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Herzog MKM, Cazzaniga M, Peters A, Shayya N, Beldi L, Hapfelmeier S, Heimesaat MM, Bereswill S, Frankel G, Gahan CG, Hardt WD. Mouse models for bacterial enteropathogen infections: insights into the role of colonization resistance. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2172667. [PMID: 36794831 PMCID: PMC9980611 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2172667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, enteropathogenic bacteria are a major cause of morbidity and mortality.1-3 Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli, and Listeria are among the top five most commonly reported zoonotic pathogens in the European Union.4 However, not all individuals naturally exposed to enteropathogens go on to develop disease. This protection is attributable to colonization resistance (CR) conferred by the gut microbiota, as well as an array of physical, chemical, and immunological barriers that limit infection. Despite their importance for human health, a detailed understanding of gastrointestinal barriers to infection is lacking, and further research is required to investigate the mechanisms that underpin inter-individual differences in resistance to gastrointestinal infection. Here, we discuss the current mouse models available to study infections by non-typhoidal Salmonella strains, Citrobacter rodentium (as a model for enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic E. coli), Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter jejuni. Clostridioides difficile is included as another important cause of enteric disease in which resistance is dependent upon CR. We outline which parameters of human infection are recapitulated in these mouse models, including the impact of CR, disease pathology, disease progression, and mucosal immune response. This will showcase common virulence strategies, highlight mechanistic differences, and help researchers from microbiology, infectiology, microbiome research, and mucosal immunology to select the optimal mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias K.-M. Herzog
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monica Cazzaniga
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Audrey Peters
- Department of Life Sciences, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nizar Shayya
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luca Beldi
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Markus M. Heimesaat
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bereswill
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gad Frankel
- Department of Life Sciences, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Cormac G.M. Gahan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Hardt
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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García A, Fox JG. A One Health Perspective for Defining and Deciphering Escherichia coli Pathogenic Potential in Multiple Hosts. Comp Med 2021; 71:3-45. [PMID: 33419487 PMCID: PMC7898170 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-20-000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
E. coli is one of the most common species of bacteria colonizing humans and animals. The singularity of E. coli 's genus and species underestimates its multifaceted nature, which is represented by different strains, each with different combinations of distinct virulence factors. In fact, several E. coli pathotypes, or hybrid strains, may be associated with both subclinical infection and a range of clinical conditions, including enteric, urinary, and systemic infections. E. coli may also express DNA-damaging toxins that could impact cancer development. This review summarizes the different E. coli pathotypes in the context of their history, hosts, clinical signs, epidemiology, and control. The pathotypic characterization of E. coli in the context of disease in different animals, including humans, provides comparative and One Health perspectives that will guide future clinical and research investigations of E. coli infections.
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Key Words
- aa, aggregative adherence
- a/e, attaching and effacing
- aepec, atypical epec
- afa, afimbrial adhesin
- aida-i, adhesin involved in diffuse adherence
- aiec, adherent invasive e. coli
- apec, avian pathogenic e. coli
- atcc, american type culture collection
- bfp, bundle-forming pilus
- cd, crohn disease
- cdt, cytolethal distending toxin gene
- clb, colibactin
- cnf, cytotoxic necrotizing factor
- cs, coli surface (antigens)
- daec, diffusely adhering e. coli
- db, dutch belted
- eae, e. coli attaching and effacing gene
- eaec, enteroaggregative e. coli
- eaf, epec adherence factor (plasmid)
- eahec, entero-aggregative-hemorrhagic e. coli
- east-1, enteroaggregative e. coli heat-stable enterotoxin
- e. coli, escherichia coli
- ed, edema disease
- ehec, enterohemorrhagic e. coli
- eiec, enteroinvasive e. coli
- epec, enteropathogenic e. coli
- esbl, extended-spectrum β-lactamase
- esp, e. coli secreted protein
- etec, enterotoxigenic e. coli
- expec, extraintestinal pathogenic e. coli
- fyua, yersiniabactin receptor gene
- gi, gastrointestinal
- hly, hemolysin
- hus, hemolytic uremic syndrome
- ibd, inflammatory bowel disease
- la, localized adherence
- lee, locus of enterocyte effacement
- lpf, long polar fimbriae
- lt, heat-labile (enterotoxin)
- mlst, multilocus sequence typing
- ndm, new delhi metallo-β-lactamase
- nzw, new zealand white
- pap, pyelonephritis-associated pilus
- pks, polyketide synthase
- sfa, s fimbrial adhesin
- slt, shiga-like toxin
- st, heat-stable (enterotoxin)
- stec, stx-producing e. coli
- stx, shiga toxin
- tepec, typical epec
- upec, uropathogenic e. coli
- uti, urinary tract infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis García
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts;,
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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3
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Nakashima R, Kawamoto M, Miyazaki S, Onishi R, Furusaki K, Osaki M, Kirisawa R, Sakudo A, Onodera T. Evaluation of calcium hydrogen carbonate mesoscopic crystals as a disinfectant for influenza A viruses. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:939-942. [PMID: 28392537 PMCID: PMC5447986 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the virucidal effect of a novel electrically charged disinfectant CAC-717 was investigated. CAC-717 is produced by applying an electric field to mineral water containing calcium hydrogen carbonate to generate
mesoscopic crystals. Virus titration analysis showed a >3 log reduction of influenza A viruses after treatment with CAC-717 for 1 min in room temperature, while infectivity was undetectable after 15 min treatment. Adding bovine
serum albumin to CAC-717 solution did not affect the disinfectant effect. Although CAC-717 is an alkaline solution (pH=12.39), upon contact with human tissue, its pH becomes almost physiological (pH 8.84) after accelerated
electric discharge, which enables its use against influenza viruses. Therefore, CAC-717 may be used as a preventative measure against influenza A viruses and for biosecurity in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Nakashima
- Research Institute for Animal Science in Biochemistry and Toxicology, Midori-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0132, Japan
| | - Masaomi Kawamoto
- Research Institute for Animal Science in Biochemistry and Toxicology, Midori-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0132, Japan
| | - Shigeru Miyazaki
- Research Institute for Animal Science in Biochemistry and Toxicology, Midori-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0132, Japan
| | - Rumiko Onishi
- Mineral Activation Technical Research Center, Omuta, Fukuoka 836-0041, Japan
| | - Koichi Furusaki
- Mineral Activation Technical Research Center, Omuta, Fukuoka 836-0041, Japan
| | - Maho Osaki
- Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Rikio Kirisawa
- Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Akikazu Sakudo
- University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Takashi Onodera
- Research Center for Food Safety, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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4
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli
(STEC) strains have been detected in a wide diversity of mammals, birds, fish, and several insects. Carriage by most animals is asymptomatic, thus allowing for dissemination of the bacterium in the environment without detection. Replication of the organism may occur in the gastrointestinal tract of some animals, notably ruminants. Carriage may also be passive or transient, without significant amplification of bacterial numbers while in the animal host. Animals may be classified as reservoir species, spillover hosts, or dead-end hosts. This classification is based on the animal's ability to (i) transmit STEC to other animal species and (ii) maintain STEC infection in the absence of continuous exposure. Animal reservoirs are able to maintain STEC infections in the absence of continuous STEC exposure and transmit infection to other species. Spillover hosts, although capable of transmitting STEC to other animals, are unable to maintain infection in the absence of repeated exposure. The large diversity of reservoir and spillover host species and the survival of the organism in environmental niches result in complex pathways of transmission that are difficult to interrupt.
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5
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Mohawk KL, O'Brien AD. Mouse models of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection and shiga toxin injection. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:258185. [PMID: 21274267 PMCID: PMC3022220 DOI: 10.1155/2011/258185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 has been responsible for multiple food- and waterborne outbreaks of diarrhea and/or hemorrhagic colitis (HC) worldwide. More importantly, a portion of E. coli O157:H7-infected individuals, particularly young children, develop a life-threatening sequela of infection called hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Shiga toxin (Stx), a potent cytotoxin, is the major virulence factor linked to the presentation of both HC and HUS. Currently, treatment of E. coli O157:H7 and other Stx-producing E. coli (STEC) infections is limited to supportive care. To facilitate development of therapeutic strategies and vaccines for humans against these agents, animal models that mimic one or more aspect of STEC infection and disease are needed. In this paper, we focus on the characteristics of various mouse models that have been developed and that can be used to monitor STEC colonization, disease, pathology, or combinations of these features as well as the impact of Stx alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystle L. Mohawk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Alison D. O'Brien
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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6
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Wales AD, Woodward MJ, Pearson GR. Attaching-effacing bacteria in animals. J Comp Pathol 2005; 132:1-26. [PMID: 15629476 PMCID: PMC7118730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2004.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2004] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Enteric bacteria with a demonstrable or potential ability to form attaching-effacing lesions, so-called attaching-effacing (AE) bacteria, have been found in the intestinal tracts of a wide variety of warm-blooded animal species, including man. In some host species, for example cattle, pigs, rabbits and human beings, attaching-effacing Escherichia coli (AEEC) have an established role as enteropathogens. In other host species, AE bacteria are of less certain significance. With continuing advances in the detection and typing of AE strains, the importance of these bacteria for many hosts is likely to become clearer. The pathogenic effects of AE bacteria result from adhesion to the intestinal mucosa by a variety of mechanisms, culminating in the formation of the characteristic intimate adhesion of the AE lesion. The ability to induce AE lesions is mediated by the co-ordinated expression of some 40 bacterial genes organized within a so-called pathogenicity island, known as the "Locus for Enterocyte Effacement". It is also believed that the production of bacterial toxins, principally Vero toxins, is a significant virulence factor for some AEEC strains. Recent areas of research into AE bacteria include: the use of Citrobacter rodentium to model human AEEC disease; quorum-sensing mechanisms used by AEEC to modulate virulence gene expression; and the potential role of adhesion in the persistent colonization of the intestine by AE bacteria. This review of AE bacteria covers their molecular biology, their occurrence in various animal species, and the diagnosis, pathology and clinical aspects of animal diseases with which they are associated. Reference is made to human pathogens where appropriate. The focus is mainly on natural colonization and disease, but complementary experimental data are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Wales
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Infection and Immunity, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
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7
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La Ragione RM, Best A, Sprigings K, Liebana E, Woodward GR, Sayers AR, Woodward MJ. Variable and strain dependent colonisation of chickens by Escherichia coli O157. Vet Microbiol 2005; 107:103-13. [PMID: 15795082 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2004] [Revised: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157 in poultry is considered minimal compared with other species, especially ruminants. However, deliberate inoculation studies have shown that poultry are readily and persistently infected by this organism but that the mechanism of colonisation is independent of intimin, a recognised factor in host-EHEC interactions in mammalian species, and may be dependent upon flagella. Few strains of EHEC O157 have been tested in poultry and here 1-day-old and 6-week-old chicks were inoculated with seven non-toxigenic E. coli O157 strains in separate experiments. Persistence was measured semi-quantitatively by bacteriological assessment of E. coli O157 cultured from cloacal swabs (shedding score). In the 1-day-old chick model that was monitored for 43 days, all seven strains established well after inoculation. In the 6-week-old chicken model, one strain established and gave consistently high shedding for the duration of the experiment (156 days). Whereas of the remaining six strains, two persisted for 113 days, two persisted for 43 days, one persisted for 22 days and one strain was never detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M La Ragione
- Department for Food and Environmental Safety, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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8
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Best A, La Ragione RM, Sayers AR, Woodward MJ. Role for flagella but not intimin in the persistent infection of the gastrointestinal tissues of specific-pathogen-free chicks by shiga toxin-negative Escherichia coli O157:H7. Infect Immun 2005; 73:1836-46. [PMID: 15731085 PMCID: PMC1064906 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.3.1836-1846.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx)-positive Escherichia coli O157:H7 readily colonize and persist in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks, and we have shown that an Stx-negative E. coli O157:H7 isolate (NCTC12900) readily colonizes SPF chicks for up to 169 days after oral inoculation at 1 day of age. However, the role of intimin in the persistent colonization of poultry remains unclear. Thus, to investigate the role of intimin and flagella, which is a known factor in the persistence of non-O157 E. coli in poultry, isogenic single- and double-intimin and aflagellar mutants were constructed in E. coli O157:H7 isolate NCTC12900. These mutants were used to inoculate (10(5) CFU) 1-day-old SPF chicks. In general, significant attenuation of the aflagellate and intimin-aflagellate mutants, but not the intimin mutant, was noted at similar time points between 22 and 92 days after inoculation. The intimin-deficient mutant was still being shed at the end of the experiment, which was 211 days after inoculation, 84 days more than the wild type. Shedding of the aflagellar and intimin-aflagellar mutants ceased 99 and 113 days after inoculation, respectively. Histological analysis of gastrointestinal tissues from inoculated birds gave no evidence for true microcolony formation by NCTC12900 or intimin and aflagellar mutants to epithelial cells. However, NCTC12900 mutant derivatives associated with the mucosa were observed as individual cells and/or as large aggregates. Association with luminal contents was also noted. These data suggest that O157 organisms do not require intimin for the persistent colonization of chickens, whereas flagella do play a role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Best
- Department of Food and Environmental Safety, VLA (Weybridge), New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
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9
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La Ragione RM, Cooley WA, Parmar DDG, Ainsworth HL. Attaching and effacing Escherichia coli O103:K+:H- in red-legged partridges. Vet Rec 2005; 155:397-8. [PMID: 15499813 DOI: 10.1136/vr.155.13.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R M La Ragione
- Department of Food and Environmental Safety, Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB
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10
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Best A, La Ragione RM, Cooley WA, O'Connor CD, Velge P, Woodward MJ. Interaction with avian cells and colonisation of specific pathogen free chicks by Shiga-toxin negative Escherichia coli O157:H7 (NCTC 12900). Vet Microbiol 2003; 93:207-22. [PMID: 12695045 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(03)00031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in birds is low but several deliberate inoculation studies show that poultry are readily and persistently infected by this organism indicating a possible threat to public health. The mechanisms of colonisation of poultry are not understood and the aim is to establish models to study the interaction of E. coli O157:H7, at the cellular and whole animal levels. A non-toxigenic E. coli O157:H7 (NCTC 12900) was used in adherence assays with an avian epithelial cell line (Div-1) and used to inoculate 1-day-old SPF chicks. In vitro, NCTC 12900 induced micro-colonies associated with cytoskeletal arrangements and pedestal formation with intimate bacterial attachment. In the 1-day-old SPF chick, a dose of 1 x 10(5) cfu resulted in rapid and extensive colonisation of the gastrointestinal tract and transient colonisation of the liver and spleen. The number of E. coli O157:H7 organisms attained approximately 10(8) cfu/ml caecal homogenate 24h after inoculation and approximately 10(7) cfu/ml caecal homogenate was still present at day 92. Faecal shedding persisted for 169 days, ceasing 9 days after the birds came into lay and 6% of eggs were contaminated on the eggshell. Histological analysis of tissue samples from birds dosed with 1x10(7) cfu gave evidence for E. coli O157:H7 NCTC 12900 induced micro-colonies on the caecal mucosa, although evidence for attaching effacing lesions was equivocal. These models may be suitable to study those factors of E. coli O157:H7 that mediate persistent colonisation in avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Best
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7BX, UK
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11
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Sandhu KS, Gyles CL. Pathogenic Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in the intestine of calves. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2002; 66:65-72. [PMID: 11989736 PMCID: PMC226985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the pathological effects of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) that vary in their association with bovine and human disease. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli of serotypes associated with both dysentery in calves and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in humans (O5:H-, O26:H11, O111:H-,O113:H21) were compared with O157:H7 STEC, which are associated with HUS in humans but not with disease in calves. The STEC were administered orally to 80 day-old chicks and into ligated loops in the ileum and colon of four 2- to 6-day-old calves. Examination of the ceca of the chickens 10 d postchallenge showed no adherence or tissue abnormality for any isolate. The calves were euthanized 8 to 10 h postinoculation, and sections of the intestinal loops were examined by light microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. All strains showed consistent focal adherence associated with mild lesions in the colon. Attaching and effacing lesions were observed with the eae-positive strains. Ileal lesions were similar to the colonic ones but were sometimes severe, with marked polymorphonuclear leukocyte proliferation in the lamina propria. It is concluded that chickens were unsuitable for studying interaction of STEC with the intestine and that there was no difference in the interaction of the ligated calf intestine with STEC of serotypes associated with disease in calves compared with O157:H7 STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Sandhu
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Ontario
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12
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Wada Y, Kondo H, Sueyoshi M, Kubo M, Adachi Y. A novel developmental process of intestinal epithelial lesions in a calf infected with attaching and effacing Escherichia coli. J Vet Med Sci 1997; 59:401-3. [PMID: 9192365 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.59.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A comparative study on the adhesion of attaching and effacing Escherichia coli (AEEC) to the enterocytes between the colon of a calf and the jejunum of a piglet showed differences in the developmental process of attaching and effacing (AE) lesions. In the calf, pedestals consisted of fused microvilli, while in the piglet they developed from the apical epithelial cell membranes after effacing microvilli. Microvilli adjacent to the AEEC attachment site were atrophic in the calf, whereas they were elongated in the piglet. The production of AE lesions in the calf may be indicative of a novel developmental process with AEEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wada
- Kamikawa Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Hokkaido, Japan
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13
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Sueyoshi M, Nakazawa M, Tanaka S. A chick model for the study of "attaching and effacing Escherichia coli" infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1997; 412:99-102. [PMID: 9192000 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1828-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Young chicks were experimentally infected with 6 strains of AEEC isolated from calves, pigs, chicks, and humans. AEEC colonized the cecum of chicks and induced the AE lesions on the mucosal surface. In the early stages of the AE lesions, AEEC attached to the enterocyte were enfolded with the microvilli. In the advanced stages, microvilli and cytoskeletons of the enterocytes were disrupted, and cytoplasmic cups and pedestal-like protrusions were formed on the cell surface. The AE lesions interconnected with the adjacent lesions, and it formed the network on the mucosal surface. Leukocytes infiltrated in the mucosa associated with AE lesions, and lymphatic nodules also developed. The results of these studies support the conclusion that chicks can be used as a model for the study of the lesions caused by AEEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sueyoshi
- Kyushu Branch Laboratory, National Institute of Animal Health, Kagoshima, Japan
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14
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Muniappa N, Duhamel GE, Mathiesen MR, Bargar TW. Light microscopic and ultrastructural changes in the ceca of chicks inoculated with human and canine Serpulina pilosicoli. Vet Pathol 1996; 33:542-50. [PMID: 8885181 DOI: 10.1177/030098589603300509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Light microscopic and ultrastructural changes were observed in chicks challenged with North American Serpulina pilosicoli, a weakly beta-hemolytic intestinal spirochete (WBHIS) associated with human and canine intestinal spirochetosis. Chicks in control groups received trypticase soy broth or canine Serpulina innocens. The birds were necropsied at weekly intervals, and the ceca were processed for bacteriologic and pathologic examinations. No WBHIS were isolated from the ceca of chicks in the control groups, but WBHIS with genotypes similar to the parent isolates were isolated from the ceca of chicks inoculated with human and canine S. pilosicoli. Gross examination revealed no significant changes in the ceca of chicks at any time post-inoculation. Light microscopic examination revealed no spirochetal attachment in the ceca of chicks in control groups. In contrast, focal to diffuse thickening of the brush border of the surface epithelium along with dilation of the crypt lumina and mild focal lamina propria heterophil infiltration were present in the ceca of chicks inoculated with human and canine S. pilosicoli. Scanning electron microscopic examination revealed focal to confluent spirochetal attachment mainly in the furrow region at the periphery of the crypt units. Transmission electron microscopic examination revealed spirochetes attached to the brush border of the cecal epithelium, causing effacement of the microvilli and disruption of the terminal web microfilaments. The cecal epithelium of chicks inoculated with the canine S. pilosicoli also had caplike elevations of the apical membrane at the point of attachment of the spirochetes together with large numbers of vesicles in the cytoplasm immediately beneath the terminal web and evidence of spirochetal invasion beyond the mucosal barrier. The changes observed suggested that the mechanism of attachment of human and canine S. pilosicoli to the cecal epithelium of chicks was analogous to but different from that described previously for other attaching and effacing gastroenteric bacterical pathogens of human beings and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Muniappa
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA
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15
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Cray WC, Moon HW. Experimental infection of calves and adult cattle with Escherichia coli O157:H7. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995; 61:1586-90. [PMID: 7747972 PMCID: PMC167413 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.4.1586-1590.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Preweaned calves and adult cattle were inoculated with 10(10) CFU of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain 3081, a calf isolate which produces Shiga-like toxin, to define the magnitude and duration of fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 for each age group. Fecal samples of eight of eight, eight of eight, three of eight, and two of eight calves were positive at 2, 7, 14, and 20 weeks, respectively. In contrast, nine of nine, two of nine, and one of nine steers were positive at 2, 7, and 14 weeks, respectively. The magnitude of shedding (CFU per gram) by individual animals at any one time postinoculation varied widely within each age group but was greater for calves as a group. The differences in shedding patterns between adults and calves were statistically significant. After inoculation, 25 of 29 animals remained healthy and 4 of 17 calves had transient diarrhea. Histologic sections of the brain, kidney, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon taken at necropsy from nine calves either 3, 14, or 18 days postinoculation or three adults either 2, 3, or 4 days postinoculation were normal. E. coli O157:H7 was recovered from the alimentary tracts of all of the animals necropsied, and there was no evidence of spread to the liver, spleen, or kidneys. Four calves that had ceased shedding were reinfected when inoculated again with the same strain. E. coli O157:H7 was recovered from none of five and two of five adults inoculated with 10(4) and 10(7) CFU, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Cray
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
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