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Tian X, Tang Y, Gan J, Ye J. A novel linear B cell epitope of the canine coronavirus nucleocapsid protein identified by a monoclonal antibody. Vet Microbiol 2024; 293:110098. [PMID: 38677126 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The infection of canine coronavirus (CCoV) causes a highly contagious disease in dogs with acute gastroenteritis. The efficient serological diagnostics is critical for controlling the disease caused by CCoV. Nucleocapsid (N) protein of CCoV is an important target for developing serological approaches. However, little is known about the antigenic sites in the N protein of CCoV. In this study, we generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the N protein of CCoV, designated as 13E8, through the fusion of the sp2/0 cells with the spleen cells from a mouse immunized with the purified recombinant GST-N protein. Epitope mapping revealed that mAb 13E8 recognized a novel linear B cell epitope in N protein at 294-314aa (named as EP-13E8) by using a serial of truncated N protein through Western blot and ELISA. Sequence analysis showed that the sequence of EP-13E8 was highly conserved (100 %) among different CCoV strains analyzed, but exhibited a low similarity (31.8-63.6 %) with the responding sequence in other coronaviruses of the same genus such as FCoV, PEDV and HCoV except for TGEV (95.5 % identity). Structural assay suggested that the epitope of EP-13E8 were located in the close proximity on the surface of the N protein. Overall, the mAb 13E8 against N protein generated and its epitope EP-13E8 identified here paid the way for further developing epitope-based serological diagnostics for CCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Ye Tang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Junji Gan
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
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Wang R, Han Y, Zhang R, Zhu J, Nan X, Liu Y, Yang Z, Zhou B, Yu J, Lin Z, Li J, Chen P, Wang Y, Li Y, Liu D, Shi X, Wang X, Zhang Q, Yang YR, Li T, Zhang L. Dissecting the intricacies of human antibody responses to SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Immunity 2023; 56:2635-2649.e6. [PMID: 37924813 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1) causes more severe disease than SARS-CoV-2, which is responsible for COVID-19. However, our understanding of antibody response to SARS-CoV-1 infection remains incomplete. Herein, we studied the antibody responses in 25 SARS-CoV-1 convalescent patients. Plasma neutralization was higher and lasted longer in SARS-CoV-1 patients than in severe SARS-CoV-2 patients. Among 77 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated, 60 targeted the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and formed 7 groups (RBD-1 to RBD-7) based on their distinct binding and structural profiles. Notably, RBD-7 antibodies bound to a unique RBD region interfaced with the N-terminal domain of the neighboring protomer (NTD proximal) and were more prevalent in SARS-CoV-1 patients. Broadly neutralizing antibodies for SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and bat and pangolin coronaviruses were also identified. These results provide further insights into the antibody response to SARS-CoV-1 and inform the design of more effective strategies against diverse human and animal coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoke Wang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; State Key Laboratory for Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiayi Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuanyu Nan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yaping Liu
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ziqing Yang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bini Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinfang Yu
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zichun Lin
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinqian Li
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yangjunqi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yujie Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dongsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuanling Shi
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinquan Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuhe R Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, CAS, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Taisheng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China; State Key Laboratory for Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Linqi Zhang
- Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, NexVac Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China.
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Wang D, Chen Y, Xiang S, Hu H, Zhan Y, Yu Y, Zhang J, Wu P, Liu FY, Kai T, Ding P. Recent advances in immunoassay technologies for the detection of human coronavirus infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1040248. [PMID: 36683684 PMCID: PMC9845787 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1040248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the seventh coronavirus (CoV) that has spread in humans and has become a global pandemic since late 2019. Efficient and accurate laboratory diagnostic methods are one of the crucial means to control the development of the current pandemic and to prevent potential future outbreaks. Although real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) is the preferred laboratory method recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for diagnosing and screening SARS-CoV-2 infection, the versatile immunoassays still play an important role for pandemic control. They can be used not only as supplemental tools to identify cases missed by rRT-PCR, but also for first-line screening tests in areas with limited medical resources. Moreover, they are also indispensable tools for retrospective epidemiological surveys and the evaluation of the effectiveness of vaccination. In this review, we summarize the mainstream immunoassay methods for human coronaviruses (HCoVs) and address their benefits, limitations, and applications. Then, technical strategies based on bioinformatics and advanced biosensors were proposed to improve the performance of these methods. Finally, future suggestions and possibilities that can lead to higher sensitivity and specificity are provided for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqi Wang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuejun Chen
- Breast Surgery Department I, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shan Xiang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huiting Hu
- Breast Surgery Department I, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yujuan Zhan
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pian Wu
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fei Yue Liu
- Department of Economics and Management, ChangSha University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tianhan Kai
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Ding
- Xiang Ya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Li J, Liang P, Zhao T, Guo G, Zhu J, Wen C, Zeng J. Colorimetric and Raman dual-mode lateral flow immunoassay detection of SARS-CoV-2 N protein antibody based on Ag nanoparticles with ultrathin Au shell assembled onto Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:545-54. [PMID: 36414739 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04437-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Serological antibody tests are useful complements of nuclei acid detection for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, which can significantly improve diagnostic accuracy. However, antibody detection in serum or plasma remains challenging to do with high sensitivity. In this study, Ag nanoparticles with ultra-thin Au shells embedded with 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA) (AgMBA@Au) were manufactured and then assembled onto Fe3O4 surface by electrostatic interaction to construct the Fe3O4-AgMBA@Au nanoparticles (NPs) with magnetic-Raman-colorimetric properties. Based on the composite nanoparticles, a colorimetric and Raman dual-mode lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for ultrasensitive identification of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein antibody was constructed. The magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) were acted as the core and coated a layer of AgMBA@Au particles on the surface by electrostatic interaction to prepare Fe3O4-AgMBA@Au NPs, which can amplify the SERS signal due to multiple AgMBA@Au particles concentrated on a single magnetic nanoparticle. Moreover, the Fe3O4-AgMBA@Au NPs facilitated pre-purifying sample using magnetic separation, and complex matrix interference would be greatly decreased in the detection. The Fe3O4-AgMBA@Au NPs modified with N protein recognized and bound with N protein antibodies, which were trapped on the T-line, forming color band for observing detection. Under optimal conditions, the N protein antibodies could be qualitatively detected in colorimetric mode with the visual limit of 10-8 mg/mL and quantitatively detected by SERS signals between 10-6 and 10-10 mg /mL with 0.08 pg/mL detection limit. The coefficients variations (CV) of intra-assay was 8.0%, whereas of inter-assay was 11.7%, confirming of good reproducibility. Finally, this approach was able to discriminate between positive, negative, and weakly positive samples when detecting 107 clinical serum samples. The process enables highly sensitive quantitative assays that are valuable for evaluating disease processes and guiding treatment. Colorimetric and Raman dual-mode LFIA detection of SARS-CoV-2 N protein antibody based on Fe3O4-AgMBA@Au nanoparticles.
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Khalaf QA, Rasool KH, Naji EN. Evaluation of IL-6 and IL-17A gene polymorphisms in Iraqi patients infected with COVID-19 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hum Antibodies 2023; 31:35-44. [PMID: 37458031 DOI: 10.3233/hab-230007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with COVID-19, diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) increases the risk of hospitalization and death. Patients who have IL-6 and IL-17A single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are more likely to have severe COVID-19. This study aims to determine whether SNPs of the IL-6 gene at rs1800795 (G > C) and the IL-17A gene at rs2275913 (G > A) are associated with COVID-19 and T2DM in the Iraqi population. PATIENTS AND METHODS Twenty-four people were divided into 4 groups as follows: six patients with severe COVID-19 and T2DM were placed in Group 1 as "G1", six patients with COVID-19 but no T2DM were placed in Group 2 as "G2", and six patients with T2DM were placed in Group 3 as "G3". There were also six healthy controls included in each group. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the target genes after genomic DNA from the blood samples was extracted. Sanger sequencing was used to find the SNPs in both the forward and reverse directions for each sample. RESULTS In the case of IL-6 SNP at rs1800795, the GG genotype was more common in "G3", the CC genotype was less common in all patient groups than in controls, and the GC allele was more common in "G2" than in the control group. In comparison to the controls, the three patient groups showed lower frequencies of the C allele and higher frequencies of the G allele. Regarding IL-17A gene polymorphism, the AA and GA genotypes were more prevalent in "G2" and "G3", respectively. The GG genotype and G allele frequency dropped in all patient groups compared to the control group, whereas the A allele frequency increased in all patient groups. CONCLUSIONS The IL-6 gene at rs1800795 (G/C) and the IL-17A gene at rs2275913 (G/A) loci were associated with COVID-19 and T2DM in Iraqi population.
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Correia BP, Sousa MP, Sousa CEA, Mateus D, Sebastião AI, Cruz MT, Matos AM, Pereira AC, Moreira FTC. Development of colorimetric cellulose-based test-strip for the rapid detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV2 virus. Cellulose (Lond) 2022; 29:9311-9322. [PMID: 36158137 PMCID: PMC9483301 DOI: 10.1007/s10570-022-04808-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Given the pandemic situation, there is an urgent need for an accurate test to monitor antibodies anti-SARS-CoV-2, providing crucial epidemiological and clinical information to monitor the evolution of coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19) and to stratify the immunized and asymptomatic population. Therefore, this paper describes a new cellulose-based test strip for rapid and cost-effective quantitative detection of antibodies to SARS-CoV2 virus by colorimetric transduction. For this purpose, Whatman paper was chemically modified with sodium metaperiodate to introduce aldehyde groups on its surface. Subsequently, the spike protein of the virus is covalently bound by forming an imine group. The chemical control of cellulose paper modification was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and contact angle analysis. Colorimetric detection of the antibodies was performed by a conventional staining method using Ponceau S solution as the dye. Color analysis was performed after image acquisition with a smartphone using Image J software. The color intensity varied linearly with the logarithm of the anti-S concentration (from 10 ng/mL to 1 μg/mL) in 500-fold diluted serum samples when plotted against the green coordinate extracted from digital images. The test strip was selective in the presence of nucleocapsid antibodies, urea, glucose, and bovine serum albumin with less than 15% interference, and detection of antibodies in human serum was successfully performed. Overall, this is a simple and affordable design that can be readily used for mass population screening and does not require sophisticated equipment or qualified personnel. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10570-022-04808-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara P. Correia
- BioMark/ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic School of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Mariana P. Sousa
- BioMark/ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic School of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cristina E. A. Sousa
- BioMark/ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic School of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Daniela Mateus
- Faculty of Farmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Isabel Sebastião
- Faculty of Farmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cruz
- Faculty of Farmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Miguel Matos
- Faculty of Farmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, CIEPQPF, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Pereira
- BioMark/ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic School of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Felismina T. C. Moreira
- BioMark/ISEP, School of Engineering, Polytechnic School of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Yu J, Qin Z, Liu X, He X, Yao J, Zhou X, Wen K, Yu N, Wu Q, Xiao W, Zhu L, Wan C, Zhang B, Zhao W. High-specificity targets in SARS-CoV-2 N protein for serological detection and distinction from SARS-CoV. Comput Biol Med 2022; 143:105272. [PMID: 35121361 PMCID: PMC8799378 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Numerous serological detection kits are being rapidly developed and approved for screening and diagnosing suspected coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases. However, cross-reactivity between pre-existing antibodies against other coronaviruses and the captured antigens in these kits can affect detection accuracy, emphasizing the necessity for identifying highly specific antigen fragments for antibody detection. Thus, we performed a conservation and specificity analysis of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleocapsid (N) protein. We also integrated various B-cell epitope prediction methods to obtain possible dominant epitope regions for the N protein, analyzed the differences in serological antibody levels for different epitopes using ELISA, and identified N protein epitopes for IgG and IgM with high-specificity. The SARS-CoV-2 N protein showed low mutation rates and shared the highest amino acid similarity with SARS-CoV; however, it differed substantially from other coronaviruses. Tests targeting the SARS-CoV-2 N protein produce strong positive results in patients recovering from SARS-CoV. The N18-39 and N183-197 epitopes for IgG and IgM detection, respectively, can effectively overcome cross-reactivity, and even exhibit good specificity between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. The antibody levels detected with these were consistent with those detected using the complete N protein. These findings provide a basis for serological diagnosis and determining the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhai Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China.
| | - Zhiran Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China.
| | - Xuling Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China.
| | - Xiaoen He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China.
| | - Jinxiu Yao
- Yangjiang People's Hospital, No.42 Dongshan Road, Yangjiang, Guangdong Province, 529500, China.
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, No. 466, Xingang Middle Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510317, China.
| | - Kun Wen
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253, Industrial Avenue Middle, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510282, China.
| | - Nan Yu
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253, Industrial Avenue Middle, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510282, China.
| | - Qinghua Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China.
| | - Weiwei Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China.
| | - Li Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China.
| | - Chengsong Wan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China.
| | - Bao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China.
| | - Wei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China.
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Cui TR, Qiao YC, Gao JW, Wang CH, Zhang Y, Han L, Yang Y, Ren TL. Ultrasensitive Detection of COVID-19 Causative Virus (SARS-CoV-2) Spike Protein Using Laser Induced Graphene Field-Effect Transistor. Molecules 2021; 26:6947. [PMID: 34834039 PMCID: PMC8621829 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a highly contagious human infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the war with the virus is still underway. Since no specific drugs have been made available yet and there is an imbalance between supply and demand for vaccines, early diagnosis and isolation are essential to control the outbreak. Current nucleic acid testing methods require high sample quality and laboratory conditions, which cannot meet flexible applications. Here, we report a laser-induced graphene field-effect transistor (LIG-FET) for detecting SARS-CoV-2. The FET was manufactured by different reduction degree LIG, with an oyster reef-like porous graphene channel to enrich the binding point between the virus protein and sensing area. After immobilizing specific antibodies in the channel, the FET can detect the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in 15 min at a concentration of 1 pg/mL in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and 1 ng/mL in human serum. In addition, the sensor shows great specificity to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Our sensors can realize fast production for COVID-19 rapid testing, as each LIG-FET can be fabricated by a laser platform in seconds. It is the first time that LIG has realized a virus sensing FET without any sample pretreatment or labeling, which paves the way for low-cost and rapid detection of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Rui Cui
- School of Integrated Circuit, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (T.-R.C.); (Y.-C.Q.)
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan-Cong Qiao
- School of Integrated Circuit, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (T.-R.C.); (Y.-C.Q.)
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jian-Wei Gao
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (J.-W.G.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Chun-Hua Wang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (J.-W.G.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (J.-W.G.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Lin Han
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (J.-W.G.); (C.-H.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuit, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (T.-R.C.); (Y.-C.Q.)
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuit, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (T.-R.C.); (Y.-C.Q.)
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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9
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Fischer B, Lindenkamp C, Lichtenberg C, Birschmann I, Knabbe C, Hendig D. Evidence of Long-Lasting Humoral and Cellular Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Even in Elderly COVID-19 Convalescents Showing a Mild to Moderate Disease Progression. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:805. [PMID: 34440549 DOI: 10.3390/life11080805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We here evaluate the humoral and cellular immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in 41 COVID-19 convalescents. As previous studies mostly included younger individuals, one advantage of our study is the comparatively high mean age of the convalescents included in the cohort considered (54 ± 8.4 years). While anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were still detectable in 95% of convalescents up to 8 months post infection, an antibody-decay over time was generally observed in most donors. Using a multiplex assay, our data additionally reveal that most convalescents exhibit a broad humoral immunity against different viral epitopes. We demonstrate by flow cytometry that convalescent donors show a significantly elevated number of natural killer cells when compared to healthy controls, while no differences were found concerning other leucocyte subpopulations. We detected a specific long-lasting cellular immune response in convalescents by stimulating immune cells with SARS-CoV-2-specific peptides, covering domains of the viral spike, membrane and nucleocapsid protein, and measuring interferon-γ (IFN-γ) release thereafter. We modified a commercially available ELISA assay for IFN-γ determination in whole-blood specimens of COVID-19 convalescents. One advantage of this assay is that it does not require special equipment and can, thus, be performed in any standard laboratory. In conclusion, our study adds knowledge regarding the persistence of immunity of convalescents suffering from mild to moderate COVID-19. Moreover, our study provides a set of simple methods to characterize and confirm experienced COVID-19.
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10
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Naiyar I, Anjum AF, Khalid AM, Noor I, Abdullah MS, Anwar MZ. Seroprevalence of COVID-19 and associated factors in a medical institution in Pakistan. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2021; 16:619-23. [PMID: 34093105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study investigates the association of preventive measures with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) seropositivity. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Combined Military Hospital Kharian Medical College, Pakistan, in September 2020. A total of 442 participants from three different strata (faculty, students, and administration/technical staff) were enrolled using a convenient sampling technique. A rapid antibody testing method was used to detect antibodies. The Ichroma™ COVID-19 Ab test is an in vitro diagnostic device that helps in the rapid identification of COVID-19 by measuring the levels of IgG and IgM antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the blood. An automated fluorescent immunoassay system (AFIAS-6), with a clinical sensitivity of 95.8% and specificity of 96.7%, was used for qualitative analysis. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data, and data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Results In total, 442 participants were included in the study: 40 (9%) faculty members, 299 (67%) students, and 103 (23.3%) administrative/technical staff. As many as 14.9% of the participants were symptomatic; 32.4% always used masks, and 14% never wore masks. Furthermore, 69.7% of participants frequently washed their hands for 20 s, and 75.6% were aware of social distancing. A total of 16.96% of participants tested positive for IgG antibodies. Moreover, most of the administration/technical staff who tested positive for IgG were asymptomatic (68.42%). A significant association (p < 0.001) was found between following the safety guidelines (wearing masks, handwashing, and social distancing) and the occurrence of COVID-19. Conclusion This study showed a higher seroprevalence rate than other studies as it was conducted toward the end of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, we are still far from achieving herd immunity. Furthermore, strict compliance with preventive measures is the only way to ensure safety until an effective vaccine is developed.
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11
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Sen SR, Sanders EC, Gabriel KN, Miller BM, Isoda HM, Salcedo GS, Garrido JE, Dyer RP, Nakajima R, Jain A, Caldaruse AM, Santos AM, Bhuvan K, Tifrea DF, Ricks-Oddie JL, Felgner PL, Edwards RA, Majumdar S, Weiss GA. Predicting COVID-19 Severity with a Specific Nucleocapsid Antibody plus Disease Risk Factor Score. mSphere 2021; 6:e00203-21. [PMID: 33910993 PMCID: PMC8092137 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00203-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective methods for predicting COVID-19 disease trajectories are urgently needed. Here, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and coronavirus antigen microarray (COVAM) analysis mapped antibody epitopes in the plasma of COVID-19 patients (n = 86) experiencing a wide range of disease states. The experiments identified antibodies to a 21-residue epitope from nucleocapsid (termed Ep9) associated with severe disease, including admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), requirement for ventilators, or death. Importantly, anti-Ep9 antibodies can be detected within 6 days post-symptom onset and sometimes within 1 day. Furthermore, anti-Ep9 antibodies correlate with various comorbidities and hallmarks of immune hyperactivity. We introduce a simple-to-calculate, disease risk factor score to quantitate each patient's comorbidities and age. For patients with anti-Ep9 antibodies, scores above 3.0 predict more severe disease outcomes with a 13.42 likelihood ratio (96.7% specificity). The results lay the groundwork for a new type of COVID-19 prognostic to allow early identification and triage of high-risk patients. Such information could guide more effective therapeutic intervention.IMPORTANCE The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in over two million deaths worldwide. Despite efforts to fight the virus, the disease continues to overwhelm hospitals with severely ill patients. Diagnosis of COVID-19 is readily accomplished through a multitude of reliable testing platforms; however, prognostic prediction remains elusive. To this end, we identified a short epitope from the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and also a disease risk factor score based upon comorbidities and age. The presence of antibodies specifically binding to this epitope plus a score cutoff can predict severe COVID-19 outcomes with 96.7% specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana R Sen
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Emily C Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Kristin N Gabriel
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Brian M Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Hariny M Isoda
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Gabriela S Salcedo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jason E Garrido
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Rebekah P Dyer
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Rie Nakajima
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Aarti Jain
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ana-Maria Caldaruse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Alicia M Santos
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Keertna Bhuvan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Delia F Tifrea
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Joni L Ricks-Oddie
- Center for Statistical Consulting, Department of Statistics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Biostatics, Epidemiology and Research Design Unit, Institute for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Philip L Felgner
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Robert A Edwards
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Sudipta Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Gregory A Weiss
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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12
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Casasanta MA, Jonaid GM, Kaylor L, Luqiu WY, Solares MJ, Schroen ML, Dearnaley WJ, Wilson J, Dukes MJ, Kelly DF. Microchip-based structure determination of low-molecular weight proteins using cryo-electron microscopy. Nanoscale 2021; 13:7285-7293. [PMID: 33889923 PMCID: PMC8135184 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr00388g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Interest in cryo-Electron Microscopy (EM) imaging has skyrocketed in recent years due to its pristine views of macromolecules and materials. As advances in instrumentation and computing algorithms spurred this progress, there is renewed focus to address specimen-related challenges. Here we contribute a microchip-based toolkit to perform complementary structural and biochemical analysis on low-molecular weight proteins. As a model system, we used the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein (48 kDa) due to its stability and important role in therapeutic development. Cryo-EM structures of the N protein monomer revealed a flexible N-terminal "top hat" motif and a helical-rich C-terminal domain. To complement our structural findings, we engineered microchip-based immunoprecipitation assays that led to the discovery of the first antibody binding site on the N protein. The data also facilitated molecular modeling of a variety of pandemic and common cold-related coronavirus proteins. Such insights may guide future pandemic-preparedness protocols through immuno-engineering strategies to mitigate viral outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Casasanta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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13
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Sen S, Sanders EC, Gabriel KN, Miller BM, Isoda HM, Salcedo GS, Garrido JE, Dyer RP, Nakajima R, Jain A, Caldaruse AM, Santos AM, Bhuvan K, Tifrea DF, Ricks-Oddie JL, Felgner PL, Edwards RA, Majumdar S, Weiss GA. Predicting COVID-19 Severity with a Specific Nucleocapsid Antibody plus Disease Risk Factor Score. bioRxiv 2021. [PMID: 33083803 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.15.341743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Effective methods for predicting COVID-19 disease trajectories are urgently needed. Here, ELISA and coronavirus antigen microarray (COVAM) analysis mapped antibody epitopes in the plasma of COVID-19 patients (n = 86) experiencing a wide-range of disease states. The experiments identified antibodies to a 21-residue epitope from nucleocapsid (termed Ep9) associated with severe disease, including admission to the ICU, requirement for ventilators, or death. Importantly, anti-Ep9 antibodies can be detected within six days post-symptom onset and sometimes within one day. Furthermore, anti-Ep9 antibodies correlate with various comorbidities and hallmarks of immune hyperactivity. We introduce a simple-to-calculate, disease risk factor score to quantitate each patients comorbidities and age. For patients with anti-Ep9 antibodies, scores above 3.0 predict more severe disease outcomes with a 13.42 Likelihood Ratio (96.7% specificity). The results lay the groundwork for a new type of COVID-19 prognostic to allow early identification and triage of high-risk patients. Such information could guide more effective therapeutic intervention.
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14
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Can H, Köseoğlu AE, Erkunt Alak S, Güvendi M, Döşkaya M, Karakavuk M, Gürüz AY, Ün C. In silico discovery of antigenic proteins and epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 for the development of a vaccine or a diagnostic approach for COVID-19. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22387. [PMID: 33372181 PMCID: PMC7769971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79645-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the genome of SARS-CoV-2, the 5′-terminus encodes a polyprotein, which is further cleaved into 15 non-structural proteins whereas the 3′ terminus encodes four structural proteins and eight accessory proteins. Among these 27 proteins, the present study aimed to discover likely antigenic proteins and epitopes to be used for the development of a vaccine or serodiagnostic assay using an in silico approach. For this purpose, after the full genome analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan isolate and variant proteins that are detected frequently, surface proteins including spike, envelope, and membrane proteins as well as proteins with signal peptide were determined as probable vaccine candidates whereas the remaining were considered as possible antigens to be used during the development of serodiagnostic assays. According to results obtained, among 27 proteins, 26 of them were predicted as probable antigen. In 26 proteins, spike protein was selected as the best vaccine candidate because of having a signal peptide, negative GRAVY value, one transmembrane helix, moderate aliphatic index, a big molecular weight, a long-estimated half-life, beta wrap motifs as well as having stable, soluble and non-allergic features. In addition, orf7a, orf8, and nsp-10 proteins with signal peptide were considered as potential vaccine candidates. Nucleocapsid protein and a highly antigenic GGDGKMKD epitope were identified as ideal antigens to be used in the development of serodiagnostic assays. Moreover, considering MHC-I alleles, highly antigenic KLNDLCFTNV and ITLCFTLKRK epitopes can be used to develop an epitope-based peptide vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Can
- Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Efe Köseoğlu
- Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Sedef Erkunt Alak
- Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mervenur Güvendi
- Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mert Döşkaya
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | | | - Adnan Yüksel Gürüz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Cemal Ün
- Department of Biology Molecular Biology Section, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey.
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15
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Ernst E, Wolfe P, Stahura C, Edwards KA. Technical considerations to development of serological tests for SARS-CoV-2. Talanta 2020; 224:121883. [PMID: 33379092 PMCID: PMC7654332 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating impact worldwide and has brought clinical assays both for acute diagnosis and prior exposure determination to the forefront. Serological testing intended for point-of-care or laboratory use can be used to determine more accurate individual and population assessments of prior exposure to SARS-CoV-2; improve our understanding of the degree to which immunity is conveyed to subsequent exposures; and quantify immune response to future vaccines. In response to this pandemic, initially more than 90 companies deployed serology assays to the U.S. market, many of which made overstated claims for their accuracy, regulatory approval status, and utility for intended purpose. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration subsequently instituted an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) procedure requiring that manufacturers submit validation data, but allowing newly developed serological tests to be marketed without the usual approval process during this crisis. Although this rapid deployment was intended to benefit public health, the incomplete understanding of immune response to the virus and lack of assay vetting resulted in quality issues with some of these tests, and thus many were withdrawn after submission. Common assay platforms include lateral flow assays which can serve an important niche of low cost, rapid turnaround, and increased accessibility whereas established laboratory-based platforms based on ELISAs and chemiluminescence expand existing technologies to SARS-CoV-2 and can provide throughput and quantification capabilities. While most of the currently EUA assays rely on these well-established platforms, despite their apparent technical simplicity, there are numerous practical challenges both for manufacturers in developing and for end-users in running and interpreting such assays. Within are discussed technical challenges to serology development for SARS-CoV-2, with an emphasis on lateral flow assay technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Ernst
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Binghamton University, Johnson City, NY, 13790, USA.
| | - Patricia Wolfe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Binghamton University, Johnson City, NY, 13790, USA.
| | - Corrine Stahura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Binghamton University, Johnson City, NY, 13790, USA.
| | - Katie A Edwards
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Binghamton University, Johnson City, NY, 13790, USA.
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16
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Crooke SN, Ovsyannikova IG, Kennedy RB, Poland GA. Immunoinformatic identification of B cell and T cell epitopes in the SARS-CoV-2 proteome. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14179. [PMID: 32843695 PMCID: PMC7447814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged from China in late 2019 and rapidly spread across the globe, infecting millions of people and generating societal disruption on a level not seen since the 1918 influenza pandemic. A safe and effective vaccine is desperately needed to prevent the continued spread of SARS-CoV-2; yet, rational vaccine design efforts are currently hampered by the lack of knowledge regarding viral epitopes targeted during an immune response, and the need for more in-depth knowledge on betacoronavirus immunology. To that end, we developed a computational workflow using a series of open-source algorithms and webtools to analyze the proteome of SARS-CoV-2 and identify putative T cell and B cell epitopes. Utilizing a set of stringent selection criteria to filter peptide epitopes, we identified 41 T cell epitopes (5 HLA class I, 36 HLA class II) and 6 B cell epitopes that could serve as promising targets for peptide-based vaccine development against this emerging global pathogen. To our knowledge, this is the first study to comprehensively analyze all 10 (structural, non-structural and accessory) proteins from SARS-CoV-2 using predictive algorithms to identify potential targets for vaccine development.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Betacoronavirus/classification
- Betacoronavirus/genetics
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/metabolism
- COVID-19
- Computational Biology/methods
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/metabolism
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Genome, Viral
- Genomics/methods
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Pandemics
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/immunology
- Phylogeny
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- SARS-CoV-2
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Viral Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen N Crooke
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim Building 611C, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Inna G Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim Building 611C, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Richard B Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim Building 611C, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim Building 611C, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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17
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Abstract
The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) threatens the health of the global population and challenges our preparedness for pandemic threats. Previous outbreaks of coronaviruses and other viruses have suggested the importance of diagnostic technologies in fighting viral outbreaks. Nucleic acid detection techniques are the gold standard for detecting SARS-CoV-2. Viral antigen tests and serological tests that detect host antibodies have also been developed for studying the epidemiology of COVID-19 and estimating the population that may have immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Nevertheless, the availability, cost, and performance of existing viral diagnostic technologies limit their practicality, and novel approaches are required for improving our readiness for global pandemics. Here, we review the principles and limitations of major viral diagnostic technologies and highlight recent advances of molecular assays for COVID-19. In addition, we discuss emerging technologies, such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) systems, high-throughput sequencing, and single-cell and single-molecule analysis, for improving our ability to understand, trace, and contain viral outbreaks. The prospects of viral diagnostic technologies for combating future pandemic threats are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninghao Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Pak Kin Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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18
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Körper S, Jahrsdörfer B, Appl T, Klüter H, Seifried E, Schrezenmeier H. Rekonvaleszentenplasma zur Behandlung von schwerem COVID-19: Rationale und Design einer randomisierten, offenen klinischen Studie von Rekonvaleszentenplasma verglichen mit bestmöglicher supportiver Behandlung (CAPSID-Studie). Transfusionsmedizin - Immunhämatologie · Hämotherapie · Transplantationsimmunologie · Zelltherapie 2020. [PMCID: PMC7645839 DOI: 10.1055/a-1090-0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rekonvaleszentenplasma wurde bei Patienten mit akuten, viralen respiratorischen Erkrankungen mit schwerem Verlauf eingesetzt (SARS- oder MERS-Coronavirus, Influenza H1N1, H5N1). Diese Studien erbrachten Hinweise auf eine Reduktion der Viruslast, einer Verkürzung des Krankenhausaufenthalts und eine Reduktion der Mortalität durch Rekonvaleszentenplasma. Die Wirkung konnte jedoch nicht abschließend belegt werden, da es sich nicht um randomisierte Studien handelte. Nach einer SARS-CoV-2-Infektion kommt es bei den meisten Patienten zu einer raschen Bildung von neutralisierenden Antikörpern. Wegen der pandemischen Entwicklung gibt es eine wachsende Zahl Genesener mit neutralisierenden Antikörpern, die als potenzielle Spender in Betracht kommen. Wir konzipierten eine prospektive, randomisierte Studie, um die Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit von Rekonvaleszentenplasma zur Therapie von schwerem COVID-19 und dessen Wirkmechanismus zu untersuchen (CAPSID-Studie). In diesem Beitrag werden
die Rationale und das Design der Studie vorgestellt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixten Körper
- Institut für Klinische Transfusionsmedizin und Immungenetik, Ulm
| | | | - Thomas Appl
- Institut für Klinische Transfusionsmedizin und Immungenetik, Ulm
| | - Harald Klüter
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin und Immunologie, Mannheim
| | - Erhard Seifried
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin und Immunhämatologie, Frankfurt am Main
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19
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Chang FY, Chen HC, Chen PJ, Ho MS, Hsieh SL, Lin JC, Liu FT, Sytwu HK. Immunologic aspects of characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:72. [PMID: 32498686 PMCID: PMC7270518 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00663-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the worldwide spread of the infectious disease COVID-19, caused by a new strain of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, as a pandemic. Like in all other infectious diseases, the host immune system plays a key role in our defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, viruses are able to evade the immune attack and proliferate and, in susceptible individuals, cause severe inflammatory response known as cytokine storm, particularly in the lungs. The advancement in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the host immune responses promises to facilitate the development of approaches for prevention or treatment of diseases. Components of immune system, such as antibodies, can also be used to develop sensitive and specific diagnostic methods as well as novel therapeutic agents. In this review, we summarize our knowledge about how the host mounts immune responses to infection by SARS-CoV-2. We also describe the diagnostic methods being used for COVID-19 identification and summarize the current status of various therapeutic strategies, including vaccination, being considered for treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Yee Chang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Cheng Chen
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jer Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Shang Ho
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Jung-Chung Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
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20
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Mahmoudifard M, Vossoughi M, Soleimani M. Different types of electrospun nanofibers and their effect on microfluidic-based immunoassay. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matin Mahmoudifard
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB); Tehran Iran
| | - Manouchehr Vossoughi
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department; Sharif University of Technology; Tehran Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
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21
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Zhang J, Wang D, Li Y, Zhao Q, Huang A, Zheng J, Chen W. SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid protein monoclonal antibodies developed using a prokaryotic expressed protein. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2012; 30:481-5. [PMID: 22008077 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2011.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunological detection of viruses and their components using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) is a powerful diagnostic method. Here we report a detailed method for the establishment of MAbs against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). To express and purify the nucleocapsid protein (N protein) of SARS-CoV and generate MAbs against the N protein, gene encoding N protein was separated into two parts according to the prediction of epitopes and cloned into pET32a(+), respectively. Expression of the target proteins were induced by M isopropyl-β-thio-D-galactopyranoside (IPTG) and purified by a single-step affinity chromatography on a Ni-NTA column. BALB/c mice were immunized with the purified recombinant proteins to prepare MAbs by hybridoma technique. The reactivity and specificity of the MAbs were analyzed by ELISA and Western blot analysis. Seven MAbs against N1 and two MAbs against N2 were obtained. In the present study, recombinant SARS-CoV N protein was expressed and purified and nine specific MAbs against SARS-CoV N protein were obtained successfully. This panel of anti-N MAbs may be used as a tool for rapid and specific diagnosis of SARS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- The Clinical Laboratory Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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22
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Liu W, Han XN, Tang F, Borsboom GJJM, Yang H, Cao WC, de Vlas SJ. No evidence of over-reporting of SARS in mainland China. Trop Med Int Health 2009; 14 Suppl 1:46-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Zheng N, Xia R, Yang C, Yin B, Li Y, Duan C, Liang L, Guo H, Xie Q. Boosted expression of the SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein in tobacco and its immunogenicity in mice. Vaccine 2009; 27:5001-7. [PMID: 19523911 PMCID: PMC7115566 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2008] [Revised: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines produced in plant systems are safe and economical; however, the extensive application of plant-based vaccines is mainly hindered by low expression levels of heterologous proteins in plant systems. Here, we demonstrated that the post-transcriptional gene silencing suppressor p19 protein from tomato bushy stunt virus substantially enhanced the transient expression of recombinant SARS-CoV nucleocapsid (rN) protein in Nicotiana benthamiana. The rN protein in the agrobacteria-infiltrated plant leaf accumulated up to a concentration of 79 microg per g fresh leaf weight at 3 days post infiltration. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally vaccinated with pre-treated plant extract emulsified in Freund's adjuvant. The rN protein-specific IgG in the mouse sera attained a titer about 1:1,800 following three doses of immunization, which suggested effective B-cell maturation and differentiation in mice. Antibodies of the subclasses IgG1 and IgG2a were abundantly present in the mouse sera. During vaccination of rN protein, the expression of IFN-gamma and IL-10 was evidently up-regulated in splenocytes at different time points, while the expression of IL-2 and IL-4 was not. Up to now, this is the first study that plant-expressed recombinant SARS-CoV N protein can induce strong humoral and cellular responses in mice.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins
- Female
- Freund's Adjuvant/administration & dosage
- Freund's Adjuvant/pharmacology
- Gene Silencing
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/genetics
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/immunology
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/isolation & purification
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/genetics
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/immunology
- Spleen/immunology
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Nicotiana/metabolism
- Tombusvirus/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuoyan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, 135 Xingang Road W, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ran Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Cuiping Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, 135 Xingang Road W, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Bojiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, 135 Xingang Road W, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, 135 Xingang Road W, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chengguo Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Liming Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, 135 Xingang Road W, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Huishan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Qi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
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24
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Hu H, Huang X, Tao L, Huang Y, Cui BA, Wang H. Comparative analysis of the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV nucleocapsid DNA vaccine administrated with different routes in mouse model. Vaccine 2009; 27:1758-63. [PMID: 19186202 PMCID: PMC7115532 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 01/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of strategies to augment the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines is critical for improving their clinical utility. One such strategy involves using the different immune routes with DNA vaccines. In the present study, the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV nucleocapsid DNA vaccine, induced by using the current routine vaccination routes (intramuscularly, by electroporation, or orally using live-attenuated Salmonella typhimurium), was compared in mouse model. The comparison between the three vaccination routes indicated that immunization intramuscularly induced a moderate T cell response and antibody response. Mice administrated by electroporation induced the highest antibody response among the three immunization groups and a mid-level of cellular response. In contrast, the orally DNA vaccine evoked vigorous T cell response and a weak antibody production. These results indicated that the distinct types of immune responses were generated by the different routes of DNA immunization. In addition, our results also show that the delivery of DNA vaccines by electroporation and orally using live-attenuated Salmonella in vivo is an effective method to increase the immune responses. Further studies could be carried out using a combination strategy of both oral and electroporation immunizations to stimulate higher cellular and humoral immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- Capsid/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/immunology
- Electroporation
- Female
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plasmids/immunology
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/immunology
- Salmonella typhimurium/immunology
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Science, Wuhan 430071, PR China.
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25
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Wu CH, Yeh SH, Tsay YG, Shieh YH, Kao CL, Chen YS, Wang SH, Kuo TJ, Chen DS, Chen PJ. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 regulates the phosphorylation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein and viral replication. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:5229-39. [PMID: 19106108 PMCID: PMC8011290 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805747200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus (CoV) nucleocapsid (N) protein is a highly phosphorylated protein required for viral replication, but whether its phosphorylation and the related kinases are involved in the viral life cycle is unknown. We found the severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV N protein to be an appropriate system to address this issue. Using high resolution PAGE analysis, this protein could be separated into phosphorylated and unphosphorylated isoforms. Mass spectrometric analysis and deletion mapping showed that the major phosphorylation sites were located at the central serine-arginine (SR)-rich motif that contains several glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 substrate consensus sequences. GSK-3-specific inhibitor treatment dephosphorylated the N protein, and this could be recovered by the constitutively active GSK-3 kinase. Immunoprecipitation brought down both N and GSK-3 proteins in the same complex, and the N protein could be phosphorylated directly at its SR-rich motif by GSK-3 using an in vitro kinase assay. Mutation of the two priming sites critical for GSK-3 phosphorylation in the SR-rich motif abolished N protein phosphorylation. Finally, GSK-3 inhibitor was found to reduce N phosphorylation in the severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-infected VeroE6 cells and decrease the viral titer and cytopathic effects. The effect of GSK-3 inhibitor was reproduced in another coronavirus, the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus. Our results indicate that GSK-3 is critical for CoV N protein phosphorylation and suggest that it plays a role in regulating the viral life cycle. This study, thus, provides new avenues to further investigate the specific role of N protein phosphorylation in CoV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsin Wu
- Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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26
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Kammila S, Das D, Bhatnagar PK, Sunwoo HH, Zayas-Zamora G, King M, Suresh MR. A rapid point of care immunoswab assay for SARS-CoV detection. J Virol Methods 2008; 152:77-84. [PMID: 18620761 PMCID: PMC2678951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) resulted in several outbreaks worldwide. Early tests for diagnosis were not always conclusive in identifying a SARS suspected patient. Nucleocapsid protein (NP) is the most predominant virus derived structural protein which is shed in high amounts in serum and nasopharyngeal aspirate during the first week of infection. As part of such efforts, a simple, easy to use immunoswab method was developed by generating a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), Bispecific MAbs and chicken polyclonal IgY antibody against the SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein (NP). Employing the MAb-based immunoswab, an NP concentration of 200 pg/mL in saline and pig nasopharyngeal aspirate, and 500 pg/mL in rabbit serum were detected. BsMAb-based immunoswabs detected an NP concentration of 20 pg/mL in saline, 500 pg/mL in rabbit serum and 20-200 pg/mL in pig nasopharyngeal aspirate. Polyclonal IgY-based immunoswabs detected an NP concentration of 10 pg/mL in pig nasopharyngeal aspirate providing the most sensitive SARS point of care assay. Results show that the robust immunoswab method of detecting SARS-CoV NP antigen can be developed into an easy and effective way of identifying SARS suspected individuals during a future SARS epidemic, thereby reducing and containing the transmission. The key feature of this simple immunoswab diagnostic assay is its ability to detect the presence of the SARS-CoV antigen within 45-60 min with the availability of the body fluid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Kammila
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, 11304-89 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2N8
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27
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Dutta NK, Mazumdar K, Lee BH, Baek MW, Kim DJ, Na YR, Park SH, Lee HK, Kariwa H, Mai LQ, Park JH. Search for potential target site of nucleocapsid gene for the design of an epitope-based SARS DNA vaccine. Immunol Lett 2008; 118:65-71. [PMID: 18440652 PMCID: PMC7112843 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is believed today that nucleocapsid protein (N) of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV is one of the most promising antigen candidates for vaccine design. In this study, three fragments [N1 (residues: 1–422); N2 (residues: 1–109); N3 (residues: 110–422)] of N protein of SARS-CoV were expressed in Escherichia coli and analyzed by pooled sera of convalescence phase of SARS patients. Three gene fragments [N1 (1–1269 nt), N2 (1–327 nt) and N3 (328–1269 nt)—expressing the same proteins of N1, N2 and N3, respectively] of SARS-N were cloned into pVAX-1 and used to immunize BALB/c mice by electroporation. Humoral (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA) and cellular (by cell proliferation and CD4+:CD8+ assay) immunity was detected by using recombinant N1 and N3 specific antigen. Results showed that N1 and N3 fragments of N protein expressed by E. coli were able to react with sera of SARS patients but N2 could not. Specific humoral and cellular immunity in mice could be induced significantly by inoculating SARS-CoV N1 and N3 DNA vaccine. In addition, the immune response levels in N3 were significantly higher for antibody responses (IgG and IgG1 but not IgG2a) and cell proliferation but not in CD4+:CD8+ assay compared to N1 vaccine. The identification of antigenic N protein fragments has implications to provide basic information for the design of DNA vaccine against SARS-CoV. The present results not only suggest that DNA immunization with pVax-N3 could be used as potential DNA vaccination approaches to induce antibody in BALB/c mice, but also illustrates that gene immunization with these SARS DNA vaccines can generate different immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noton Kumar Dutta
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and KRF Zoonotic Disease Priority Research Institute, Seoul National University, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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28
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Bai B, Lu X, Meng J, Hu Q, Mao P, Lu B, Chen Z, Yuan Z, Wang H. Vaccination of mice with recombinant baculovirus expressing spike or nucleocapsid protein of SARS-like coronavirus generates humoral and cellular immune responses. Mol Immunol 2007; 45:868-75. [PMID: 17905435 PMCID: PMC7112626 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 08/11/2007] [Accepted: 08/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Continuous efforts have been made to develop a prophylactic vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). In this study, two recombinant baculoviruses, vAc-N and vAc-S, were constructed, which contained the mammalian-cell activate promoter element, human elongation factor 1α-subunit (EF-1α), the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate-early promoter, and the nucleocapsid (N) or spike (S) gene of bat SARS-like CoV (SL-CoV) under the control of the CMV promoter. Mice were subcutaneously and intraperitoneally injected with recombinant baculovirus, and both humoral and cellular immune responses were induced in the vaccinated groups. The secretion level of IFN-γ was much higher than that of IL-4 in vAc-N or vAc-S immunized groups, suggesting a strong Th1 bias towards cellular immune responses. Additionally, a marked increase of CD4 T cell immune responses and high levels of anti-SARS-CoV humoral responses were also detected in the vAc-N or vAc-S immunized groups. In contrast, there were significantly weaker cellular immune responses, as well as less antibody production than in the control groups. Our data demonstrates that the recombinant baculovirus can serve as an effective vaccine strategy. In addition, because effective SARS vaccines should act to not only prevent the reemergence of SARS-CoV, but also to provide cross-protection against SL-CoV, findings in this study may have implications for developing such cross-protective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingke Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071 Hubei, PR China
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29
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Lin JT, Zhang JS, Su N, Xu JG, Wang N, Chen JT, Chen X, Liu YX, Gao H, Jia YP, Liu Y, Sun RH, Wang X, Yu DZ, Hai R, Gao Q, Ning Y, Wang HX, Li MC, Kan B, Dong GM, An Q, Wang YQ, Han J, Qin C, Yin WD, Dong XP. Safety and Immunogenicity from a Phase I Trial of Inactivated Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Vaccine. Antivir Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350701200702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) from the winter of 2002 to the spring of 2003 has caused a serious threat to public health. Methods To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the inactivated SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) vaccine, 36 subjects received two doses of 16 SARS-CoV units (SU) or 32 SU inactivated SARS-CoV vaccine, or placebo control. Results On day 42, the seroconversion reached 100% for both vaccine groups. On day 56, 100% of participants in the group receiving 16 SU and 91.1% in the group receiving 32 SU had seroconverted. The geometric mean titre of neutralizing antibody peaked 2 weeks after the second vaccination, but decreased 4 weeks later. Conclusion The inactivated vaccine was safe and well tolerated and can elicit SARS-CoV-specific neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Tao Lin
- Beijing China-Japan Friendship Hospital, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-San Zhang
- Beijing Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Su
- Beijing China-Japan Friendship Hospital, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Guo Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Wang
- Beijing Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Xin Chen
- Beijing China-Japan Friendship Hospital, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xuan Liu
- Beijing Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Gao
- Beijing Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ping Jia
- Beijing China-Japan Friendship Hospital, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Beijing Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Hua Sun
- Beijing China-Japan Friendship Hospital, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Wang
- Beijing Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Zheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Hai
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Beijing Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Ning
- Beijing Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xia Wang
- Beijing Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd, People's Republic of China
| | - Ma-Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Kan
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guan-Mu Dong
- National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi An
- National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Qun Wang
- Beijing Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Dong Yin
- Beijing Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, People's Republic of China
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30
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Shao X, Guo X, Esper F, Weibel C, Kahn JS. Seroepidemiology of group I human coronaviruses in children. J Clin Virol 2007; 40:207-13. [PMID: 17889596 PMCID: PMC2100388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, several new human coronaviruses have been identified. OBJECTIVES To define the seroepidemiology of group I human coronaviruses. STUDY DESIGN A recombinant protein enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on portions of the nucleocapsid protein of group I human coronaviruses was developed and was used to screen serum from 243 children and young adults. RESULTS For HCoV-229E, the percentages of seropositive individuals were 57.1% for infants <2 months old; 38.9% for infants 2-3 months old; 4.7% for infants 4-5 months old; 42.9-50.0% for infants 6-12 months old; 34.8-62.5% for individuals 1-20 years old. For HCoV-NL63, the percentages of seropositive individuals were 45.2% for infants <2 months old; 11.1% for infants 2-3 months old; 4.7% for infants 4-5 months old; 28.6-40.0% for infants 6-12 months old; 25.0-70.3% for individuals 1-20 years old. CONCLUSIONS Infection with these viruses is common in childhood though the prevalence of these viruses may vary from year to year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Shao
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Xiaojie Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Frank Esper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Carla Weibel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Kahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
- Corresponding author at: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520-8064, United States. Tel.: +1 203 785 6778; fax: +1 203 785 6961.
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31
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Kogaki H, Uchida Y, Fujii N, Kurano Y, Miyake K, Kido Y, Kariwa H, Takashima I, Tamashiro H, Ling A, Okada M. Novel rapid immunochromatographic test based on an enzyme immunoassay for detecting nucleocapsid antigen in SARS-associated coronavirus. J Clin Lab Anal 2007; 19:150-9. [PMID: 16025480 PMCID: PMC6807888 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel severe acute respiratory syndrome‐associated coronavirus (SARS‐CoV) has been discovered. The detection of both antigens and antibodies in SARS‐CoV from human specimens with suspected SARS plays an important role in preventing infection. We developed a novel rapid immunochromatographic test (RICT) based on the sandwich format enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with an all‐in‐one device for detecting the native nucleocapsid antigen (N‐Ag) of SARS‐CoV using monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), which we produced by immunizing recombinant N‐Ag to mice. RICT is a qualitative assay for respiratory aspirates and serum specimens. With this assay, a positive result can be judged subjectively by the appearance of a blue line on the device 15 min after the sample is applied. RICT with several pairs of MoAbs showed a high sensitivity for the detection of recombinant N‐Ag as well as viral N‐Ag of SARS‐CoV. rSN122 and rSN21‐2 were the best MoAbs for immobilized antibody and enzyme labeling, respectively. With regard to analytical sensitivity, RICT detected N‐Ag at 31 pg/mL for recombinant N‐Ag, and at 1.99×102 TCID50/mL for SARS‐CoV. The specificity of RICT was 100% when 150 human sera and 50 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NSPs) were used. RICT based on an EIA using the rSN122/rSN21‐2 pair is a sensitive, specific, and reliable rapid assay for detecting N‐Ag in SARS‐CoV treated with either heat or Triton X‐100. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 19:150–159, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kogaki
- Research and Development Division, Fujirebio Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Uchida
- Research and Development Division, Fujirebio Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Fujii
- Research and Development Division, Fujirebio Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Yasuji Kido
- Research and Development Division, Fujirebio Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kariwa
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ikuo Takashima
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiko Tamashiro
- Department of Health for Senior Citizens, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ai‐Ee Ling
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Masahisa Okada
- Research and Development Division, Fujirebio Inc., Tokyo, Japan
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Spencer KA, Osorio FA, Hiscox JA. Recombinant viral proteins for use in diagnostic ELISAs to detect virus infection. Vaccine 2007; 25:5653-9. [PMID: 17478017 PMCID: PMC7130988 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ELISAs provide a valuable tool in the detection and diagnosis of virus infection. The ability to produce recombinant viral proteins will ensure that future ELISAs are safe, specific and rapid. This latter point being the most crucial advantage in that even if a virus cannot be cultured, provided gene sequence is available, it is possible to rapidly respond to emerging viruses and new viral strains of existing pathogens. Indeed, ELISAs based on peptides (corresponding to epitopes) also hold great promise, as in this case no cloning or expression of a recombinant protein is required. Both recombinant protein and peptide based systems lend themselves to large scale production and purification. These approaches can also be used to distinguish recombinant vaccines from parental or wild type viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly-Anne Spencer
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, UK
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Haynes LM, Miao C, Harcourt JL, Montgomery JM, Le MQ, Dryga SA, Kamrud KI, Rivers B, Babcock GJ, Oliver JB, Comer JA, Reynolds M, Uyeki TM, Bausch D, Ksiazek T, Thomas W, Alterson H, Smith J, Ambrosino DM, Anderson LJ. Recombinant protein-based assays for detection of antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike and nucleocapsid proteins. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2007; 14:331-3. [PMID: 17229882 PMCID: PMC1828864 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00351-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) nucleocapsid and spike protein-based immunoglobulin G immunoassays were developed and evaluated. Our assays demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity to the SARS coronavirus in sera collected from patients as late as 2 years postonset of symptoms. These assays will be useful not only for routine SARS coronavirus diagnostics but also for epidemiological and antibody kinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia M Haynes
- National Centers for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Division of Viral Diseases, Respiratory and Gastroenteritis Viruses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Mailstop G-18, Atlanta, GA 30333.
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Yu F, Le MQ, Inoue S, Hasebe F, Parquet MDC, Morikawa S, Morita K. Recombinant truncated nucleocapsid protein as antigen in a novel immunoglobulin M capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2007; 14:146-9. [PMID: 17202310 PMCID: PMC1797799 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00360-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of an immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAC-ELISA) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) by using recombinant truncated SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein as the antigen. The newly developed MAC-ELISA had a specificity and sensitivity of 100% as evaluated by using sera from healthy volunteers and patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS. Using serial serum samples collected from SARS patients, the times to seroconversion were determined by IgM antibody detection after SARS-CoV infection. The median time to seroconversion detection was 8 days (range, 5 to 17 days) after disease onset, and the seroconversion rates after the onset of illness were 33% by the first week, 97% by the second week, and 100% by the third week. Compared with the results of our previous report on the detection of IgG, the median seroconversion time by IgM detection was 3 days earlier and the seroconversion rate by the second week after the illness for IgM was significantly higher than by IgG assay. Our results indicating that the IgM response appears earlier than IgG after SARS-CoV infection in consistent with those for other pathogens. Our newly developed MAC-ELISA system offers a new alternative for the confirmation of SARS-CoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxun Yu
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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Tsao YP, Lin JY, Jan JT, Leng CH, Chu CC, Yang YC, Chen SL. HLA-A*0201 T-cell epitopes in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus nucleocapsid and spike proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 344:63-71. [PMID: 16630549 PMCID: PMC7092919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.03.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The immunogenicity of HLA-A∗0201-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) peptide in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) nuclear capsid (N) and spike (S) proteins was determined by testing the proteins’ ability to elicit a specific cellular immune response after immunization of HLA-A2.1 transgenic mice and in vitro vaccination of HLA-A2.1 positive human peripheral blood mononuclearcytes (PBMCs). First, we screened SARS N and S amino acid sequences for allele-specific motif matching those in human HLA-A2.1 MHC-I molecules. From HLA peptide binding predictions (http://thr.cit.nih.gov/molbio/hla_bind/), ten each potential N- and S-specific HLA-A2.1-binding peptides were synthesized. The high affinity HLA-A2.1 peptides were validated by T2-cell stabilization assays, with immunogenicity assays revealing peptides N223–231, N227–235, and N317–325 to be the first identified HLA-A∗0201-restricted CTL epitopes of SARS-CoV N protein. In addition, previous reports identified three HLA-A∗0201-restricted CTL epitopes of S protein (S978–986, S1203–1211, and S1167–1175), here we found two novel peptides S787–795 and S1042–1050 as S-specific CTL epitopes. Moreover, our identified N317–325 and S1042–1050 CTL epitopes could induce recall responses when IFN-γ stimulation of blood CD8+ T-cells revealed significant difference between normal healthy donors and SARS-recovered patients after those PBMCs were in vitro vaccinated with their cognate antigen. Our results would provide a new insight into the development of therapeutic vaccine in SARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeou-Ping Tsao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Yu Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Tsrong Jan
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiang Leng
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, National Health Research Institutes, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chung Chu
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Cheng Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
| | - Show-Li Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Corresponding author. Fax: +886 2 2391 5293.
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Maache M, Komurian-Pradel F, Rajoharison A, Perret M, Berland JL, Pouzol S, Bagnaud A, Duverger B, Xu J, Osuna A, Paranhos-Baccalà G. False-positive results in a recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) nucleocapsid-based western blot assay were rectified by the use of two subunits (S1 and S2) of spike for detection of antibody to SARS-CoV. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006; 13:409-14. [PMID: 16522785 PMCID: PMC1391961 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.13.3.409-414.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the reactivity of the recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3), a Western blot assay was performed by using a panel of 78 serum samples obtained, respectively, from convalescent-phase patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) (30 samples) and from healthy donors (48 samples). As antigen for detection of SARS-CoV, the nucleocapsid protein (N) showed high sensitivity and strong reactivity with all samples from SARS-CoV patients and cross-reacted with all serum samples from healthy subjects, with either those obtained from China (10 samples) or those obtained from France (38 serum samples), giving then a significant rate of false positives. Specifically, our data indicated that the two subunits, S1 (residues 14 to 760) and S2 (residues 761 to 1190), resulted from the divided spike reacted with all samples from SARS-CoV patients and without any cross-reactivity with any of the healthy serum samples. Consequently, these data revealed the nonspecific nature of N protein in serodiagnosis of SARS-CoV compared with the S1 and S2, where the specificity is of 100%. Moreover, the reported results indicated that the use of one single protein as a detection antigen of SARS-CoV infection may lead to false-positive diagnosis. These may be rectified by using more than one protein for the serodiagnosis of SARS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimoun Maache
- Emerging Pathogens Department of bioMérieux, CERVI, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69365 cedex 07, Lyon, France.
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Zhang L, Zhang F, Yu W, He T, Yu J, Yi CE, Ba L, Li W, Farzan M, Chen Z, Yuen KY, Ho D. Antibody responses against SARS coronavirus are correlated with disease outcome of infected individuals. J Med Virol 2006; 78:1-8. [PMID: 16299724 PMCID: PMC7166884 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Most of the SARS‐CoV‐infected patients spontaneously recovered without clinical intervention while a small percentage succumbed to the disease. Here, we characterized temporal changes in N protein‐specific and S glycoprotein‐specific neutralizing antibody (Nab) responses in infected patients who have either recovered from or succumbed to SARS‐CoV infection. Recovered patients were found to have higher and sustainable levels of both N protein‐specific and S glycoprotein‐specific Nab responses, suggesting that antibody responses likely play an important role in determining the ultimate disease outcome of SARS‐CoV‐infected patients. J. Med. Virol. 78:1–8, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqi Zhang
- The Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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Chan WE, Chuang CK, Yeh SH, Chang MS, Chen SSL. Functional characterization of heptad repeat 1 and 2 mutants of the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Virol 2006; 80:3225-37. [PMID: 16537590 PMCID: PMC1440416 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.7.3225-3237.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the roles of heptad repeat 1(HR1) and HR2 of the spike (S) protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in virus-cell interactions, the conserved Leu or Ile residues located at positions 913, 927, 941, and 955 in HR1 and 1151, 1165, and 1179 in HR2 were individually replaced with an alpha-helix-breaker Pro residue. The 913P mutant was expressed mainly as a faster-migrating, lower-molecular-weight S(L) form, while the wild type and all other mutants produced similar levels of both the S(L) form and the slower-migrating, higher-molecular-weight S(H) form. The wild-type S(L) form was processed to the S(H) form, whereas the S(L) form of the 913P mutant was inefficiently converted to the S(H) form after biosynthesis. None of these mutations affected cell surface expression or binding to its cognate ACE2 receptor. In a human immunodeficiency virus type 1/SARS S coexpression study, all mutants except the 913P mutant incorporated the S(H) form into the virions as effectively as did the wild-type S(H) form. The mutation at Ile-1151 did not affect membrane fusion or viral entry. The impaired viral entry of the 927P, 941P, 955P, and 1165P mutants was due to their inability to mediate membrane fusion, whereas the defect in viral entry of the 1179P mutant occurred not at the stage of membrane fusion but rather at a postfusion stage. Our study demonstrates the functional importance of HR1 and HR2 of the SARS-CoV spike protein in membrane fusion and viral entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woan-Eng Chan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Ho HT, Chang MS, Wei TY, Hsieh WS, Hung CC, Yang HM, Lu YT. Colonization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus among health-care workers screened by nasopharyngeal swab. Chest 2006; 129:95-101. [PMID: 16424418 PMCID: PMC7094471 DOI: 10.1378/chest.129.1.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To report the efficacy and findings of a large-scale preventive screening program for severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) using amplification of the virus from a nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) obtained from the health-care workers (HCWs). DESIGN A prospective observational study. SETTING A medical center in Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS Two hundred thirty HCWs. INTERVENTION NPS examination for the presence of SARS-CoV by two nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS During the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), NPS polymerase chain reaction screening of HCWs for SARS-CoV was performed. SARS-CoV was examined by two nested RT-PCRs and a quantitative RT-PCR. Serum-specific antibodies were assessed by enzyme immunoassay and indirect immunofluorescence. We monitored 230 HCWs, including 217 first-line HCWs and 13 non-first-line HCWs. One hundred ninety first-line HCWs and 13 non-first-line HCWs had negative results in both nested RT-PCR assays. Two first-line HCWs who were positive on both nested RT-PCR assays had SARS. They had 16,900 +/- 7,920 copies (mean +/- SD) of RNA per milliliter in the NPS and had detectable anti-SARS antibodies. The remaining 25 first-line HCWs were negative for the first nested RT-PCR but positive for the second nested RT-PCR. Their corresponding titers were 338 +/- 227 copies of RNA per milliliter; antibodies developed in none of these 25 HCWs. The expression and function of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 were not different among these HCWs. This study shows that colonization of SARS-CoV occurred in 25 of 217 well-protected first-line HCWs on a SARS-associated service, but they remained seronegative. CONCLUSION With the second RT-PCR assay more sensitive than the first RT-PCR assay, we are able to show that approximately 11.5% of well-protected HCWs exposed to SARS patients or specimens may have colonization without seroconversion. Only those with significant clinical symptoms or disease would have active immunity. Thus, regular NPS screening for nested RT-PCR assays in conjunction with a daily recording of body temperature in all first-line HCWs may provide an effective way of early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Tsung Ho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Chest Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 92, Sec 2, Chung-Shan North Rd, Taipei, 10449, Taiwan
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Chow SCS, Ho CYS, Tam TTY, Wu C, Cheung T, Chan PKS, Ng MHL, Hui PK, Ng HK, Au DMY, Lo AWI. Specific epitopes of the structural and hypothetical proteins elicit variable humoral responses in SARS patients. J Clin Pathol 2006; 59:468-76. [PMID: 16461566 PMCID: PMC1860290 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2005.029868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an infectious disease which was caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV). SARS has caused an outbreak in the world during 2003 and 2004, with 8098 individuals being infected and a death toll of 774 in 28 regions around the world. Specific humoral responses to viral infection remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To analyse the antigenicity of the SARS-CoV genome and identify potential antigenic epitopes in the structural proteins. METHODS Potential antigenic epitopes were identified in the structural proteins (nucleocapsid, membrane, spike, and small envelope proteins) and hypothetical proteins (SARS3a, 3b, 6, 7a, and 9b) that are specific for SARS-CoV. A peptide chip platform was created and the profiles of antibodies to these epitopes were investigated in 59 different SARS patients' sera obtained 6-103 days after the onset of the illness. Serial sera from five additional patients were also studied. RESULTS Epitopes at the N-terminus of the membrane protein and the C-terminus of nucleocapsid protein elicited strong antibody responses. Epitopes on the spike protein were only moderately immunogenic but the effects were persistent. Antibodies were also detected for some putative proteins, noticeably the C-termini of SARS3a and SARS6. CONCLUSIONS Important epitopes of the SARS-CoV genome that may serve as potential markers for the viral infection are identified. These specific antigenic sites may also be important for vaccine development against this new fatal infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C S Chow
- Century Biotech Ltd, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Gupta V, Tabiin TM, Sun K, Chandrasekaran A, Anwar A, Yang K, Chikhlikar P, Salmon J, Brusic V, Marques ET, Kellathur SN, August TJ. SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid immunodominant T-cell epitope cluster is common to both exogenous recombinant and endogenous DNA-encoded immunogens. Virology 2006; 347:127-39. [PMID: 16387339 PMCID: PMC7111852 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2005] [Revised: 09/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Correspondence between the T-cell epitope responses of vaccine immunogens and those of pathogen antigens is critical to vaccine efficacy. In the present study, we analyzed the spectrum of immune responses of mice to three different forms of the SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid (N): (1) exogenous recombinant protein (N-GST) with Freund's adjuvant; (2) DNA encoding unmodified N as an endogenous cytoplasmic protein (pN); and (3) DNA encoding N as a LAMP-1 chimera targeted to the lysosomal MHC II compartment (p-LAMP-N). Lysosomal trafficking of the LAMP/N chimera in transfected cells was documented by both confocal and immunoelectron microscopy. The responses of the immunized mice differed markedly. The strongest T-cell IFN-γ and CTL responses were to the LAMP-N chimera followed by the pN immunogen. In contrast, N-GST elicited strong T cell IL-4 but minimal IFN-γ responses and a much greater antibody response. Despite these differences, however, the immunodominant T-cell ELISpot responses to each of the three immunogens were elicited by the same N peptides, with the greatest responses being generated by a cluster of five overlapping peptides, N76–114, each of which contained nonameric H2d binding domains with high binding scores for both class I and, except for N76–93, class II alleles. These results demonstrate that processing and presentation of N, whether exogenously or endogenously derived, resulted in common immunodominant epitopes, supporting the usefulness of modified antigen delivery and trafficking forms and, in particular, LAMP chimeras as vaccine candidates. Nevertheless, the profiles of T-cell responses were distinctly different. The pronounced Th-2 and humoral response to N protein plus adjuvant are in contrast to the balanced IFN-γ and IL-4 responses and strong memory CTL responses to the LAMP-N chimera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Gupta
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins in Singapore, 31 Biopolis Way, #02-01 The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Tani M. Tabiin
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins in Singapore, 31 Biopolis Way, #02-01 The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Kai Sun
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins in Singapore, 31 Biopolis Way, #02-01 The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Ananth Chandrasekaran
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins in Singapore, 31 Biopolis Way, #02-01 The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Azlinda Anwar
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins in Singapore, 31 Biopolis Way, #02-01 The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Priya Chikhlikar
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jerome Salmon
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Vladimir Brusic
- Institute for Infocomm Research, 21 Heng Mui Keng Terrace, Singapore 119613, Singapore
- School of Land and Food Sciences and the Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Ernesto T.A. Marques
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Virology and Experimental Therapy Laboratory, Aggeu Magalhaes Research Center, Recife, PE 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Srinivasan N. Kellathur
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins in Singapore, 31 Biopolis Way, #02-01 The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Thomas J. August
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins in Singapore, 31 Biopolis Way, #02-01 The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Fax: +1 410 502 3066.
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Chow KY, Yeung YS, Hon CC, Zeng F, Law KM, Leung FC. Adenovirus-mediated expression of the C-terminal domain of SARS-CoV spike protein is sufficient to induce apoptosis in Vero E6 cells. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:6699-704. [PMID: 16310778 PMCID: PMC7094440 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Revised: 10/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The pro-apoptotic properties of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) structural proteins were studied in vitro. By monitoring apoptosis indicators including chromatin condensation, cellular DNA fragmentation and cell membrane asymmetry, we demonstrated that the adenovirus-mediated over-expression of SARS-CoV spike (S) protein and its C-terminal domain (S2) induce apoptosis in Vero E6 cells in a time- and dosage-dependent manner, whereas the expression of its N-terminal domain (S1) and other structural proteins, including envelope (E), membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N) protein do not. These findings suggest a possible role of S and S2 protein in SARS-CoV induced apoptosis and the molecular pathogenesis of SARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Y.C. Chow
- Department of Zoology, Kadoorie Biological Science Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yin Shan Yeung
- Department of Zoology, Kadoorie Biological Science Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chung Chau Hon
- Department of Zoology, Kadoorie Biological Science Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fanya Zeng
- Department of Zoology, Kadoorie Biological Science Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka Man Law
- Department of Zoology, Kadoorie Biological Science Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Frederick C.C. Leung
- Department of Zoology, Kadoorie Biological Science Building, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Woo PC, Lau SK, Tsoi HW, Chen ZW, Wong BH, Zhang L, Chan JK, Wong LP, He W, Ma C, Chan KH, Ho DD, Yuen KY. SARS coronavirus spike polypeptide DNA vaccine priming with recombinant spike polypeptide from Escherichia coli as booster induces high titer of neutralizing antibody against SARS coronavirus. Vaccine 2005; 23:4959-68. [PMID: 15993989 PMCID: PMC7115571 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2004] [Revised: 05/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/29/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Different forms of SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike protein-based vaccines for generation of neutralizing antibody response against SARS-CoV were compared using a mouse model. High IgG levels were detected in mice immunized with intraperitoneal (i.p.) recombinant spike polypeptide generated by Escherichia coli (S-peptide), mice primed with intramuscular (i.m.) tPA-optimize800 DNA vaccine (tPA-S-DNA) and boosted with i.p. S-peptide, mice primed with i.m. CTLA4HingeSARS800 DNA vaccine (CTLA4-S-DNA) and boosted with i.p. S-peptide, mice primed with oral live-attenuated Salmonella typhimurium (Salmonella-S-DNA-control) and boosted with i.p. S-peptide, mice primed with oral live-attenuated S. typhimurium that contained tPA-optimize800 DNA vaccine (Salmonella-tPA-S-DNA) and boosted with i.p. S-peptide, and mice primed with oral live-attenuated S. typhimurium that contained CTLA4HingeSARS800 DNA vaccine (Salmonella-tPA-S-DNA) and boosted with i.p. S-peptide. No statistical significant difference was observed among the Th1/Th2 index among these six groups of mice with high IgG levels. Sera of all six mice immunized with i.p. S-peptide, i.m. DNA vaccine control and oral Salmonella-S-DNA-control showed no neutralizing antibody against SARS-CoV. Sera of the mice immunized with i.m. tPA-S-DNA, i.m. CTLA4-S-DNA, oral Salmonella-S-DNA-control boosted with i.p. S-peptide, oral Salmonella-tPA-S-DNA, oral Salmonella-tPA-S-DNA boosted with i.p S-peptide, oral Salmonella-CTLA4-S-DNA and oral Salmonella-CTLA4-S-DNA boosted with i.p. S-peptide showed neutralizing antibody titers of <1:20-1:160. Sera of all the mice immunized with i.m. tPA-S-DNA boosted with i.p. S-peptide and i.m. CTLA4-S-DNA boosted with i.p. S-peptide showed neutralizing antibody titers of >or=1:1280. The present observation may have major practical value, such as immunization of civet cats, since production of recombinant proteins from E. coli is far less expensive than production of recombinant proteins using eukaryotic systems.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Escherichia coli Proteins
- Immunization Schedule
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interferon-gamma/analysis
- Interleukin-4/analysis
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/administration & dosage
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Animal
- Neutralization Tests
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/immunology
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/prevention & control
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C.Y. Woo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Room 423, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Susanna K.P. Lau
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Room 423, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hoi-wah Tsoi
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Room 423, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | | | - Beatrice H.L. Wong
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Room 423, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | | | - Jim K.H. Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Room 423, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Lei-po Wong
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Room 423, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Wei He
- Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chi Ma
- Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kwok-hung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Room 423, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Kwok-yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Room 423, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +852 28554892; fax: +852 28551241.
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Abstract
Beginning in the 1950s respiratory viruses have been gradually discovered by isolation in cell cultures The last were the coronaviruses in the 1960s. No new respiratory viruses were discovered until 2001 when human metapneumovirus was found in respiratory specimens from children with bronchiolitis. A year later, in November 2002, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) suddenly appeared as atypical pneumonia. A novel virus belonging to the Coronaviridae family was found to be a cause of this infection. In 2004, a second coronavirus was discovered (CoV-NL63) and in 2005 a third new coronavirus was described (CoV-HKU1). In addition, several subtypes of the influenza A virus, previously known to infect only poultry and wild birds, were recently found to have been directly transmitted to humans. Respiratory infection has been a considerable problem for humans for centuries. Now, in the 21st century, with new associated viruses continuously emerging, it remains an important field for work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Casas
- Laboratorio de Virus Respiratorios y Gripe, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, España.
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45
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Chen J, Miao L, Li JM, Li YY, Zhu QY, Zhou CL, Fang HQ, Chen HP. Receptor-binding domain of SARS-Cov spike protein: Soluble expression in E.coli, purification and functional characterization. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:6159-64. [PMID: 16273643 PMCID: PMC4436633 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i39.6159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To find a soluble and functional recombinant receptor-binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-Cov), and to analyze its receptor binding ability.
METHODS: Three fusion tags (glutathione S-transferase, GST; thioredoxin, Trx; maltose-binding protein, MBP), which preferably contributes to increasing solubility and to facilitating the proper folding of heteroprotein, were used to acquire the soluble and functional expression of RBD protein in Escherichia coli (BL21(DE3) and Rosetta-gamiB(DE3) strains). The receptor binding ability of the purified soluble RBD protein was then detected by ELISA and flow cytometry assay.
RESULTS: RBD of SARS-Cov spike protein was expressed as inclusion body when fused as TrxA tag form in both BL21 (DE3) and Rosetta-gamiB (DE3) under many different cultures and induction conditions. And there was no visible expression band on SDS-PAGE when RBD was expressed as MBP tagged form. Only GST tagged RBD was soluble expressed in BL21(DE3), and the protein was purified by ÄKTA Prime Chromatography system. The ELISA data showed that GST.RBD antigen had positive reaction with anti-RBD mouse monoclonal antibody 1A5. Further flow cytometry assay demonstrated the high efficiency of RBD's binding ability to ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) positive Vero E6 cell. And ACE2 was proved as a cellular receptor that meditated an initial-affinity interaction with SARS-Cov spike protein. The geometrical mean of GST and GST.RBD binding to Vero E6 cells were 77.08 and 352.73 respectively.
CONCLUSION: In this paper, we get sufficient soluble N terminal GST tagged RBD protein expressed in E.coli BL21(DE3); data from ELISA and flow cytometry assay demo-nstrate that the recombinant protein is functional and binding to ACE2 positive Vero E6 cell efficiently. And the recombinant RBD derived from E.coli can be used to developing subunit vaccine to block S protein binding with receptor and to neutralizing SARS-Cov infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Science, 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, China
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46
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Zhang J, Chen J, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Gao H, Liu Y, Wang X, Ning Y, Liu Y, Gao Q, Xu J, Qin C, Dong X, Yin W. A serological survey on neutralizing antibody titer of SARS convalescent sera. J Med Virol 2005; 77:147-50. [PMID: 16121363 PMCID: PMC7167078 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A seroepidemiologic study was conducted in North China in 2003 to determine the neutralizing antibody titer of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) convalescent sera. A total of 99 SARS convalescent serum samples were collected from patients from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hebei Province, and Beijing 35-180 days after the onset of symptoms. The anti-SARS antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), neutralization assay, and Western blot. Eighty-seven serum samples were confirmed to be positive for SARS antibodies. The neutralizing antibody titer of the 87 positive sera was analyzed quantitatively by neutralization assay. The geometric mean titer (GMT) of the 87 convalescent sera was 1:61. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that the neutralizing antibody titers conform to normal distribution, which suggests that the average anti-SARS antibody level in this study was representative of the convalescent antibody level of the SARS population. This result could be useful for the development and quality control of SARS vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hong Gao
- Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Ye Ning
- Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yu‐Fen Liu
- Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Sinovac Biotech Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jian‐Guo Xu
- Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- The Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao‐Ping Dong
- Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Yu F, Le MQ, Inoue S, Thai HTC, Hasebe F, Del Carmen Parquet M, Morita K. Evaluation of inapparent nosocomial severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in Vietnam by use of highly specific recombinant truncated nucleocapsid protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005; 12:848-54. [PMID: 16002634 PMCID: PMC1182204 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.7.848-854.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a recently emerged human disease associated with pneumonia. Inapparent infection with SARS coronavirus (CoV) is not well characterized. To develop a safe, simple, and reliable screening method for SARS diagnosis and epidemiological study, two recombinant SARS-CoV nucleocapsid proteins (N' protein and (N)Delta(121) protein) were expressed in Escherichia coli, purified by affinity chromatography, and used as antigens for indirect, immunoglobulin G enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Serum samples collected from healthy volunteers and SARS patients in Vietnam were used to evaluate the newly developed methods. The N' protein-based ELISA showed a highly nonspecific reaction. The (N)Delta(121) protein-based ELISA, with a nonspecific reaction drastically reduced compared to that of the nearly-whole-length N' protein-based ELISA, resulted in higher rates of positive reactions, higher titers, and earlier detection than the SARS-CoV-infected cell lysate-based ELISA. These results indicate that our newly developed SARS-CoV (N)Delta(121) protein-based ELISA is not only safe but also a more specific and more sensitive method to diagnose SARS-CoV infection and hence a useful tool for large-scale epidemiological studies. To identify inapparent SARS-CoV infections, serum samples collected from health care workers (HCWs) in Vietnam were screened by the (N)Delta(121) protein-based ELISA, and positive samples were confirmed by a virus neutralization test. Four out of 149 HCWs were identified to have inapparent SARS-CoV infection in Vietnam, indicating that subclinical SARS-CoV infection in Vietnam is rare but does exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxun Yu
- Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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48
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Tang T, Wu MP, Chen S, Hou M, Hong M, Pan F, Yu H, Chen J, Yao C, Wang AH. Biochemical and immunological studies of nucleocapsid proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome and 229E human coronaviruses. Proteomics 2005; 5:925-37. [PMID: 15759315 PMCID: PMC7167620 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious health threat and its early diagnosis is important for infection control and potential treatment of the disease. Diagnostic tools require rapid and accurate methods, of which a capture ELISA method may be useful. Toward this goal, we have prepared and characterized soluble full‐length nucleocapsid proteins (N protein) from SARS and 229E human coronaviruses. N proteins form oligomers, mostly as dimers at low concentration. These two N proteins degrade rapidly upon storage and the major degraded N protein is the C‐terminal fragment of amino acid (aa) 169–422. Taken together with other data, we suggest that N protein is a two‐domain protein, with the N‐terminal aa 50–150 as the RNA‐binding domain and the C‐terminal aa 169–422 as the dimerization domain. Polyclonal antibodies against the SARS N protein have been produced and the strong binding sites of the anti‐nucleocapsid protein (NP) antibodies produced were mapped to aa 1–20, aa 150–170 and aa 390–410. These sites are generally consistent with those mapped by sera obtained from SARS patients. The SARS anti‐NP antibody was able to clearly detect SARS virus grown in Vero E6 cells and did not cross‐react with the NP from the human coronavirus 229E. We have predicted several antigenic sites (15–20 amino acids) of S, M and N proteins and produced antibodies against those peptides, some of which could be recognized by sera obtained from SARS patients. Antibodies against the NP peptides could detect the cognate N protein clearly. Further refinement of these antibodies, particularly large‐scale production of monoclonal antibodies, could lead to the development of useful diagnostic kits for diseases associated with SARS and other human coronaviruses.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acids/chemistry
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Binding Sites
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Chromatography, Gel
- Circular Dichroism
- Cloning, Molecular
- Coronavirus 229E, Human/metabolism
- Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins
- Cross-Linking Reagents/pharmacology
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Dimerization
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Humans
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nucleocapsid/chemistry
- Nucleocapsid Proteins/chemistry
- Open Reading Frames
- Peptides/chemistry
- Protein Array Analysis/methods
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Proteomics/methods
- RNA/chemistry
- Rabbits
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/diagnosis
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ming‐Hon Hou
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica
| | | | - Fu‐Ming Pan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica
| | - Hui‐Ming Yu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica
| | - Jenn‐Han Chen
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center
- Biochip R&D Center, Department of Pathology, Tri‐Service General Hospital, National Defense University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen‐Wen Yao
- Biochip R&D Center, Department of Pathology, Tri‐Service General Hospital, National Defense University, Taipei, Taiwan
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49
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Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Wong BHL, Tsoi HW, Fung AMY, Kao RYT, Chan KH, Peiris JSM, Yuen KY. Differential sensitivities of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus spike polypeptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid protein ELISA for serodiagnosis of SARS coronavirus pneumonia. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:3054-8. [PMID: 16000415 PMCID: PMC1169156 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.7.3054-3058.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) nucleocapsid protein (N) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based antibody and antigen tests for diagnosis of SARS-CoV infections have been widely reported. However, no recombinant SARS-CoV spike protein (S)-based ELISA is currently available. In this article, we describe the problems and solutions of setting up the recombinant SARS-CoV S-based ELISA for antibody detection. The SARS-CoV S-based immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG ELISAs were evaluated and compared with the corresponding N-based ELISA for serodiagnosis of SARS-CoV pneumonia, using sera from 148 healthy blood donors who donated blood 3 years ago as controls and 95 SARS-CoV pneumonia patients in Hong Kong. Results obtained by the recombinant S (rS)-based IgG ELISA using the regenerated S prepared by dialysis with decreasing concentrations of urea or direct addition of different coating buffers, followed by addition of different regeneration buffer, identified 4 M urea and 1 M sarcosine for plate coating and no regeneration buffer as the most optimal conditions for antibody detection. The specificities of the S-based ELISA for IgG and IgM detection were 98.6% and 93.9%, with corresponding sensitivities of 58.9% and 74.7%, respectively. The sensitivity of the rN IgG ELISA (94.7%) is significantly higher than that of the rS IgG ELISA (P < 0.001), whereas the sensitivity of the rS IgM ELISA is significantly higher than that of the rN IgM ELISA (55.2%) (P < 0.01). An ELISA for detection of IgM against S and N could be more sensitive than one that detects IgM against N alone for serodiagnosis of SARS-CoV pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Y Woo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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50
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He Y, Zhou Y, Siddiqui P, Niu J, Jiang S. Identification of immunodominant epitopes on the membrane protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:3718-26. [PMID: 16081901 PMCID: PMC1234014 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.8.3718-3726.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2004] [Revised: 02/20/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to other coronaviruses, the membrane (M) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is a major transmembrane glycoprotein with multiple biological functions. To date, limited information is available about its antigenic properties. In this study, we identified two major immunodominant epitopes on the M protein located in the extreme N-terminal region (residues 1 to 31) and the interior C-terminal region (residues 132 to 161), respectively, by Pepscan analyses against convalescent-phase sera from SARS patients and antisera from virus-immunized mice and rabbits. Synthetic peptides M1-31 derived from the N-terminal epitope and M132-161 derived from the C-terminal epitope were highly reactive with all of the convalescent-phase sera from 40 SARS patients but not with 30 control serum samples from healthy blood donors, suggesting their potential application for serologic diagnosis of SARS. We showed that both peptides (M1-31 and M132-161) were able to induce high titers of antibody responses in the immunized rabbits, highlighting their antigenicity and immunogenicity. These findings provide important information for developing SARS diagnostics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxian He
- Viral Immunology Laboratory, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York 10021, Department of Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Yusen Zhou
- Viral Immunology Laboratory, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York 10021, Department of Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Pamela Siddiqui
- Viral Immunology Laboratory, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York 10021, Department of Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Jinkui Niu
- Viral Immunology Laboratory, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York 10021, Department of Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Viral Immunology Laboratory, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York 10021, Department of Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, Peoples Republic of China
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