboszlay
- Department of Environmental Safety and Ecotoxicology, Szent István University, 1 Páter Károly Street, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary.
| | - Gergő Tóth
- Department of Environmental Safety and Ecotoxicology, Szent István University, 1 Páter Károly Street, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kriszt
- Department of Environmental Safety and Ecotoxicology, Szent István University, 1 Páter Károly Street, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
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Cortez I, Vitek CJ, Persans MW, Lowe KL. Seasonal detection of atrazine and atzA in man-made waterways receiving agricultural runoff in a subtropical, semi-arid environment (Hidalgo County, Texas, USA). World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 33:38. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-017-2207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Campos M, Karas PS, Perruchon C, Papadopoulou ES, Christou V, Menkissoglou-Spiroudi U, Diez MC, Karpouzas DG. Novel insights into the metabolic pathway of iprodione by soil bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:152-163. [PMID: 27704380 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7682-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial degradation constitutes the key soil dissipation process for iprodione. We recently isolated a consortium, composed of an Arthrobacter sp. strain C1 and an Achromobacter sp. strain C2, that was able to convert iprodione to 3,5-dichloroaniline (3,5-DCA). However, the formation of metabolic intermediates and the role of the strains on iprodione metabolism remain unknown. We examined the degradation of iprodione and its suspected metabolic intermediates, 3,5-dichlorophenyl-carboxamide (metabolite I) and 3,5-dichlorophenylurea-acetate (metabolite II), by strains C1 and C2 and their combination under selective (MSM) and nutrient-rich conditions (LB). Bacterial growth during degradation of the tested compounds was determined by qPCR. Strain C1 rapidly degraded iprodione (DT50 = 2.3 h) and metabolite II (DT50 = 2.9 h) in MSM suggesting utilization of isopropylamine, transiently formed by hydrolysis of iprodione, and glycine liberated during hydrolysis of metabolite II, as C and N sources. In contrast, strain C1 degraded metabolite I only in LB and growth kinetics suggested the involvement of a detoxification process. Strain C2 was able to transform iprodione and its metabolites only in LB. Strain C1 degraded vinclozolin, a structural analog of iprodione, and partially propanil, but not procymidone and phenylureas indicating a structure-dependent specificity related to the substituents of the carboxamide moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Campos
- Centre of Environmental Biotechnology, BIOREN, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41221, Larissa, Greece
| | - Panagiotis S Karas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41221, Larissa, Greece
| | - C Perruchon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41221, Larissa, Greece
| | | | - Vasiliki Christou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41221, Larissa, Greece
| | - Urania Menkissoglou-Spiroudi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Pesticide Science Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Christina Diez
- Centre of Environmental Biotechnology, BIOREN, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Dimitrios G Karpouzas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41221, Larissa, Greece.
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20
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Guo Y, Zhao P, Zhang W, Li X, Chen X, Chen D. Catalytic improvement and structural analysis of atrazine chlorohydrolase by site-saturation mutagenesis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:1336-43. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1156481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
To improve the catalytic activity of atrazine chlorohydrolase (AtzA), amino acid residues involved in substrate binding (Gln71) and catalytic efficiency (Val12, Ile393, and Leu395) were targeted to generate site-saturation mutagenesis libraries. Seventeen variants were obtained through Haematococcus pluvialis-based screening, and their specific activities were 1.2–5.2-fold higher than that of the wild type. For these variants, Gln71 tended to be substituted by hydrophobic amino acids, Ile393 and Leu395 by polar ones, especially arginine, and Val12 by alanine, respectively. Q71R and Q71M significantly decreased the Km by enlarging the substrate-entry channel and affecting N-ethyl binding. Mutations at sites 393 and 395 significantly increased the kcat/Km, probably by improving the stability of the dual β-sheet domain and the whole enzyme, owing to hydrogen bond formation. In addition, the contradictory relationship between the substrate affinity improvement by Gln71 mutation and the catalytic efficiency improvement by the dual β-sheet domain modification was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Panjie Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiwen Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Defu Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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21
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Ye J, Zhang J, Gao J, Li H, Liang D, Liu R. Isolation and characterization of atrazine-degrading strain Shewanella
sp. YJY4 from cornfield soil. Lett Appl Microbiol 2016; 63:45-52. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.Y. Ye
- College of Life Science; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin China
| | - J.B. Zhang
- College of Life Science; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin China
| | - J.G. Gao
- College of Life Science; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin China
| | - H.T. Li
- College of Life Science; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin China
| | - D. Liang
- College of Life Science; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin China
| | - R.M. Liu
- College of Life Science; Northeast Agricultural University; Harbin China
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Khan AH, Topp E, Scott A, Sumarah M, Macfie SM, Ray MB. Biodegradation of benzalkonium chlorides singly and in mixtures by a Pseudomonas sp. isolated from returned activated sludge. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 299:595-602. [PMID: 26277347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bactericidal cationic surfactants such as quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are widely detected in the environment, and found at mg kg(-1) concentrations in biosolids. Although individual QACs are amenable to biodegradation, it is possible that persistence is increased for mixtures of QACs with varying structure. The present study evaluated the biodegradation of benzyl dimethyl dodecyl ammonium chloride (BDDA) singly and in the presence of benzyl dimethyl tetradecyl ammonium chloride (BDTA) using Pseudomonas sp., isolated from returned activated sludge. Growth was evaluated, as was biodegradation using (14)C and HPLC-MS methods. BDTA was more toxic to growth of Pseudomonas sp. compared to BDDA, and BDTA inhibited BDDA biodegradation. The benzyl ring of [U-(14)C-benzyl] BDDA was readily and completely mineralized. The detection of the transformation products benzyl methyl amine and dodecyl dimethyl amine in spent culture liquid was consistent with literature. Overall, this study demonstrates the antagonistic effect of interactions on biodegradation of two widely used QACs suggesting further investigation on the degradation of mixture of QACs in wastewater effluents and biosolids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Hossain Khan
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
| | - Edward Topp
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Andrew Scott
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada.
| | - Mark Sumarah
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada.
| | - Sheila M Macfie
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Madhumita B Ray
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.
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Yim B, Winkelmann T, Ding GC, Smalla K. Different bacterial communities in heat and gamma irradiation treated replant disease soils revealed by 16S rRNA gene analysis - contribution to improved aboveground apple plant growth? Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1224. [PMID: 26635733 PMCID: PMC4654428 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Replant disease (RD) severely affects apple production in propagation tree nurseries and in fruit orchards worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the effects of soil disinfection treatments on plant growth and health in a biotest in two different RD soil types under greenhouse conditions and to link the plant growth status with the bacterial community composition at the time of plant sampling. In the biotest performed we observed that the aboveground growth of apple rootstock M26 plants after 8 weeks was improved in the two RD soils either treated at 50°C or with gamma irradiation compared to the untreated RD soils. Total community DNA was extracted from soil loosely adhering to the roots and quantitative real-time PCR revealed no pronounced differences in 16S rRNA gene copy numbers. 16S rRNA gene-based bacterial community analysis by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and 454-pyrosequencing revealed significant differences in the bacterial community composition even after 8 weeks of plant growth. In both soils, the treatments affected different phyla but only the relative abundance of Acidobacteria was reduced by both treatments. The genera Streptomyces, Bacillus, Paenibacillus, and Sphingomonas had a higher relative abundance in both heat treated soils, whereas the relative abundance of Mucilaginibacter, Devosia, and Rhodanobacter was increased in the gamma-irradiated soils and only the genus Phenylobacterium was increased in both treatments. The increased abundance of genera with potentially beneficial bacteria, i.e., potential degraders of phenolic compounds might have contributed to the improved plant growth in both treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunlong Yim
- Section of Woody Plant and Propagation Physiology, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover Hannover, Germany
| | - Traud Winkelmann
- Section of Woody Plant and Propagation Physiology, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz Universität Hannover Hannover, Germany
| | - Guo-Chun Ding
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University Beijing, China ; Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic farming, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Kornelia Smalla
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn-Institut - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants Braunschweig, Germany
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Bioimpact of application of pesticides with plant growth hormone (gibberellic acid) on target and non-target microorganisms. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Herbicides remain the most effective, efficient and economical way to control weeds; and its market continues to grow even with the plethora of generic products. With the development of herbicide-tolerant crops, use of herbicides is increasing around the world that has resulted in severe contamination of the environment. The strategies are now being developed to clean these substances in an economical and eco-friendly manner. In this review, an attempt has been made to pool all the available literature on the biodegradation of key herbicides, clodinafop propargyl, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, atrazine, metolachlor, diuron, glyphosate, imazapyr, pendimethalin and paraquat under the following objectives: (1) to highlight the general characteristic and mode of action, (2) to enlist toxicity in animals, (3) to pool microorganisms capable of degrading herbicides, (4) to discuss the assessment of herbicides degradation by efficient microbes, (5) to highlight biodegradation pathways, (6) to discuss the molecular basis of degradation, (7) to enlist the products of herbicides under degradation process, (8) to highlight the factors effecting biodegradation of herbicides and (9) to discuss the future aspects of herbicides degradation. This review may be useful in developing safer and economic microbiological methods for cleanup of soil and water contaminated with such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baljinder Singh
- a Department of Biotechnology , Panjab University , Chandigarh , Punjab , India
| | - Kashmir Singh
- a Department of Biotechnology , Panjab University , Chandigarh , Punjab , India
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Solomon RDJ, Kumar A, Satheeja Santhi V. Atrazine biodegradation efficiency, metabolite detection, and trzD gene expression by enrichment bacterial cultures from agricultural soil. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2014; 14:1162-72. [PMID: 24302716 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Atrazine is a selective herbicide used in agricultural fields to control the emergence of broadleaf and grassy weeds. The persistence of this herbicide is influenced by the metabolic action of habituated native microorganisms. This study provides information on the occurrence of atrazine mineralizing bacterial strains with faster metabolizing ability. The enrichment cultures were tested for the biodegradation of atrazine by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry. Nine cultures JS01.Deg01 to JS09.Deg01 were identified as the degrader of atrazine in the enrichment culture. The three isolates JS04.Deg01, JS07.Deg01, and JS08.Deg01 were identified as efficient atrazine metabolizers. Isolates JS04.Deg01 and JS07.Deg01 produced hydroxyatrazine (HA) N-isopropylammelide and cyanuric acid by dealkylation reaction. The isolate JS08.Deg01 generated deethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA), and cyanuric acid by N-dealkylation in the upper degradation pathway and later it incorporated cyanuric acid in their biomass by the lower degradation pathway. The optimum pH for degrading atrazine by JS08.Deg01 was 7.0 and 16S rDNA phylogenetic typing identified it as Enterobacter cloacae strain JS08.Deg01. The highest atrazine mineralization was observed in case of isolate JS08.Deg01, where an ample amount of trzD mRNA was quantified at 72 h of incubation with atrazine. Atrazine bioremediating isolate E. cloacae strain JS08.Deg01 could be the better environmental remediator of agricultural soils and the crop fields contaminated with atrazine could be the source of the efficient biodegrading microbial strains for the environmental cleanup process.
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A Role ofBradyrhizobium elkaniiand Closely Related Strains in the Degradation of Methoxychlor in Soil and Surface Water Environments. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:2222-7. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Catabolism of terbuthylazine by mixed bacterial culture originating from s-triazine-contaminated soil. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:7223-32. [PMID: 24788365 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5774-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The s-triazine herbicide terbuthylazine (TERB) has been used as the main substitute of atrazine in many EU countries for more than 10 years. However, the ecological consequences of this substitution are still not fully understood. Since the fate of triazine herbicides is primarily dependent on microbial degradation, in this paper, we investigated the ability of a mixed bacterial culture, M3-T, originating from s-triazine-contaminated soil, to degrade TERB in liquid culture and soil microcosms. The M3-T culture grown in mineral medium with TERB as the N source and citrate as the C source degraded 50 mg L(-1) of TERB within 3 days of incubation. The culture was capable of degrading TERB as the sole C and N source, though at slower degradation kinetics. A thorough LC-MS analysis of the biodegradation media showed the formation of hydroxyterbuthylazine (TERB-OH) and N-t-butylammelide (TBA) as major metabolites, and desethylterbuthylazine (DET), hydroxydesethylterbuthylazine (DET-OH) and cyanuric acid (CA) as minor metabolites in the TERB degradation pathway. TBA was identified as a bottleneck in the catabolic pathway leading to its transient accumulation in culture media. The supplementation of glucose as the exogenous C source had no effect on TBA degradation, whereas citrate inhibited its disappearance. The addition of M3-T to sterile soil artificially contaminated with TERB at 3 mg kg(-1) of soil resulted in an accelerated TERB degradation with t 1/2 value being about 40 times shorter than that achieved by the native microbial community. Catabolic versatility of M3-T culture makes it a promising seed culture for accelerating biotransformation processes in s-triazine-contaminated environment.
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Xie S, Wan R, Wang Z, Wang Q. Atrazine biodegradation by Arthrobacter strain DAT1: effect of glucose supplementation and change of the soil microbial community. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:4078-4084. [PMID: 23224504 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of glucose supplementation on the soil microbiota inoculated with the atrazine-degrading Arthrobacter strain DAT1. Soil microcosms with different treatments were constructed for biodegradation tests. The impact of glucose supplementation on atrazine degradation capacity of the strain DAT1 and the strain's survival and growth were assessed. The densities of the 16S rRNA gene and the atrazine-metabolic trzN gene were determined using quantitative PCR. The growth of the strain DAT1 and the bacterial community structure were characterized using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism. Glucose supplementation could affect atrazine degradation by the strain DAT1 and the strain's trzN gene density and growth. The density of the16S rRNA gene decreased during the incubation period. Glucose supplementation could alter the bacterial community structure during the bioaugmentation process. Glucose supplementation could promote the growth of the autochthonous soil degraders that harbored novel functional genes transforming atrazine. Further study will be necessary in order to elucidate the impact of exogenous carbon on autochthonous and inoculated degraders. This study could add some new insights on atrazine bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Xie
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences (Ministry of Education), Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Bers K, De Mot R, Springael D. In situresponse of the linuron degradation potential to linuron application in an agricultural field. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2013; 85:403-16. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karolien Bers
- Division of Soil and Water Management; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - René De Mot
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Dirk Springael
- Division of Soil and Water Management; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
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Ongoing functional evolution of the bacterial atrazine chlorohydrolase AtzA. Biodegradation 2013; 25:21-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-013-9637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ngigi AN, Getenga ZM, Dörfler U, Boga HI, Kuria B, Ndalut P, Schroll R. Effects of carbon amendment on in situ atrazine degradation and total microbial biomass. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2013; 48:40-8. [PMID: 23030439 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2012.716727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study elucidates the effects of carbon amendment on metabolic degradation of atrazine (6-chloro-N(2)-ethyl-N(4)-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) and total microbial biomass in soil. Degradation of (14)C-ring-labelled atrazine was monitored in laboratory incubations of soils supplemented with 0, 10, 100 and 1000 μg g(-1) sucrose concentrations. An experiment to determine the effect of carbon amendment on total microbial biomass and soil respiration was carried out with different concentrations of sucrose and non-labelled atrazine. The soils were incubated at a constant temperature and constant soil moisture at water potential of -15 kPa and a soil density of 1.3 g cm(-3). Mineralization of (14)C-ring-labelled atrazine was monitored continuously over a period of 59 d in the first experiment. The CO(2) production was monitored for 62 d in the second experiment and microbial biomass determined at the end of the incubation period. The addition of 1000 μg g(-1) sucrose reduced atrazine mineralization to 43.5% compared to 51.7% of the applied amount for the treatment without sucrose. The addition of 1000 μg g(-1) sucrose modified the transformation products to 1.08 μg g(-1) deisopropylatrazine (DIA), 0.32 μg g(-1) desethylatrazine (DEA) and 0.18 μg g(-1) deisopropyl-2-hydroxyatrazine (OH-DIA). Treatment without sucrose resulted in formation of 0.64 μg g(-1) hydroxyatrazine (HA), 0.28 μg g(-1) DIA and 0.20 μg g(-1) OH-DIA. Atrazine dealkylation was enhanced in treatments with 100 and 1000 μg g(-1) of sucrose added. HA metabolite was formed in the control (no sucrose) and in the presence of 10 μg g(-1) of sucrose, whereas DEA was only detected in treatment with 1000 μg g(-1) sucrose. Results indicate that total microbial biomass increased significantly (P < 0.001) with the addition of 1000 μg g(-1) sucrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiah N Ngigi
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya.
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Multiple mechanisms contribute to lateral transfer of an organophosphate degradation (opd) island in Sphingobium fuliginis ATCC 27551. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2012; 2:1541-54. [PMID: 23275877 PMCID: PMC3516476 DOI: 10.1534/g3.112.004051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The complete sequence of pPDL2 (37,317 bp), an indigenous plasmid of Sphingobium fuliginis ATCC 27551 that encodes genes for organophosphate degradation (opd), revealed the existence of a site-specific integrase (int) gene with an attachment site attP, typically seen in integrative mobilizable elements (IME). In agreement with this sequence information, site-specific recombination was observed between pPDL2 and an artificial plasmid having a temperature-sensitive replicon and a cloned attB site at the 3′ end of the seryl tRNA gene of Sphingobium japonicum. The opd gene cluster on pPDL2 was found to be part of an active catabolic transposon with mobile elements y4qE and Tn3 at its flanking ends. Besides the previously reported opd cluster, this transposon contains genes coding for protocatechuate dioxygenase and for two transport proteins from the major facilitator family that are predicted to be involved in transport and metabolism of aromatic compounds. A pPDL2 derivative, pPDL2-K, was horizontally transferred into Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter strains, suggesting that the oriT identified in pPDL2 is functional. A well-defined replicative origin (oriV), repA was identified along with a plasmid addiction module relB/relE that would support stable maintenance of pPDL2 in Sphingobium fuliginis ATCC 27551. However, if pPDL2 is laterally transferred into hosts that do not support its replication, the opd cluster appears to integrate into the host chromosome, either through transposition or through site-specific integration. The data presented in this study help to explain the existence of identical opd genes among soil bacteria.
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Udiković-Kolić N, Scott C, Martin-Laurent F. Evolution of atrazine-degrading capabilities in the environment. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:1175-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Strain-dependent variability in growth and survival of Escherichia coli in agricultural soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2012; 44:303-8. [PMID: 19719611 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-6496(03)00055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract This study investigated strain-dependent variability in Escherichia coli survival in soil, and strain-dependent responses to variations in some soil conditions. Collections of E. coli were isolated from swine manure slurry, and from manured soil following 6 days of incubation in the laboratory. The bacteria were fingerprinted by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR). During the course of the incubation the composition of the E. coli community changed dramatically suggesting that E. coli phylotypes, distinguishable by ERIC-PCR fingerprinting, varied significantly in their ability to survive in soil under these conditions. A representative isolate from one ERIC group which increased in abundance in soil (designated strain C279) and one which decreased (designated strain C278) were chosen for comparison. These strains persisted comparatively when inoculated into loam soil. However, when added into a loam soil or a sandy soil supplemented with 10% (v/v) swine manure slurry, strain C279 increased in abundance 10-fold, whereas strain C278 did not. At 4 degrees C, or in a clay loam soil, manure slurry did not support the growth of strain C279. These results indicate that the community composition of E. coli populations in manured soils can be very dynamic, and that strains able to proliferate in manured soils can have a selective advantage.
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Ngigi AN, Getenga ZM, Boga HI, Ndalut PK. Biodegradation of s-triazine herbicide atrazine by Enterobacter cloacae and Burkholderia cepacia sp. from long-term treated sugarcane-cultivated soils in Kenya. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2012; 47:769-778. [PMID: 22575004 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2012.676364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study soils from sugarcane-cultivated fields were screened for bacterial species capable of atrazine (6-chloro-N²-ethyl-N⁴-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) degradation due to long exposure of the soils to this herbicide. To enrich for atrazine degraders, Minimal Salt Medium containing atrazine as the sole N source and glucose as the C source was inoculated with soils impacted with this herbicide and incubated. Bacterial growth was monitored by measuring optical density. The degradation of atrazine was followed by measuring residual atrazine in liquid cultures over a given time period by high performance liquid chromatography. Bacterial strains isolated from the enrichment cultures were characterized by biochemical tests and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Two bacterial strains coded ISL 8 and ISL 15 isolated from two different fields were shown to have 94 and 96% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Burkholderia cepacia respectively. Another bacterial sp., ISL 14 was closely related to Enterobacter cloacae with a 96% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. There was not much difference between the extents of atrazine degradation by the enrichment cultures with communities (79-82% applied amount) from which pure strains were isolated and the pure strains themselves in liquid cultures that showed a degradation of 53-83% of applied amount. The study showed existence of bacterial strains in different sugarcane-cultivated fields which can use atrazine as a nitrogen source. The bacterial strains isolated can be used to enhance the degradation of atrazine in contaminated soils where atrazine is still considered to be recalcitrant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiah N Ngigi
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya.
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Liang B, Jiang J, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Li S. Horizontal transfer of dehalogenase genes involved in the catalysis of chlorinated compounds: evidence and ecological role. Crit Rev Microbiol 2011; 38:95-110. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2011.618114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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38
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Changey F, Devers-Lamrani M, Rouard N, Martin-Laurent F. In vitro evolution of an atrazine-degrading population under cyanuric acid selection pressure: evidence for the selective loss of a 47 kb region on the plasmid ADP1 containing the atzA, B and C genes. Gene 2011; 490:18-25. [PMID: 21959051 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The adaptation of microorganisms to pesticide biodegradation relies on the recruitment of catabolic genes by horizontal gene transfer and homologous recombination mediated by insertion sequences (IS). This environment-friendly function is maintained in the degrading population but it has a cost which could diminish its fitness. The loss of genes in the course of evolution being a major mechanism of ecological specialization, we mimicked evolution in vitro by sub-culturing the atrazine-degrading Pseudomonas sp. ADP in a liquid medium containing cyanuric acid as the sole source of nitrogen. After 120 generations, a new population evolved, which replaced the original one. This new population grew faster on cyanuric acid but showed a similar cyanuric acid degrading ability. Plasmid profiles and Southern blot analyses revealed the deletion of a 47 kb region from pADP1 containing the atzABC genes coding for the enzymes that turn atrazine into cyanuric acid. Long PCR and sequencing analyses revealed that this deletion resulted from a homologous recombination between two direct repeats of a 110-bp, identical to ISPps1 of Pseudomonas huttiensis, flanking the deleted 47 kb region. The loss of a region containing three functional genes constitutively expressed thereby constituting a genetic burden under cyanuric acid selection pressure was responsible for the gain in fitness of the new population. It highlights the IS-mediated plasticity of the pesticide-degrading potential and shows that IS not only favours the expansion of the degrading genetic potential thanks to dispersion and duplication events but also contribute to its reduction thanks to deletion events.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Changey
- INRA, Université de Bourgogne, Microbiologie du Sol et de l'Environnement, 17 Rue Sully, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
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Wang J, Zhu L, Liu A, Ma T, Wang Q, Xie H, Wang J, Jiang T, Zhao R. Isolation and characterization of an Arthrobacter sp. strain HB-5 that transforms atrazine. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2011; 33:259-266. [PMID: 20686824 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-010-9337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A bacterial strain (HB-5) capable of utilizing atrazine as sole carbon and nitrogen source for growth was isolated from an industrial wastewater sample by enrichment culture. The isolate was identified as Arthrobacter sp. according to its phenotypic features, physiologic and biochemical characteristics, and phylogenetic analysis. The strain exhibited faster atrazine degradation rates in atrazine-containing mineral media than the well-characterized atrazine-degrading bacteria Pseudomonas sp. ADP. The broad optimum pH and temperature ranges observed for strain HB-5 indicate that it has potential for remediation of atrazine-contaminated sites. Strain HB-5 first metabolizes atrazine to yield hydroxyatrazine. Then, the bacterium metabolizes hydroxyatrazine to cyanuric acid, but could not mineralize atrazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agriculture University, 271018 Taian, China
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Arbeli Z, Fuentes C. Prevalence of the gene trzN and biogeographic patterns among atrazine-degrading bacteria isolated from 13 Colombian agricultural soils. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2010; 73:611-23. [PMID: 20597985 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00905.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The following study evaluated the diversity and biogeography of 83 new atrazine-degrading bacteria and the composition of their atrazine degradation genes. These strains were isolated from 13 agricultural soils and grouped according to rep-PCR genomic fingerprinting into 11 major clusters, which showed biogeographic patterns. Three clusters (54 strains) belonged to the genus Arthrobacter, seven clusters (28 strains) were similar to the genus Nocardioides and only one strain was a gram-negative from the genus Ancylobacter. PCR assays for the detection of the genes atzA, B, C, D, E, F and trzN conducted with each of the 83 strains revealed that 82 strains (all gram positive) possessed trzN, 74 of them possessed the combination of trzN, atzB and atzC, while only the gram-negative strain had atzA. A similar PCR assay for the two analogous genes, atzA and trzN, responsible for the first step of atrazine degradation, was performed with DNA extracted directly from the enrichment cultures and microcosms spiked with atrazine. In these assays, the gene trzN was detected in each culture, while atzA was detected in only six out of 13 soils. These results raise an interesting hypothesis on the evolutionary ecology of the two atrazine chlorohydrolase genes (i.e. atzA and trzN) and about the biogeography of atrazine-degrading bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziv Arbeli
- Faculty of Agronomy, National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Jason Krutz L, Shaner DL, Weaver MA, Webb RM, Zablotowicz RM, Reddy KN, Huang Y, Thomson SJ. Agronomic and environmental implications of enhanced s-triazine degradation. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2010; 66:461-481. [PMID: 20127867 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Novel catabolic pathways enabling rapid detoxification of s-triazine herbicides have been elucidated and detected at a growing number of locations. The genes responsible for s-triazine mineralization, i.e. atzABCDEF and trzNDF, occur in at least four bacterial phyla and are implicated in the development of enhanced degradation in agricultural soils from all continents except Antarctica. Enhanced degradation occurs in at least nine crops and six crop rotation systems that rely on s-triazine herbicides for weed control, and, with the exception of acidic soil conditions and s-triazine application frequency, adaptation of the microbial population is independent of soil physiochemical properties and cultural management practices. From an agronomic perspective, residual weed control could be reduced tenfold in s-triazine-adapted relative to non-adapted soils. From an environmental standpoint, the off-site loss of total s-triazine residues could be overestimated 13-fold in adapted soils if altered persistence estimates and metabolic pathways are not reflected in fate and transport models. Empirical models requiring soil pH and s-triazine use history as input parameters predict atrazine persistence more accurately than historical estimates, thereby allowing practitioners to adjust weed control strategies and model input values when warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jason Krutz
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Crop Production Systems Research Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
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Govantes F, García-González V, Porrúa O, Platero AI, Jiménez-Fernández A, Santero E. Regulation of the atrazine-degradative genes in Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 310:1-8. [PMID: 20497226 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.01991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP is the best-characterized organism able to mineralize the s-triazine herbicide atrazine. This organism has been the subject of extensive biochemical and genetic characterization that has led to its use in bioremediation programs aimed at the decontamination of atrazine-polluted sites. Here, we focus on the recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms of genetic regulation operating on the atrazine-degradative genes. The Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP atrazine-degradation pathway is encoded by two sets of genes: the constitutively expressed atzA, atzB and atzC, and the strongly regulated atzDEF operon. A complex cascade-like circuit is responsible for the integrated regulation of atzDEF expression in response to nitrogen availability and cyanuric acid. Mechanistic studies have revealed several unusual traits, such as the upstream activating sequence-independent regulation and repression by competition with sigma(54)-RNA polymerase for DNA binding occurring at the sigma(54)-dependent PatzR promoter, and the dual mechanism of transcriptional regulation of the PatzDEF promoter by the LysR-type regulator AtzR in response to two dissimilar signals. These findings have provided new insights into the regulation of the atrazine-biodegradative pathway that are also relevant to widespread bacterial regulatory phenomena, such as global nitrogen control and transcriptional activation by LysR-type transcriptional regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Govantes
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC, Carretera de Utrera, Km. 1, Seville, Spain.
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Udiković-Kolić N, Hršak D, Devers M, Klepac-Ceraj V, Petrić I, Martin-Laurent F. Taxonomic and functional diversity of atrazine-degrading bacterial communities enriched from agrochemical factory soil. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:355-67. [PMID: 20202020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To characterize atrazine-degrading potential of bacterial communities enriched from agrochemical factory soil by analysing diversity and organization of catabolic genes. METHODS AND RESULTS The bacterial communities enriched from three different sites of varying atrazine contamination mineralized 65-80% of (14) C ring-labelled atrazine. The presence of trzN-atzBC-trzD, trzN-atzABC-trzD and trzN-atzABCDEF-trzD gene combinations was determined by PCR. In all enriched communities, trzN-atzBC genes were located on a 165-kb plasmid, while atzBC or atzC genes were located on separated plasmids. Quantitative PCR revealed that catabolic genes were present in up to 4% of the community. Restriction analysis of 16S rDNA clone libraries of the three enrichments revealed marked differences in microbial community structure and diversity. Sequencing of selected clones identified members belonging to Proteobacteria (α-, β- and γ-subclasses), the Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and TM7 division. Several 16S rRNA gene sequences were closely related to atrazine-degrading community members previously isolated from the same contaminated site. CONCLUSIONS The enriched communities represent a complex and diverse bacterial associations displaying heterogeneity of catabolic genes and their functional redundancies at the first steps of the upper and lower atrazine-catabolic pathway. The presence of catabolic genes in small proportion suggests that only a subset of the community has the capacity to catabolize atrazine. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides insights into the genetic specificity and the repertoire of catabolic genes within bacterial communities originating from soils exposed to long-term contamination by s-triazine compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Udiković-Kolić
- Rudjer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine and Environmental Research, Zagreb, Croatia.
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44
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Udiković Kolić N, Martin-Laurent F, Devers M, Petrić I, Begonja Kolar A, Hrsak D. Genetic potential, diversity and activity of an atrazine-degrading community enriched from a herbicide factory effluent. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 105:1334-43. [PMID: 19146484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To characterize an atrazine-degrading bacterial community enriched from the wastewater of a herbicide factory. METHODS AND RESULTS The community mineralized 81.4 +/- 1.9% of [(14)C-ring]atrazine and 31.0 +/- 1.8% of [(14)C-ethyl]atrazine within 6 days of batch cultivation in mineral salts medium containing atrazine as the sole nitrogen source. Degradation activity of the community towards different chloro- and methylthio-substituted s-triazine compounds was also demonstrated. Restriction analysis of amplified 16S rDNA revealed high diversity of bacterial populations forming the community, with Pseudomonas species dominating in the clone library. Atrazine-degrading genetic potential of the community determined by PCR revealed the presence of trzN, atzB, atzC and trzD genes. The trzN, atzB and atzC genes were shown to be located on a plasmid of 322 kb. Quantitative PCR showed that relative abundances of atzB, atzC and trzD genes were approx. 100-fold lower than 16S rDNA. CONCLUSIONS The enriched community represents a complex bacterial association expressing substantial atrazine-mineralizing activity and a broad specificity towards a range of s-triazine compounds. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our study is beginning to yield insights into the richness, genetic potential and density of functional atrazine-mineralizing community that could be a potential bioaugmentation agent for improving biotransformation processes in wastewaters bearing different s-triazine compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Udiković Kolić
- Rudjer Bosković Institute, Center for Marine and Environmental Research, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Mineralization of s-triazine herbicides by a newly isolated Nocardioides species strain DN36. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 86:1585-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2009] [Revised: 01/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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MONARD C, MARTIN-LAURENT F, DEVERS-LAMRANI M, LIMA O, VANDENKOORNHUYSE P, BINET F. atzgene expressions during atrazine degradation in the soil drilosphere. Mol Ecol 2010; 19:749-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04503.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Barra Caracciolo A, Fajardo C, Grenni P, Saccà ML, Amalfitano S, Ciccoli R, Martin M, Gibello A. The role of a groundwater bacterial community in the degradation ofâ the herbicide terbuthylazine. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2010; 71:127-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Clausen GB, Larsen L, Johnsen K, Radnoti de Lipthay J, Aamand J. Quantification of the atrazine-degrading Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP in aquifer sediment by quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2009; 41:221-9. [PMID: 19709256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The widely used herbicide atrazine and some of its degradation products are among the most commonly found xenobiotics in groundwater in Europe as well as in the USA. The bacterium Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP (P. ADP) possesses genes encoding atrazine mineralization on the self-transmissible plasmid pADP-1. In the present study, this ability of the strain to mineralize atrazine in aquifer sediment under both aerobic and denitrifying conditions at 10 degrees C was studied. P. ADP was able to mineralize more than 50% of 2.8 muM atrazine within 14 days under both growth conditions. Counts of degraders as colony forming units (CFU) on atrazine plates and counts of atzA gene copies as determined by quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction (cPCR) were performed. The atzA gene encodes the enzyme which catalyzes the first step of atrazine mineralization by the strain. Quantification of the atzA gene gave rise to higher numbers than did counts of CFU. High nitrate concentrations inhibited atrazine mineralization and culturability on agar plates, but atzA copy numbers remained stable throughout the experiment. The results show a potential for bioaugmentation using P. ADP at both aerobic and denitrifying conditions and the use of cPCR as a tool for monitoring the bacteria independent of culturability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorm Bang Clausen
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Department of Geochemistry, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
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Getenga Z, Dörfler U, Iwobi A, Schmid M, Schroll R. Atrazine and terbuthylazine mineralization by an Arthrobacter sp. isolated from a sugarcane-cultivated soil in Kenya. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 77:534-539. [PMID: 19674769 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A tropical soil from a Kenyan sugarcane-cultivated field showed a very high capability to mineralize (14)C-ring-labeled atrazine. In laboratory experiments this soil mineralized about 90% of the applied atrazine within 98 d. The atrazine-degrading microbial community was enriched in liquid cultures containing atrazine as the sole N source and 100 mgL(-1) glucose as additional C source. From the enrichment culture a bacterial strain was isolated and identified by comparative sequence analysis of the 16S-rDNA as member of the genus Arthrobacter. The enriched mixed culture as well as the isolated strain, designated as Arthrobacter sp. strain GZK-1, could grow on atrazine and terbuthylazine as sole N-sources; Arthrobacter sp. GZK-1 mineralized (14)C-ring-labeled atrazine up to 88% to (14)CO(2) and (14)C-ring-labeled terbuthylazine up to 65% to (14)CO(2) in a liquid culture within 14 d. The enriched microbial consortium as well as the isolated strain could be a potential solution for the remediation of s-triazine polluted agricultural soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Getenga
- Department of Physical Sciences-Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, PO Box 190, Kakamega 50100, Kenya
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Satsuma K. Complete biodegradation of atrazine by a microbial community isolated from a naturally derived river ecosystem (microcosm). CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 77:590-596. [PMID: 19596136 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 06/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A microbial community, designated as AN4, capable of mineralizing the herbicide atrazine was isolated from a model river ecosystem (microcosm). The profile of degradation of atrazine by the AN4 community seemed to well reflect what occurred in the microcosm: rapid degradation of atrazine and transient accumulation of cyanuric acid, followed by relatively slow mineralization. The community comprised multiple phylogenetically distinct microbial strains, and the microbes were suspended and probably aggregated in the water phase of the microcosm. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) revealed that multiple bacterial strains exist in the AN4 community, and we successfully isolated two strains, which belonged to the genera Nocardioides and Pedomicrobium. Nocardioides sp. strain AN4-4 degraded atrazine to cyanuric acid and harbored the trzN and atzC genes encoding the s-triazine-degrading enzymes. This strain also degraded other chloro-substituted s-triazines like simazine and propazine, but it showed little degradability for simetryn (a methylthio-substituted s-triazine). Additionally, strain AN4-4 could grow on basal salt agar containing ethylamine or isopropylamine as the only carbon and nitrogen sources. Another strain, Pedomicrobium sp. strain AN4-9 could mineralize cyanuric acid alone. Therefore, we found that the coexistence of these two community members functionally serves to completely biodegrade atrazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Satsuma
- Chemistry Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321 Uchimoriya-Machi, Joso, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan.
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