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Drewett GP. The Case for Human Challenge Trials in COVID-19. JOURNAL OF BIOETHICAL INQUIRY 2023:10.1007/s11673-023-10309-9. [PMID: 37721594 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-023-10309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated rapid research to aid in the understanding of the disease and the development of novel therapeutics. One option is to conduct controlled human infection trials (CHITs). In this article I examine the history of deliberate human infection and CHITs and their utilization prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, key ethical considerations of CHITs in the COVID-19 setting, an analysis of the World Health Organization's (WHO) Key criteria for the ethical acceptability of COVID-19 human challenge studies, and a review of the two COVID-19 CHITs that have already commenced, their compliance with the WHO criteria and other ethical considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Drewett
- Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- The Northern Hospital, Epping, VIC, Australia.
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2
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Galanti M, Shaman J. Direct Observation of Repeated Infections With Endemic Coronaviruses. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:409-415. [PMID: 32692346 PMCID: PMC7454749 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the mechanisms of adaptive immunity to pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are still unknown, the immune response to the widespread endemic coronaviruses HKU1, 229E, NL63, and OC43 provide a useful reference for understanding repeat infection risk. METHODS Here we used data from proactive sampling carried out in New York City from fall 2016 to spring 2018. We combined weekly nasal swab collection with self-reports of respiratory symptoms from 191 participants to investigate the profile of recurring infections with endemic coronaviruses. RESULTS During the study, 12 individuals tested positive multiple times for the same coronavirus. We found no significant difference between the probability of testing positive at least once and the probability of a recurrence for the betacoronaviruses HKU1 and OC43 at 34 weeks after enrollment/first infection. We also found no significant association between repeat infections and symptom severity, but found strong association between symptom severity and belonging to the same family. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that reinfections with the same endemic coronavirus are not atypical in a time window shorter than 1 year and that the genetic basis of innate immune response may be a greater determinant of infection severity than immune memory acquired after a previous infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Galanti
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey Shaman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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3
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Pinotti F, Wikramaratna PS, Obolski U, Paton RS, Damineli DSC, Alcantara LCJ, Giovanetti M, Gupta S, Lourenço J. Potential impact of individual exposure histories to endemic human coronaviruses on age-dependent severity of COVID-19. BMC Med 2021; 19:19. [PMID: 33430856 PMCID: PMC7801230 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01887-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 from exposure to endemic human coronaviruses (eHCoV) is gaining increasing attention as a possible driver of both protection against infection and COVID-19 severity. Here we explore the potential role of cross-reactivity induced by eHCoVs on age-specific COVID-19 severity in a mathematical model of eHCoV and SARS-CoV-2 transmission. METHODS We use an individual-based model, calibrated to prior knowledge of eHCoV dynamics, to fully track individual histories of exposure to eHCoVs. We also model the emergent dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 and the risk of hospitalisation upon infection. RESULTS We hypothesise that primary exposure with any eHCoV confers temporary cross-protection against severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, while life-long re-exposure to the same eHCoV diminishes cross-protection, and increases the potential for disease severity. We show numerically that our proposed mechanism can explain age patterns of COVID-19 hospitalisation in EU/EEA countries and the UK. We further show that some of the observed variation in health care capacity and testing efforts is compatible with country-specific differences in hospitalisation rates under this model. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a "proof of possibility" for certain biological and epidemiological mechanisms that could potentially drive COVID-19-related variation across age groups. Our findings call for further research on the role of cross-reactivity to eHCoVs and highlight data interpretation challenges arising from health care capacity and SARS-CoV-2 testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Uri Obolski
- School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Porter School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Daniel S C Damineli
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz C J Alcantara
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sunetra Gupta
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - José Lourenço
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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4
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Huang AT, Garcia-Carreras B, Hitchings MDT, Yang B, Katzelnick LC, Rattigan SM, Borgert BA, Moreno CA, Solomon BD, Trimmer-Smith L, Etienne V, Rodriguez-Barraquer I, Lessler J, Salje H, Burke DS, Wesolowski A, Cummings DAT. A systematic review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses: kinetics, correlates of protection, and association with severity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4704. [PMID: 32943637 PMCID: PMC7499300 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 151.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many public health responses and modeled scenarios for COVID-19 outbreaks caused by SARS-CoV-2 assume that infection results in an immune response that protects individuals from future infections or illness for some amount of time. The presence or absence of protective immunity due to infection or vaccination (when available) will affect future transmission and illness severity. Here, we review the scientific literature on antibody immunity to coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 as well as the related SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs). We reviewed 2,452 abstracts and identified 491 manuscripts relevant to 5 areas of focus: 1) antibody kinetics, 2) correlates of protection, 3) immunopathogenesis, 4) antigenic diversity and cross-reactivity, and 5) population seroprevalence. While further studies of SARS-CoV-2 are necessary to determine immune responses, evidence from other coronaviruses can provide clues and guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angkana T Huang
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bernardo Garcia-Carreras
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Matt D T Hitchings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bingyi Yang
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Leah C Katzelnick
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Susan M Rattigan
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brooke A Borgert
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carlos A Moreno
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Benjamin D Solomon
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luke Trimmer-Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Veronique Etienne
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic & Population Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Justin Lessler
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Henrik Salje
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Donald S Burke
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amy Wesolowski
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Derek A T Cummings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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5
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Tsukamoto Y, Nakano Y, Adachi K. Protection against Infectious Bronchitis Virus, a Corona Virus Infection, Using Ostrich Antibodies. Health (London) 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2018.1010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dijkman R, Jebbink MF, Koekkoek SM, Deijs M, Jónsdóttir HR, Molenkamp R, Ieven M, Goossens H, Thiel V, van der Hoek L. Isolation and characterization of current human coronavirus strains in primary human epithelial cell cultures reveal differences in target cell tropism. J Virol 2013; 87:6081-90. [PMID: 23427150 PMCID: PMC3648119 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03368-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human airway epithelium (HAE) represents the entry port of many human respiratory viruses, including human coronaviruses (HCoVs). Nowadays, four HCoVs, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, and HCoV-NL63, are known to be circulating worldwide, causing upper and lower respiratory tract infections in nonhospitalized and hospitalized children. Studies of the fundamental aspects of these HCoV infections at the primary entry port, such as cell tropism, are seriously hampered by the lack of a universal culture system or suitable animal models. To expand the knowledge on fundamental virus-host interactions for all four HCoVs at the site of primary infection, we used pseudostratified HAE cell cultures to isolate and characterize representative clinical HCoV strains directly from nasopharyngeal material. Ten contemporary isolates were obtained, representing HCoV-229E (n = 1), HCoV-NL63 (n = 1), HCoV-HKU1 (n = 4), and HCoV-OC43 (n = 4). For each strain, we analyzed the replication kinetics and progeny virus release on HAE cell cultures derived from different donors. Surprisingly, by visualizing HCoV infection by confocal microscopy, we observed that HCoV-229E employs a target cell tropism for nonciliated cells, whereas HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, and HCoV-NL63 all infect ciliated cells. Collectively, the data demonstrate that HAE cell cultures, which morphologically and functionally resemble human airways in vivo, represent a robust universal culture system for isolating and comparing all contemporary HCoV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Dijkman
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maarten F. Jebbink
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sylvie M. Koekkoek
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martin Deijs
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Richard Molenkamp
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Margareta Ieven
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herman Goossens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Volker Thiel
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonal Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lia van der Hoek
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
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7
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Dijkman R, Jebbink MF, Deijs M, Milewska A, Pyrc K, Buelow E, van der Bijl A, van der Hoek L. Replication-dependent downregulation of cellular angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protein expression by human coronavirus NL63. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:1924-1929. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.043919-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), human coronavirus (HCoV)-NL63 employs angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor for cellular entry. SARS-CoV infection causes robust downregulation of cellular ACE2 expression levels and it has been suggested that the SARS-CoV effect on ACE2 is involved in the severity of disease. We investigated whether cellular ACE2 downregulation occurs at optimal replication conditions of HCoV-NL63 infection. The expression of the homologue of ACE2, the ACE protein not used as a receptor by HCoV-NL63, was measured as a control. A specific decrease for ACE2 protein level was observed when HCoV-NL63 was cultured at 34 °C. Culturing the virus at the suboptimal temperature of 37 °C resulted in low replication of the virus and the effect on ACE2 expression was lost. We conclude that the decline of ACE2 expression is dependent on the efficiency of HCoV-NL63 replication, and that HCoV-NL63 and SARS-CoV both affect cellular ACE2 expression during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Dijkman
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten F. Jebbink
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Deijs
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandra Milewska
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Krzysztof Pyrc
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Elena Buelow
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna van der Bijl
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lia van der Hoek
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Zhu H, Hu S, Jona G, Zhu X, Kreiswirth N, Willey BM, Mazzulli T, Liu G, Song Q, Chen P, Cameron M, Tyler A, Wang J, Wen J, Chen W, Compton S, Snyder M. Severe acute respiratory syndrome diagnostics using a coronavirus protein microarray. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:4011-6. [PMID: 16537477 PMCID: PMC1449637 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510921103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To monitor severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infection, a coronavirus protein microarray that harbors proteins from SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and five additional coronaviruses was constructed. These microarrays were used to screen approximately 400 Canadian sera from the SARS outbreak, including samples from confirmed SARS-CoV cases, respiratory illness patients, and healthcare professionals. A computer algorithm that uses multiple classifiers to predict samples from SARS patients was developed and used to predict 206 sera from Chinese fever patients. The test assigned patients into two distinct groups: those with antibodies to SARS-CoV and those without. The microarray also identified patients with sera reactive against other coronavirus proteins. Our results correlated well with an indirect immunofluorescence test and demonstrated that viral infection can be monitored for many months after infection. We show that protein microarrays can serve as a rapid, sensitive, and simple tool for large-scale identification of viral-specific antibodies in sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhu
- Departments of *Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and
- Biochip Platform Division, Beijing Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Shaohui Hu
- Biochip Platform Division, Beijing Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Ghil Jona
- Departments of *Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and
| | - Xiaowei Zhu
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Nate Kreiswirth
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5; and
| | - Barbara M. Willey
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5; and
| | - Tony Mazzulli
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5; and
| | - Guozhen Liu
- Biochip Platform Division, Beijing Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101300, China
- **College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Qifeng Song
- Biochip Platform Division, Beijing Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Biochip Platform Division, Beijing Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Mark Cameron
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5; and
| | - Andrea Tyler
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5; and
| | - Jian Wang
- Biochip Platform Division, Beijing Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Biochip Platform Division, Beijing Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Weijun Chen
- Biochip Platform Division, Beijing Genomics Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101300, China
| | | | - Michael Snyder
- Departments of *Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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9
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Huang L, Chiu C, Yeh S, Huang W, Hsueh P, Yang W, Yang J, Su I, Chang S, Chen P. Evaluation of antibody responses against SARS coronaviral nucleocapsid or spike proteins by immunoblotting or ELISA. J Med Virol 2004; 73:338-46. [PMID: 15170626 PMCID: PMC7167198 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV is a newly emerging virus that causes SARS with high mortality rate in infected people. To study the humoral responses against SARS-CoV, we evaluated nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) proteins-specific antibodies in patients' sera by Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Recombinant N and S proteins of SARS-CoV were purified from transformed E. coli. Serum specimens from 40 SARS-CoV-infected patients in the convalescent phase were analyzed by Western blotting using the purified antigens. Serial serum specimens from 12 RT-PCR-confirmed SARS patients were assayed by ELISA using the recombinant N protein as coated antigen. By Western blotting, 97.5% of the SARS patients were positive for N protein-specific antibodies whereas only 47.5% of the samples were positive for S protein-specific antibodies. Using N protein-based ELISA, 10 out of the 12 patients were positive for N protein-specific antibodies and 6 of them showed seroconversion at mean of 16 days after onset of fever. Immunoblotting was useful for detecting the humoral immune response after SARS-CoV infection. Antibodies against SARS-CoV N protein appear at the early stage of infection, therefore, N protein-based ELISA could serve as a simple, sensitive, and specific test for diagnosing SARS-CoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Rung Huang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi‐Ming Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiou‐Hwei Yeh
- Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen‐Hung Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po‐Ren Hsueh
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Ih‐Jen Su
- Center for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shan‐Chwen Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei‐Jer Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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10
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Knudsen TB, Kledal TN, Andersen O, Eugen-Olsen J, Kristiansen TB. Severe acute respiratory syndrome--a new coronavirus from the Chinese dragon's lair. Scand J Immunol 2003; 58:277-84. [PMID: 12950672 PMCID: PMC7169508 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2003.01302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2003] [Accepted: 05/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The recent identification of a novel clinical entity, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the rapid subsequent spread and case fatality rates of 14-15% have prompted a massive international collaborative investigation facilitated by a network of laboratories established by the World Health Organization (WHO). As SARS has the potential of becoming the first pandemic of the new millennium, a global warning by the WHO was issued on 12 March 2003. The disease, which is believed to have its origin in the Chinese Guangdong province, spread from Hong Kong via international airports to its current worldwide distribution. The concerted efforts of a globally united scientific community have led to the independent isolation and identification of a novel coronavirus from SARS patients by several groups. The extraordinarily rapid isolation of a causative agent of this newly emerged infectious disease constitutes an unprecedented scientific achievement. The main scope of the article is to provide the clinician with an overview of the natural history, epidemiology and clinical characteristics of SARS. On the basis of the recently published viral genome and structural features common to the members of the coronavirus family, a model for host cell-virus interaction and possible targets for antiviral drugs are presented. The epidemiological consequences of introducing a novel pathogen in a previously unexposed population and the origin and evolution of a new and more pathogenic strain of coronavirus are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Knudsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, and Clinical Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospitals Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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11
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Oxford JS, Bossuyt S, Lambkin R. A new infectious disease challenge: Urbani severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus. Immunology 2003; 109:326-8. [PMID: 12807475 PMCID: PMC1782984 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01684.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J S Oxford
- Retroscreen Virology Ltd, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
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12
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Duckmanton L, Luan B, Devenish J, Tellier R, Petric M. Characterization of torovirus from human fecal specimens. Virology 1997; 239:158-68. [PMID: 9426455 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The toroviruses, Berne virus (BEV) and Breda virus (BRV), are recognized pathogens of horses and cattle, respectively. Torovirus-like particles (TVLPs) that are immunologically related to BRV have been reported as etiological agents of gastroenteritis in humans. Of the toroviruses, only BEV has been shown to replicate in cell culture. Hence, these agents can be routinely detected only by electron microscopy (EM), although serological testing has been used as well. Our studies have provided supporting evidence that the TVLPs detected in the stool specimens of pediatric patients with gastroenteritis are human toroviruses. By EM, these particles are morphologically similar to BEV and BRV. Thin-section electron microscopy revealed that TVLPs contain toroidal-shaped nucleocapsids. Viruses purified from human fecal specimens agglutinate rabbit erythrocytes. BRV antiserum as well as convalescent sera from patients with gastroenteritis whose stools contain TVLPs were shown to contain antibodies that react with purified TVLPs as demonstrated by hemagglutination inhibition, immunoelectron microscopy, and immunoblotting. RNA extracted from partially purified TVLP preparations is amplifiable by RT-PCR using primers bracketing a 219-base region at the 3' end of the Berne virus genome. Sequence analysis of amplicons from five isolates showed a high degree of identity with the corresponding BEV sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Duckmanton
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, Canada
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14
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Rukhadze GG, Aliper TI, Sergeev VA. Isolation of peplomer glycoprotein E2 of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and application in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 1989; 27:1754-8. [PMID: 2549096 PMCID: PMC267667 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.27.8.1754-1758.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on peplomer glycoprotein E2 was developed for the detection of antibodies to transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). Purified preparations of E2 were isolated by solubilization of the viral membrane with nonion detergent Nonidet P-40, followed by sucrose density gradient sedimentation. ELISA optical density values with E2 antigen significantly exceeded the indices when other TGEV protein or intact virion antigen was used. It was shown that a virus protein concentration in the E2 preparation of 500 ng per well is sufficient to sensitize the solid phase of microplates. A comparison of the ELISA and the virus neutralization test for the detection of TGEV antibodies was conducted. A significant correlation between the ELISA and the virus neutralization test was shown (r = 0.97). This serological test may be successfully used for various immunologic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Rukhadze
- All-Union Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine VASKhNIL, Kuzminki, Moscow, USSR
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15
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Fiscus SA, Teramoto YA, Mildbrand MM, Knisley CV, Winston SE, Pedersen NC. Competitive enzyme immunoassays for the rapid detection of antibodies to feline infectious peritonitis virus polypeptides. J Clin Microbiol 1985; 22:395-401. [PMID: 2995437 PMCID: PMC268418 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.22.3.395-401.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies specific for the envelope (E1), peplomer (E2), and nucleocapsid (N) polypeptides of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) were used in rapid, competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) to study the humoral immune response of cats to FIPV infection. Results from the competitive ELISAs were correlated with those from immunofluorescent antibody assays (IFAs) on 203 samples obtained from 64 individual cats. The IFA results correlated best with those obtained with the anti-E1 specific competitive ELISA (85.7%). In contrast, anti-N and anti-E2 competitive ELISA results correlated with IFA results only 65.5 and 2.4% of the time, respectively. The results of the anti-E1 specific competitive ELISA were not influenced by the total immunoglobulin concentration or the possible presence of free viral antigens in the serum. These results suggest that a competitive ELISA involving the use of enzyme-conjugated monoclonal antibody to the E1 glycoprotein of FIPV is a simple and rapid replacement for the more cumbersome IFA.
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Schmidt OW. Antigenic characterization of human coronaviruses 229E and OC43 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 1984; 20:175-80. [PMID: 6208213 PMCID: PMC271280 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.20.2.175-180.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human coronaviruses 229E and OC43 possess three distinct antigens each which are located in peplomer, membrane, and nucleoprotein virion subcomponents. Although specific antigens are associated with similar polypeptides in both viruses, neither shared antigens nor serological cross-reactions have been observed. These findings were confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; rabbit whole-virus-specific antisera reacted with dissociated homologous virus and each of its subcomponents, whereas antisera monospecific to separate subcomponents (peplomers, membrane, or core) recognized only their respective components. Since neither shared antigens nor serological cross-reactions were seen between the two viruses, the specificity of the assay was similar to that of crossed-immunoelectrophoresis, virus neutralization, and complement fixation assays. However, sensitivity was increased at least 1,000-fold; complement fixation antibody titers of 2,000 corresponded to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers of 3,200,000. Similar results were obtained with human convalescent-phase sera. In addition, the most prevalent human antibodies were found to be directed against virion peplomers. However, specific antibodies to core antigens and lesser amounts to membrane antigens were found in the sera of patients, which showed significant antibody rises when purified virion subcomponents were used as antigens. Importantly, rises and declines in titers of antibody to one virus and its specific antigens were independent from levels of titers of antibody to the other virus.
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17
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Cavanagh D, Darbyshire J, Davis P, Peters R. Induction of humoral neutralising and haemagglutination‐inhibiting antibody by the spike protein of avian infectious bronchitis virus. Avian Pathol 1984; 13:573-83. [DOI: 10.1080/03079458408418556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Reed SE. The behaviour of recent isolates of human respiratory coronavirus in vitro and in volunteers: evidence of heterogeneity among 229E-related strains. J Med Virol 1984; 13:179-92. [PMID: 6319590 PMCID: PMC7166702 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890130208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Strains of human coronavirus (HCV) isolated between 1974 and 1976 have been studied in vitro and in volunteers. All strains caused colds in volunteers, and those cultivable in tissue culture (TC) produced significantly more coryza and less sore throat than strains growing only in organ culture (OC). The TC strains were serologically related to 229E, but these isolates produced colds with a frequency and severity that contrasted with the effects of 229E itself. Tests on volunteers' preinfection sera showed that the prevalence of antibody to 229E had increased during the period 1961-1979 and that during 1977-1979 only 11% of subjects had no neutralising antibody against 229E. Susceptibility to the 229E-related isolates PR and TO was associated with low preinfection serum neutralising antibody against the homologous virus, and paired sera frequently showed fourfold or greater antibody rises, most commonly against the homologous strain. Volunteers infected with TO were immune when reinoculated with the same strain approximately 1 year later, but other similar volunteers were at least partly susceptible to infection with a heterologous 229E-related virus after similar time intervals. Although the strains of HCV that were grown in tissue culture were all related to the prototype 229E, they appeared not to be identical with it, and this heterogeneity is probably a significant factor in the epidemiology of HCV infections.
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20
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Abstract
Coronaviruses have recently emerged as an important group of animal and human pathogens that share a distinctive replicative cycle. Some of the unique characteristics in the replication of coronaviruses include generation of a 3' coterminal-nested set of five or six subgenomic mRNAs, each of which appears to direct the synthesis of one protein. Two virus-specific RNA polymerase activities have been identified. Many of the distinctive features of coronavirus infection and coronavirus-induced diseases may result from the properties of the two coronavirus glycoproteins. The intracellular budding site, which may be important in the establishment and maintenance of persistent infections, appears to be due to the restricted intracytoplasmic migration of the E1 glycoprotein, which acts as a matrix-like transmembrane glycoprotein. E1 also exhibits distinctive behavior by self-aggregating on heating at 100°C in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and by its interaction with RNA in the viral nucleocapsid. The E1 of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) is an O -linked glycoprotein, unlike most other viral glycoproteins. Thus, the coronavirus system may be a useful model for the study of synthesis, glycosylation, and transport of O -linked cellular glycoproteins.
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Macnaughton MR. Occurrence and frequency of coronavirus infections in humans as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Infect Immun 1982; 38:419-23. [PMID: 6292101 PMCID: PMC347755 DOI: 10.1128/iai.38.2.419-423.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of human coronavirus (HCV) infections was analyzed by using sequential sera taken between 1976 and 1981 from adults working in the London area. Antibody rises to HCV 229E and HCV OC43 group viruses were measured in serum samples from these subjects by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. HCV infections were found throughout the year, although most occurred during two periods, from June through September and from December through February. There were no marked seasonal differences in either the range of antibody rises obtained or in the HCV groups to which these antibody rises were directed. However, there were more HCV antibody rises during the summer than in the winter. The antibody duration varied considerably, but had a mean of 3.5 months. Finally, the frequency of HCV infection per person was calculated to be 1 per 7.8 months.
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Horzinek MC, Lutz H, Pedersen NC. Antigenic relationships among homologous structural polypeptides of porcine, feline, and canine coronaviruses. Infect Immun 1982; 37:1148-55. [PMID: 6182101 PMCID: PMC347660 DOI: 10.1128/iai.37.3.1148-1155.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus of swine (TGEV), feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), and canine coronavirus were studied with respect to their serological cross-reactivity in homologous and heterologous virus neutralization, immune precipitation of radiolabeled TGEV, electroblotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using individual virion polypeptides prepared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. TGEV was neutralized by feline anti-FIPV serum, and the reaction was potentiated by complement; heterologous neutralization involved antibody reacting with the peplomer protein (P), the envelope protein (E), and cellular (glycolipid) components incorporated into the TGEV membrane. Electrophoretic analysis of immune precipitates containing [35S]methionine-labeled disrupted TGEV and feline anti-FIPV antibody confirmed the reaction with the P and E polypeptides and showed the nucleocapsid protein (N) in addition. Electroblotting, followed by incubation with antibody, 125I-labeled protein A, and fluorography, disclosed cross-reactions between the three viruses at the N and E levels and revealed differences in the apparent molecular weights of the latter. Enzyme immunoassays performed with standard amounts of immobilized P, N, and E polypeptides of the three viruses showed recognition of the antigens by homologous and heterologous antibody to comparable degrees. These results indicate a close antigenic relationship between TGEV, FIPV, and canine coronavirus due to common determinants on the three major virion proteins. The taxonomic implications of these findings are discussed.
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Abstract
C57 strain mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with denatured mouse hepatitis virus strain 3 particles and virus surface projection, membrane and ribonucleoprotein subcomponents, obtained from detergent treated purified virus preparations. All immunised animals developed high levels of serum antibody directed against the respective antigens, detectable by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mice that had been immunised with denatured virus particles or surface projections were protected against infection with mouse hepatitis virus strain 3, whereas immunisation with virus membrane or ribonucleoprotein subcomponents failed to protect mice against virus challenge.
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